1.
Comparative Study Of Indirect Haemagglutination (Iha) Test With Traditional Diagnostic Methods For trypanosoma evansi infection in horses
by Khalid Saeed | Muhammed Afzal | Ata-Rehman | Mubasher Saeed Mian | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1986Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0027,T] (1).
2.
Anthelmintic Efficacy Of Melia Azedarach Linn. Oxfendazole, Febantel And Thiophanate Against Gastro-Intestinal
by Khalid Pervaiz | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Khalid Saeed | Muhammed Sarwer Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: The present project was designed with the objective to test the anthelinintic efficacy of Helia azedarach Linn. against Trichostrangylids infection in sheep.
During the first phase of study anthelmintic efficacy of Melia azedarach Linn, fruit was tested at different dosage levels but anthelmintic efficacy was not observed at the dosage levels of 10mg to 1gm per kg body weight. Seeds of Melia azedarach were also tested for their antheirnintic efficacy but no anthelmintic effect was observed at the dosage levels of 10mg to 40mg per kg body weight. It was concluded in the first phase of study that Melia azedarach Linn. fruit and seed have no anthelmintic effect against G.I.T nematodes (Trichostrongylids) infection in sheep. During the second phase of this project clinical trials were conducted to test the anthelmintic efficacy of Melia azedarach Linn (fruit), Qxfendazole (systamex) Febantel (Rintal), and thiophanate (Nemafax) against the Trichostrongylids infection in sheep under field conditions. Results of second experiment confirmed the zero percent anthelmintic efficacy of Nelia azedarach Linn. (fruit) at the dosage level of 1gnj./kg body weight in sheep.Anthelmintic efficacy of Oxfendazole (4.5 mg/kg) Febantel (5mg/kg) and thiphanate (50mg/kg) was observed to be 100% 99.43% and 96.32% respectively against G.I.T. nematodes infection in sheep
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0223,T] (1).
3.
Taxonomical Study Of Ecto-Parasites Of Indigenous Poultry & Effect Of Fowl-Tick (Argas Persicus) On Different Blood Parameters
by Masood Ahmed Sh | khalid Saeed | Mubasher Saeed Mian | Muhammed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: A study was conducted to see the incidence and to identify the species of ectoparasites (ticks, lice, mites) in indigenous poultry. Samples were collected from different areas in Lahore from Match to August, 1991
A total of 1500 indigenoLls birds were examined, 826 were found infested with ectoparasites, showing an overall infestation rate of 55.07%. The infesatioii rate of ticks, lice, mites and mixed infestation (ticks + lice) was recorded as 14.47%, 32.93%, 0.33% and 7.34% respectively.
The species of ecloparasites identified were: Ag persicus (fowl tick), Menopon gjjjnae, Menacanthus stramineus, Lipeurus cjjçnis, Goniocj
gigas (lice), and Cnemidocoptes mutans (scaly leg mite). The infestation
3.7
percentage of the above mentioned species was: 14.47, 15.47, 7.86, 5.7jand
0.33 respectively.
I Iaeniatological examinations were made to compare the blood
picture of healthy and fowl lick (ig prsicus) infested indigenous birds. For this purpose 50 blood samples each from healthy and fowl tick infested birds were examined. Blood jJirameters studied were: haemoglobin, total
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0236,T] (1).
4.
Anthelmentic Efficacy Of Nigellia Setiva Seeds (Kalwanji) Albendazole, Fenbendazole And Oxpendazole Against Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes In Goat
by Akmer Junid, M | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Khalid Saeed | Muhammed Sarwer Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: The present project was designed to test the Antheimentic efficacy of Nigellia Setiva Seeds (Kalanji) at different dosage levels against nematodes in goats.
During the first phase of study ant helmentic efficacy of Nigeilia Setiva Seeds (Powder) was tested at different dosage levels but anthelmentic efficacy was not observed at the dosage levels ranging from 20 mg to 5gm/kg body weight, it was concluded in the first phase of study that Nigellia Setiva Seeds has no Anthelmentic efficacy against G.I.T. nematodes in goats. During the second phase of this project clinical trials were conducted to test the anthelmentic efficacy of Nigellia Setiva Seeds (Kaiwanji), Oxfendazole (Systanex) Albendazole (Valbazene) and Fenben- dazole (Panacur) against the G.1.T. nematode infection in goat under field conditions. Result of Second experiment support the zero percent anthelmentic efficacy of NigeIlia Setiva Seeds (Powder) at the dosage level of 1 gm/kg body weight in goats. Anthelmentic efficacy of oxfendazole (4,5 mg/kg), albendazole (5mg/kg) and fenbendazole (50mg/kg) was observed to be 100%, 98.45% and 97.99% respectively against G.I.T. nematodes infection in goats.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0292,T] (1).
5.
Epidemiological Studies On Trematodes Infestation In Buffaloes In District Gujrat
by Irshad Hussain Bhatti, Ch | Khalid Saeed | Mubasher Saeed Mian | Muhammed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: The study was designed to find out the prevalence and intensity of treinatodes infestation in Buffaloes in Distt. Gujrat. For this purpose twenty villages out of 1516 were randomly selected. The study period was from January to May, 1991. The data were based on:
1. Informations obtained from nine Veterinary Hospitals regarding trematodal treated buffaloes.
2. Information obtained from buffaloes owners by interogations regarding trematodes infestations in buffaloes in the selected area.
3. Findings of five hundred buffaloes faecal samples from twenty villages.
4. In order to record the actual trematodal infestations, two hundred stomach and livers alongwith their bile-ducts were inspected in three abattoirs in District Gujrat.
Data collected from Veterinary Hospitals indicated that 1252 (19.39%) out of 6554 buffaloes were positive for treinatode infection.
Informations collected from owners of the buffaloes of twenty villages showed that 133 (17.52%) out of 746 young buffaloes and 689 (21.92%) out of 3143 adult buffaloes were effected with trematodes.
Five hundred faecal samples were tested by fresh smear and sedimentation method from twenty villages and found that 144 (28.8%) buffaloes were suffering from trematodes in District Gujrat.
