151.
Study & Comparative Efficacy Of Oral & Injectable Levamisole Against G.I.T. Nematodes In Cattle And Buffaloes
by Anwar Hayat Hanjra | Muhammed Sarwer Khan | Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Muhammed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: This project was designed to find out the incidence of gastrointestinal nematodes and to chalk out the comparative efficacy of Levamisole Hcl oral and Levamisole Hcl injectable (Anthelmin powder and injection) in young buffaloes and cattle upto two years of age at Lahore and adjacent areas. The therapeutic trials were conducted on both sexes of buffaloes and cattle having moderate to heavy infection. The efficacy was evaluated on the basis of reduction in EPG (eggs per gram of the faeces) by using MoMaster technique.
Out of the total 300 faecal samples collected directly from the rectum of experimental animals, 128 were positive for G.I.T nematodes and incidence was found to be 42.66%. The eggs of different species of nematodes, as Neoscaris vitulorum, Haemonch, Cooperia, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus etc. were identified from the faecal samples. It was observed that the incidence of G.I.T nematodes was 44.50% and 39.83% in buffaloes and cattle respectively.
Out of the 128 positive animals ninety animals were selected for the drug trials and divided into three groups of thirty animal each i.e groups A, B and C. The anthelmin tic efficacy of Levamisol Hcl oral and Levamisol Hcl injectable against G.I.T. nernatodes was observed by administering the drug to group A and B respectively and group C was kept as non-medicated control. The efficacy was determined on basis of reduction in number of ova count discharged in faeces post medication. The percentage efficacy observed on 14th day was 96. 71% and 97. 80% in buffaloes and cattle respectively, for Levamisole Hcl oral. The efficacy was 98.62% and 98.29% in huffa1oe, and cattle respectively for Levamisole Hcl injectable.
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152.
Comparative Study Of Acaricides (Ivermectin & Asuntol) For The Treatment Of Mange Mites In Sheep
by Allah Diwaya Khan | Muhammed Sarwer Khan | Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Muhammed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: Ectoparasites are major problem creaters in the smooth rearing of sheep. Ainongs the ectoparasites mange mites are of prime importance as 'they damage skin, hide and wool etc. In the present study Iverinectin and Asuntol were used for the treatment of mange mites. A single subcutaneous injection of Ivermeotin 1% at dose rate of 1 nil/adult gave a cure of 80% adjudged on day 14 post treatment. A single spray of 0.1% solution of Asuntol could eliminate the condition in 65% of the clinical cases. On the same day in the animals which were kept as control (untreated), no spontaneous recovery was noted rather the condition aggravated.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0238,T] (1).
153.
Estimation Of Calcium, Phosphorus & Copper Levels In Serum Of Buffaloes, Suffering From Parturient
by Shaukat Ali | Manzoor Ahmed Basra | Mubasher Saeed Mian | Muhammed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: 75 buffaloes suffering from parturient haemoglobinuria and 25 healthy buffaloes were recorded for study. The samples and data were collected from 8 districts of Punjab. (Sargodha, IChushab, Gujranwala, Shekhupura, Okara, Sahiwal, Kasur and Bahawalnagar). Buffaloes in prime age and good health were mostly affected near parturition or after parturition. The highest percentage of cases was noted in 3rd lactation (36%), January (46.44%) and in post-parurition conclisition (88%). The Analysis of urine samples of affected buffaloes revealed the presence of haemoglobin, and light brown to coffee colour.
The clinical findings were haemoglobinuria, haemoglobinaemia, anoxic anaemia, voiding red coloured urine, weakness, constipation, staggering gait and slight rise of temperature that in later stages becomes subnormal.
The green fooder offered were Turnips, I3arseem and Sarsoon, during the winter season were low in phosphorus contents and considered to be predlisposing factor of disease.
The inorganic phosphorus and copper levels showed a decrease of 44.01% and 43.67% respectively where as serum calcium level increased by 1.89%, in the clinically affected animals.
In Pakistan an increase in incidence of disease has been noticed every year, where as only one Biochemical profile i.e. Serum Inorganic phosphorus level has been identified for investigation its etiology. The number of other factors like, serum, iron, dextrose, behaviour of R.B. C's. during disease and before seasonal fodders, and soil mineral contents are to be analysed for its detail etiological investigations. Our reserach institutions as well as educational departments are requested to reproduce the disease in healthy pregnant buffaloes for remedial measures, as well as its proper control.
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154.
A Study To Determine The Time Of Ovulation In Relation To Oestrus In Nili-Ravi Buffalo
by Amjad Hussain | Rashid Ahmed Chaudry | Kazim Raza | Muhammed Khalid | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: A total of 32 Nili-Ravi cyclic buffaloes were selected for this study. Cyclicity was determined on the basis of presence of corpus luteum and was confirmed by luteal phase levels of progesterone. 10 animals were treated with PGF2-alpha to induce oestrus. The oestrus detection was made by teasing, behavioural symptoins, physical changes and rectal palpation. The receptivity of male was taken as a time for start of oestrus. The ovulation time was determined by repeated palpation and was confirmed by blood progesterone levels. The behavioural signs noted were; acceptance of teaser bull, frequent urination, raised tail, bellowing, restlessness, acceptance of mounting by other females, licking of external genitalia of other animals and loss of appetite. The physical changes recorded were; uterine tone, swollen vulva, mucous discharge on rectal palpation, absence of wrinkles on vulvular lips, hypraemia and wetness in the vagina. There was a little difference in the behavioural symptoms and physical changes among the groups. In the PGF2-alpha treated group the behavioural symptoms and physical changes were slightly more pronounced as compared to natural groups.
The length of oestrus in the natural groups was 23.5 ± 1.5 hours, whereas it was 27.2 ± 2.4 hours in the treatment group. The difference in the length of oestrus among the two groups was statistically significant. The ovulation time in he natural group was 34.6 ± 1.7 hours from the start of oestrus and 11.2 ± 0.5 hours from the end of oestrus. The ovulation time in animals treated with prostaglandin F2-alpha was 39.8 ± 2.9 and 12.6 ± 1 .2 hours in relation to the start and the end of oestrus, respectively. The difference in the ovulation time both in relation to the start and to the end of oestrus between the two groups was significant. The progesterone Values at the time of oestrus were 0. 1 ± 0.02 ng/ml and 0. 1 ± 0. 1 ng/ml in natural and treated groups respectively. And in the luteal phase (13), the progesterone values were 2.1 ± 0.2 and 2.6 ± 1.6 ng/ml in natural and treated groups respectively.
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155.
Sero-Epidemiological Study Of Brucellosis In Domestic Animals Using Standard Plate Test, Standard Tube Test,
by Chani, M | Muhammed Naeem | Muhammed | Syed Ata- ur - Rehman rizvi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: The sero-epidemlological study of brucellosis was carried out to observe the incidence of brucellosis in 1000 slaughtered end 1000 healthy animals in Peshawar district of N.W.F.P. All the serum samples were subjected to four serological tests I.e. Standard Plate Test, (SPT) standard Tube Test, (STT) Rivanol Test, (RV) and 2,tlercapto-ethanol Test. (2,ME).
The incidence of brucellosis In 1000 healthy animals tested by Standard plate test, standard tube test, rivanol test, end 2,Mercopto-ethanol test was 2.4%, 1.46%, 1.05% end 0.52%, respectively. While the incidence of brucollosis in 1000 slaughtered animals from Peshawar abettior was 2.5%, 1.5%, 1.2% and 0.8% by standard plate test, standard tube test, rivanol test, and 2, Mercopto-ethonol test.
The incidence of the disease was higher in slaughtered animals as compared with healthy animals. The disease was more prevalence In goats as compared to buffaloes, cattle, end sheep.
The Incidence of brucellosis in male animal at slaughter house Peshawar was 5% by standard plate test.
While other three tests were found to be negative. Also the same result was recorded In live male animals.
The Incidence of brucellosis In female animals at slaughter house Peshawar was 2.29%, 1.56%, 1.25% and 0.83% by standard plate test, standard tube test, rivanol test and 2,Mercapto-ethenol test. Similarly it was seen that the disease was more common In aged animals as compares to Youngers stocks.
The efficacy of standard plate test was found more as compared to standard tube test, rivanol test, and 2,Mercepto-ethanol test In slaughtered as well as in apparently healthy animals at Peshawar district. Standard plate test detected 2.45%, where as standard tube test detected 1.80%, rivanol test detected 1.55%, and 2,Mercapto- ethanol test detected 1.05% positive cases in slaughtered as well as In healthy animals.
So the standard plate test was found to be more sensitive, reliable, and can be easily apply.
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156.
Isolation & Characterization Of Newcastle Disease Virus Strains In Poultry
by Shazia Afzal | Sheikh Muhammed Amin | Asif Rabbani | Muhammed Ajmal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: A study was undertaken to isolate and characterize Newcastle Disease Virus Strains involved in field outbreaks.
A total of 1000 diseased/dead birds ( broilers, layers arid non-discript birds ) were examined for this purpose. The isolation of the virus was attempted from composite samples comprising lungs, liver, spleen, brain and proventriculus of the suspected birds, which was inoculated in embryonated eggs through allontoic cavity route. Out of the total birds examined only 6(0.06%) yielded ND Virus. All the strains present in allontoic fluid gave a positive reaction to spot haemagglutination test, on fowl RBCs. The isolates were confirmed as Newcastle disease pathogen through a positive reaction to haemagglutination inhibition test conducted with known positive sera against Newcastle disease.
Various value values obtained for mean death time (MDT) were 48, 60, 70, 72, 48 and 62 hours for isolates.
No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and £ respectively.. Values of intracerebral pathogencity index far isolated No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were 1.71, 1.68, 1.58, 1.46, 1.7 and 1.65 respectively. The intravenous pathogenecity index varies recorded were 230, 200, 1.91, 1.88, 2.08 and 1.93 for isolate No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 respectively.
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157.
Haematological And Serum Protein'S Values Of Young Hourses Affected With Strangles In Sargodha
by Zahid Hassin Abid | Manzoor ahmed Basra | Muhammed | Zafar Iqbal Chaudry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0243,T] (1).
158.
A Study Of The Taxonomy & Bionomics Of Genus Haemaphysalis In Domestic Animals
by Haroon, Durrani | MubasherSaeed Mian | Asif Rabbani | Muhammed sarwer Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: Ticks transmit diseases like piroplasmosis, theileria3is and anaplasmosis in livestock. They are responsible for great economic losses in terms of general unthriftiness, loss of condition and also damage to hides and skins. Pakistan being a tropical country provides optimal conditions for growth and multiplication of ticks. Despite this abundance in prevalence little systematic work was done to investigate the prevalence, taxonony and bionomics of species of genus Haemaplxysalis.
During this study numerous ticks from sheep, goat, cattle and buffaloes each were collected from Lahore and Sheikhupura districts. One species of genus Haemaphysalis i.e. Haemaphysalis brunati was recorded. Other species of same genus did not occur in these districts. This species was recorded from Lahore only. The percent incidence was 5.87%.
During the bionomical study various aspects like seasonal and regional abundance, life cycle, effect of temperature and humidity were studied. It was concluded that in one year three generations of Haemaphysalis bnmati occured in Lahore district . The ticks appeared on livestock in Narch and gradually increased during following months and reached its peak level in June. Then the population graph fell, until in last week of September when a minor peak was recorded. Subsequently the infestation receded considerably amongs livestock during October and was lowest in the end of November. No incidences were recorded from early December through late February.
