1.
Study On The Effect Of Artificial Insemination On Fertiligy And Hatchability Of Eggs In Poultry
by Nisar Ahmad | Mubbasher Ahmed Shah | Ehtisham Pervaiz | Sagir Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1983Dissertation note: The main objective of this research was to examine the possibility of using skimmed milk and whole milk as diluents of fowl semen under the local environment. The research was carried out on 56 weeks old hens at the poultry Research Institute, Rawalpindi. The birds were trap nested in individual cages and cages were arranged in three tiers. The birds were exposed to 16L: 8D. Feed and water were available at all times. Study was executed in two phases.
In the first series of trials, skimmed milk was used in five different dilutions comprising 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 and 1:25 undiluted semen (Treatment A) served as control group. The experiment was repeated four times to remove any experimental error and to minimize variability between the trials. The hatchability of eggs was maximum in the control group, and it was observed to be statistically significant (P<0.01) than all other competitive treatments. The skimmed milk dilutions gave poor hatchability although hatchability increased with the reduction in the dilution ratio.
The second phase of trials consisted of two trials and each trial had three treatments, i.e. undiluted semen (A), skimmed milk dilution 1:2 (B) and whole milk dilution 1:2 (C), treatment B was included in the trials to make the skimmed milk studies comprehensive and to compare it with the whole milk as diluents of chicken semen. The hatchability of eggs in treatment A and C was substantially higher than the skimmed milk group (Treatment B).
The number of infertile eggs in the skimmed milk group was very high and it was significantly (P<0.01) more than all other treatments. This higher infertility could e ascribed to old age of the birds and high temperature (above 40oC) of summer season. This might, therefore, be concluded that the whole milk proved satisfactory diluents of fowl semen while pure skimmed milk gave poor hatchability.
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2.
Comparative Study Of Growth Rate And Feed Efficiency Of Buffalo And Sahiwal Cattle On Concentrate Ratios
by Ehsan Mohsin | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline fn per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animals origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem of meat shortage is to increase the production of meat by fattening the male buffalo calves which are available in the country. These are sold at lower rate when they are weaned. These calves can be fattened by using the rations containing wheat-straw and concentrate mixture available in the country. There is an increased competition between animal and human being for consumption of cereal grains and at the same time there is scarcity of green fodder in different areas of the country. Moreover, there are high prices of conventional energy sources in the country which limits there use in animal feeding. The present experiment was planned to determine the growth rate and feed efficiency of Sahiwal and buffalo male calves fed on different fiber (wheat straw) and concentrate ratios.
A fattening trial was conducted on four groups of 20 Sahiwal and 20 Nih Ravi buffalo male calves, having 10 calves in each group of buffalo and Sahiwal calves, fed on two different rations (A and B). The experiment was continued for 90 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency and economic evaluation of the rations and effect of ambient temperature and relative humidity on the performance of the calves were the parameters under study.
The results of the study revealed significant difference in weight gain and non-significant differences in feed consumption and feed efficiency. The non-significant difference for factor A and interaction but significant difference for factor B was observed during economic evaluation of the rations. The ration (with 40% wheat-straw and 60% concentrate mixture) was most economical as compare to ration A (with 20% wheat-straw and 80% concentrate mixture) in fattening, of Sahiwal and buffalo male calves.
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3.
Effect Of Different Levels And Sources Of Fish Meal On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Shahid Raza | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr. Javed Ahmed Qureshi | Dr. M. Saleem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different levels and sources of fish meals on the performance of broiler chicks. One hundred and eighty day-old hubbard chicks were randomly divided into 18 experimental groups of 10 chicks each. The chicks of two commercially available fish meals with three levels of Gwadar and Sindh fish meals were compared in this study. The chicks were assigned to 6 experimental rations in such a way that there were three groups of 10 birds each under each ration. Th starter rations were fed upto 0-28 days of age while the finisher rations from 29-42 days of age. At the end of experiment three birds from each replicate were taken at random and slaughtered to find out the dressing percentage.
The average weight gain of chicks fed on Rations A, B, and C (containing Gwadar fish neal) were 1879.2, 1770.65 and 1712.82 gms respectively. The maximum weight (1879.52 gms) was observed in ration A (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average weight gain of chicks fed on rations D, E and F (containing Sindh fish meal) were 1697.78, 1644.5 and 1677.9 gms respectively. The maximum weight gain (1697.78 gms) was observed in ration D (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average weight gain by chicks fed on two different sources of fish meals; i.e. Gwadar and Sindh were 1787.844 and 1673.411 gms respectively.
Results revealed significant differences between the two sources and non-significant difference among the various levels of fish meals for weight gain data which showed that Gwadar fish meal was better as compared to Sindh fish meal and apparently 8 percent level was better than 11 and 14 percent levels of fish meals.