In order to determine the intensity of fluke disease in the infected animals, quantitative faecal examination was done and it ranged from 30 - 87.6 epg indicating that the disease is likely to be pathogenic.
Overall incidence of trematodes recorded in slaughtered buffaloes was 76.5%.
It was concluded from the findings of the study that treinatodal infestation in buffaloes in District Gujrat are quite prevalent necessitating to adopt appropriate measures to control these infestations.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0340,T] (1).
6.
Effect Of Timing Of Insemination On Conception Rate In Local And Cross Bred Cattle (Adult Cow) In Bannu And Wana
by Afzal Wazir, M | Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Khalid Saeed | M.Subhan Qureshi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: A total 120 local breed cows were inseminated with frozen semen. Among these 60 cows were inseminated with single insemination, while 60 cows were inseminated twice in same oestrus period with interval of 6 hours. MI these cows were checked for pregnancy by rectal palpation method. Among these cows 30 cows were injected with progesterone 50 mg i/m one minute after insemination. The conception rate in control group is 43.33% and treated group 46.66% in single insemination while in double insemination 60% in control group and 63.33% in progesterone treated group respectively. It is concluded that double insemination with frozen semen in local cows increase conception rate, while the conception rate is also improved by progesterone treatment in single and double insemination in local breed cows. In cross bred 120 cows were inseminated with frozen semen. Among these 60 cows were inseminated single insemination and 60 cows were inseminated twice in same oestrus after 6 hours of interval. Traced all cows and checked for pregnancy by rectal palpation method. Among these in each group 30 cows were injected with progesterone 50mg i/m one minute after insemination. The conception rate is 50% in control group and 46.66% in progesterone treated group in single insemination, while 53.33% in control group and 60% in progesterone treated group in double insemination. It concluded that the use of exogenous progesterone
In signle insemination cross bred cows may adversely effect the hormonal profile and ovulation, while in double insemination exogenous progesterone was administered at the end of oestrous, effect the conception rate favourable.
A total 12 semen samples, each consisting of two consecutive ejaculates, collected from one bull of Holstein Friesian breed. The seman was extended in lactose, fructose egg yolk, glycerol extender. Semen packed in 0.5ml French straws was frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. Thawing was carried out in hot water at 35oC for 20 second.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0642,T] (1).
7.
Epidemiology And Economic Importance Of Various Diseases Of Cattle And Buffalo In Mohmand Agency (Fata)
by Said Akbar | Iftikhar Gull Ahmad | Khalid Saeed | Sajjad Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: An active surveillance study was conducted in 16-(I0%) of 1 60 villages of Mohmand Agency for one year period (June 1998 to May 1999) on epidemiology and economic importance of various diseases of cattle and buffalo. The informations were recprded on a questionnaire. Fecal samples were collected from 320 animals and sent to V.R.T, N.W.F.P. Peshawar for detection of parasite infection.
The data were analysed and the following conclusions were drawn, about the morbidity, mortality and case fatality of various diseases and their economic impact.
Black quarter disease was recorded only in cattle with an incidence rate of 42(0.83%) of 5067 in young and 179 (1.9%)out of 9427 total adult cattle population. The over all incidence was 1 .52%. The case fatality rate was 100% for all. Foot and mouth disease occurred in 14.67% young and 13.13% in adult buffalo population. In cattle the morbidity mortality and case fatality due to FMD vas recorded as 15.95%, 0.098% and 0.62% in young and 13.19%. 0.01% and 0.08% in adult cattle. Occurrence of haeniorrauic septicaemia was higher in buffalo than in cattle. In Buffalo the incidence in young and adult was 2.17% and 2.98% Case fatality was 100% for both the age groups. In cattle the incidence in adult was 0.026% with 100% fatality rate. In buffalo 16.85% young and 955% adult population was affected by endoparasite while in cattle 47.01% young and 25.34% adult population was affected.
Morbidity, mortality and case fatality of diarrhoea in young and adult buffalo was 19.02% and 12.83%, 7.06% and 0.6%, 37.14% and 4.65% respectively while in cattle these valuefor young cattle were 13.02%, 1.89% and 14.57% and in adult cattle 9%, 0.46% and 5.36% respectively. Ectoparasite affected 4.89% young and 5.07% adult buffalo population while cattle were affected by 8.82% young and 8.2 1% adults. Incidence, mortality and case fatality of milk fever in buffalo was 4.9%, 0.7% and 14.28% and in cattle 2.47%, 0.67% and 27.27% respectively, Repeat breeding occurred in 0.7% buffalo and 8.6% cattle. Incidence, mortality and case fatality of P.P. haemoglobinuria in buffalo was 1.4%, 0.35% and 25% and that in cattle 1.13%, 0.63%, and 55.8% respectively. Mastitis occurred in 9.12% buffalo and 4.55% cattle. Incidence of abortion in buffalo was 1 .4% and in cattle 2.58%. The incidence, mortality and case fatality olmetritis in buffalo was 6.66%, 1.4% and 21% and in cattle 3.38% 0.66% and 19.53%. Dystochia occurred in 2.8% buffalo and its incidence, mortality and case fatuity rates in cattle were 2.11%, 0.79, 37.5% respectively, 1.05% buffaloes and 3.73% cows retained placenta. The incidence mortality and case fatality of post-parturn prolapse in buffalo was 2.8%, 0.7% and 25% and in cattle 0.75% 0.22% and 29.8%, respectively. Anthrax occurred only in cattle with an incidence rate of 0.73% in young and 0.275% adult cattle with 100% case fatality rate in both the age groups.
Three-day-sickness affected 0.08% young and 3.28% adult cattle sudden deaths occurred 1.08% in young and 0.3% in adult buffalo and 0.24% in young and 0.17% in adult cattle. Monetary losses of Rs. 2 1650863/- annually were estimated due to various diseases of cattle and buffaloes in Mohmand Agency during one year (June 1998-May 1999).
Most of the villages are not in access to avail hospital facilities, for timely and appropriate treatment of their live - stock. Awareness about dewonning, vaccination, management and feeding of live stock was poor in the area.
