1.
Effect Of Garlic (Allium Sativum) On The Growth Performance And Immune Styatus Of Broiler Chicks
by Anwar-ul-Haq | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais omer | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The present research work was undertaken to assess the immuno-modulatory effect of Garlic on different concentrations and Zinc Bacitracin on the antibody titers against ND in NDV vaccinated broiler chicks.
For this purpose 150 day-old broiler chicks were purchased from the local market and divided into 5 equal groups i.e. A (vaccinated, non medicated control), B (administered with ND vaccine and Zinc bacitracin), C (administered with ND vaccine "Lasota" and 1 g/kg Garlic), D (administered with ND vaccine "Lasota" and Garlic 5 g/kg), E (administered with ND vaccine "Lasota" and Garlic (10 g/kg). Each group comprised of 30 chicks. Group E was fed on a ration containing Garlic at the dose rate 10 g/kg of feed and given throughout he study period i.e. upto 42 days of age.
The comparative immuno-modulatory effects of Garlic and Zinc Bacitracin were worked out on the basis of GMT levels in ND vaccinated unmedicated birds alongwith the ND vaccinated, medicated birds. These titers were evaluated by using HA and HI tests on the sera of these experimental chicks. Other parameters i.e. morbidity, mortality, weight gain, FCR, postmortem findings, weight, size and texture of spleen, thymus, bursae and liver were also assessed in drawing the final conclusion. Data was analyzed statistically using one way analysis of variance and least significant difference (LSD) to find out the means of the experimental groups.
The birds that were, NDV vaccinated and Garlic 1 g/kg medicated had the highest body weight and showed best FCR. The birds NDV vaccinated and Garlic 5 g/kg medicated secured second position regarding weight gain and FCR among the three experimental groups (A, B and C). The birds from group B (Z.B. and NDV) had the higher body weight than group (A and C). Feed conversion ratio of group B was also found to be better than group A (NDV vaccinated, unrnedicated) and group C (NDV vaccinated and Garlic 1 g/kg medicated). None of the three treatments (Garlic, Z.B. and control) had any adverse effects on the weight size, and texture of lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver). The birds belonging to group E (NDV vaccinated, Garlic 10 g/kg medicated) had shown the highest antibody titers on day 42. While the birds of group A (NDV vaccinated, unmedicated control) had the lowest antibody titers. Among the three experimental groups (B, C and D), the birds from group D had higher antibody titers as compared to other treatment groups. Whereas the group B had the higher antibody titers than the group C.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0842,T] (1).
2.
Antimicrobial Activity Of Mentha Longifolia And Artemisia Maritima
by Sakhawat Ali | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: This study was undertaken to determine the use of medicinal plants as an antibacterial agent and its potential as an alternative medicine against bacterial infections. For this purpose water, methanol and chloroform extract of the Artemisia maritirna and Mentha Ion gifolia were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Bacillus subtilis by Disc Diffusion Method, Well Diffusion method and Micro Dilution Method. After determination of the antibacterial properties the data was analyzed statistically by using paired t-test and it was observed that methanol extract had greater antibacterial activity as compared to chloroform and water extract, whereas, chloroform extract had moderate antibacterial activity but the water extract had negligible antibacterial activity. From the four tested organisms Escherichia coli was more susceptible to methanol extract of Mentha ion gfolia. In general Staphylococcus aureus was more susceptible to both plant extracts as compared to other three tested microorganisms.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0924,T] (1).
3.
Toxicity Of Flunixin Meglumine In Avian Species
by Muhammad Irfan | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: This project was designed for the evaluation of different effects of toxic dose levels of flunixin meglumine and diclofenac sodium in broiler chickens. For this purpose one hundered and fifty broiler chicks were purchased from the market and were reared upto day 28 and then were divided into different groups (A, B, C, D E and F). Groups A, B, C and D were treated with flunixin meglumine at the dosage rate of 1.25, 2.5, 5.00 and 10.00mg/kg body weight JIM once daily respectively and group E was kept as Control. The remaining 25 birds of group F were treated with Diclofenic sodium 5.00mg/kg body weight by same route of administration and dosing interval as mentioned for flunixin meglumine. Treatment was continued for five consecutive days. Clinical signs, mortality, liver and kidney function tests were performed by estimation of Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), uric acid and Creatinine in the serum samples. Postmortem findings and histopathological changes of different tissues were also recorded. Toxicity of flunixin meglumine was evaluated through the above mentioned parameters and this toxicity was compared with that of Diclofenac sodium. Based on the mortality data and biochemical analysis it was concluded found that flunixin meglumine was toxic in avian species. Keeping in view the environmental problem (vultures crises) it is suspected that flunixin meglumine may cause some problems in avian species as diclofenac sodium.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0925,T] (1).