The average feed consumption of chicks fed on rations A, B, and C (containing Gwadar fish meal) were 3560.1, 3540.16 and 3373.49 gms respectively. The maximum feed consumption (356b.1)was observed in ration A (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average feed consumption of chicks fed on rations D, E and F (containing Sindh fish meal) were 3535.6, 3374.3 and 3462.73 gms respectively. The maximum feed consumption (3535.56 gms) was observed in ration D (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average feed consumption by chicks fed on two different sources of fish meals i.e. Gwadar and Sindh were 1929.74 and 18&6.777 gms respectively.
Feed consumption of chicks fed on rations containing two sources of fish meal were non-significant. On the other hand there was significant differences in feed consumption of chicks fed on rations containing various levels of fish meals. Apparently better feed consumption was observed in Gwadar fish meal as compared to Sindh fish meal.
Statically non-significant difference was observed in the feed efficiency value for both different sources and various levels of fish meals. Apparently Gwadar fish meal had better feed efficiency than Sindh fish meal while in case of levels 8 percent had better feed efficiency as compared to 14 and 11 percent respectively.
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4.
Biological Availability Of Betafin For Methionine Sparing In Broiler Chickens
by Majid Rafique | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Athar | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Methionine is one of the dietary essential amino acid. In formulating poultry rations methionine is generally deficient and thus supplemented to fulfill the requirement. The level of melhioiiine, recommended by NRC for maximum growth and feed effIciency, estimated as 0.5% in starter and 0.42% finisher rations, respectively. in the body niethionine can also be synthesized from homocysteine through transmcthylation reaction. For methionine to be synthesized, methyl groups are required. Cholinels known as a methyl group donor in the body. But it has to be activated and converted to betaine before methyl groups are liberated. Betafin (Betain Anhydron), a commercial product is available, used to spare choline and methionine in poultry rations.
The experiment was designed to evaluate biological availability of Belafin for methioiiine sparing in broiler chickens. For this purpose 250 day 01(1 chicks were taken, divided into five groups, i.e. (A, B, C, I) and E), then these were further subdivided into five replicates each. Five starter and finisher rations (A) Adequate methionine (B) low methionine LM (C) LM + choline (D) LM + Betafin 1:1 and (E) LM -I- I3etafin 1:2; formulated and fed to their respective groups. The experiment lasted for 42 days in two phases i.e. (Starter and Finisher).
The parameter studied were (1) Feed intake (2) Weight gain (3) Feed conversion ration FCR (4) Mortality (5) Dressing percentage (6) Economics.
Average feed intake per bird was 3942±63.08, 3609±44.75, 3439.21±28.28, 3763.36±58.04 and 3775.46±48.35 (P <0.05), weight gain 2127.59±23.59, 1732.78±4 1.32, 1720.00±34.96, 1911.02±47.16 and 1890.76±39.75 grams (P <0.05), FCR 1.84 ±0.0322, 2.08±0.032, 1.99±0.026, 1.99±0.024 and 1.99±0.025, (1'<0.05), Dressing percentages were observed non-significant (P>0.05), for groups i.e. (A, B, C, D and E) respectively. The adequate methionine (A) feed had higher price per unit, but had significantly higher weight gains and better feed efficiency.
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5.
Effect Of Replacement Of Maize With The Varying Levels Of Stabilized Extruded Rice Polishing On The Performance Of Broilers
by Aqif Mukhtar, Syed | Prof.Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr.Anjum Khalique | Dr.Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: As the poultry industry flourished rapidly during the last thirty years, it has now become a major contributor in providing low cost protein of animal origin to our population. But unfortunately poultry industry is continuously suffering loses for the past few years mainly due the fact that the conventional feed stuffs are becoming costly day by day. The serious food shortage and increasing competition between human beings and poultry regarding the consumption of cereal grains demanded that cereals should be now spared for human consumption and exploration of non conventional feed sources should be carried out in order to keep the business of poultry industry running well.
Rice polishing is a by-product of rice milling so it is abundantly available in Pakistan because rice is the third largest crop produced in the country. Rice polishing compares well with the cereal grains in chemical composition. So it contains more fat and protein as compared to maize but high in fiber contents. Due to high fat contents rancidity of Rice polishing can pose some problems if it is fed after prolonged storage, specially in hot weather.
Extrusion cooking is a new technique which stabilizes the high fat diets and make them fit for use in the animal rations. For this reason full fat rice polishing was subjected to Extrusion Cooking which was done at National Feed Mill.
Present Experiment was conducted to replace maize with extruded rice polishing and to see the effects on the performance of broiler chicks. Six starter and six finisher rations were prepared and designated as A, B, C, D, E and F . All rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Starter ration and finisher ration A. were kept as a control containing 35 % Maize and 0% extruded Rice polishing, which was replaced by extruded rice polishing in ration B, C, D, E and F. on protein equivalent basis at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35% level In this way a complete 100% replacement of maize with extruded Rice polishing was made One hundred and eighty day old chicks were randomly divided into eighteen experimental units of 10 chicks each. Each experimental unit was placed individually. The starter rations were fed up to 28th day of age while the Finisher rations from 29th to 42nd day of age.