Suggestions and Recommendations
The following suggestions are put forward to the live stock health and production policy maker which vi1l help in minimizing the disease prevalence in live stock and thus affect to minimize the economic loses due to these diseases.
1. Raising awareness in the farmers through mass media e.g. Radio, TV., newspapers and through extension workers about the deworming, vaccination, management, breed improvement, feeding.
2. Provision of high and appropriate quality vaccine well in time he fore an outbreak occurs.
3. Installation of new hospitals with the provision of quality health, Al. services, and diagnostic laboratories.
4. Check on import of live stock to prevent introduction of new diseases.
5. Strict enforcement of slaughter house rules to prevent spread of the diseases.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0652,T] (1).
8.
Epidemiological Studies On The Prevalence Of Coccidiosis In Commercial Broilers And Its Relationship With Other Diseases
by Umber Rauf | Dr . Asif Rabbani | Dr . Khalid Saeed | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: In this epidemiological study 26.48% birds of 26.82% farms were found affected with coccidiosis. Six species of Eimeria, E. acervulina. E. mitis, E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. praecox and E. mivati were observed. Number of oocysts in litter varied with the age of birds. Concurrent infections were detected in 80.68% cases, which included infectious coryza 21.95%, aflatoxicosis 27.45%, infectious bursal disease 16.94%, chronic respiratory disease 12.54%, Newcastle disease 10.16%, hydropericardium syndrome 9.83%, Escherichia coli 9.15% and Salmonella 8.13% infections. In the month of July and August , incidence of coccidiosis was high. Maximum incidence of disease was observed from 4th to 6th week while no disease incidence was noted during 1st and 8th week. It was also noted that the disease had drastic effects on Newcastle disease antibody titer.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0691,T] (1).
9.
Effects Of Lincomycin And Spectinomycin Combination On The Immune Response Of Newcastle Disease Virus Vacinated
by Rahat Munir Chaudhry | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The project was designed to observe the effects of Lincospectin on the immune system of broiler chicks. Chicks divided in groups A, B and C were offered Lincospectin at 225mg/kg; 450mg/kg and 112.5 mg/kg body weight levels, respectively. All the chicks in various treatment groups were reared upto day 42 and the effects of Lincospectin on organ body weight indices, gross lesions on liver, spleen, thyrnus and bursa of Fabricius, and immune response of chicks against Newcastle Disease Virus vaccination, were determined.
The organ body weight indices of spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius and liver did not indicate significant differences (P>0.05) amongst the Lincospectin treated and untreated groups. However, the bursal body weight ratio of chicks in groups A, B and C at day 7 were significantly higher than those of group D.
The data obtained on the analysis of HI antibody titre against Newcastle Disease Virus on days 1,7,14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 indicated that the geometric mean HI titres of Lincospectin treated groups (A, B and C) were quite different from each other and the chicks of group A had the best sero conversion. It was concluded that over all group A had the best immune response against NDV vaccination.
This study indicates that Lincospectin at a dose rate of 225mg/kg body weight did not interfere in the immune response of chicks to NDV, helped in better wiehgt gains upto day 42 and did not cause any gross or histopathological lesions in the organs like thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen or liver.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0756,T] (1).
10.
Imunization Of Rabbits Against Boophilus Microplus Using Midgut And Salivary Glands
by Mohammad Asif | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. H. A. Hashmi | Dr. Khushi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The current research was conducted as a simulation model in rabbits for the development of vaccines against cattle ticks Boophilus micro/us using tick salivary glands & midgut as the sources of antigens. The comparative efficacy of these vaccines was evaluated on the basis of antibody titres and tick rejection on the host in terms of mortality, decrease in egg laying and decrease in hatchability of eggs. It was found that the vaccine prepared from the midgut of B. microplus gave better results than the vaccine prepared from salivary glands. The highest percentage of dead ticks was observed in animals which were given midgut vaccine (21.82%). This vaccine also caused a significant decrease in the egg laying capacity of the ticks (35.83%). However, none of the vaccines had any significant effect on the hatchability of eggs laid by the ticks. The highest antibody titers were observed in rabbits injected with midgut vaccine (GMT=5.50), which was 45.28% higher than rabbits given salivary gland vaccine. The overall success rate for midgut vaccine, in terms of tick mortality on host, decrease in egg laying capacity and antibody titer,. was 37.06% for midgut vaccine while only 16.51% for salivary gland vaccine. The results are very encouraging and it is hoped that with the original host i.e. cattle, more satisfactory results can be achieved.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0771,T] (1).
11.
The Effect Of Experimentally Induced Yolk Sac Infection With Staphylococcus Aureus On Immune Status Of Broiler Chicks
by Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present project was carried out to study the effect of experimentally induced yolk sac infection with Staphylococcus aureus on immune status of broiler chicks. For this purpose one hundred day-old chicks were procured from local market and were randomly divided into two groups, A and B having fifty chicks each. Confirmed pathogenic isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated into the yolk of each chick of group A while group B acted as control. Ten chicks from each group were slaughtered at interval of 48 hours i.e. on 3rd 5th 7th, and 9th day of the experiment and serum and yolk were collected. Experimental parameters included pathological examination of yolk sac, yolk sac weight/body weight ratio, antibody titres against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in serum and yolk and analysis of fractional serum proteins.
Results showed that yolk sac weight/body weight ratio was higher in treatment group than in control group. Marked pathological changes (abnormal colour, consistency and odour) were also observed in unabsorbed yolks of the infected group. Geometric mean titres of maternal antibodies against NDV were significantly lower in serum while higher in yolk of the infected group as compared to control one. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used for serum protein analysis and percent area covered by each protein fraction was calculated. The percent area covered by most fractions of serum protein was lower in infected chicks than the control chicks.
It is therefore concluded that experimental yolk sac infection with Saphylococcus aureus leads to decreased maternal antibodies absorption from infected yolks and altered serum proteins indicating decline in the immunity of the chicks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0786,T] (1).
12.
Prevalence And Schedding Intensity Of Giardia Duodenalis Cysts In Buffaloes
by Khurrum Goraya | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. M. Sarwar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: A total of 300 faecal samples from buffaloes were collected to determine the prevalence and shedding intensity of G. duodenalis. Information about age, sex, breed and faecal consistency were also recorded.