During the morphological studies of Haemapltysalis brunati measurements of various parts of body were recorded and it was noticed that the measuremeni vary slightly in the species occuring in Lahore
The breeding habits and life cycle of Haemaphysalis brunati were studied under natural conditions and it was observed that the ticks mostly started depositing egg 19 days after dropping in spring, 18 days after dropping in summer and 7 days after dropping in autumn.
The oviposition period under natural conditions was found to be 12 days in spring, 11 days in summer and 11 days in autumn.
The average number of eggs laid by a single female tick in different seasons was not constant. In spring season average number of eggs deposited by single female tick was 3819 in summer 2786 and in autumn 2514. The eggs were oval in shape and measured 0.470 x 0.420 mm in size and weighed 0.041 mg on average. The incubation period of ova was found to vary in different seasons. In spring it was 20 days, 16 days in summer and 15 days in autumn.
The larvae survived without food and water for 56 days in spring. The larvae fully engorged in 9 days during spring, 7 days in summer and 6 days in autumn. The weight of unfed larvae was found to be 0.375 mg. and engorged larvae from 0.166 nlg. The total amount of blood sucked was estimated to be 0.129 mg. The fully engorged larvae moulted in 16 days during spring, II days during summer and 10 days during autumn. The newly moulted unfed txymph lived for 65 days in spring. The nymph engorged in 7 days during spring, in 6 days during summer and autumn. The weight of unfed nymph was found to be 0.114 mg and that of. engorged nymph was found to be 1.094 mg. The nymph moulted in 17 days during spring and in 9 days during summer and autumn.
The newly moulted female engorged within 9 days in spring, 8 days in summer and 4 days in autumn. The weight of unfed female was 1.695 mg and of engorged female 210.0 mg. The amount of blood sucked by a single female tick was estimated to be 208.36 mg. Amount of blood sucked by a single female during her entire life span was found to be 221.549 mg.
Influence of temperature and humidity on rate of development of Haemapbysalis brunati on preoviposition period, oviposition period, number of eggs laid, incubation period and peientage of hatchability were studied and it was observed that constant temperature and varying humidities had no significant effect on the said parameters whereas constant humidity and varying temperatures had a significant effect on the rate of development, preoviposition period, oviposition period, number of eggs laid, incubation period and percentage of hatchahility.
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159.
Study Of Coccidiosis In Different Age Groups & Estimation Of Haemaglobin, Pcv And Total Proteins In Camels
by Ashfar-ur-Rehman | Muhammed Sarwer khan | Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Mubasher | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of coccidiosis in different age groups of camels and to estimate haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and total serum proteins in positive cases. For this purpose study was carried out on 300 animals of different age groups of camels (calves, young and adult) brought to Lahore abattoir for slaughtering during a period between June to August 1991. The investigation showed that out of 300 animals, 29 (9.66%) were positive for coocidiosis.
It was also observed that infection rate was higher in calves (25.86%) than in young (5.62%) and adult camels (6.09%). The study also indicated that the prevalence of coccidiosis remained as in the month of June (8.42%), July (9.60%) end in August (11.25%).
The present investigation revealed that an average haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and total serum protein were 9.2 ± 0..3g/100 ml, 35..27 ± 0.46% and 8.3 ± 1.0g/100 ml of positive animals respectively.. It was recorded that 19 animals showed decrease in haemoglobin, 6 showed increase in packed cell volume and 9 showed increase in total serum protein.
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160.
Incidence Of Surra (Trypanasomiasis) & Estimation Of Blood Glucose Protein P.,C.V. Values In Camels Grought To Lahore Abbatoir
by Saleem Ahmad, S | Muhammed Sarwer Khan | Asif Rabbani | Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: Trypanosomiasis in camels caused by T. evansi occurs in both acute and chronic forms. In chronic forms huge production loss occur, i.e lower milk and meat yields. The present study had been designed to find out the incidence of the disease and estimation of blood glucose ,P.C.V. and protein level , it will eventually lead to the control of Trypanosomiasis.
For the incidence, blood samples were col- lected from Lahore abattoir and the presence of Trypa- nosome was confirmed by making smear from freshly collected blood samples from the ear vein.For the haematological study blood was collected from jugular vein in the glass tube . The values of protein , PC.V. and blood glucose was estimated by standard method.
Out of 500 samples 24 were proved to be positive i.e 4.80 % sample were positive.Whereas in the month of July 1991 it comes 4.16 %,In the month of Aug. 91 estimated as 5.58 % and during Sept. 91 was estimated as 4.30 %.
On examining the values of serum protein ,blood glucose and Packed Cell Volume ( P.C.V.) of the positive samples they showed slight increase in protein value ,decrease in glucose value and also reduction of P.C.V. values. Their mean values were calculated as 9.55 g/100 ml,29.07 mg/100 ml and 20.25 % respectively.
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161.
Epidemiological Aspects And Treatment Trials On Black Quarter Disease In Dera Ismail Khan District
by Inam-ul-Haq | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Manzoor | Muhammed sarwer Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: An active Surveillance in D-I-Khan indicated that black quarter is prevalent in this area 3.88% in cattle and 3.16% in buffaloes. Young cattle and buffaloes are more affected than adults. Incidences of black quarter were high in non irrigated area (7.55%) than irrigated area (1.19%). Highest incidences were observed in summer season especially in July (42.77%) as compared to other seasons of the year. Wound history was reported in 36% of affected animals. Morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates of black quarter were 3.75%, 3.14% and 91.13% respectively in this area. Economic losses due to black quarter were highest (44.53%) as compared to other common livestock diseases in the area.
Treatment trials of Oxytetracycline (Terramycine L.A., Pfizer, 20 mg/Kg) and amoxicilline (Clamoxyl L.A., Beecham, 15 mg/Kg) were also conducted during this study. Severity and recovery was monitored before treatment and 6th, 12th, 24th, 48th and 72ndth hours after treatment. Most common symptoms observed were lameness, high rise of temperature, swelling, hot painful initially and cold, senseless in later stages, Crepitating sounds on pressing the swelling and death with in 12-45 hours.
Treatment trails indicated that Oxytetracyline (Terramycine L.A., 20 mg/kg body weight) and Amoxicilline (clamoxyl L.A., 15mg per kg body weight) both proved 95% effective. Recoery period in Oxytetracycline treated group was in the range of 18 to 72 hours while in amoxicillin treated group it was with in the range of 18 to 54 hours. Death in untreated group occurred with in the rang of 12 to 45 hours.
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162.
Studies On The Use Of Rice Gluten Meal As Protein Supplement In Broiler Rations
by Basharat Ali | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Muhammed | Nisar ahmed Mian.
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Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: Proteins are one of the major components of poultry feeds, supplied mainly through animal and vegetable protein supplements. Rice gluten meal, a vegetable protein supplement is the byproduct of starch industry, left after the starch is washed out of rice tips flour. It is insoluble in water and greyish (beige) in colour. It has 43% crude protein and 3300 k.cal/kg. energy. On the basis of high protein and energy it could be used in the poultry feeds. The meal is commercially available in the country.
The present study was planed to find out the effect of feeding different levels of rice gluten meal on the growth rate and feed utilization of broiler chicks and to determine the effect of different amino acids supplementation and mechanical treatment on the nutritive value of rice gluten meal. Two experiments were conducted using day old Hubbard' broiler chicks as the experimental birds.
In the first experiment RGM was used at different levels substituting soybean meal on protein equivalent basis. The results indicated that the best growth rate and feed consumption of the chicks were observed in the ration containing 10% RGM. However, there was a progressive decrease in the weight gain of the chicks when RGM level was increased beyond 15%. The chicks growth depression was the highest (P<0.01) when RGM was used as sole source of protein. The best chicks growth performance of the ration containing 10% rice gluten meal and 25% soybean meal might be due to complimentary effect of amino acids of the two vegetable protein sources, while the poor chicks growth performance and feed consumption on account of feeding higher levels (30 and 38%) of RGM might be due to the poor quality of protein or growth inhibitory factor(s) in the indigenous rice gluten meal. The feed efficiency of the chicks was also significantly (P<0.01) lower when RGM was used as the sole source of protein. A similar trend as that of weight gain was observed in carcase weight of the chicks fed different experimental rations. A significant (P<0.01) hypertrophy of the pancreas was recorded in the chicks fed ration (G) containing the highest level of RGM as compared to the control. This indicated the presence of some growth inhibitory factor(s) in the indigenous rice gluten meal.
In the second experiment effect of lysine and methionine supplementation and autoclave treatment on the inutritive value of rice gluten meal was studied. The lysine supplementation of RGM significantly improved the growth rate, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks as compared to the control indicating that the meal was deficient in lysine. A further significant (P<0.01) improvement was observed in growth rate, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks fed lysine supplemented and autoclaved RGM ration as compared to the control indicating that autoclave treatment might have removed or reduced the antinutritional factor(s) of RGM whereas the deficiency of lysine was compensated through synthatie lysine supplementation. There was no significant improvement in weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks fed ration containing lysine + methionine supplementation as compared to the ration containing lysine supplementation. This showed that RGM was not deficient in methionine. A similar trend as that of weight gain was recorded in carcase weight of the chicks fed different experimental rations. There was observed a significant (P<O.05) decrease in pancreas hypertrophy in the chicks fed lysine supplementation and autoclaveci RGM ration as compared to the control indicating that autoclave treatment might have removed or reduced the growth inhibitory factor(s) of RGM.
CONCLUSION
Rice Gluten Meal (RGM) was deficient in lysine and contained some growth inhihitroy factor(s).
Autoclaving and lysine supplementation in rice gluten meal improved the nutritive value of the meal as indicated by better growth rate and best feed utilization for broilers.
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163.
Role Of Maternal Antibodies In Protection Against Infectious Bursal Disease (Ibd) In Commercial Broilers
by Zaheer Ahmad | Muhammed Akram Muneer | s. Ata-ur-Rehman Rizvi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: In this study, the decay rate of maternal antibodies to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) protective efficacy of maternal antibodies to experimental IBDV challenge and the protective efficacy of a live IBD virus vaccine (Bursine 11) to I8DV experimental challenge were studied. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent 1ssay (ELISP) was standardized and performed to analyze the serum samples.
The level of maternal antibodies to (IBDV) was found to be positive till the fourth week of age. The line of best fit to this decay rate within the study period was found to be Y=0.43-O.O53 (week) and has the coefficient of determi- nation 0.904. The positive level of maternal antibodies after second week of age were found insufficient to protect broiler chicks against the IBDV challenge. Maximum mortality (207.) was observed after experimental IBDV challenge at 35 days of age in broiler chicks. This suggested that the offsprings need to be vaccinated with the live IBD virus vaccine before that age.
The maternal antibodies were demonstrated to interfere with the live vaccination.
vaccination. Live virus at 14 days of age were found to be protective and a booster with the same vaccine in the fifth week of age prevented the chicks from infection.
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164.