Results of the present study indicated that the weight gain up to 25% extruded rice polishing level was promisingly good. Maximum weight gain was recorded in Ration B (15% extruded rice polishing). Second best results were noted in the control ration but the performance of the chicks fed on 20% extruded rice polishing was almost equal to that of control ration. It was noted that the weight gain started to decrease gradually as the level was raised up to 35% of the total with each increasing increment.
Best feed utilization was observed in the chicks fed on ration B, whereas poor utilization of feed was noted in higher levels of extruded rice polishing in the diet having more feed consumption compared to weight gain.
Better performance up to 25% level indicated that Extrusion improved the nutritional quality of rice polishing by stabilizing it and inactivating Lipases. The extrusion also made starch more available for the birds and reduced the anti-nutritional elements of rice polishing. This is evident from the fact that the level of rice polishing effected the health of the chicks.
It was therefore concluded from the present study that extrusion is an excellent technique for converting low quality feed stuffs into feeds with higher nutritional quality. Specially extrusion of low priced feed ingredients such as rice polishing and it replacement with a costly feed ingredient such as wheat or maize holds good economic prospects for feed millers. As extrusion is done on a very limited scale therefore after the present study it was strongly recommended that the use of extruded feed stuffs should be promoted in poultry ration
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6.
Effect Of Different Solvent Extraction Systems On Free Gossypol And Available Lysine Of Cottonseed Meal
by Ghulam Mustafa | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Cottonseed not only provides fiber for domestic textile industry and export (Anonymous, 1996) but also accounts for about 60% vegetable oil (Anonymous,1990). It is also a source of protein- rich meal for poultry which is abundantly available in Pakistan. About 140 Kgs. of cottonseed meats of cotton variety "NIAB-78". were purchased from a solvent extraction plant "TransTech"(Pvt.) Ltd. Multan Road Pattoki. The meats were kept in sunlight for one day and were again cleaned. Then the cottonseed kernels were passed through hammer mill for grinding through 12 mesh size. The ground kernels were divided into five equal parts weighing 28 kgs each for individual treatment. Its inclusion level in poultry diet can be Increased by detoxifying the limiting factor with different solvents. Keeping in view the effect of mixed solvents in the extraction of oil rendering the free gossypol to its non-toxic level, five different solvents were used as a mixture. Maximum free gossypol was removed/detoxified thus enabling the lysine to be available to the birds. Each part was individually treated with respective solvents for the extraction of maximum oil so as to remove a lot of free gossypol. The rations formulated from these solvent extracted meals were biologically evaluated by feeding to the different groups of birds. At the same time free gossypol content and available lysine percentage of different meals were also determined.
180 day old broiler chicks were divided into 6 groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E, and F. They were fed rations R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 respectively. Group "A" fed ration "Ri" was kept as control. The present study was designed to know the effects of solvent extraction systems on cottonseed meal and to know the effects of treated cottonseed meal (CSM) on feed consumption, weight gain, FCR, mortality and economics. The experiment was conducted upto 4 weeks of age. The data so obtained were helpful in determining gossy-pol content (free gossypol) and available lysine of solvent extracted meals.
The residual free gossypol content of meal (0.01135%) was minimum in case of fourth treatment including hexane, ethanol, petrol and ferrous sulphate. Similarly maximum lysine (1.279%) was made available in last treatment including hexane, ethanol, petrol, iron sulphate and calcium hydroxide.
It was easy and obvious to conclude from the present study that as the number of solvents increased in the treatment, efficient results of weight gain, feed consumption, FOR and economics were observed. Especially by using more solvents in the treatment, cost of feed was reduced as commercial hexane is more costly as compared to all of the other solvents used in the study.
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7.
Effects Of Different Commercially Available Antifungal Compounds On Feed Quality & Broiler Performance
by Abdul Hamid | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr . Masood | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the effects of different commercially available antifungal compounds on feed quality and broiler performance. Six experimental rations i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F were prepared for this trial. Ration A was positive control (containing no antifungal compounds), ration B (containing 0.5 kg Mycostat / ton), ration C (containing 0.5 kg Mycocurb\ ton), ration D (containing 15% moisture without any antifungal compounds), ration E (containing 1 .0 kg Mycostat / ton with 1 5% moisture) and ration F (containing 1 .0 kg Mycocurh/ ton with 15% moisture).
These experimental rations were stored for one month. During storage period the representative feed samples were collected from all the rations and were analysed for mould growth and aflatoxins level.