The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis was 33.0 per cent (99/300). Prevalence of Giardia was higher (43.0 %) in buffaloes of Group I (<1 year of age) followed by 28.7 and 27.5 per cent in Group 2 (1-3 years of age) and Group 3 (< 3 years of age), respectively. The prevalence of Giardia in buffaloes with normal faeces was 23.3 % (28/120) and in abnormal faeces was 39.4 % (71/180). The prevalence of G. duodenalis in male animals was 25.5 % (15/60) and 35.0 % (84/240) in females
The cysts counted in the faccal samples of buffaloes of Group I (<1 year of age) were 45383 per gram of faeces. Whereas, the cysts counted in the faecal samples of buiThiocs of Group 2 (1-3 years of age) were 28652. Group 3 (<3 years of age) showed 17273 cysts per gram of faeces. Mean shedding intensity of Giardia cysts per gram of normal faeces was 2705 and 43729 in abnormal faeces.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0896,T] (1).
13.
Epidemiology Of Giardia Duodenalis And Cryptosporidium Parvum Infections In Calves And Young Dogs
by Khalid Saeed | Dr. William P. Shulaw, Advisor | Dr. Margaret A. Masterson | Dr. Thomas E.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: In recent years Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum have been considered by some investigators to be important causes of diarrhea. The role of G. duodenalis as an enteropathogen in animals remains undetermined. Limited information is available concerning the effect of age and season on G. duodenalis and C. parvuni infection in calves. A year long prospective longitudinal study was conducted to determine the effect of age and a cross sectional study was conducted to determine the effect of season on infection rates and shedding intensity. Associations between Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections and abnormal stools were also determined. A separate case control study was conducted to investigate the association between Giardia, and Cryptosporidium infections and diarrhea in young dogs admitted to two animal shelters.
Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts/oocysts were frequently identified in fecal samples from calves. Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 54% and 24% of samples respectively from 1 day to 387 day-old calves. About 80% of individual calves had at least one positive sample for Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections.
Age was a significant factor in determining Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections and cyst/oocyst shedding levels (P< 0.01). The highest proportion of Cryptosporidium-positive samples was from 2 week-old calves. Giardia cysts were most frequently identified in samples from 8 week-old calves and about 80% of samples had cysts.
Giardia cysts were less frequently found in samples collected in winter than in other seasons (P <0.01). Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts was not influenced by season. Among infected calves, Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding levels were higher in winter than in other seasons.
Giardia cysts were more frequently found in normal stools than in abnormal su)ols (P 0.01). Lrvptosporu.tiiein oocysts were more frequently identified in abnormal stools than in normal stools (0R3.5; P <0.001) and among infected calves higher oocyst shedding levels were observed in abnormal stools than in normal stools (P <0.01).
No association between Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidiuni oocyst shedding levels and diarrhea was observed in the young dogs studied. Giardia infections were more common in females than in male dogs (P- 0.03). Gender was not associated with i3pru,,poriduun infections (Pr- 0.32). but higher mean oocyst shedding was observed in males than in females (P < 0.01 ). Mean body condition scores of cases was slightly lower than that of control dogs (P= 0.04).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0945,T] (1).
14.
Git Helminthiasis Indigenous And Commercial Layers In District Quetta.Balouchistan
by Rizwan ullah hashmi | Dr. Khalid saeed | Dr. kamran ashraf | Dr. muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The study was conducted to identify and compare the extent of gastrointestinal helminths in indigenous poultry and commercial layers. For this purpose, 200 gut samples (100 each from indigenous and commercial layers) were collected from different sources of Quetta district. All the material was brought to disease investigation lab, Quetta, for detailed postmortem and coprological examination.
The overall incidence of nematodes in indigenous chickens and commercial layers was 87% and 08% respectively. Three species of nematodes were recovered from both indigenous chickens and commercial layers. Ascaridia galli was the most common specie of nematodes recovered from small intestine while Heterakis gallinae and Subulura brumpti were isolated from the caeca of the sampled birds. The incidence of Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinae and Subulura brumpti was 75%, 25% and 16% in indigenous chickens and 06%, 04% and 03% in commercial layers respectively.
The overall incidence of cestodes was lower than those of the nematodes. It was found to be 78% in indigenous chickens and 05% in commercial layers respectively.
Five species of cestodes recorded from the gastrointestinal tract of indigenous chicken and were Raillietina tetragona (60%), Raillietina echinobothrida (21%), Raillietina cesticillus (14%), Cotugnia digonopora (29%) and Choanotaenia infundibulum (13%). On the other hand, following two species of cestodes were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of commercial layers and included Raillietina tetragona (04%), and Choanotaenia infundibulum (02%).
Older birds have higher prevalence as compared with younger birds in indigenous and commercial layers. Slightly higher infection rates were recorded in females (51.7%) as compared with males (48.2%). On coprological examination, a greater proportion of birds were found infected with various helminthes and infection rate in indigenous birds was 66% as compared with commercial layers which was 3%.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1300,T] (1).
15.
Prevalence Of Dermatophytosis In Domestic Dogs And In-Vivo Evaluation Of Topical Anri-Fungal Agents
by Muhammad Mudassar Aziz | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood | Dr. khalid Saeed | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The pet dog is a domesticated animal, belonging to the family Canidae and it comes within the order Carnivora. The given nomenclature is used for all varieties of pet dogs. Earlier, this pet animal was used for different purposes which include hunting, fighting and also different types of work had been taken from it. Dermatophytosis is the common skin infection in dogs especially in the young ones. A total of 300 samples were collected. The 36 samples were found positive and then divided into 3 groups. In group K, Ketoconazole was applied topically twice a week. Later on the efficacy of Ketoconazole was observed by collecting the samples on day 7, 14 and 21 after the commencement of treatment, which was 20%, 60% and 90% respectively. Similarly, Group L was treated with Lime sulphur and the efficacy of Limesulphur against M.canis infection, was found to be 60%, 80% and 100% on day 7, 14 and 21 respectively. Group M was treated with Miconazole. The efficacy of miconazole against M.canis was found to be 50%, 75% and 100% on day 7, 14 and 21 respectively. At the end, it was concluded that Lime sulphur was the best drug of choice among the three drugs used and the efficacy of ketoconazole was lesser than the others.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1304,T] (1).