Studies On Anaerobic Ruminal Bacterial In Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Sajjad Hussain, S | S.Ata-Ur-Rehman Rizvi | Muhammed Akram Muneer | Rashid Ahmed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: 1000 samples of ruminal fluid, 500 from each of the two experimental Nili-Ravi buffaloes, kept in Nutrition Section of College of Veterinary Science Lahore were examined for ruminal flora. One quarter of sample 1rom each animal were used for the isolation of proteolytic, amylolytic and lypolytic bacteria.
From these samples 617 species of bacteria were Isolated and identified on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristic. Number of species of different bacteria isolated were Streotococcus bovis 229 (109 from tiuffalne A and 120 from buffaloe B.), Selenomonas ruminantium 16 (9frorn buffaloe A and 7 from buffaloe B), Bacterolde amylophilus 83 (28 from buffaloe A and 55 from buffaloe B); Bacteroides ruminicola 79 (36 from buffaloe A and 43 from buffaloe B), Anaerovibrio lvoolvtica 47 (19 from buffaloe A and 28 from buffaloe B), Bacteroides succiriopenes 59 (31 from buffaloe A and 28 from. buffaloe B), Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens 40 (25 front buffaloe from A and 15 from buffaloe B), and Ruminncoccus fjvifacieris 64 (26 from buffaloe A and 38 from buffaloe B).
It was observed that both the experimental buffaloes, maintained on the same diet, had a similar type of bacterial flora, the differences being in number only.
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165.
Studies On Isolation, Identification And Pathogenicity Of Bacteria Isolated From The Respiratory Tract Of Cattle And Buffaloes At Lahore Abattoir
by Yousaf, M | Muhammed akram Muneer | Ata-Ur- Rizvi | Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: total of 1200 samples consisting of 300 nasal, 300 tracheal, 300 bronchial swabs and 300 pieces of lung tissue from 150 randomly selected cows and buffaloes (75 from each species) were collected from abattoir of Lahore Corporation. Of the total samples 702 isolates were isolated and identified on the basis of their morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics. The isolates included Pdsteurellp multocida 89 strains, (45 strains from buffaloes and 44 strains from cows), Pasteurella haemolvtica 98 strains (59 from buffaloes and 39 strains from cows), Corynebacterium ovocenes 76 strains (54 strains from buffaloes and 22 strains from cows), Escherichia coli 146 strains (80 strains from buffaloes and 66 strains from cow), Staphylococcus epidermidis 152 strains (75 strains from buffaloes and 77 strains from cows), Bacillus subtilit 135 strains (67 strains from buffaloes and 68 strains from cows), and Mycobacterium bovis 6 strains (2 strains from buffaloes and j strains from cattle).
The isolation percentage of Pasteurella. multocida was 19.66% in buff aloes and 13% in cattle, 15% Pasteurella haemolytica was present in buffaloes and 14.66% Pasteurella haemolvtica in cows. 18% and 7.33% Corvnebacterium pyogenes could be isolated from buffaloes arid cattle respectively. 26.66% and 22% Escherictiia coli was isolated from buffaloes and cattle respectively. From buffaloes and cows 25 and 25.66% of Staohvlococcus epidermidis was isolated respectively. Bacillus subtilis was 22.33% and 22.66% in buffaloes and cows respectively 2.66% and 5.33% Mvcobacterium bovis was isolated from buffaloes and cattle respectively.
There was small difference in the number of isolates from buffaloes and cattle. Pasteurella haemolytica, Staphyloicoccus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis proved to be nonpathogenic while Pagsteurella multocida, Corynebacterium pyogenes ai.d Escherichia coli caused l00, 50 and 59 percent mortality on experimental inoculation. Mycobacterum bovis was non pathogenic for mice. However upon intraperitoneal inoculation in rabbit it caused 57% mortality.
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166.
Comparative Nutritive Value Of Different Vegetable Protein Supplements On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Ghulam Baqar | Nisar Ahmed | Javaid Ahmed | muhammed YAqoob Malik.
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Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: A research project was undertaken to study the nutritive values of cotton seed meal, sesame cake and different combinations of these two on the performance of broiler chicks. The performance of chicks were studied under the headings of weight gain, feed efficiency, feed consumption dressing percentage and economics. Five starter rations containing 20,15,10,5 and 0 percent C.S.m along with 0,6,12,18 and 23.5 percent sesame cake and five finisher rations containing same proportions of C.S.m as in starter rations along with 0,5.25,10.50, 16 and 21 percent sesame cake were tried on one hundred and fifty day old broiler chicks of both sexes for period of 50 days. The starter rations were fed up to 28 days of age and remaining 22 days the finisher rations were fed. The results showed that the starter ration containing 10% C.S.m along with 12% sesame cake (Ration C) was best in promoting weight gain and feed utilization. Finisher ration containing 10% C.S.m along with 10.5% sesame cake (Ration Cl) was best in promoting weight gain, however as regard the feed efficiency, the ration containing 20% C.S.m (Ration Al) was the best. At the end of experiment dressing percentage and economic of different rations were considered. Dressing percentage value was highest of the chicks fed on ration C though statistically it was non-significant from the chicks fed on other rations. Ration E was economical as regard cost per KG live I weight.
It was concluded that the ration containing efficient proportion of both the vegetable protein supplements (10% C.S. meal and 12% Sesame Cake in starter ration and 10% C.S. meal and 10.5% sesame cake in finisher ration) was better as compared to any other ration. This was due to supplementary effect of both the vegetable protein supplements to each other deficiencies.
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167.
Study On Mineral Imbalances In Crossbred And Nondescript Cattle On Pakistan
by Sharif Saghar, M | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Muhammed aslam Bhatti | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: Minerals are the essential nutrients having significant role in the animal nutrition because of both their excess and deficiency produce detrimental effect en the productive and reproductive performance of the animals. In the present study the levels of macro and micro mineral elements were studied in crossbred and non-descript cattle of Punjab and Sind provinces of the country. For this purpose M6 blood samples from both the local breeds been' randomly collected from districts of Lahore, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Sargodha, Jhang, Faisalabad, Okara and Sahiwal of Punjab province and Karachi , Hyderabad and Tharparkar of Sind province. These areas were included in the study because of higher population of dairy cattle. The blood samples were collected from four different classes of cattle i.e.. calves, heifers, dry pregnant and lactating non pregnant. The serum was separated from the blood samples. Ser4Jm samples were analysed f or calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese and iron. Sodium and potassium were analysed on flame photometer while calcium magnesium, 7)n4 copper, manganese and iron were analysed on atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Double beam spectrophotometer was used for the estimation of phosphorus. The data thus obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using complete randomize design arid the differences in the means were tested using DMR test.
The mean values of serum minerals in crossbred cattle of Punjab province were Calcium 7.04 mg/100ml, phosphorus 2.94 mg/100 ml, sodium 125.17 meq/L, potassium 4.67 meq/t, magnesium 2.49 mg/100 ml, zinc 0.81 ppm, copper 0.69 ppm, manganese 0.45 ppm and iron 1.26 ppm. Highly significant difference (P<0.0l) in the values of serum minerals of crossbred cattle were found among districts while difference among various classes of crossbred cattle were non significant (P>0.05). The mean values far non descript cattle of Punjab and Sind provinces were, calcium 6.83 mg/100 ml phosphoras 2.83 mg/100 ml. sodium 130.10 meq/L, potassium 4.96 meq/L.. magnesium 2.55 mg/ 100 ml, zinc 0.86 ppm, copper- 0.72 ppm, manganese 0.47 ppm and iron 1.32 ppm.. Highly significant difference (P<0.01) was found among various classes in different districts of Punjab and Sind province. The variation in the mineral status of the animals under study might be due to many factors Like breed of animals, plane of feeding practices, composition of soil, source and supply of water and climatic conditions of the region etc.
The serum mineral values observed f or crossbred and non--descript cattle of Punjab and Sind provinces of the country were relatively lower than the exotic breeds reported in the literature. While comparing the serum mineral values of crossbred with non-descript cattle, lower values for most of the minerals were found in crossbred cattle except calcium and phosphorus.
Severe deficiency of serum phosphorus, zinc and copper was observed in both breeds of cattle of Punjab and Sind provinces of the country, while a mild deficiency of serum sodium and manganese was recorded. Crossbred animals were found more prone to mineral deficiencies as compared with the non-descript animals.
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168.
Immunomodulatory Effects Of Coccidiostats In Broiler Chicks
by Fraaz Mahmood | Muhammed Akram Muneer | Manzoor | Muhammed Naeem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: This study indicated that Amprolium and Clopidol (Coyden 25) when used at recommended dosage levels (6.25 gm of pure drug/50 kg of feed & 25 gin of premix/50 kg of feed respectively) did not interfere with the body weight gain of birds; did not have adverse effects on weights of lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus, liver; did not interfere with the development of serum antibody in vaccinated or vaccinated and challenged birds; their medication in feed had beneficial effects on serum antibody development; did not result in higher post-challenge mortality of vaccinated birds as compared to the non-medicated vaccinated control birds. The injection to baby chicks on first 4 consecutive post-hatching days with a known immunosuppressive agent (Cyclophosphamide) resulted in lower body weights, destruction of the bursa of Fabricius, poor antibody response of birds to vaccination against NDV, and very high post-challenge mortality, upon challenge with a virulent strain of NDV.
The weight gain studies indicated that vaccinated and non-vaccinated birds on Amprolium and Clopidol medicated feeds had non-significantly higher body wegh ts that those on non-mothcateii ration at 42 days of age. Oopiclo) (Coyden 25), at recommended dosage level, had more beneficial effects on the body weights than the Amprolium. These studies further indicated that vaccinated birds kept on Clopidol medicated feed had significantly higher serum antibody titres on day 42 than the vaccinated non-medicated control birds. The serum antibody titres of vaccinated birds on Clopidol medicated feed were significantly higher than those fed Amprolium at recommended dosage levels. From the results of this study it is concluded that Clopidol and Amprolium are not immunosuppressive drugs when used at recommended dosage levels. They rather have beneficial effects on growth 1)erforr1arIce and immune response of birds. However, there is a need for further investigations.
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169.
Sero-Epidemiology Of Leptospirosis In Buffaloes In Sargodha Division
by Muzaffar Ahmad, Gondal | Ata-Ur-Rehman Rizvi | Muhammed | Muhammed Akram Muneer | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: Leptospirosis is an infectious disease of domestic animals and man. In dairy animals leptospiral infection may produce reproductive disorders, abortion, repeat breeding, mastitis and infertility. Etiological agent has more than 180 distinct pathogenic serovars which can be classified into 18 serogroups.
On the basis of serological evidence of leptospirosis, a study was carried out to find the incidence, magnitude and serological distribution of leptospira interrogans in Sargodha division. Out of 713 total serum samples, 301, 157, 147 and 108 were collected from Sargodha, Khushab, Bhakkar and Mianwali districts respectively. These serum samples were of aborted, mastitis infected, healthy pregnant and non pregnant, sterile, repeat breeding and male (service, plough and traction) buffaloes. All the samples were subjected to Rapid Macroscopic Agglutination Test (RMAT). This test was performed both for initial screening and for the identification of leptospiral serovars of positive animals against eleven antigens used.
So it is necessary to control the veneral disease in dairy animals as the evidence suggests that the disease may cause great economic losses to the livestock.
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170.