A total of 240 day-old-broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 groups having 40 birds in each group and which were further subdivided into 4 replicates comprising of 10 birds in each. The body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of each two weeks. Mortality percentage and comparative economic study of antifungal compounds were determined at the end of experiment. The experiment was completed in six weeks.
The results of feed consumption indicated that birds led on different cxperimen(af rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 3173, 3230, 3215, 2310, 1972 and 2243 gnis respectively. However, apparently the birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat consumed more Iced as compared to other groups.
The weight gain of the birds fed on various experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 1710, 1770, 1 760, 965, 845 and 980 gms respectively. However, apparently more weight gain was observed in the birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat.
The data on feed efficiency indicated that birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 1.855, 1.82, 1.83, 2.392, 2.34 and 2.283, respectively. However, better feed utilization was observed in birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat as compared to chicks fed on other rations.
The feed mould count values for groups D, E and F were 4.0 10E4, 1.1 10E4 and 1.0 10E4 respectively, and the Aflatoxins levels for groups D, E and F were (G1<0.1, G2<0.1, B1-33.5 B2-2.4), (GI<0.l, G2<O.1, B1-26.5, B2-1.9) and (G1<0.1, G2<0.l, B1-35.5, B2-2.5) respectively.
It is concluded that Mycostat is comparatively better antifungal compound commercially available as compared to Mycocurb in terms of improving the performance of the broiler birds.
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8.
Effect Of Phytase On The Low Phosphorus Layer Diets Based On Canola Meal
by Shahid Nadeem, M | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to asertain the effect of Phytase on the low phosphorus layer diets based on .Canola meal and egg production, egg weights, egg specific gravity, eggshell weights, eggshell thickness, feed consumption, feed efficiency, body weight gain, cost per dozen eggs and mortality were recorded.
Phytase enzyme is primarily responsible for the better conversion of minerals i.e. phosphorus, calcium and zinc. Phyase in tern generally results in the reduction of nutrients excreted with the faeces. It is now known to cause the release of phosphorus from phytic acid by catalysing a series of hydrolysis reactions. Phytate has been recognized as a nutrient because it contains phosphorus. It is also considered as anti-nutritional factor, which binds certain essential metals and reduces their availability for absorption from the diet and re-absorption after their secretion in digestive juices by forming insoluble compounds in the intestine. Phytase can hydrolyse the phytic acid present in canola meal. Canola meal is widely accepted and used ingredient in poultry and is a by-product of oil industry, available after extraction of oil from the seeds by solvent extraction.
Thirty weeks old 162 layers of Babcock 13300 strain were housed in cages (two birds in a cage). Birds were dived into 6 groups and offered different experimental rations having different levels of phosphorus i.e. 0.40%, 0.35%, 0.3%, 0.25%, 0.2% and 0.15% and then further each group was subdivided into 3 replicates having 9 birds in each replicate. Each replicate was reared as an experimental unit.
Phytase level was used as 400 FTU/kg of feed in each group having decreasing levels of phosphorus except control group (A). Seven days preliminary period was observed to remove the effects of previous diets. All the inanagemenial conditions like Feeding, watering, lighting, ventilation and temperature were provided according to requirements of strain.
The results of the study revealed that there was nonsignificant difference in egg weight, egg specific gravity, eggshell weights and eggshell thickness. There was a significant difference in egg production, feed efficiency, body weight gain and Feed consumption. For comparison of means of significant differed parameters, leist significant difference (LSD) test was applied. It was further revealed that there was non-significant difference between groups A (control with 0.4% Avl.P), B (with 0.3 5% Avl.P), C (with 0.3% Avl.P) in egg production and feed consumption and there was also improvement in feed efficiency and body weight gain. Economics analysis of different diets showed that phytase may be used in feeding of layers for getting eggs at low price.
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9.
Effects Of Phytase On The Performance Of Broilers Fed On Sorghum Based Diets
by Manzoor Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: In Pakistan, sorghum (jawar) occupies 4th place with a production of 218.6 thousand tons (Economic survey of Pakistan 2000-200 1) after wheat, maize and rice. Its use is limited in poultry feed because it contains antinutritional factor i.e. tannin, phytic acid (68% of Total phosphorus). The low tannin sorghum varieties can replace maize up to 50%, and sorghum high in tannin can replace maize up to 25% in poultry diet.
While considering different nutrients for broiler feed formulation minerals are also very important. Among minerals phosphorus plays an important role for poultry production. Balancing the phosphorus in compound feed is difficult task because less than one third of the phosphorus in the feedstuffs of plant origin is biologically available to monogastric animals (NRC, 1994). The organic phosphorus exists in the bran of grain, consisting mainly of phytic phosphorus,
Phytase is an enzyme that liberates P from vegetable materials, destroys the antinutritional properties of phytate. Phytase was one of the first enzyme to be described in the literature. As early as 1907 the release of phosphorus from an organic phosphorus containing substrate was described by Suzuki and others (Maga 1982). The enzyme "phytase" is now known to cause the release of phosphate from phytic acid by catalyzing a series of hydrolysis reactions.
