1.
Post Vaccinal, Observation In Lymphoidal, Organs (Bursa, Spleen, Thymus) Of Broiler Chicks Inoculated
by Shajeela Irum | Dr.Sameera Akhtar | Dr.Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Dr.Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a viral infection of chickens, causing degeneration of bursa of Fabricius and producing suppression in humoral immune response. Different vaccines are available in the market for mass scale immunization of chickens. Some contain more virulent and invasive strains than the others. Since the primary site of infection and inducement of lesions by IBDV is the hursa of Fabricius, the effect on the immune system may be significantly suppressive. This study compared two intermediate (228-E and BUR 706) and a mild (Gumborol CT) vaccinal strains of IBDV in terms of their ability to induce an antibody response and to cause damage to different lymphoid organs in chickens.
A total of 250 chicks (divided into 4 groups) were vaccinated with different strains of IBDV and the antibody levels were monitored using indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test every week post-vaccination upto 5 weeks. IHA revealed that the vaccinated with 228-E or BUR-706 had significantly higher antibody titers (GMT 8.0, 7.7, respectively) as compared to Gumborol CT vaccinated birds (GMT 3.0) on 35 days post-inoculation, On day 25 post-vaccination, some birds from each group were challenged with a fully virulent field strain of IBDV, to study whether the antibody levels were protective than the unvaccinated ones. Furthermore intermediate strains were found to be more damaging to the bursae and spleens than the milder one since lower bursal and splenic body weight ratios were recorded in them.
The study suggested the use of intermediate strains a vaccine since they induced high antibody titers as compared to that of the milder strain. However, more invasive and pathogenic intermediate strains used in this study caused more damage to the lymphoid organs harbouring B cells. So the need exists for an effective infectious bursal disease vaccine, low in virulence, which could be applied by a mass vaccination in chickens conferring excellent protection against the disease with minimum immunosuppressive effects.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0606,T] (1).
2.
A Study On Bacteriological Examination Of Raw And Pasteurized Milk Marketed In Lahore Area With Particular Reference To Public Health
by Aman Ullan | Dr.Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Dr.Masood Rubani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to study the bacteriological quality of various types of milk being marketed in Lahore. A total of 120 milk samples consisting of equal number (30 each of raw, pasteurized, UHT and sterilized milk) from various sources were examined for standard plate counts using milk agar, coliform count using EMB agar and using milk ring test (MRT) for brucellosis.
All the samples were negative for MRT. Average standard plate count (SPC) and coliform counts for raw milk were 2.34x107 cfulml and 2.2x105 cfu/ml respectively. Similarly, SPC and coliform counts for pasteurized milk were found as 2.16x105 cfuJml and 3.28x104 cfu/ml respectively. No raw milk sample fulfilled the International Standards for very good quality milk for SPC or coliform count. For pasteurized milk, only 33.33% samples fulfilled the International Standards for very good pasteurized milk. SPC and coliform counts for UHT or sterilized milk was zero thus fulfilling the International Standards.
A total of 162 isolates (88 isolates from raw milk and 74 isolates from the pasteurized milk) were identified. These isolates included Staphylococcus epidermidis, 38 strain (21 from raw milk and 17 from pasteurized milk), Staph. aureus, 30 strains (16 from raw and 14 from pasteurized milk), Escherichia coli, 24 stains (14 and 10), Enterobacter aerogenes, 20 (11, 09), Bacillus cereus, 22 (15, 07), Micrococcus luteus 15, (03, 12) and Klebsiellapneumoniae 13 (08, 05) strains. vitro antibiotic sensitivity tests indicated that all the isolates were resistant to penicillin whereas most of the isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin, Kanamycin and Chloramphenicol. Escherichia coli was resistant to most of the commonly used antibiotics.
Overall hygienic quality of raw and pasteurized milk available in Lahore city was graded as poor.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0802,T] (1).
3.
Physico-Chemical Factors Affecting In Vitro Stability And Activity Of Phytase From Indigenous Isolate Of Asperillus Therreus
by Safina kouser (2011-VA-422) | Dr. Aftab ahmad anjum | Dr.jawad nazir | Dr.Muhammad Yasir zahoor.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Phytase is commercially important enzyme. Phytate in food and feed makes it less nutritive as well as acts as anti-nutritional agent. Phytate make complexes with important mineral ions and proteins. Monogastric animals and human are not able to degrade the phytate from plant based food because they lack phytase. This leads to phosphorous deficiency. Addition of phytase into food and feed degrades the phytate. It makes, phosphorous and mineral ions become available for growth and development. There is need to evaluate these factors in vitro which in real affect the stability and activity of enzyme under feed production process and digestive system of monogastric animals.
Indigenous Aspergillus terreus isolate produce stable phytase to be used in poultry feed.Indigenous strains of Aspergillus terreus were identified by macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. These isolates were screened on Phytate Screening Medium (PSM) for phytase production. Phytase producing A. terreus was than analyzed for toxin production through TLC (Thin layer chromatography). Non toxigenic phytase producing A. terreus isolates were inoculated in phytate broth for phytase production through submerged fermentation (SmF) under optimum conditions (28°C for 8-10 days). After centrifugation and filtration supernatants were used as crude enzyme. Phytase enzyme was qualitatively analyzed through phytase assay. Phytases activity units observed for isolate PAST-16 was highest (271.49±8.14 FTU/mL) and lowest (79.00±8.05FTU/mL) of PAST-05. A. terreus phytase (PAST-16) was subjected to temperature, pH and metal ions treatment.
Thermostability of phytases was recorted at 35°C, 55°C, 75 °C and 90°C for 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes treatments. Enzyme from A. terreus (PAST-16) was observed as thermostable at
Summary
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35°C, 55°C, 75 °C but not much stable at 95°C. Phytases showed 87.23±6.59, 198.34±4.47, 188.59±8.77 and 259.25±0.84 FTU/mL decreased in activity after 60 minutes of treatment at 35°C, 55°C, 75 °C and 95°C temperatures, respectively.
pH stability of phytases was found at pH of 2, 4, 6 and 8 for 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes treatments. Enzyme from A. terreus (PAST-16) was observed as pH stable at 4, 6 and 8 but not much stable at 2 pH. Phytases showed 206.14±6.37, 169.59±6.37, 110.13±6.75 and 171.54±3.04 FTU/mL decreased in activity after 60 minutes of pH treatments at 2, 4, 6 and 8, respectively.
Metal ions effect on phytase activity was found with Ba2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, K+, Mg2+, Mn2+ and Na+ at the concentration of 1, 5 and 10mM. Enzyme from A. terreus (PAST-16) was observed as shows activity more with K+ less with Na+. Phytases showed 45.32±28.54 and 219.30±11.04 FTU/mL decreased in activity after 1mM conc. of K+ and 10mM conc of Na+, respectively.
Conclusion:
A.terreus isolate (PAST-16) produce stable phytase enzyme used in feed of poultry. In this way it tolerates condition under which feed process at commercial level and under digestive system monogastric animals. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2825-T] (1).