Studies On The Bacterial Etiology Of Metritis In Buffaloes And Cows And In-Vitro-Antibioitic Sensitivity Of The Isolates
by Idrees Ali Zahid | Muhammed Akram Muneer | Muhammed Naeem | Tufail | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
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Publisher: 1983Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0259,T] (1).
171.
Histopathological Studies Of Experimentaly Produced Disease Of Ranikhet In Broilers And Layers
by Sait ud Din Jahagir Abkar | Manzoor Ahmed Basra | Tufail Muhammed Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: A total number of sixty four, day old chicks of which 32 broilers and 32 layers were used. The incubation period was increased with age while the mortality rate was reduced with increase of age.
Macroscopic examination of proventriculus, intestine, heart and brain revealed haemorrhages, in addition to that liver, spleen and kidneys showed necrotic foci. The nasal passages were full of catarrhal exudates.
Microscopic appearances of trachea, lungs, proventriculus, liver, heart, kidneys and spleen showed lymphocytic infiltration. The blood vessels were dilated. The necrotic changes were prominant in all the organs.
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172.
Studies On Histopathology Of Brain And Salivary Glands Of Dogs Suspected For Rabies
by Shakil Akhtar Khan | Tufail Muhammed Khan | Ata-Ur-Rehman | Manzoor Ahmed Basra | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1986Dissertation note: Rabies is a fatal viral disease of all warm blooded animals, including man. Because of its highly fatal nature it is the most notorious and dreaded disease in dogs. The disease in man is characterized by an emotional and neurological disorders with relfex excitability, paralysis and death. The infectious agent of rabies is a neurotropic member of the family Rhabdoviridae found in the nerve tissue, tears, saliva, salivary glands and rarely in other body fluids.
A total of thirty stray dogs and thirty dogs suspected for rabies were included in the present work. From the both groups, the impression smear5were prepared (of hippocampus, cerebellum and mandibular salivary gland) for detection of Negri bodies. Biological test in mice and histopathological changes of bippocampus, cerebellum and mandibular salivary glauds were noted. Out of 30 stray dogs the impression smears of three hippocampus and one cerebellum were doubtful for Negri bodies and all the mandibular salivary glands were negative, for Negri bodies. The biological test in mice was negative for rabies in all stray dogs. The impression smears from thirty dogs suspected for rabies, showed Negri bodies in twelve hippocampus, seven cerebellum and all the mandibular salivary glands were found negative for Negri bodies. Seventeen dogs out of 30 dogs were biological positive for rabies. Histopathological changes were observed in fourteen hippocampus, fourteen cerebellum and ten mandibular salivary glands.
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173.
Study On Incidence And Chemotherapy Of Gestode Infection In Dogs At Lahore
by Faizan Baig, Mirza | Mubashir Saeed Khan | Asif Rabbani | Tufail Muhammed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0263,T] (1).
174.
Effect Of Sodium Hydroxide Treated Rice Straw In Sheep Fattending Rations
by Jafar Pervez Naqvi | Saghir Ahmed jafri | Muhammed | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: An experiment was designed to study the effect of Sodium hydroxide treatment on the nutritive value of rice straw and its effect on growth rate, feed consumption feed efficiency and digestibility when fed to sheep. Sixty four lambs were included in the trial and randomly divided into four groups having four replicates in each group. Four rations A, B, C and D untreated and treated with 2%, 4% and 6% NaOH were prepared and alloted randomly to four groups of lambs. The experiment lasted for 84 days.
There was a significant improvement (P<O.05) in the weight gain and feed efficiency of lambs fed ration containing rice straw treated with 6% NaOH as compared with lambs fed ration containing untreated rice straw. Significant difference (P<O.05) in feed consumption were also observed between the lambs fed treated and untreated rice straw. The lambs fed ration containing untreated straw consumed significantly (P<O.OS) less feed than the lambs fed ration containing rice straw treated with 4%, & 6% NaOH. The digestibility trial revealed that the lambs fed ration containing rice straw treated with 2%, 4% and 6% NaOH had significantly higher (P<O.05) values of digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract and nitrogen free extract than the lambs fed ration containing untreated rice straw. However, non-significant difference (P<O.05) in digestibility were observed between the lambs fed rations treated with sodium hydroxide at different levels.
The study indicated that nutritive value of rice straw was improved by the treatment of sodium hydroxide at a significant level(P>0.05) for fattening the animals. Treatment with 6% Sodium hydroxide was proved significantly better (P>0.05) as lambs fed ration D containing rice straw treated with 6% NaOH gained more weight showed better feed efficiency and digestibility.
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175.
The Effects Of Coccidiostatic Sulfa Drugs On The Blood Of Chicken
by Akmir Ghani | tufail muhammed Khan | Manzoor Ahmed Basra | Mubasher | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: Amongst the various poultry diseases coccidiosis is of paramount importance. Many drugs are commonly used against coccidiosis for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes which are found to be toxic. This study was conducted to see the adverse effect of coccidiostatic sulfa drugs Polycox, Darvisul and. Esb3 on the blood components, liver and kidneys of the chicks. These drugs were given to 70 broiler chicks at 4 weeks of age at therapeutic dose and higher level for 3-2-3 days. Their blood was collected on the 9th day post-medication to see the adverse effects on hematological values.
The coccidiostatic sulfa drugs medication produced severe anemia characterized by decrease of erythrocytic count, leukocytic count, hemoglobin contents and hematocrit values. Heterophils, lymphocytes and monocytes decreased significantly. The coccidiostatic sulfa drugs also effected the maturation of the cells in the bone marrow and produced a significant decrease of immature stages of erythrocytic,granulocytic and thrombocytic series. Erytliroblasts, polychromatic erythrocytes, thromboblast, immature and mature thrombocytes and granuloblasts decreased significantly by coccidiostatic su-fa drugs. The bone marrow smears were chiefly composed of erythrocytes and lymphocytes. The bone marrow was pale and fatty in appearance. This study has shown that changes in the blood picture are airectly related to the maturation of the cells in the bone marrow.
On gross examination liver and kidneys showed haemorrhages and necrosis, while microscopic examination revealed degenerative changes, necrosis, haemorrhages and infiltration of mononuclear cells which were prominent. It was evident that increase in the dose level of coccidiostatic sulfa drugs increased the severity of adverse effects. Esb3 produced less toxic effect than Polycox and Darvisul (containing Suiphaquinoxaline and Diaveridine).
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176.
Study On The Normal Haematology And Biochemistry Of Blood Of Buffaloes
by Waqar Sarwar Gillani, Syed | Muhammed Irfan | Tufail Muhammed Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: Two hundred clinically normal and healthy buffoloes were studied for different haematological and biochoraical parameters. The animals from birth to thirteen years of age were included in the study.
i) A significant variation in the values of haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count and packed cell volume was seen between animals below 1 2 months of age and above 1 2 months of age.
2) Animals below 12 months of age showed significantly higher haemoglobin contents, total erythracyte count and haematocrit values.
3) Animals below 12 months possessed significantly higher blood glucose level.
4) The cholesterol level in lactating animals was higher compared to non lactating animals.
5) The average values for buffaloes below 12 months of age were as follows: Haemoglobin 12.0 ± 2.H prcent
Total erythroeyte count 8.84 + 1 .85 millions/cmm
packed cell volume 39.7 ± 9.7 per cent
6) The average haematological values for buffaloes above 12 months of age were as under
Haemoglobin
Total erythrocyte count
Packed cell volume
Mean cell volume
Mean cell haemoglobin
Mean cell haemoglobin concentration
Total leucocyte count Absolute neutrophil
11.6 ± 2.8 go per cent
7.48 ± 1 .98 millions/cram
35.35 ± 6.35 per cent
47.92 +
15.95 ±
30.42 ± 4.02 per cent
11641 . 5 ± 1 239 .5 thousands/cm
4339.5 + 540.5 per cubic-milimetor
Absolute lymphocyte
Absolute monocyte
Absolute eosinophil
Absolute basophil 6388.5 ± 667.5/corn
556.5 ± 107.5/cmm
464i-97/emm
Nil
The average biochemical values for buffaloes above 12 months of age were as follows:-
Glucose
Urea
Cholesterol
Inorganic phosphorous Calcium
Calcium
Potassium
Sodium
Choloride 59.7 ± 13.9 mg per cent
33.75 ± 11.25 mg per cent
280.5 ±25.5 mg per cent
5.84 ± 1 .84 rng per cent
9.69 ± 2.91 mg per cent
4.6 ± 1.0 miliequivalent/lit.
136.5 ± 8.5 miliequivalunt/lit
105.5 ± 9.5 miliequivalent/lit
The blood glucose for anirals below 12 months of age was 71.25 ± 14.35 mg per cent.
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177.
A Study On The Pathology Of Internal Genital Organs Of Buffalo Heifer
by Adil Pervaiz Anwar Khan | Manzoor Ahmed Basra | Tufail Muhammed Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1986Dissertation note: The buffalo (Bulus bubalis) is a triple purpose animal. It provides milk and meat and is extensively used for work in certain parts of the world. It is a good source of fat, protein, vitamins and minerals for human diet. The buffalo milk with its higher fat content is considered by most of its consumero as superior to cow milk.
Gross lsions of the ovaries, oviducts, uteri and cervices, and histopathological changes of the morbid tissues of the ovaries, oviducts, uteri and cervices were studied on the internal genitalia of 150 buffalo heifers. In addition E.coli was isolated and identified from the animals routinely slaughtered at the slaughter house, Lahore, during the months of February and March, 1986. The specimens from each heifer's carcass were collected, labelled, packed in a separate polythene bag and brought to the Pathology laboratory, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore in a box containing ice.
The macroscopic lesions recorded from the ovaries and bursae consisted of cystic follicles in 8 (5.3%), par-ovarian cysts in 9 (6%), hypoplasia in 7(4%), ovaro-bursal adhesions in 8(5.3%) cases. The gross lesions of fallopian tubes were hydrosalpinx in 6(4%) cases. The gross lesions of uteri were mucometra 5(3.33%) and haemorrhages were also in 5(3.33%) cases. The cervices revealed no pathological abnormality. Histopathlogical changes confirmed the above mentioned gross pathological changes.
Escherichia coli was isolated from the uterine horns of 31 out of 150 buffalo-heifers. For the isolation of E.coli uterine material was cultured in nutrient broth tubes, - incubated at 37°C overnight. A smear was prepared from each incubated tube, stained and examined for the presence of Gramnegative organisms. The Nutrient broth containing gram-negative organisms were further inoculated on MacConkey's agar media plates and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. The characteristic circular, opaque, glistening and rosepink colonies of E.coli on this medium were recorded. Biochemical properties of isolated E.coli isolates were studied. The pathogenicity of these isolates was tested in Swiss albino mice intraperito- nially. No pathogenic isolate of E.coli was found out of 31 E.coli isolates and E.coli could not be isolated from the heart blood of these mice when they were killed after eight days.
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178.
A Study On The Incidence And Tyhpes Of Salmonella Infection In Sparrows
by Anjum Anwar | Ata_ur-Rehman | Muhammed Naeem | Tufail | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: In the present study a total number of 100 sparrows were studied for the isolation of Salmonella organisms. The internal organs like spleen, liver, intestine and lymph node were removed from the birds and cultured on enrichment and selective media for isolation of Salmonellae. The isolates were confirmed by biochemical and serological tests. Three species of genus Salmonella namely Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella pullorurn and Salmonella gallijiarum were isolated, the relative % of each species being 3%, 6%, and 20% respectively. The presence of Salmonella typhimurium in sparrows was of great public health significance, while the two latter species were of great importance for the poultry industry. Further work on a much large scale, was recommended
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179.