16.
Prevalence And Control Of Gastrointestinal Nematodes Of Goats In District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
by Habibun Nabi | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Muhammad Lateef.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Goat rearing is a traditional activity in peri-urban areas and villages and plays an important role in the nutrition, social and economic needs of the population. Gastrointestinal nematodes are common in various production systems and these infections are the single most significant constraint to small ruminant productivity.
The present study was carried out at Saidu Sharif, District Swat to generate data about the gastrointestinal (GIT) nematodes prevalent in the area. To record the prevalence of various nematodes of goats, a total of 150 faecal samples were examined. A total of 61/150 (40.67 %) of samples were found positive. Different species were identified and included Nematodirus spathiger (28.66 %), Haemonchus contortus (14.66 %), Trichostrongylus spp (4 %), Strongyloides papillosus (6 %) and Trichuris ovis (11.33 %). Highest prevalence of GIT nematodes were found in young and immature animals (48 %) with mean EPG 282 and 211 respectively. Adult had lower infection rate (26 %) with mean EPG of 142. Sex related prevalence indicated that male had higher prevalence (46.66 %) than female (34.66 %) and greater intensity of infection in males as compare to females. Higher infection rate with GIT nematodes was recorded in pregnant goat (42 %) as compared to non pregnant (33.92 %). House hold animals showed high infection rate i.e. 45.33 % with mean EPG of 254 as compared to commercially raised animals which had infection rate 36 % with mean EPG of 169. The Study
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71
showed significant difference of egg per gram count between breeds. Beetal goats had high infection rate (100 %) and intensity as compared with other breeds.
Higher egg shedding was recorded in animals around parturition as compared to dry goats. Liter size also effected the EPG and higher counts were recorded in goats with duplets and triplets.
Albasym (Albendazole) was evaluated at two dose levels i.e. 1 ml/ 20 kg body weight and 1.25 ml/20 kg body weight. The efficacy at normal dose and higher dose at day 7th was 98.81 % and 100 % respectively, at day 14th 95.24 % and 99.53 % and at day 28th 80.95 % and 93.90 % respectively. No significant difference at normal dose and higher dose was observed while significant difference with control group was recorded.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1435,T] (1).
17.
Prevalence Of Trichomonas Foetus In Large Ruminants Of District Hafiizabad
by Amjad Atta Bhatti | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Trichomonas foetus (T. foetus) is a protozoan parasite of reproductive tract of large ruminants and causes abortion. This organism is found in males and females associated with varied pathology and clinical symptom. Disease has venereal transmission and male remain infected throughout the life. Pakistan is a developing country and artificial insemination facility is not available to all farmers and some are reluctant to avail it.
This study was designed to check the prevalence of T. foetus in large animals in district Hafizabad. One hundred and fifty preputial and vaginal samples were collected from cattle and buffaloes 75 each. These samples were from 100 females and 50 males. Vaginal mucus from females was thoroughly examined for T. foetus in direct smear and in smear stained by Giemsa stain. Male samples were subjected to examination by direct smear, centrifugation and stained smear performed from sediments for detection of T. foetus. Overall prevalence of T. foetus was 12.0% (18/150) in sampled animals and species wise T. foetus infection was 8% (6/75) for cattle and 16% (12/75) for buffalos. Sex related prevalence of T. foetus in cows is 6% (3/50) and in buffaloes was 14% (7/50). Infection was more common in buffalo bulls 20% (5/25) as compared with cow bulls 12% (3/25).
There was no difference in diagnosis of T. foetus in females by direct smear or by examination of stained smears. Whereas stained smears prepared from sediments of preputial washings were more sensitive in diagnosing of T. foetus infection as compared with direct smear method. Study also indicated that infection was exclusively seen in animals that were involved in natural breeding.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1438,T] (1).
18.
Adulticidal And Larvicidal Activity Of Cassia Fistula And Piper Nigrum Against Anopheles (Malaria Vector).
by Sara Mehmood | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Khalid Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Mosquitoes are major vectors, in transmitting many diseases like malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever etc, which are greatly, affecting human beings worldwide. Malaria is a major global health problem. There are estimated 247 million malaria cases with almost half of the global population at risk and nearly a million deaths each year. Several Anopheles species are responsible for transmission of malaria .i.e. Anopheles stephensi, An. Subpictus.
Control of mosquitoes primarily depends on chemical insecticides includes organochlorine, organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids, IGRs etc, but all these chemicals have developed a feedback of environment ill-effect, have negative impact on non-targeted biota and most mosquitoes species have become physiologically resistant to these insecticides. These problems have highlighted the need for the development of new strategies for mosquito control. Botanical insecticides are naturally occurring products that are derived from plants. The use of plant extracts for insect control has several appealing features, as these are generally more biodegradable, less hazardous, and rich storehouse of chemicals of diverse biological activity.
The current study were carried out to evaluate the activity of methanol extract of leaves of C.fistula, and ripened fruits of P. nigrum against Anopheles mosquito. Among both of these plants the methanolic extracts of Piper nigrum (black pepper) were exhibited remarkable adulticidal and larvicidal potentials. The percentage mortalities were increased by gradual increase in extracts concentrations. Larvae were more susceptible to
these methanolic pepper extracts than adults. Larvae were showed mortalities even at very low concentrations. The LC50 values obtained by using probit analysis were 25.05 ppm and 12.05 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 78.63 ppm and 53.06 ppm respectively for aulticidal bioassays. Larvicidal assays were also showed good results having LC50 values as 3.87 ppm and 2.07 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 10.63 ppm and 6.56 ppm respectively.
Cassia fistula (golden shower) leaf extracts were also showed promising mosquitocidal efficacy against Anopheles stephensi. LC50 values obtained by using probit analysis were 35.13 ppm and 16.18 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 94.57 ppm and 76.43 ppm respectively for aulticidal bioassays. Larvicidal assays were also showed good results having LC50 values as 44.99 ppm and 24.40 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 106.12 ppm and 76.30 ppm respectively.