4.
Effect Of Levamisole On The Cholinesterase Inhibition By Trichlorfon In Rabbits
by Hafiz Muhammad Irfan | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: This project was designed in female rabbits to find out Trichiorfon- induced toxicosis and its interaction with Levamisole by inhibiting cholinesterase enzyme, taking account of the administration of levamisole before trichiorfon dosing. For this purpose, twenty female rabbits with weights of 1.0kg to 1.9kg were divided into four groups. Each group (A, B, C and D) containing five rabbits. Group 'A' was considered as control, group B was given trichiorfon 10mg/kg body weight (orally), while group 'C' was treated with levamisolelomg/kg (S/C) and then trichiorfon 10mg/kg (orally) after 30minutes of levamisole and the group 'D' was given levamisole 10mg/kg (S/C). After determination of butyryl cholinesterase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, aspartate aminotransferase activity and alanine aminotransferase activity, it was observed that Trichiorfon and Levamisole significantly inhibited butyryl cholinesterase enzyme at 10mg/kg body weight Where as Levamisole pretreatment did not potentiate the inhibitory activity of Trichlorfon at 10mg/kg body weight dosage whether the Levamisole was given subcutaneously or orally. The alkaline phosphatase activity was increased significantly with Trichiorfon and Levamisole had no significant effect on it while the effect on aspartate aminotransferase was non significant. The alanine aminotransferase activity was decreased significantly with Levamisole. The results also showed that the time interval between Levamisole and Trichiorfon dosage and route of administration did not affect the cholinesterase activity. No clinical signs and postmortem lesions were observed at 10mg/kg body weight dosage while Levamisole at 50mg/kg body weight, produced signs of toxicosis. In general, there was no adverse drug interaction between Levamisole and Trichlorfon.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0975,T] (1).
5.
Efficacy Of Florfenicol Against Haemorrhagic Septic Aemia In Bufalo Calves
by Shoaib Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer | D. /Sjeruar Afzal | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqboo.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Two antibiotic preparations of florfenicol and amoxicillin were used in these trials against haemorrhagic septicaemia, singly and along with combination of a non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drug (flunixin meglumin).
Forty buffalo calves suffering from haemorrhagic septicaemia were selected and treated under field conditions. Weighed clinical score was recorded before and after treatment in each case on the basis of severity of clinical symptoms. Reduction in this score and recovery or death of animal was also noted.
It was concluded that florfenicol was more effective than amoxicillin and the
n of non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drug reduced convalescence period and also jincreased the survival rate. Therefore florfenicol along with flunixin meglumin is ecommended as the successful therapy for haemorrhagic Septicaemia.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1004,T] (1).
6.
Comparative Pharmacokinetics Of Carvediolol In Healty Male And Female Volunteers
by Alishba syed | Dr. Sualeha Riuffat | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: This study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of Carvedilol in 6 healthy male and female volunteers. The study was conducted in six healthy male volunteers and six healthy female volunteers. Only those male volunteers were selected who were of age between 18-30 years, not suffering from any disease. Female volunteers were also between age of 18-30 years, who were not pregnant and not suffering from any disease. Written consent was taken from them and they were be informed about objectives of the study, frequency of blood sampling, and possible side effects of drug which they might face during the study. The male volunteers were considered as group A and healthy female volunteers were considered as group B. Both groups were treated with Carvedilol 12.5mg tablet per orally to each individual. 5m1 Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5. 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 & 24 hr from vein through 5ml B.D syringe of 22guage needle after oral administration of Carvedilol. Plasma was separated by centrifugation at 5000 RPM and stored at -40°C till analysis. Carvedilol concentrations in plasma were measured by HPLC method. All pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by entering plasma concentration-time data in software APO pharmacological analysis MW/PHARM version 3.02. Pharmacokinetic parameters of Carvedilol in healthy male volunteers and in healthy female volunteers were compared. Data was analyzed byapproprite statistical methods and no significant difference was found between AUC and Cmax. Absorption rate was highr in females as compared to males. AUC of Carvedilol was 0.076±0.021 µg.h/ml in healty male voluneteers and 0.197±0.105 µg.h/ml in healty female volunteers. The half life was 5.205±1.824 hours in healty male volunteers and 6.6768±1.328 hours in female volunteers. The Cmax was observed as 0.024±0.004 µg.h/ml in healty volunteers and 0.048±0.018 µg.h/ml in healty female volunteers.