Effect Of Different Extenders On The Extracellular Release Of Got And Gpt From Buffalo Bull Spermatozoa
by Naeem Iqbal | Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Muhammed | Naeem Ullah Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: Preservation of spermatozoa in a solubrious environment has become an essential prerequisite to achieve the objectives of Artificial Insemination. Selection of suitable extender is based on evaluation of fresh and diluted semen through several parameters. In vitro, the most reliable and preferable method for the evaluation of semen preservation technique is the analysis of seminal plasma for several enzymes related with fertility, because, the extracellular concentration of these enzymes might serve as an index of membrane trauma. Among these enzymes, Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase(GOT) and Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase(GPT) are also used for the evaluation, because, they occur abundently in the spermatozoa and reflect their integrity. Moreover, they are easy to detect and play a major role in the protein and carbohydrate metabolism of spermatozoa. Some workers have evaluated extenders on these lines but this information was lacking in our condition, particularly in buffalo (Bubalus buballs).
For this purpose the semen was collected from ten buffalo bulls of Nili-Ravi breed maintained at Semen production Unit, Qadirabad. Semen was extended in three extenders namely, Lactose- egg yolk-glycerol (LEYG), Skim milk-egg yolk-glycerol (SMEYG) and Tris-egg yolk-glycerol (TEYG) and the GOT, GPT activities were measured in fresh semen, after extension, just after freezing and 30 days post-freezing. The data, thus, collected was subjected to statistical analysis.
The GOT activity (mU/ml) in fresh semen was 20.26±0.72 and in extender LEYG, the activity after extension, freezing and 30 days post-freezing was 38.06±2.09, 65.90±2.'2 and 80.94±2.78 respectively. The corresponding values in SMEYG and TEYG were, 51 .80±2.06 and 44.20±1.34, 90.22±1.79 and 74.38±2.30 and 109.10±2.14 and 87.68±2.33 respectively.
The GPT activity (mU/mi) in fresh semen was 7.98±0.30 and in LEYG after extension, just after freezing and 30 days' storage was 12.36±0.41, 18.52±0.62 and 22.20±0.76 respectively. These values for SMEYG and TEYG were, 13.96±0.60 and 13.28±0.56, 22.82±0.65 and 20.50±0.50 and 27.23±0.68 and 23.98±0.66 respectively. The overall GOT and GPT activities wee maximum in SMEYG (88.84 and 19.25) than in TEYG(67.42 and 16.00) and LEYG(60.68 and 14.22). In LEYG, upto freezing the release of GOT and:GPT was minimum but after 30 days' storage this situation was found in TEYG. Regarding the stages of freezing, maximum release of GOT, GPT was observed after freezing, i.e., 32.15 and 7.42 than after extansion (24.42 and 5.52) and after 30 days' storage(15.74 and 3.85 resp.).
Statistical analysis revealed significant (p/U.01) differences between the extenders SMEYG to LEYG and SMEYG to TEYG, but non-significant difference between LEYG and TEYG for the release of GOT and GPT. Highly significant (p/0.01) differences were existed Iethween all the stages of freezing.
The GPT and GOT ratio found in fresh semen was 1:2.53 and the average GPT, GOT ratio in SMEYG was 1:4.61, in LEYG 1:4.21 and It was 1:4.21 in TEYG extender. The GOT, GPT activities were found greater in young bulls as compared to older bulls. A significant correlation, i.e., -0.53 (p/0.05.) for GOT activity with age was found.
Regarding the relationship of motility percentage of spermatozoa with GOT, GPT release, a significant correlation(-0.44, p/0.05) between GOT release and motility percentage in TEYG extender after freezing was found. This correlation for GPT release in SMEYG after 30 days' storage was -0.69(p/0.0l), in TEYG after freezing 049 (p/0.05) and in same extender,. after 30 days' storage was -0.72 (p/U.01).
The average volume of both ejaculates had a significant relationship with GOT activity (r=0.55, p/0.05) and with GPT activity (r= -0.73, p/0.01) in fresh semen.
The overall maximum decline in motility was found in SNEYG (53.06%)than in LEYG (45.21%) and TEYG(44.27%). Statistically, the SMEYG had a significant (p/0.0l) decline in motility as compared to TEYG and LEYG,. while the difference between two latter extenders was non-significant. In all extenders, highly significant correlations (p/0.01) were existed between initial motility and motility recorded after extension, freezing and 30 days' storage.
While considering the results, the extenders LEYG and TEYG were found superior than the SMEYG, but TEYG was prefered on LEYG, due to maintaining high motility percentage of spermatozoa along with the minimal enzymes release and it can be used satisfactorily for the preservation of buffalo semen. Regarding the stages of preservation, the maximum enzymes were released after freezing than after extension and after one month storage in liquid nitrogen.
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180.
Pathological Changes Caused By Escherichia Coli In Young And Adult
by Tufail Muhammad Khan | Manzoor Ahmed | Altaf Hussain Sheikh | Muhammed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1977Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0270,T] (1).
181.
Studies On The Chick Growth Inhibition Of Rapeseed Meal
by Zaboor Khan, M | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Nisar Ahmed | Saghir Ahmed Jafri.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: Rapeseed meal is one of the by-products of the oil industry obtained after the extraction of oil, generally by expeller method. The meal i. a good source of vegetable protein which could be incorporated in different poultry feeds. The use of rapeseed meal as a vegetable protein source in poultry feeds is limited due to its growth inhabitary effects. The meal contains a sulfur containing glucoside called 'Goitrin' which during digestion by an endogenous enzyme, 'myrosinase'is hydrolyzed to volatile, 'isothiocyanate', an antinutritional factor for poultry.
The present study was designed to determine the effect of growth-inhabiting factor in indigenous rapeseed meal on the growing chicks and to improve its nutritive value for poultry feeding, through different mechanical and chemical treatments like solvent extraction, autoclaving, water treatment and ferrous sulphate treatment.
For this purpose two experiments were designed. In both the experiments day old 'Indian Rivers" broiler chicks were used as experimental animals. In the first experiment effect of feeding different levels of rapeseed meal on the growth rate, feed consumption and feed utilization of the chicks were determined. Effects of rapeseed meal on the internal organs, dressed weight and dressing percentage of the chicks were also studied.
Feeding different levels of untreated rapeseed meal in lieu of soybean meal in 1st experiment showed non-significant differences in weight gain, feed utilization, dressed weight, dressing percentage and weights of internal organs amongst the groups and replicates except the thyroid gland. This might be on account of the lower content of 'Allyl-isothiocyanate the antinutritional factor present in the indigenous rapeseed meal. However, there was a slight depression in the growth rate of the chicks fed rations containing different levels of rapeseed meal.
It was observed that feeding of rapeseed meal at more than JLO% of the ration significantly increased (P/O.OJ) the weight of thyroid glands. There was almost a proportionate increase in the weight of thyroid glands of the chicks fed rations with increasing levels of rapeseeed meal.
The second experiment was designed to study the effect of different mechanical and chemical treatments on the nutritive value of rapeseed meal. For this purpose, 'apeseed meal after autoclaving, solvent extraction, water and ferrous sulphate treatments was incorporated at 20% level in the experimental rations.
The treatments of the meal did not improve the weight gains, feed utilization and dressed weight of the chicks as compared with untreated rapeseed meal. This might be due to the reason that the indigenous rapeseed meal contained a lower level of glucosinolate, the antinutritional factor responsible for growth inhabition in chicks and thus the effect of different treatments to reduce the level of the glucosinolate of the meal was not significant. There was, rather more depression in growth rate and feed utilization of the chicks fed rations containing water treated rapeseed meal. This might be attributed to the formation of more toxic compounds during the microbial fermentation in water treatment of the meal.
Conclusion
Results of the experiments indicated almost a proportionate decrease in the growth rate and feed utilization of the chicks fed rations containing different levels of rapeseed meal. However, there was no significant difference in the weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks, fed rations containing different levels of rapeseed meals.
There was no effect of different mechanical or chemical treatments of rapeseed meal on its nutritive value except water treatment, which, rather produced adverse effects on the growth rate and feed utilization of the chicks. This might be due to the fact that the indigenous meal contained a lower level of 'Allyl-isothiocyanate' the antinutritional factor responsible for growth inhabition of the chicks.
Recommendations
Based on the results of the present study it is recommended that rapeseed meal upto a level of 10% could be incorporated in broiler rations without impairing the growth rate and feed utilization of the chicks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0273,T] (1).
182.
Studies On The Postnatal Development Of The Reproductive Organs And Other Related Endocrine Glands In Male Nili
by Nasim Ahmad | Manzoor Ahmed | Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Muhammed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: The water buffalo is amongst the most productive of domestic animals. One of the major problems causing uneconomical productivity in buffalo has been described as its higher age of maturity. It was therefore, necessary to collect a through information from birth through puberty on the potential of anatomical and physiological development of its reproductive organs and endocrine glands. This information was particularly lacking on the male of Nili Ravi breed.
Ten male Nili-Ravi calves ranging in age from 0 to 7 days were included in the Present study. They were subjected to detailed clinical examination. Biometrical examination of reproductive organs accessory sex glands and endocrine glands was conducted after slaughtering. Samples from suitable places were taken for histology purpose. Necessary photography and microphotography was done and the data collected was statistically analysed.
Body weight, body temperature, respiration and pulse rate averaged 32.24 kg, 38.8° C, 27.6 and 78.2 per minute whereas heart girth, body length and scrotal circumference averaged 71.5, 75.0 and 8.38 cm. Coefficient of correlation among body weight and heart girth; scrotal circumference and total testicular weight was 0.96 (P<.0l), 0.69 (P<0.05) and 0.57(which was non-significanl. Correlations between scrotal circumference and total testicular veight was 0.65 (P<0.05).
Single testis measured 2.3 x 1.2 x 1.0 x 3,0 cm (LxBxTxC) and weighed 1.39 gm. Length of epididymis was 4.8 cm with a weight of 0.88 gm/vas deferens was 31.3 cm long and length of attached penis was 21.2 cm. Length and diameter of ampulla was 4.3x2.2 whereas length, breadth and thickness of seminal vesicle. Prostate and cowpers gland averaged 2.1xl.5x0.35, 5.6xl.7x1.6 and 0.6x0.3x0.2 cm. Seminal vesicle weighed 0.48 gm. Average measurements of pitutiary and pineal gland were l.3x0.8x0.6 and 0.5x0.5x0.3 cm. Their corresponding weights were 0.42 and 0.06 gm. There was slight difference in the measurements of right and left thyroid and adrenal gland. The difference between the weight of right and left thyroid and adrenal gland were significant (P>0.05).
Microscopic examination revealed that testis was composed of solid sex-cords which measured 45.04 and 47.83 microns in diameter near the periphery and near the rete. The ratio of large cells and small cell was 13:5 and of sex cords with interstitial tissue was 60:40. Epididymis exhibited moderate regional variation. Epithelial height was 14, 15 and 25 microns in head, body and tail regions.