It is concluded that methanolic extracts of these plants Cassia fistula and Piper nigrum have high potential of adulticidal & larvicidal activities. So the extracts of these plants can be used as an alternatives to the conventional insecticides for long lasting mosquito problems as these are less hazardous and ecologically feasible. However, a lot of work on biochemistry as well as insectidal activity and on other aspects has to be done.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1474,T] (1).
19.
Characterization Of Recombinant Surface Antigen-1 (Rsag-1) Of Toxoplasma Gondii Through Western Blotting Using Mouse Anti-Serum
by Mati Ullah Khan (2008-VA-107) | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Prof. Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. Uzma Farid Durrani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan protozoan parasite. The infection is highly prevalent worldwide, and is important both from veterinary and human health concern. In the past recombinant surface antigen-1(rSAG-1) has been shown to be a good candidate for the development of immuno-diagnostic kits as well as Vaccine. Through immuno-blotting, Surface antigen-1 has been identified by sera collected from Toxoplasma gondii infected cats, dogs and humans. Looking at the importance of this health threatening issue, the current study was designed to characterize rSAG-1 through western blotting for development of local diagnostic kit through western blotting using mouse anti-serum. The rSAG-1 was previously expressed under the project of Grand Challenges Canada at Molecular Parasitology laboratory, Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Recombinant SAG-1 was quantified by using commercial kit based on BCA assay. The 15 μg of rSAG-1 was inoculated subcutaneously (S/C) 3 times with each 2 weeks interval in mice to raise hyper-immune serum. Blood was collected from mice two weeks after the each injection through lateral Retro-Orbital Bleeding (Sharma et al. 2014). Serum was collected by centrifugation. The rSAG-1 was electrophoresed on 12% polyacrylamide gel through SDS-PAGE technique and the protein was transferred to nitrocellulose membrane for western blotting. Anti-serum raised against rSAG-1 was cross-reacted with the rSAG-1 already immobilized on the nitrocellulose membrane. Anti-mice immunoglobulin G conjugated with Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) was used as secondary antibodies for the development of immuno-blot. Immuno-blot revealed a band of 35 KDa. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2397-T] (1).
20.
Molecular Diagnosis Of Anaplasmosis In Buffaloes
by Muhammad Salman (2008-VA-135) | Prof. Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. Muhammad Imran Rashid | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Bovine Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne haemo-rickettsail disease, caused by Anaplasma species transmitted mechanically by flies, biologically by ticks and blood contaminant fomites. It is an economically important tick-borne disease of buffalo in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. In current study, we developed and optimized PCR first for detecting Anaplasma at genus level in buffaloes. One hundred (100) blood samples were collected from buffaloes around the Lahore region. The stained thin blood films were examined microscopically and 37% blood samples were found positive for intra-erythrocytic bodies which were then selected for DNA extraction. The DNA was extracted using commercially available kit for eventual use in optimization of PCR for diagnosis of bovine Anaplasmosis. The primers were designed targeting 16S rRNA gene of Anaplasma. For the detection, the PCR product was run in 2% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide and thirty seven samples showed the amplification band at 179bp. The selected samples were sent for ABI sequencing to Singapore for the accurate detection of the Anaplasma species. The sequencing results were blasted with database of Genbank and we observed homology with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. We found 37% prevalence of Anaplasmosis in buffaloes through PCR. However more studies are required to confirm the species of Anaplasma infecting buffaloes (Bobalus bobalis) by designing species specific primers. Furthermore, additional studies are needed to establish the epidemiology of Anaplasmosis by using molecular tools in different geographical areas of the country for their better control.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2389-T] (1).
21.
Control Of Gastrointestinal Nematodes By Anthelmintics In Buffalo Heifers And Its Effect On Weight Gain
by Tanveer Saroia (2008-VA-062) | Prof. Dr. Khalid saeed | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note:
Parasitic problem is a major constraint of ruminant production and causes great economic losses to dairy industry by retarded growth, low productivity and increased susceptibility of animals to other infections. The parasitic infections cause productivity losses through reduced feed intake and decreased feed efficiency. Even subclinical or chronic infections are responsible for economic losses in large ruminants.
Hypothesis of the study was that administration of anthelmintics will improve weight gain in infected buffalo heifers.
One hundred faecal samples of buffalo heifers of age 1-2 years were screened and 58 were found positive for gastrointestinal nematodes. The species of nematodes found prevalent in these animals were Trichostrongylus, Oesophogostomum, Haemonchus, Toxocara, Trichuris and Ostertagia. Thirty buffalo heifers with high EPG were selected and divided into 3 equals groups A, B and C. In this study Group A was a positive control group. Group B was administered Ivermactin (Bomectin) pour on at the dose rate of 1ml / 20 kg body weight. Group C was administered Oxfendazole (Systamex) orally at the dose rate of 1ml/ 10 kg body weight. The effect of these anthelmintics on EPG and weight gain were recorded after every 15 days. This study period was of 90 days (3 months) duration.
There was increases in the EPG of positive control group and percent increases was 7.10%, 10.65%, 18.10%, 30.17%, 33.72%, 46.15% at days 15, 30, 45, 60, 75and 90. The percentage decrease in EPG for the group B was 98.22%, 97.04%, 91.12%, 77.51%, 60.94%, 46.74% at days 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 post treatment and the percentage decrease in EPG for the Group C was 95.80%, 92.81%, 88.62%, 71.85%, 58.68%, 26.34% at days 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 post treatment. Both anthelmintics cause significant reduction in epg medicated animals as compared to non-medicated animals. There was no difference in the two anthelmintics. The average weight gain per day for Group A (Positive Control) is 0.17 kg per day, for Group B (Ivermectin) is 0.44 kg per day and for Group C (Oxfendazol) was 0.4 kg per day. This shows significant difference between treated groups with non-treated group but there was no difference between the treated groups.
It is concluded that ivermectin and oxefendazol can be used for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes. It is recommended that animals may be moved to clean facility after treatment so they are not reinfected. Repeated treatment is suggested to maintain the EPG at low level.