Keeping in view the above facts an experiment was conducted to study the effects of phytase on the performance of broiler fed on sorghum- based diets.
Two hundred broiler chicks were purchased from Big Bird Poultry Breeders and divided in to five groups. These groups were further subdivided in four replicates, having ten chicks in each. The chicks were kept in starter batteries for the first four weeks and then shifted to grower batteries till the end of experiment (six week). Five starter and five finisher rations (sorghum based) A, B, C, D, and E were prepared. "A" was control having 0.45 and 0.35% AP in starter and finisher rations respectively. While B, C, D and E supplemented with phytase enzyme (600 FTU/kg of feed) having 0.40, 0.35, 0.30 and 0.25% AP in starter and 0.30, 0.25, 0.20 and 0.15% AP in finisher rations respectively. Light, feed and fresh clean water was provided round the clock.
The parameters studied were weight gain, feed consumed, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, mortality, phosphorus availability and economic. The data thus collected was subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that the weight gain of chicks fed on rations B and C were comparable to ration A (control). The chicks fed on rations D & E significantly (P<O.05) showed poor perfonnance as compared to those fed on rations A, B and C. Significantly (P<O.05) more feed was consumed by chicks fed on ration B as compared to those fed on D and E. However, nonsignificant difference was observed between feed consumption of chicks fed on rations A, B and C. Non-significant differences were observed in feed conversion ratio of chicks fed on different experimental rations (Starter & Finisher). However, the feed conversion ratio of chicks fed on ration "C" was comparable to the chicks fed on ration "A"(Control). The dressing percentage of the chicks showed improvement with supplementation of phytase enzyme but the difference were non-significant between chicks fed on different experimental rations. Phytase supplementation significantly (P<O.05) improved the availability of P in chicks fed on rations B, C, D, & E as compare to those fed on ration A (control). The total cost incurred on one kg live weight for chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D and E were Rs. 31.98, 30.58, 31.86, 33.18 and 33.76, respectively. While net profits per one-kg live weights were Rs. 16.02, 17.41, 16.14, 14.82 and 14.24 respectively. Maximum profit was observed in birds fed on ration "B" supplemented with phytase enzyme. Overall it was found that by using phytase enzyme in broiler ration more profit could be earned.
RECOMMENDATION
1. By the use of phytase in poultry feed phosphorus availability could be increased.
2. Use of phytase enzyme is economical.
3. By the use of phytase enzyme 0.1% available phosphorus can be decreased in the broiler ration.
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10.
The Chick Growth Inhibition Of Soybean Meal (Sbm) As Affected By Autoclaving Under Varying Conditions
by Hafiz Anwar Ahmad | Dr Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr Nisar Ahmad | Dr Tufail Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1987Dissertation note: Soybean meal (SBM) is the by-product left after extraction of oil from the seeds either by solvent extracton or mechanical expeller. After animal protein sources, SBM is the best vegetable protein supplement for feeding of poultry. It is now commercially available in the country, but its use in different poultry feeds is limited due to its growth inhibitory factor(s).
The present study was planned to find, out suitable methods of heat treatments to reduce/remove the growth inhibitory factor(s) present in indigenous SBM. Effect of different levels of supplementation of methionine, the limiting amino acid was also studied. Two experiments were conducted using day old 'Hubbard" broiler chicks as experimental birds. In the first experiment effect of different levels of moisture and autociaving time on the nutritional value of SBM was studied. Growth rate, feed consumption and efficiency of feed utilization of the chicks were recorded. Effect of the heat-treatments of SBM on the dressing percentage and internal organs of the chicks was also studied.
Heat treatments of SBM involving different levels of moisture andautocalving time significantly (P< 0.01) improved its nutritional value as was reflected by better growth rate of the chicks. The improved quality of the treated SBM was sub stantiated by the reduced urease activity of the meal. Both moisture and autoclaving had linear effect in improving the nutritional value of SBM. Higher moisture levels with lower heating time was equally effective as lower moisture level with higher heating time in improving the nutritional value of SBM. The chicks fed rations containing SBM with 10 percent moisture and autoclaved for 45 minutes or 20 percent moisture and autoclaved for 30 minutes showed the best growth rate of the chicks; fed ration containing raw SBM might be due to the presence of growth inhibitory factor(s) which was partially/completely removed by heat treatment of the meal.
The second experiment was designed to study the effect of supplementation of different levels of methionine, on the nutritive value of heat treated soybean cake (SBC). For the purpose, methionine was supplemented at 0.05, 0. 15, 0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 percent of the rations containing heat treated SBC as the sole source of protein.