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7.
The Effect Of Statin Therapy In Combination With Zinc On Glucose And Lipid Profile Of Type-Ii Diabetic Patients
by Muhammad Omar Khan Lodhi | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. M. Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. M.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of glucose metabolism characterized by insulin deficiency and peripheral resistance to the action of insulin.Hyperglycemia predisposes to atherosclerosis due to glycosylation of proteins in the vessel wall that results in endothelial dysfunction and hence atherosclerosis.
It was a comparative study conducted on 120 patients,divided into six groups. The basic purpose of this study was to determine the effect of simvastatin and atorvastatin alone or in combination with zinc supplement on overall glycaemic control and mean change in plasma lipids after six weeks of treatment.The patients of group-5 were given only zinc therapy whereas the patients of group-6 were given placebo alone to serve as control group.All the patients were put on metformin 500mg three times daily except Group-6.Periodic assessment were done at 2,4 and 6 weeks to assess over all change in blood glucose,plasma lipids and liver enzymes.
Atorvastatin and Simvastatin showed excellent results in control of lipid profile however Atorvastatin was found to be superior than Simvastatin regarding control of LDH and Triglycerides. Supplementation of Zinc with Statins proved to be a good combination regarding achievement of controlling hyperglycaemia and reduction of lipids. Atorvastatin with Zinc was the only group that showed excellent results as compared to the rest.
Zinc alone showed modest results that shows it acts synergistically with Statins when given as adjucant therapy.
The group which was treated with placebo showed no improvement instead worsening of blood glucose and lipid profile.
The elevation of liver enzymes was slightly higher in subjects who were treated Statins, however the subject who were treated with Atorvastatin showed slightly increase in the liver enzymes as compared to Simvastatin proving that Atorvastatin is more hepatotoxic as compared to Simvastatin.
Zinc alone shown no such derangements in liver enzymes proved that Zinc is not hepatotoxic at all.
The therapeutic efficacies of statins and zinc with high doses as well as their toxicity may be further evaluated by other scientists.
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8.
Pharmacokinetic Studies Of Amoxcillin Trihydrate In Healthy Buffalo Calves
by Amir Rashid | Dr. Sheryar Afzal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The present study was designed to determine and compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of Farmox (Test Product) and Amoxi-vet (Reference Product) in healthy buffalo calves. For this study sixteen healthy buffalo calves between the ages of 6 to 12 months were purchased from the local market. They were kept in the shed of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore. Their health status was monitored by physical examination. All the animals were maintained under similar conditions. The calves were provided fodder and water. All the animals were dewormed with Albendazole and a fifteen days wash out period was observed after deworming. The study was cross over design. Calves were divided into two groups A and B having eight animals in each. In the first phase calves of group A were administered Farmox (Test Product) intramuscular at the dose of 15mg/kg body weight and calves of group B were administered Amoxi-vet (Reference Product) intramuscularly at the dose of 15mg/kg body weight. In the second phase of the study, after a washout period of 15 days, group A were administered Amoxi-vet (Reference Product) and group B received the treatment with Farmox at same dose rate. Then 5ml blood was collected by direct pricking of jugular vein with needle and the blood was collected in heparinized test tubes. Prior to drug administration control/blank 5ml blood sample was also collected from each animal. After the drug administration the blood samples were collected at 0.166, 0.33, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0, 24.0, 36.0 and 48.0 hours. The blood samples were then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes. Plasma was separated in small capped plastic bottles and measured by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. Calculation of all the pharmacokinetic parameters was done by entering plasma concentration-time data in software APO pharmaceutical analysis MW/PHARM version 3.02. Pharmacokinetic parameters of Farmox and Amoxi-vet were compared. Data was analyzed by appropriate statistical methods and it was concluded that there is no significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters of Farmox (Test Product) and Amoxi-vet (Reference Product) after intramuscular administration and both products are bioequivalent in their rate and extent.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1201,T] (1).
9.