Suggestions of the present study are
1. Monitoring of animals for gastrointestinal nematodes by modified McMaster Egg Counting technique.
2. Regular deworming
3. Improved management
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2405-T] (1).
22.
Occurrence And Economic Losses From Theileriosis On Commercial Dairy Farm Of Holstein Friesian
by Muhammad Rashid (2014-VA-503) | Dr. Muhammad Imran Rashid | Prof. Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. Liaquat Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Background: Theileriosis is a tick-borne disease and it is transmitted by the bite of ticks.
Previous work on disease problems in the study area suggested that Ticks and Tick-Borne
Diseases (TTBDs) are the major constraints to cattle production. They cause economic losses to
farmers in terms of cattle mortality, loss of body weight, loss of milk production and costs of
control of TTBDs by use of acaricides. Theileria is one of the major threat to cattle as it causes
anemia, weight loss, decrease production, mortality, treatment cost and cost for the control of
theileria. The proper data for losses atributed to theileriosis is still not available in Pakistan. For
this purpose a study was carried out in a commercial exotic dairy farm to evaluate losses
associated with theileriosis
Methodology: The study was done during the period of theileriosis to calculate its economic
effect on animal health and production. A total of 150 animals were selected randomly using
random number sample formula. The animal tag numbers were compared with random number
table, comparing animals were slecteded for study. Thin blood smear was performed for
diagnosis haemoparasite, further PCR was performed on those animals that were found +ve for
intraerythrocytic bodies. Faecal examination, California mastitis test, teat abnormality and
parturition history were recorded for the screening of these factors that decrease milk production.
After final grouping, milk production was recorded to identify the effect of theileriosis on
production. As theileriosis cause anemia due to destruction of RBC’s. body condition scoring
was also performed. Physical examination (lymph node and body temperature) of animals were
also performed to evaluate the clinical and subclinical theileriosis.
Results: For the evaluation of theileriosis, microscopy was performed on all the animals’ blood
samples. Haemoparasites were found in 28.67%. These were further processed by PCR for the
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
55
detection of theileriosis. Theileria was found in 27.90%. Screening of clinical and subclinical
mastitis by Califirnia Mastitis Test and microscopy for gastrointestinal parasite were performed.
On faecal examination, there found nematode, cestode and balantidium in 51.72%, 60.92% and
42.53%% respectively. After deworming with Valbazine and curafluke, nematode, cestode
(monzia), balantidium and coccidiosis were found in 0%, 39.13, 43.48% and 4.35% respectively.
Before grouping clinical and subclinical mastitis were found in 5.38% and 24.62% respectively.
After grouping clinical and subclinical mastitis were evaluated by California mastitis test with
two weeks interval. At 7th week clinical and subclinical mastitis were 3.85% and 7.69% due to
improved management. The decrease in milk production for clinical and subclinical theileriosis
was 87 lit./animal and 42.77 lit./animal. Costs for control, treatment and mortality were 0.12%,
0.20% and 13.09% respectively from overall farm expenditure. The prevalence of haemoparasite
was 28.67%, while the prevalence of theileriosis was 8%. The new cases of theileriosis were
recorded and incidence of theileriosis was found to be 2.25%. Overall losses due to theileriosis
was 13.70%.
Outcomes: We can conclude from our finding that theileriosis has drastic affect on the
profitability of the farms. Then losses can be attributed to decreased milk production and
mortality. Medications and control measure for theileriosis have added effect on the losses at
exotic animal breed dairy farms.
Perspectives: Cost analysis studies need to be done on different dairy farms of cattle of different
breeds at different ecological/climatic zones of Pakistan so that investors would know the risks
of establishing dairy farms. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2515-T] (1).
23.
Control Of Nematode Infections In Bovines In Different Parity At Calving And Its Effect On Milk Production
by Muhammad Saqib Ali (2008-VA-188) | Prof. Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. M. Imran Rashid | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Gastrointestinal nematodes are responsible for wide range of health problems, economic losses in bovines and are characterized by reduced milk production, decreased working efficiency and even death. This study was done to evaluate the effect of different anthelmintics on nematode control in different parity cattle at calving and their effect on milk yield. In this study, we screened cattle of 1st and 2nd parity for nematodes. Animals were randomly selected in each group. In first parity animals, we found 23 positive cattle which were divided into 3 different groups while in second parity animals, we found 20 positive cattle which were divided into 3 groups. We used Albendazole (Velbazine) @ 10mg/kg body weight and levamisole (Nilverm) @ 7.5mg/kg bodyweight for treatment. In this study both drugs were found effective in controlling nematodes infections in cattle. Percentage reduction of epg by albendazole was 48.20%, 85.34%, 93.90% and 51.54%, 81.43%, 91.74% on day 7, 14 and 21 in 1st and 2nd parity animals respectively. Percentage reduction of epg by levamisole was 44.45%, 76.92%, 88.03% and 46.60%, 73.78%, 85.43% on day 7, 14 and 21 in 1st and 2nd parity animals respectively. The increase in milk production in current study was 0.39 liter per day and 0.92 liter per day in 1st and 2nd parity cattle respectively. Albendazole increased the milk fat by 0.07 %, while levamisole decreased 0.02 % in 1st parity cattle. In 2nd parity cattle, there was sufficient increase of 0.1% of milk fat by albendazole while levamisole has decreased 0.05 %.
We conclude from our studies that anthelmintic treatment of recently calved cattle have significant effect on milk production due to the nematode control. Milk production increased significantly in 2nd parity friesian crossed cattle following anthelmintic treatment as compared to
Summary
70
1st parity animals. Levamisole has negative effect on fat concentration in friesian crossed cattle while albendazole treated cattle has positive effect. Albendazole has been found more efficient in reducing EPG of helminths in both parity animals as compared to levamisole treated animals. It is recommended that cattle should be checked for GIT parasites by faecal examination on regular basis so that cattle should be dewormed when needed. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2527-T] (1).
24.