Methionine supplementation of heat treated SBC significantly (P <0.01) improved the growth rate and feed efficiency of the chicks as compared to the control ration, without methionine supplementation. Best weight gain and feed efficiency was found in the chicks fed ration containing 0. 35 percent methionine supplementation. This indicated that methionine was the most limiting amino acid in SBC and 0. 35 percent supplementation of methionine was enough to compensate the deficiency of the amino acid.
CONCLUSION
i) Results of the experiments indicated a significant chick growth depression along with poor utilization of feed by chicks fed ration containing raw SBM.
ii) Heat treatment involving additional moisture and autoclaving significantly improved the nutritive value of SBM, as indicated by better growth rate and feed utilization of the chicks. Lower moisture level (10% along with higher autoclaving time (45 minutes) was equally effective as the higher moisture (20%) along with lower autoclaving time (30 minutes) in improving the nutritive value of raw SBM. The improvement in the nutritive value of heat treated SBM was substantiated by the reduced urease activity of the meal.
iii) Methionine supplementation of heat treated SBC further significantly improved its nutritive value. The best level of methionine supplementation was 0. 35% of the ration containing heat treated SBC as the sole source of protein.
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11.
Study Of Livestock Health Issues And Availability Of Veterinary Services To Pastoral Herds Of Northern Pakistan
by Ahmad Wasim Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Mr. Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pastoralists contribute great contribution in the economy of the developing world providing food and employment to peoples. In Pakistan pastoralism is also present and the pastoralists having their livestock keeping mobile through all the year upland and lowland. The goal of this research study has been to assess the major health problems in market oriented Livestock development. Although the feed resource and grazing land are quite enough, the research that was carried out in Narran valley reveals of how widespread the diseases are the health problems of livestock. The study indicates Narran valley has a high livestock population, which plays a substantial role in the livelihood of the farmers. In general, livestock is the most important unit of the Agricultural Community in both the market and the households' level. Unfortunately, animal productivity is very low in the area there are many reasons for this, among which is the major obstacle of widespread animal health problems and veterinary services availability. The diseases reported in the herds are the CCPP, FMD, Brucellosis, Small Pox, Liver flukes, Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Enterotoxaemia, GID, Tympany, and PPR. These diseases cause heavy economic losses in their herds every year. The veterinary services for the land less pastoralists were not available where their herds were settled. For this research a survey was conducted to get the perceptions of the pastoralists and the veterinary services providers. Questionnaires were made for the pastoralists and veterinary services providers.
Results of this study lead to development of a policy for the landless herder's livestock. This was a useful study on the livestock health issues and veterinary services, as no other study has been carried out in Pakistan for the livestock of land less transhumant herders. Additionally this study can become the basis for further research in their livestock.
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12.
Taxonomy And Control Of Flea Infestation In Cats At Lahore
by Umair Tariq (2008-VA-233) | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: INTRODUCTION
Fleas play an important role in causing clinical skin disorders and diseases transmission in man
and pets animals (Rust & Dryden, 1997). Fleas are one of the most important ectoparasites with
more than 2,000 species worldwide affecting mammals, birds, and reptiles (Hsu, 2003). In some
locations, fleas represent over 50% of all the dermatological cases presented to small animal
clinics. Most are limited to hosts with nests as this can provide conditions for the completion of
their life cycle (Linardi & de Avelar, 2014). While fleas on pets are generally considered a
nuisance that may cause some dermatologic problems, they are also responsible for the
transmission of several important diseases in humans and animals (Dryden & Rust, 1994). They
have been involved in transmission of cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae) (Chomel et al.,
2006; Comer et al., 2001), Rickettsia typhi (Murine thyphus), Rickettsia felis (Finkelstein et al.,
2002; Rolain et al., 2005), and also serve as the intermediate host for the tapeworm Dipylidium
caninum (Rust & Dryden, 1997) and several trypanosomatids (Coutinho & Linardi, 2007).
The term ‘‘cat flea,’’ which is the approved common name for Ctenocephalides felis felis (C. f
felis), can occasionally cause confusion. When it appears in print, it refers to the specific flea
genus and species and not to fleas recovered from cats. There are four recognized subspecies of
C. felis throughout the world: Ctenocephalides felis damarensis and C. felis strongylus occur
primarily in East Africa, C felis orientis occurs in India and Australia, and the widespread C. f
felis occurs in all continents except Antarctica and is the only subspecies that occurs in North
America (Rust & Dryden, 1997). The cat flea, C. felis, is a clinically important parasite of
domestic pets, being responsible for the production of allergic dermatitis, serving as the vector of
Introduction
2
various bacterial pathogens, and being the intermediate host for filarid and cestode parasites.
Flea allergy dermatitis is the most common dermatologic disease of dogs and a major cause of
feline miliary dermatitis (Dryden & Rust, 1994; Rust & Dryden, 1997).