Ampullary glands were devoid of cilia and showed dilatations Only towards the lumen. The glandular epithelium of seminal vesicle was columnar with granular cytoplasm. Their height varied from 15 to 20 microns. In prostate gland two parts were clearly distinguished. Secretory units of bulbouretheral gland were small and were lined by cuboidal epithelium. Penis of new born calf possesed all the essential structures.
In pituitary gland pars intermedia and median cleft was prominent and various cells of pars distails were identified. Pinealocytes were characterized as large cells situated more towards periphery.
Follicles of thyroid gland were lined by columnar cells and filled with colloid material. In adrenal cortex three zones were clearly identified and cortico-medullary junction was interdigitated.
The gross and histological findings of the present study were found to be little higher than those of Indian buffalo calves but were comparable or found lower when compared with cow calves of same age.
It is, proposed that similar studies be conducted on Nili-Ravi calves of different age groups uptil puberty to observe the develop- mental changes. The recorded variations could then be narrowed to select sires showing early maturity for exploitation through AL. to over come the problem of delayed maturity.
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183.
Performance Of Broilers, Under Different Systems Of Brooding And Rearing Associated With Transfer
by Aslam Athar, M | Ehtisham Pervaiz | Javaid Ahmed | Muhammed Nawaz Asghar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1986Dissertation note: They study was conducted on Hubbard :hicks at the Poultry Experiment Station, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. The main objective of this study was to find ways and means of efficient broiler raising by using different managemental systems like floor rearing, cage rearing, transferring chicks from floor to cages and from cages to floor at different stages of rearing.
Six experimental treatments were investigated, involving 144 broiler chicks. Initially 72 chicks (treatment A) were reared in cages and 72 chicks (treatment B) on floor upto 14' days of age. On 15th day 24 birds were transferred from group A to floor (treatment C) and a similar number was shifted from group B to cages (treatment 0). on 29th day, 24 birds were again shifted to floor (treatment E) from group A. In the same way 24 birds were transferred to cages from group B(Treatment F).
The experiment continued upto 8 weeks of age. Responses measured were body weight, feed intake, FCR, Performance Index, Dressing Percentage, Breast Blisters, Mortality and Abnormalities.
The body weights at the end of 8th week were 1908,1976, 1869, 2043, 1896 and 2057g; The average feed intake was 4428, 4394, 4460, 4423, 4450 and 4521 g; the FOR was 2.318, 2.230, 2.387, 2.167, 2.350 and 2.199; The performance index was 82.312,88.810, 78.299, 94.4/4l,80.804 and 93.658; and dressing percentage was 68.89, 67.14, 67.78, 69.39, 67.75 and 68.33 for the treatment A, B, C, D, E and F respectively.
The results showed that the overall performance of caged broilers in treatments A, D, and F was comparatively better than the treatments of floor (B, C and E).
The birds that were transferred to cages (treatment D&F) gave feed conversion ratio which was significantly. (P>0.01) better than all the other groups. The caged birds gained more weight, consumed less feed, gave better FCR and produced more meat per sq. m. than the competitive groups on the floor. Among the birds reared on floor, the chicks of treatment B showed consistently better growth throughout the experiment. The figures for breast blisters and abnormalities were very similar in all treatments. The good performance of caged birds could be attributed to the better utilization of feed due to very limited movements of birds in cages.
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184.
Studies On Postpartum Buffaloes - Changes In Reproductive Organs And Onset Of Oestrus After Parturition
by Munir Ahmnad Ch | Naeem Ullah Khan | Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Muhammed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: Thirty five (35) buffaloes of Nili-Ravi breed were studied for postpartum reproductive performance. Involution of the uterus and postpartum ovarian activity were monitored by repeated rectal palpations of the genitalia from day 14 postpartum until first observed oestrus. Buffaloes were checked for manifestation of oestrus for five times a day by using bulls with deviated penis. Buffaloes detected in oestrus were examined rectally and inseminated at 12 and 18 hours after the onset of oestrus.
The mean time required for complete involution of uterus was 27.5 ± 1.4 days with a range from 21 to 66 days. The rate of decrease in diameter from day 14 postpartum to complete involution was slower in non-gravid horn than in gravid horn. This overall uterine involution period was not affected by the month of calving and the age of the buffaloes but lactation number effected it significantly (P<0.06). The diameter of cervix on day 14 postpartum was 88.0 mm for buffaloes calving during March and ranged from 66 to 77 mm for buffaloes calving during other months of the study period. The rate of decrease from day 14 postpartum to complete involution was lower in buffaloes which calved in January (1.00 mm/day) as compared to buffaloes of other months (range 1.1 to 1.5 mm/day). On complete involution the diameter of cervix was 47.0 mm and it ranged 34 to 37 mm in other months of study. There was no effect of age and parity on rate of cervical involution. Similarly the rate of decrease from day 14 postpartum to complete involution, of the gravid and non-gravid horns was not effected by month of calving, age and parity of buffaloes.
The time required from calving to complete regression of corpus luteum was 20.6 ± 1.0 days. This period was found to be effected by the month of calving (P<0.06). The interval from calving to the formation of first palpable follicle averaged 27.4 ± 1.2 days. There was significant effect of resumption of follicular activity on formation of first corpus luteum (P<0.001) and first postpartum oestrus (P<0..001). The incidence of first corpus luteum formation without oestrus activity was 62.9 %. The palpable life span of first corpus luteum averaged 6.6 ± 0.7 days. The interval from calving to formation of first corpus luteum was 38.1 ± 1.5 days. It was significantly affected by the postpartum oestrus interval (P<0.009)
The average postpartum period from calving to first observed oestrus was 124.2 ± 14.5 days and ranged from 22 to 280 days. In 22.9 % buffaloes, postpartum oestrus was observed within 30 days, whereas in 57.1 % buffaloes this period was more than 120 days. This interval was highly correlated with interval to uterine involution (P<0.06) and duration of oestrus (P<0.06) . Onset of oestrus was most frequently i.e in 34.3 % buffaloes were obsered at 22.00 hours, followed by 18.00, 02.00, 06.00 and 12.00 hours in 22.9 %, 17.1 %, 14.3 % and 11.4 % buffaloes, respectively.
In contrast to onset, the termination of oestrus occurred more frequently (77.1 %) during day light hours (6 AM to 6 PM) and 6.00 PM was the time when majority of buffaloes (40 %) terminated their oestrus. The overall duration of first postpartum oestrus was 24.7 ± 1.6 hours and it ranged from 6 to 48 hours. The majority of buffaloes (65.8 %) had the duration of oestrus within 9 to 24 hours.
On the basis of 60 days pregnancy diagnosis, the conception rate to breeding at first oestrus was only 14.30%.
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185.
A Study On The Normal Blood Picture Of Buffaloes In Lahore
by Ata ur Rehman Rizvi, Syed | Muhammed Irfan | Not Available.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1973Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0277,T] (1).
186.
Effect Of Urea Treatment On The Nutritive Value Of Wheat Straw In The Fattening Of Buffalo Calves
by Ajmal Javed | Muhammed Yoob Malikaq | Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1986Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0278,T] (1).
187.
Identification Of Various Species Of Coccidia And Effects Of Natural Infection On Various Blood Parameters And Total Serum Proteins In Teddy Goats
by Tanveer Ahmad | Mubasher Saeed | Manzoor | Muhammed Afzal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: Study was conducted to find out the incidence of various species of Eimeria responsible for coccidiosis in kids of 4-6 month of age. For this purpose, 100 positive samples were collected and examined. The species of Eimeria found were Eimeria arloingi, Einaeria intricata, Eimeria parva, Eiineria faurei and Eimeria ninakohlvakimovae. All samples showed mixed infection with 2 to 3 species of Eimeria.
The oocyst count per gram of faeces in positive cases ranged from 5,000 to 50,000. The disease incidence was higher in young animals and it decreased with age. It was observed that Eiineria arloini was the most prevalent (81.25%) amongst the faecal samples examined.
For haeinatological purposes, 60 blood samples of kids 4-6 months of age were used. The kids were divided into three groups A, B and C having 20 animals each. The result indicated that total erythrocyte count for group A, B and C was 6.88 t 0.303, 9.95 0.225 and 10.54 j 0.120 millions per micro litre of blood respectively. A significant decrease in total erythrocyte count was observed. A negative correlation existed between the average oocyst count and number of erythrocytes per micro litre of blood.
The average leukocyte count of group A was found to be 10.40 £ 0.260 thousand per micro litre of blood while in group B and C, the average leukocyte count was 6.97 ±. 0.318 and 6.62 ± 0.325 x respectively. The result indicated that a 36.34% increase in total leukocyte count of kids showing clinical sign of coocidiosis and 5.02% increase in the animal suffering from sub-clinical form of disease.
The average haenioglobin conoentration of Group A, B and C was 7.91 ± 0.380, 10.83 ± 0.278 and 11.84 ± 0.286 gm/100 ml of blood. It was observed from the results that there was highest haemoglobin oncentration in Group C, a decrease of 8.53% in haemoglobin concenration of Group-B and 33.19% in Group A was recorded.
The neutrophil count was observed 53.22 ± 1.56, 48.50 ±. 0.99 and 37.38 ±. 0.961 for group A, B and C respectively. The average lymphocyte count of group A, B and C was 56.15 ±. 0.23, 55.85 ±. 0.28 and 62.0 ± 0.29 respectively. It is clear that the coccidiosis caused 7.62% decrease in lymphocytes in infected kids. The result indicated a significant decrease in lymphocyte count due to coccidiosis. The result showed that the coccidiosis produced no significant change in the rnonocyte component of blood of infected kids.
It is evident from the result that a decrease of 12.01% in the eosinophil count was seen in group A while an increase of 58.83 occurred in Group B because coccidiosis caused significant change in the eosinophil count. The average basophil count for group A, B and C was 0.21 0.287, 1.0 ±. 0.22 % and 0.88 ±. 0.210% respectively.
The total serum proteins observed in Group A, B and C was 4.17 0.058, 5.43 ±. 0.051 and 6.18 ± 0.057 gm/100 ml of blood. It is evident from these results that a decrease of 32.52% in T.S.P. of group P.A. and a decrease of 12.13% in the T.S.P. of group B occured due to coccidiosis. The infection of coccidiosis had an adverse effect on the total serum protein in kids.
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188.
A Study On The Effects Of Organos Phosphate (Insecticide) On Various Organs And Blood Parameters Of Broiler Chickens
by Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Manzoor Ahmed Basra | Muhammed | Zafar Iqbal Chaudry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: The investigation was conducted to study the effects of organophosphate insecticide Trich- lorf on (Ditrifon) on the hematology and liver, kidneys, heart and spleen of the broiler chicken. One hundred and twenty day old broiler chicks were reared upto 3 weeks of age, then they were randomly divided into four groups i.e. A, 8, C and D containing 30 chicks in each group. Group A was maintained on afeed containing Ditrifon at dose rate of 400 mg/kg in feed. Group, B was maintained on a feed containing Ditrifon at dose rate of 200 mg/kg in feed. Group C was maintained on a feed containing Ditrifon at dose rate of 100 mg/kg in feed. Group D was kept as control. All the said groups were maintained on said feed for 7 days. The weights of the birds from each group were taken before treatment with Ditrifcon. All the groups were kept under close observation to record signs and symptoms of Ditrifon toxicity upto the end of 4 weeks and 5 weeks of age 15 chicks from each group were slaughtered for the hasmatology (PCV, Hb concen- tration, TEC and TLC) and histopathological studies (liver, kidneys, heart and spleen). The weight of the chicks from each group were taken and recorded before slaughtering.