Effect Of Strawberry Juice On Angiogenesis Using Chorioallantoic Membrane (Cam) Assay
by Sadia Abrar | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is a hallmark of almost all neoplastic and non-neoplastic degenerative diseases. Targeting angiogenesis with natural antiangiogenic compounds may lead to safe, effective and low cost budget therapies. Strawberries provide various vital natural substances which have a significant role in human health and disease prevention. In our study, we have focused on the effect of strawberry juice on angiogenesis using chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Fresh fertilized eggs were taken, sprayed with 70% ethanol and incubated at 37 °C (humidity 55-60%). At day 5 of incubation a small window was made on each egg, 4-5 ml of albumen was removed, windows were sealed with sterile parafilm and eggs were returned to incubator. Strawberry juice was obtained from fully ripened strawberry fruits and various dilutions were prepared in distilled water. Filtered dilutions of the juice were used for experimental analysis and applied to the CAMs on day 6. of incubation. Macroscopic vascular changes were evidently observed among all treated CAMs on day 7 of incubation. Reduction in the total area and diameter of primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels was observed after treatment with strawberry juice in concentration dependent manner. By using SPIP software 3D surface roughness measurements were carried out which clearly elaborated antiagiogenic effect of strawberry juice on CAMs. Strawberry juice inhibits angiogenesis, which is a common denominator shared by various major disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1213,T] (1).
10.
Bioequivalence Study Of Montelukast Tablets In Healthy Volunteets
by Sadia Amin | Dr. Sualeha Riffat | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Objective of this bioequivalence study was to compare pharmacokinetic parameters
and to evaluate bioequivalence of two generic drug products. A multinational
company brand was compared with locally manufacture brand. It was a randomized,
single dose, two-period crossover study in which 12 volunteers were participated with
the age limit of 18-30yrs. These volunteers were selected according to different
inclusion and exclusion criteria and the study was conducted with one week washout
period. Each volunteer was one tablet of montelukast (reference or test) lOmg. 14
blood samples of 4-Sml collected at predefined time intervals i.e, 0, O.S, 1.0, 1.S, 2.0,
2.5, 3.0, 3.S, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10, 12 and 24 hours .. Heparinized vacuette were used for
collection of blood samples. After sampling, blood samples were centrifuged
immediately to separate plasma and stored at -80°C till analyzed. Plasma montelukast
concentration was evaluated by using reverse phase - high performance liquid
chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate O.OSM at pH
3.5 with orthophosphoric acid in combination to acetonitrile (20:80) was used as
mobile phase. The wavelength of detector was set at 34Snm and flow rate was set to
2.0ml per min. Drug from plasma was extracted by de-proteinizing the plasma with
acetonitrile. 70 III injection volume was given to HPLC for analysis. For comparing
the pharmacokinetic parameters two compartment analysis was used and pair t-test was applied. Non compartmental analysis was used for evaluating pharmacokinetic
parameters to evaluate the both drugs were bioequivalent or not. 3 major parameters
of bioequivalence Cmax, AVC O-inf and AVC O-t were evaluated and they did not
show significant difference in between two formulations. Also the 90% confidence
interval values were within the limit. So, it was concluded that both the test and
reference drug were bioequivalent and test drug could be used interchangeably with
the reference drug.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1311,T] (1).
11.
Pharmacoinetic Srudy Of Ketoprofen In Healthy Sheep
by Awais Ali | Dr. Sheryar Afzal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Objective of this bioequivalence study was to compare pharmacokinetic parameters and to evaluate bioequivalence of two generic drug products. A multinational company brand was compared with locally manufacture brand. It was a randomized, single dose, two-period crossover study in which 12 volunteers were participated with the age limit of 18-30yrs. These volunteers were selected according to different inclusion and exclusion criteria and the study was conducted with one week washout period. Each volunteer was one tablet of montelukast (reference or test) 10mg. 14 blood samples of 4-5ml collected at predefined time intervals i.e, 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10, 12 and 24 hours. . Heparinized vacuette were used for collection of blood samples. After sampling, blood samples were centrifuged immediately to separate plasma and stored at -80°C till analyzed. Plasma montelukast concentration was evaluated by using reverse phase - high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05M at pH 3.5 with orthophosphoric acid in combination to acetonitrile (20:80) was used as mobile phase. The wavelength of detector was set at 345nm and flow rate was set to 2.0ml per min. Drug from plasma was extracted by de-proteinizing the plasma with acetonitrile. 70 µl injection volume was given to HPLC for analysis. For comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters two compartment analysis was used and pair t-test was applied. Non compartmental analysis was used for evaluating pharmacokinetic parameters to evaluate the both drugs were bioequivalent or not. 3 major parameters of bioequivalence Cmax, AUC 0-inf and AUC 0-t were evaluated and they did not show significant difference in between two formulations. Also the 90% confidence interval values were within the limit. So, it was concluded that both the test and reference drug were bioequivalent and test drug could be used interchangeably with the reference drug.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1312,T] (1).