Clinical features vary from asymptomatic to severe hypersensitivity reactions with restlessness,
alopecia from scratching and biting resulting in a pruritic papular dermatitis. Vacuuming of
carpets, furniture cushions, rugs, or other substrata, with a vacuum machine containing a ‘‘beater
bar,’’ will remove many of the flea eggs and larvae. In addition, cocooned pupae at the upper
levels of the carpet can also be affected. The vibration also stimulates adult fleas to emerge from
their cocoons so that they can be collected in the vacuum machine. Therefore frequent
vacuuming, during a flea infestation, can reduce the overall flea burden in the home. It should be
ensured that vacuum bags are disposed of properly, to prevent recolonization of the home with
flea stages previously removed by vacuuming. Because outdoor development of immature flea
life stages is limited to shaded areas, altering outdoor environments to eliminate such habitats
can effectively reduce flea populations. Because urban wildlife, such as opossums, raccoons, and
foxes, are good hosts for cat fleas, pet owners should avoid encouraging visitations by wildlife,
which will affect flea and tick control (see later discussion). Treatment of indoor and outdoor
environments with insecticides requires knowledge of what to use and where to use it. For this
reason, it is suggested that pet owners consult with a licensed pest control specialist for such
applications (Angelbeck-Schulze et al., 2014; Perrins & Hendricks, 2007).
In line with increasing urbanization over the last few decades, flea species that infest pets have
become household pests. Thus, and for reasons of animal and human welfare, the control of fleas
is of great importance worldwide. Despite the increase in the number of products available and
Introduction
3
their use, flea infestation of cats and dogs is still widespread in Europe and on other continents,
whereas resistance of these insects against many chemicals has been detected (El-Gazzar et al.,
1986). Cat fleas are the most important ectoparasite of cats and dogs worldwide. During the past
ten years, topical and oral applications of insecticides such as fipronil, imidacloprid, lufenuron
and, most recently, selamectin have revolutionized cat-flea control. Recent studies show that
these therapies eliminate the need to treat indoor and outdoor environments, and their use
markedly reduces the severity and prevalence of flea allergic dermatitis. Surveys have yet to
reveal the development of insecticide resistance to these chemical compounds. Extending the
longevity of these effective host-targeted therapies should be a major goal of the veterinary
community (Rust, 2005). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2253-T] (1).
13.
Molecular Diagnosis Of Babesiosis In Cattle With Special Reference To Cardinal Signs In District Lahore, Punjab
by Shakeel Hussain (2007-VA-463) | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Pro. Dr. Tahir Yaqub.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Tick infestation and the resulting transmission of serious pathogens in ruminants is one of the most important problems of the livestock industry in developing countries (Aktas et al. 2012).Bovine babesiosis is economically the most important tick-borne disease of cattle worldwide including areas of Australia, Africa, South and Central America. Babesia species are protozoan parasites that parasitize the erythrocytes of domestic animals and humans, causing Anemia in the host affected. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is more sensitive and specific technique, offers an alternative approach for the diagnosis of Babesiosis (Zulfiqar et al. 2012).
Geo-climatic condition of Punjab, Pakistan favours the multiplication and survival of ticks which play a major role in the biological transmission of Tick Born Diseases. In earlier reports the prevalence of cattle tick infestation was more than 50% from Punjab (Durrani et al. 2008, Sajid et al. 2009).
Keeping in views the importance of the disease, the present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Babesiosis in cattle of Lahore, District of the Punjab, Pakistan. A total of sixty (60) blood samples was collected randomly from dairy cattle of District Lahore. These samples were transported to the Laboratory of Parasitology, Department, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore and were kept at 4oc until further processing for Microscopic examination (Zakir et al. 2014) and then for PCR. We focused on the early detection of Babesiosis through Microscopic examination of Blood samples. For further confirmation of Babesiosis, the blood samples were processed through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as described by Zulfiqar et al. 2012.
The thick and thin smears of the blood samples were made on the new particularly labeled glass slides. The dried blood smears were fixed in absolute methyl alcohol for one
Summary
32
minute. Staining was performed using Giemsa Stain as method followed by Zakir et al. 2014 i.e. the glass slides bearing thick and thin blood smears were stained with one fourth of dilution of commercially available Giemsa stain for four minutes and were observed under oil immersion at 100X objective to detect the presence of Babesiosis.
All the blood samples were examined through Microscopy showing 04 positive ones, then all the samples were processed using PCR for final confirmation of Babesiosis in Cattle. PCR was performed under the conditions as previously described by Zulfiqar et al. 2012. PCR reaction was performed to obtain amplified products over 30 cycles by 94ºC for 5 min., 94ºC for 30 sec., 50ºC for 30 sec., 72ºC for 45 sec. and completed with a final extension step of 7 min. at 72ºC. Finally the amplified DNA fragments were analyzed after electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gel.
Prevalence rate will be determined with the help of the following formula:
Prevalence rate = No. of positive samples / No of total samples x 100 Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2404-T] (1).