There was a significant decrease in weight in groups A,E4 and C as compared to control group D.
Antemortem symptoms were recorded throughout the experiment and observed that feed intake of the treated groups was decreased, growth was retarded significantly. The treated birds of Group A and Group B showed dyspnoea, tremors, exhaustion, incoordination, ataxia and paralysis. The treated birds of group C showed no antemortem symptoms.
The main necropsy findings were small hemorrhages through out the body muscles, hepatomegaly, spleenomegaly, enlarged heart, swollen kidneys and gastroenteritis in group A and B, hepatomegaly and gastro enteritis in group C. Haematological alterations were studied in all the groups i.e. A, B, C and D. There was no significant difference found in packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, total erythrocytic count amongst all the groups, at both the ages. The total leukocytic count showed a significant increase in group A and B as compared to control group D. No significant increase was noted in group C as compared to group B and no significant increase between 28 and 35 days of age in groups A, B and C was noted.
The main histopathological lesions of liver and kidney included cloudy swelling, necrosis, and leukocytic infiltration in all treated groups i.e. A,B and C. Histopathological lesions o-f spleen included presence of focal areas of necrosis in group A and group B after 28 and 35 days of age. In group C after 28 and 35 days of age the spleens were normal. Histopathological lesions of heart were haemorrhage and cloudy swelling in the myocardium in group A and B after 35 days of age. No lesions were observed in all the treated groups after 28 days of age and in group C after 35 days of age. No changes were observed in liver, heart, spleen and kidneys of group .D (control).
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189.
Comparative Efficacy Of Tryupanocidal Drugs And Their Effects On Some Blood Parameters In Equine Trypanosomiasis
by Noor Ahmed Khan | Muhammed Sarwer Khan | Muhammed Athar Khan | Naeem Ullah | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1988Dissertation note: Trypanosomiasis causes great losses in equines, if not treated properly. This study was planned to determine the
prevalence and treatment of T.evansi infection with different drugs in equines in and around Lahore. The effect of drugs on DLC and haemoglobin was also determined. For this purpose 350 healthy and suspected horses were examined. Thirty positive cases were divided into 3 equal groups. Two groups were served with two different trials, and 3rd group was kept as untreated infected control. A 4th group was kept as non-infected and untreated control. All the animals were examined at regular intervals for the presence or absence of parasites post-treatment. The DLC and haemoglobin contents were recorded just before and on day 21 post-treatment. The data so obtained was analysed statistically and results were made as under.
1) Prevalence
Out of 350 horses, 37 were positive to T.evansi. The prevalence was 10.57 percent.
2) Efficacy
The Suramin (Naganol Bayer) was 70% Trypanocidal on day 0 and 100Z on day 10 and 21 post treatment; while the Quinapyrainine (Trypacide N & B) was 80% effective on day 5 and 100% on day 10 and 21 post treatment.
3) DLC
Harked Neutropenia with lymphocytosis was observed before tree tinent. The average values of Neutrophils were 42.5 ± 0.65.. 42.6 ± 0.61, 42.7 .± 0.65 and 61.4 .± 0.48 in the 4 groups respectively. The reduction in Neutrophils and increase in lymphocytes was 30.62% and 69.96%. On day 21 after treatment Neutrophil and lymphocyte count became 61.8 ± 0.41 and 55.1 .± 0.56 in group I and II respectively; while the group III and IV revealed no difference in their count. There was 35% increase in Eosinophils of group I, II and III before treatment, the average being 5.6 ± 0.26, 5.2 ± 0.24 and 5.4 ± 0.27 respectively: while the group IV possessed 4.00 ± 0.23% neutrophils. The eosjnophjlja tended to become normal with 29.63% decrease, average being 3.9 ± 0.4 and 3.7± 0.56 in group I and II respectively) on day 21 post-treatment; while this count remained nearly the same in group IV on same day.
The Basophil count remained unchanged before and - after treatment in all the 4 groups. The average values on day 0 were 1.7 ± 0.17, 1.5 ± 0.17, 1.2 ± 0.16 and 1. 1 ± 0. 16 and on day 21 1.6 ± 0. 16, 1.1 ± 0.16, 1.5 ± 0.17 and 1.6 ± 0.2 for group I, II, III and IV respectively.
4) Haemoglobin
There was 38. 78% decrease in haemoglobin content in infected animals. The average values raised up after treatment from 6.03 ± 0.17 and 6.21 ± 0.13 to 8.24 ± 015 and 7.22 ± 0.19 with Suramin (Naganol Bayer) and Trypacide N & B respectively. Suramin (Naganol Bayer) was significantly better than Trypacide N & B in that respect. There was 15.29% decrease in group III after 21 days. The haemoglobin values of group IV remained unchanged.
5) Side Effects
The 40% horses treated with Suramin (Naganol Bayer) revealed signs of hypersensitivity. The 50% of animals treated with Trypacide N & B developed oedemas. at the site of injection.
Note: Quinapyraroine (Trypacide N & B) was concluded to be the drug of choice for equine Trypanosomiasis.
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190.
Comparative Efficacy Of Trypanocidal Drugs And Their Effects On Some Blood Parameters I Camels Naturally Infected With Surra
by Farrukh Jamal Nizami | Muhammed Afzal | Asif Rabbani | Muhammed Sarwer Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: Trypanosomiasis in camels caused by Trypanosoma evansi results in great economic losses if not treated properly. The present study had been designed to find out the prevalence and treatment of Trypanosoma evansi infection by using Naganol (sayer) and Trypacide (M & B) in camels in District Layyah. The effects of the infection and drugs on differential leukolyte count (DLC), Haemoglobin (HB) Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Erythrocytic Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Total Serum protein were also estimated. For this purpose 1000 suspected camels were examined and 75 (7.5%) were found positive for Trypanosoma evansi infection. Out of these, 45 positive cases were randomly divided into 3 equal groups comprising 15 animals each. Two of the groups were served with two different drug trials, and the 3rd group was kept as untreated infected control. While a 4th group of 15 camels was kept as non-infected and untreated control. The results of all the aforesaid blood parameters were recorded just before and on day 21 post-treatment. The data so obtained was analysed and results were made as follows.
Out of 1000 camels, 75 were found to be harbouring the Trypanosoma evansi infection with a pevalence rate being 7.5 percent.
Naganol (Bayer) was found to be 60% Trypanocidal on day 5 and 100% on day 10 and 21 post treatment. Trypacide (M & B) was found to be 53% Trypanocidal on day 5 and 80% on day 10 and 21 post treatment.
There was marked Neutropenia with lymphocytosis before the treatment in infected versus non infected ones. The average values of Neutrophils were 38+0.62, 39±0.02, 36±0.47 and 52j0.48 in the 4 groups respectively. But on day 21 after treatment, the number of neutrophils increased in group Nos. I and II with n average of 51±0.33 and 49±1.41 while the group No. Ill and IV revealed no difference in their count. The mean values of lymphocytes prior to and after the treatment were 51±0.33, 52±0.71, 56±0.46 and 41±0.36, 42±0.40, 45.3±1.09, 56±0.46 and 39±0.23 respectively. There was 41 .66% increase in Eosinophils of group I, II and Ill before the treatment, the average being 7±0.22, 50.48 and 5±0.48 respectively, while the group No. IV possessed 4+0.19% neutrophils. The Eosinophilia tended to become normal with 33.33% decrease, average being 4+0.40 and 3+0.45 in group No. I and II respectively on day 21 post treatment; while the neutrophils count remained nearly the same in group No Ill and IV average being 6+0.24 and 4+0.19 respectively on day 21 post treatment.
The Basophils and Monocytes Count remained unchanged before and after the treatment in all the 4 groups.
Haemoglobin(Hb) and Packed Cell Viume (PCV) showed decrease on day 0, but Erythrocytic Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Total Serum Protein were increased on day 0 in case of positive camels. On day 21 post treatment with Naganol (Bayer) and Trypacide (M & B), Haemoglobin (HB) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were increased in group Nos I and II. Whereas Erythrocytic Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Total Serum Protein level were decreased on day 21 post treatment in the same groups. On the other hand the values remained unchanged in group No. IV. (Noninfected, untreated control).
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191.
A Study On The Taxonomy & Prevalence Of The Species Of Genus Ancylostoma & Effects On Natural Infections On Various
by Kamran Ashraf | Mubasher Saeed Mian | Asif Rabbani | Muhammed Sarwer Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Ancylostomes (Hookworms) in dogs, taxonomy of the species of the Genus Ancylostoina and their effects on various blood parameters of the infected canines.
For above purpose, samples were collected from dog hospital, College of Veterinary Sciences and different pet clinics in the city.
Faecal and blood samples were stored in the refrigerator, of Parasitology Laboratory.
Only those dogs which had high prevalerit in Ancylostomes were examined by different faecal examination methods, were selected to get mature ancylostomes, after killing the dogs. Preservation and staining of Ancylostimes was carried out by adopting the prescribed methods. The taxonomy of the species of the genus Ancylostoma was studied with the help of keys.
The collective over all prevalence of different types of Ancylostomes recorded in stray and pet dogs was 28%.
The species of Ancylostomes identified in our area were: Ancylostoina Caninum, Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma duodene1e.
The percentage of the above mentioned species were 100%, 33% and 2.5% respectively. Blood of infected dogs were exposed to various haematological studies including Hb estimation, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total serum protien level (TSP) and differential leukocyte count (DLC).
liaematological examinations were made to compare the blood picture of healthy and infected dogs. For this purpose 20 blood samples each from healthy and infected dogs were examined.
The results of haematological examination showed a significant decrease in haemoglobin estimation total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume and total serum protien level, whereas a significant increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate and differential leukocyte counts, like neutrophils, eosinophils and very little increase in basophils were also seen.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0284,T] (1).
192.
Sero-Epidemiology Of Rinderpest & Bovine Viral Diarrhea (Mucosal Disease) In Sheep And Goats
by Amjad Hassain | Muhammed Amin Sheikh | Manzoor | Muhammed Akram Muneer | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of rinderpest and bovine viral diarrhea virus antibodies in the sera of sheep and goats. For this purpose, 1000 serum samples were randomly collected from four different sources. The samples were distributed uniformly from each species i,e.. sheep and goats from all the four sources. Agar gel-immunodiffusion (PGID) test was employed for the investigations.
The results of the study revealed that overall 4.2% sheep sera were having rinderpest viurs antibodies while 1.6% sheep sera were possessing antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus. Goat sera tested demonstrated that 2.4% were having rinderpest virus antibodies whereas only 1.0% were possessing antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus. It is observed that there is higher prevalence rate of rinderpest virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus antibodies in sheep as compared to goats.
The findings of this project revealed a moderate exposure, of sheep and goat population surveyed, to the pathogens of both the diseases. However further research is suggested for realistic determination of the role of sheep and goats in epidemiology of these menaces and the resultant revival of the control measures..
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0285,T] (1).
193.