A Comparative Epidemiological Study Of Coccidiosis In Broilers Raised Under Open And Control Sheds
by Shehar Yar Alvi (2007-VA-173) | Prof. Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. MUhammad Lateef | Dr. Jawad Nazir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The domesticated fowl (Gallus gallus) is susceptible to seven species of genus Eimeria which are are Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria mitis, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria praecox and Eimeria tenella. All of these are capable of causing disease but the clinical picture and pathogenesis may be different according to species, while the pathogenicity ranges from mild to severe. All the species are ubiquitous and cause disease in combination up-to 6 species at the same time on an individual farm so in this sense coccidiosis may be regarded as a disease complex. Now a days subclinical coccidiosis is more frequently affecting the birds as compared to clinical coccidiosis and greatest financial losses are being caused by subclinical coccidiosis in terms of decreased or less weight gain and reduced feed conversion efficiency.
. The present study was designed to compile data on the prevalence of coccidiosis in broilers reared under open and controlled sheds situated in and around the Lahore city. Study provided better understanding of the risk factors associated with coccidiosis and their relationship.
A questionnaire was designed to record information regarding the management practices, health status of the flock, weight gain. Pooled faecal samples were collected from 50 control sheds and 50 open sheds and were transported to the parasitology laboratory of UVAS. Faecal sample were examined by direct smear to see the coccidial oocysts. Post mortem was conducted to check the presence or absence of the gross lesions associated with coccidiosis. Association between coccidiosis and the risk factors was determined, and the results of open and control sheds were compared. It was assumed that coccidial infections will be higher in the open sheds as compared to environmentally controlled sheds. Open sheds had more prevalence 78% as compared to closed sheds which was reported as 72%. Five major risk factors were studied. Temperature and humidity fluctuation were strong risk factors associated with prevalence of coccidiosis. While litter condition also appeared as an associated risk factor for the prevalence and occurrence coccidiosis in both type of farming systems. Whereas use of medicated feed in open houses appeared as an associated risk factor but in controlled houses use of medicated feed was not associated with the prevalence of coccidiosis. History of previous infections of coccidiosis was also associated risk factor in both type of farming systems. The high prevalence of coccidiosis in open sheds may be due to lack of biosecurity and uncontrollable conditions of temperature and humidity while closed farms have proper biosecurity measures and good husbandry practices. Use of medicated feed and good husbandry practices may be help full to minimize the risk of occurrence of coccidiosis. Further studies are required for better understanding of the disease and associated risk factors.
Therefore, the following recommendations are forwarded.
• Educating farmers about the importance coccidiosis and its control.
• Adaptation of good management practices on farms.
• Avoid over-crowding in the house.
• Alternative remedies need to be developed and evaluated to prevent and control coccidiosis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2691-T] (1).
25.
Prevalence And In Vitro Acaricidal Activity Of Nicotiana Tobacum Extract(S) Against Ticks(S) Of Cattle In District Loralai (Balochistan)
by Najeeb Ullah (2008-VA-203) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Saad Ullah Jan | Prof. Dr. Khalid Saeed | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameeer Durrani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In this study prevalence and acaricidal activity of Nicotiana tobacum plant leaves extracts of chloroform and methanol based was evaluated.
6.1 Prevalence study
In this study total 670 cattles were examined for tick infestation in cattle of different breed, age and sex in district Loralai (Balochistan). Overall prevalence of tick infestation of cattle recorded was 21.49%. Breed wise prevalence was 26.15, 12.80 and 22% in Friesian, Sahiwal and non-descriptive breed of cattle respectively. Age wise prevalence was 27.90, 26.88 and 19.34% in <1 year, 2 year and >2 years of cattle respectively. Higher sex related prevalence was noticed in female cattle (21.98%) as low found with male cattle (16.92%).
6.2 Acarididal effects of tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) plant
The plant leaves of Nicotiana tobacum were dried for 8 to 10 days. The leaves were grinded mechanically into powder form and extract was prepared in Soxhlets apparatus. Extract was further dried in rotatory evaporator and hot air oven to remove left over moisture to obtain solid extract. The dry powder was stored in refrigerator at 4 °C to protect it from any fungal contamination. The powder extracts was used to make different concentrations of 12.5mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 50mg/ml in distilled water. The ticks collected from study area was weighed and dipped in to the formulated solution for interval of 5 mints. After immersion ticks were incubated at 30 °C temperature and 80% relative humidity. After the oviposition period (18 days), the eggs were collected and weighed for each group. The comparison of all the groups was observed in terms of egg laying index and percentage inhibition of egg laying. 200 eggs (Approximately 10mg) were studied for egg hatchability of different groups at different concentration of chloroform and methanol extracts,
This study has successfully achieved main objectives to determine the acaricidal effects of Nicotina tobacum extracts on ticks of cattle.
Egg laying index: values of egg laying index at concentration of 12.5mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 50mg/ml for chloroform and methanol extracts were as follows, for chloroform extracts these were 0.4782800±0.02789077, 0.4388300±.05119868 and 0.3963600±0.03380405 and for methanol extracts these were 0.4991200±0.00948646, 0.4614300±0.03917896 and 0.4205800±0.04183098 respectively. While for control group it was calculated 0.5331200±0.02757486 for all concentrations of Nicotiana tobacum extracts. This decline in egg laying index showed by ticks of chloroform and methanol extracts was significantly different (P<0.05) from control group.
Percentage inhibition of egg laying: For chloroform extract calculated value was 10.048, 17.378 and 25.143% at concentration of 12.5mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 50mg/ml respectively, and for methanol extracts the value was 6.367, 13.152 and 20.827% at concentration of 12.5mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 50mg/ml respectively.
Egg hatchability: Hatchability of ticks eggs of chloroform extract of Nicotiana tobacum plant were recorded 67.5, 43.5 and 17% at concentration of 12.5mg/ml, 25mg/ml, and 50mg/ml respectively. Moreover, hatchability of ticks eggs of methanol extract of Nicotiana tobacum plant were recorded 77.5, 47.5 and 23% at concentration of 12.5mg/ml, 25mg/ml, and 50mg/ml respectively and for control group it was recorded 100% as treated with distilled water.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2687-T] (1).