14.
Morphological Structure Of Thalli Sheep Through Principal Component Analysis Of Body Measurements Muhammad
by Muhammad Arslan Akbar (2014-VA-07) | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Dr. Afzal Ali | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Mutton is also very extensively used food and sources of mutton are only sheep and goat.
Sheep have a great genetic potential to fulfill the increasing demand of mutton in our country.
Body conformation and features are very important traits in milch, meat and wool animals. In
developing countries, record keeping is at initial level and the records about pedigree and progeny
of individuals are insufficient and do not provide the estimation about genetic parameters.
Therefore, phenotypic information are necessary for the explanation of relationship among linear
type traits and selection is based on these traits. Principal component analysis technique has been
used to identify the body size, body shape, head size and over all body conformation in Zulu Sheep.
Animal conformation and genetic parameters can be measured by using the technique of
phenotypic characterization.
Data on morphometric traits of Thalli sheep were collected from “Small Ruminant
Research and Development Centre, Rakh Khairewala, District Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan” and
Livestock Experiment Station, Rakh Ghulaman, District Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. Different
phenotypic parameters and twenty one (21) morphometric traits were measured on animals of
Thalli sheep. The traits measured were birth weight, body weight, heart girth, body length, withers
height, head length, head width, ear length, ear width, neck length, neck width, barrel depth, sacral
pelvic width, rump length, rump width, tail length, testes length, testes width, scrotal diameter, teat
length and teat diameter. Different phenotypic characters was recorded as body color, body shape,
eye color, head color, fore head color, face color, face structure, chin color, ear color, ear nature,
appendages color, nostril structure, muzzle structure, neck structure, tail color and tail switch.
Summary
174
Weighing balance (digital) was used for determination of body weight and a flexible
measuring tape (tailor tape) was used to record the different body measurements. To avoid
variations among individuals, measurements were taken by the same person. Animals of different
age groups were reared at these research stations. Animals were divided into different groups (A,
B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I) according to their age as 0-3, 4-6, 7-9, 10-12, 13-15, 16-18, 19-21, 22-
24 and above 24 months. Each group was further divided into two sub-groups of males and females
animals. Normality of data were checked against all animals (overall group and separate groups)
and all animals were fallen in ±3SD but two outliers had been removed. Data on morphometric
traits were analyzed statistically for mean, range, coefficient of variation and standard error.
Pearson’s coefficient of correlation among different biometric traits was estimated and data were
generated for principal component analysis (PCA) from the correlation matrix. Regression
equations were developed for the estimation of body weight.
Descriptive statistics (mean, range, standard deviation and coefficient of variation) of body
measurements of overall female were showed coefficient of variations of overall female animals
of Thalli sheep for mostly variables were ranged from 10-20% and coefficient of variations of birth
weight and body weight were 22.38% and 25.75% respectively. Coefficient of variations of male
animals of Thalli sheep for linear body measurements were ranged 08-25% and tail length had
high coefficient of variations as 26.89%. Male animals of all age groups are heavier than females.
Correlation coefficients of morphometric traits of overall females and males of Thalli sheep
were highly positive and significant (P≤0.01) among withers height, body length, heart girth, head
length, head width, ear length, neck length, neck width, rump length, rump width, barrel depth,
sacral pelvic width and body weight. Withers height, heart girth and body length were observed to
be significantly correlated with each other as well as with live body weight of all age groups.
Summary
175
For overall female animals, two principal components were extracted with eigenvalues
9.005 and 1.558 and 56.279% and 9.740% variances for PC1 and PC2 respectively and their
cumulative variance was 66.020%. For overall male animals, three principal components were
extracted with eigenvalues greater than 1 and PC1 showed high variance 57.516% and PC2 and
PC3 had variances as 12.184% and 7.022% respectively and their cumulative was components
76.721%. In all age groups which has been studied, withers height, body length and heart girth
have high values in commonalities as well as in component matrix. PC1, PC2 and PC3 showed
maximum variations in almost all age group studied.
Regression equations developed to estimate of live weight of all age groups were indicated
that almost all equations had variables withers height, body length and heart girth.
Conclusion:
From findings of present study, it was concluded that body measurements (Withers height,
body length and heart girth) had high correlations with each other and with body weight in almost
all age groups. Principal component analysis of morphometric traits was showed that most of
variation explained by PC1 and in some groups, PC2 and PC3 had also more effects.
Commonalities were higher which showed that all the variables were important but PC1 had high
values for withers height, body length and heart girth and maximum variance. This indicated that
morphometric traits are very important for selection of genetically elite animals. Morphometric
traits can be used to estimate the body weight in the field conditions, where weighing balance is
not usually available. However, further research is needed to investigate the relationship among
different morphometric traits in other breeds of goats, sheep and other livestock breeds like cattle,
buffalo, camel and horse of the country. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2471-T] (1).