Bacteriological Study Of Enteritis In Broiler Breeders In And Around Lahore
by Imtiaz ul Haq | Muhammed Naeem | Mubasher | Muhammed Ajmal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0286,T] (1).
194.
Seerological Incidence Of Avian Infectious Bronchitis In Broiler In Lahore
by Talha Farooq | Ata-Ur-Rehman Rizvi | Asif Rabbani | Muhammed Naeem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1986Dissertation note: Avian Infectious Bronchitis (AIB) is an important disease of chickens affecting birds of all ages, both sexes and, all breeds. The disease is more severe in broilers.
It occurs .in two clinical forms i.e. the respiratory form and the reproductive form. In the first form of disease the mortality is an important factor, while in the latter form the reproductive tract and reproduction of birds are affected. The economic significance of Avjan Infectious Bronchitis lies in the fact that it causes moderate to heavy mortality and marked drop in egg production, increased number of small size, misshaped, and poor quality eggs; low hatchability, death in shell and early chick mortality.
The present work was planned to investigate the serological incidence of Avian Infectious Bronchiti and to have a knowledge about the important serotypes provlent in Pakistan. The sera of 200 broilers from various broiler markets and poultry farms of Lahore was tested against 4 serotypes of Aviari Infectious Bronchitis virus i.e; 1assachusets, Connecticut, Arkansas and JMK using haemsgglutination inhibition test.
The work has shown that Avjan Infectious - ronchitis is present in broilers in and around Lahore, as antibodies against three important serotypes i.e. Massachusetts, Connecticut and Arkansas were detected in 11.5% sera of 200 tested birds.
Further work on large scale using birds from different parts of the country is recommended to determine the exact status of this disease in Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0287,T] (1).
195.
Toxigenic Properties Of Staphylococcus Aureus From Human And Animal Origin
by Tayyaba Rashid | Ata-Ur-Rehman Rizvi | Manzoor | Muhammed Ajmal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
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Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: A total number of hundred strains of Staphylococcus aureus including 50 human and 50 horse wounds strains, were isolated on Staphylococcus medium No.110. The isolated strains were maintained on nutrient agar slants. The strains of Staphylococcus aureus were examined for the production of coagulase, fibrinolysin, alpha haemolysin,beta haemolysin and delta toxin. The isolated strains were coagulase positive but a variable coagulase activity against the plasma of human, sheep and rabbit. Human plasma gave better results than rabbit and sheep plasma. brinolytic activity of Stapylococcus aureus was tested in oxalated plasma of human, sheep and rabbit. Strains isolated from human surgical wounds were found to be more fibrinolytic as compared to horse isolates. Human and rabbit plasma were a better indicators for checking fibrinolytic activity. None of the isolated strains showed fibrinolytic activity against sheep plasma.
The isolates of Stphlococcus aureus were cultured for alpha haernolysin production in nutrient broth culture. Alpha toxin was purified and its haemolysin activity was determined qualitatively and quantitatively against human, sheep and rabbit erythrocytes. Maximum haemolytic activity was observed against rabbit erythrocytes. Out of hundred strains, sixty-eight produced alpha haemolysin including 45 from human and 23 from horse wounds.
The isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were cultured in semi-solid Heart infusion agar for the production of eta haemolysin. This toxin was purified and its haemolytic activity was determined qualitatively and quantitatively against human, sheep and rabbit erythrocytes. Naximum haemolytic activity was observed against sheep erythrocytes. Out of the hundred strains, beta haemolysin was produced by sixty-two strains including 15 from human and 47 from horses.
The isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were cultured in Brain Heart infusion agar for .the production of delta toxin. This toxin was purified and its haernolytic activity was observed qualitatively and quantitatively against human, sheep and rabbit erythrocytes. Maximum haemolytic activity of dlta toxin was observed against human erythrocytes. Out of the hundred strains, seventy-one produced delta toxin including 43 from human and 28 from horses.
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196.
Study Of Dahi Microflora
by Khalid Naeem | Ata-Ur-Rehman Rizvi | Muhammed Akram Muneer | Tufail | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
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Publisher: 1982Dissertation note: One hundred and fifty three dahi samples, from Lahore Milk Plant (51) from various homes (51), and from the Lahore city market (51), were subjected to physical and bacteriological examination.
The physiological analysis revealed that only 24% of Lahore milk plant dahi samples were of popular solid-uniform texture; however, 58% were having good aroma and desirable taste; 64% samples from home made dahi were also of good texture typical /acidic aroma sweet/mildly sour in taste. From market 65% were of firm texture, desirable flavour rind sweet/mildly sour in taste. The remaining samples were of poor quality viz, of watery tecture, sour or bitter in taste and alcoholic or yeasty in aroma. Total bacterial count was ranging tram 2 x 107- 1 x109 organisms per ml from Lahore Milk plant dahi, 2.5 x 107 -9.8 x 108 organisms per ml in home made dahi and 1.1x106-9.5x107 organisms per ml from market made dahi.
The fat percentage aid pH values were 3.8 - 3.9% and 3.5 - 5.9 from Lahore Milk Plant dahi, 3.2 to 4.4% and 3.4 to 6.0 from home-made dahi and 2.5-4.3% snd 3.4-4.9 in market-made dahi, respectively.
The number of samples showing various a types of organisms from Lahore Milk Plant made dahi are given below:
Sterptococcus lactis (48 samples), Streptoccus thermophilus (47 samples), Lactobacillus acidophilus (45 samples), Lactobacillus bulgarious (35 samples), Leuconostoc citrovorum (10 samples) Escherichis coli (5 samples) Bacillus cereus (2 samples), Entrobacter aerogenes (2 samples), yeasts (2 samples) and moulds (1 samples)
The number of samples showing different types of organisms from home made and market made dahi are detailed below:
Streptococcus lactis (45 and 43 samples), Streptococcus thermophilus (45 and 30 samples), Streptococcus faecalis (7 & 12 samles), Staphylococcus suresu (2 and 5 samples), Lactobacillus acidophilus (35 & 25 samples), Lactobacillus casei (1&4 samples), Lactobacillus bulgaricus (40 & 48 samples) Leuconostoc citrovorum (12 and 15 samples), Escherichia coli (10 and samples), Enterobacter aerogenes (8 & 18 samples), Bacillus cereus (5 and 12 samples), yeasts (6&7 samples) and moulds (2&3 samples) respectively.
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197.
A Study On The Incidence Of Glanders At Lahore
by Nasreen Niaz | Muhammed Yousaf Vaid | Altaf Hussain | Ata-Ur-Rehman Rizvi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1977Dissertation note: Using P.P.D. mallein 200 horses from the Lahore S.P.C.A. Hospital were subjected to intradermal palpebra]. mallein test. One horse gave a positive result giving an over all percentage of 0.5 percent in the animals tested.
The morphological, biochemical and pathogenic characteristics of the Pseudomonas mallei isolated erom this solitary positive case were studied and reported.
Keeping in view the highly contagious nature of the disease and its communicability to man, measures for its diagnosis and eradication have been recommended.
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198.
Epidemiological Aspects And Treatment Trials On Haemoglobinuria In Buffaloes And Cows In District Vehari
by Shahid Pervez | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Muhammed | Muhammed sarwer Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
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not fiction
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: Epidomiological survey revealed that parturient haemoglobinuria was prevalent through out Vehari district. The prevalence of this problem was greater in buffaloes (3.12%) than cattle (0.5%). The disease mostly occured from 2 to 4 weeks after parturition. Incidences were high during Winter as compared to Summer season High milk producing buffaloes were more susceptible. Case fatality rate in bufffaloes was 48.25% while in cattle 38.46% Over all case fatality rate in buffaloes and cattle was 47.43%. Incidences were higher where management was poor Economic losses due to parturient haernoglobinuria were 13% based on total losses of common livestock diseases in buffaloes and cattle in District Vehari
Treatment trials of Sodium acid phosphate (Merk) 2mg/kg body weight, (60gm/animal), Cal-D-Mag (Pfizer) at the rate of 300 ml per animal and 5% Saline Dextrose (MediPak) 1000 ml per animal were conducted during the study. Three groups were organized comprising 20 animals each .Recovery percentage of Sodium acid phosphate, Cal-D-Mag and Saline Dextrose were 85%,35% and 0% respectively. Severity and recovery were calculated before treatment and after every 24 hour interval of the treatment till the recovery/death of the animal
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199.
Anthelmentic Efficacy Of Nigellia Setiva Seeds (Kalwanji) Albendazole, Fenbendazole And Oxpendazole Against Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes In Goat
by Akmer Junid, M | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Khalid Saeed | Muhammed Sarwer Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
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not fiction
Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: The present project was designed to test the Antheimentic efficacy of Nigellia Setiva Seeds (Kalanji) at different dosage levels against nematodes in goats.
During the first phase of study ant helmentic efficacy of Nigeilia Setiva Seeds (Powder) was tested at different dosage levels but anthelmentic efficacy was not observed at the dosage levels ranging from 20 mg to 5gm/kg body weight, it was concluded in the first phase of study that Nigellia Setiva Seeds has no Anthelmentic efficacy against G.I.T. nematodes in goats. During the second phase of this project clinical trials were conducted to test the anthelmentic efficacy of Nigellia Setiva Seeds (Kaiwanji), Oxfendazole (Systanex) Albendazole (Valbazene) and Fenben- dazole (Panacur) against the G.1.T. nematode infection in goat under field conditions. Result of Second experiment support the zero percent anthelmentic efficacy of NigeIlia Setiva Seeds (Powder) at the dosage level of 1 gm/kg body weight in goats. Anthelmentic efficacy of oxfendazole (4,5 mg/kg), albendazole (5mg/kg) and fenbendazole (50mg/kg) was observed to be 100%, 98.45% and 97.99% respectively against G.I.T. nematodes infection in goats.
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200.
Epidemiological Investigation And Economic Losses Due To Hydropericardium Syndrome In Layer And Parent Flock In Distt. Lahore
by Tariq Javed | Muhammed Athar Khan | Muhammed | Muhammed Sarwer Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: Hydropericardium Syndrome (HPS) a newly emerged disease in poultry industry of Pakistan. The present study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology and economic losses due to HPS among commercial layer and broiler breeder flocks in Lahore district.
A pre-designed proforma was used to collect the data from each farmer related to morbidity, mortality, feed brand, vaccine source, vaccination schedule, susceptable age and economic losses. Among the 41 commercial layer farms and 11 brioler breeder farms, 16 and 9 were affected with hydropericardium syndrome. The average mortality rate was 8.7% and 10.7% in commercial layers and brioler breeders respectively.
Susceptibility of hydropericardium syndrome varied in different age groups in both commercial layer and brioler breeders from 3rd to 20th weeks of age and from 2nd to 14th weeks of age respectively. Vaccination against hydropericardiuni syndrome provided partial and/or no protection when inoculated either before infection or after the onset of clinical signs.
Due to hydropericardium syndrome the mortality rate was higher in summer as compared to winter. Mortality was 11.5% im summer months and 6.4% in winter months in commercial layer. In broiler breeder mortality was 16.83% in summer months and 6.36% in winter months.
Economic losses due to HPS was 0.35 million ruppees in 16 affected commercial layer farms maintaining 0.1 million birds and 2 million rupees in 9 affected broiler breeder farms maintaining 0.25 million birds between March 1991 to February 1992.
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