12.
Bioequivalence Study Of Deferiprone In Healthy Volunteers
by Naila Waheed | Dr. Sualeha Riffat | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The study was conducted with the aim of evaluating bioequivalence, relative
silability and efficacy of deferiprone manufactured locally (Ferinil, Global
aceutical, Pakistan) with a reference drug (Ferriprox, ApoPharma, Canada) in healthy
volunteers. It was a randomized crossover study enrolling 12 volunteers within age limit
g·55yrs and meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, Each volunteer was
administered two tablets of deferiprone 500mg of both reference and test drug with a two-
washout period. Blood samples of about 5ml was collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 5,4, 6, 8, 12 hour at predetermined time intervals and one sample was taken as control
giving first dose to volunteers. Heparinized vacuette was used for collection of blood
les. After sampling, blood samples was centrifuged at approximately 3000 rpm for 10
les and then stored at -80°C till analyzed. Plasma deferiprone levels were analyzed using
led High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pharmacokinetic parameters
calculated from plasma concentration time curve non-compartmentally and two-
artmental. After logarithmic transformation of data statistical comparisons of Cmax,
(0-1), AUC(o.oo) was calculated and appropriate statistical method was used for calculation. mean relative bioavailability was 104% and was proved to be bioavailable. The Cmax
(mean ±SD) for reference and test drug was 12.68 ± 4.91 and 14.41 ± 5.04 ug/ml,
ctively while average ± SD of AUCO-t and AUCO-inf of test and reference drug was 40.49
6,05 and 42.84 ± 18.47 ugh/ml and 38.63 ± 13.65 and 40.75 ± 14.17 ugh/ml. Average
(test/reference) of Cmax 90% CI was 0.9876-1.3125. Average ratio (test/reference) of
Co.190% CI was 0.9737-1.1150, and of AUCo-inf 90% CI was 0.9542-1.1343. Therefore both test and reference drug was fairly tolerated by volunteers and no adverse event was
detected. Hence, the average ratio of 90% confidence interval of AUCo-t and AUCO-inf was
0.9737-1.1150 and 0.9542-1.1343 that lie within the acceptable limit of (0.80 - 1.25) for
bioequivalence acceptance. Effectiveness of deferiprone depends on AUC instead of Cmax therefore the average ratio of 90% confidence interval of Cmax was 0.9876-1.3125 that lie
with the acceptable limit of WHO bioequivalence acceptance (0.75 - 1.33). ANOVA show
no significant variations among drug, period and sequence effect. Therefore, it was concluded
that Ferriprox was proved to be bioequivalent in healthy male Pakistani volunleers.
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13.
Comparative Study Of Patent Versus Locally Manufactured Chemotherapeutic Agents Used In Breast Cancer Patients.
by Marriam Sharif | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The pharmaceutical companies produce anticancer drugs after extensive research and development. Number of generics of doxorubicin, fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide has recently been introduced but their clinical efficacy and toxicity has not been documented in comparison to the brand leader product in Pakistan.
Objective of this study was to compare the toxicity and efficacy of patent FAC (fluorouracil, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide) chemotherapy combination versus local FAC manufactured by Pharmedic laborteries Pakistan.
Study was conducted on two groups of patients having 15 patients in each group with breast cancer. Median age was 48 years in group "A" and 47 years in group "B".
Patients in group "A" received patent FAC while group "B" received locally manufactured FAC. An inclusion and exclusion criterion was used for patient selection or rejection. Pre-treatment evaluation was done before the start of the chemotherapy. The dosage regimen and route of drug administration was same for both groups.
A median number of two cycles of FAC chemotherapy was given in each group. Toxicity was evaluated with special reference to hepatic function, renal function, hematological profile and S-T changes in ECG on day 14 after the execution of FAC combination of
chemotherapy and on day 21 before the start of second dose of chemotherapy according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 (CTCAE).
Partial response was seen in 83% patients of group "A" and 60% in group "B". Two patients had stable disease in group "A" while three patients had stable disease and one patient had progressive disease in group "B".
In this small series of patients group "A" patients treated with patent or branded FAC appeared to have better response rate at higher cost than group "B" patients treated with locally manufactured FAC combination of chemotherapy.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1357,T] (1).
14.
Antiviral And Cytotoxiv Oroperties Of Solybum Marianum Chenopodium Album And Nigella Sativa Against Peste Des
by Abid Ali | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1361,T] (1).
15.
Pharmacokinetics Of Ketoprofen In Domestic Animals
by Zaka-ur-Rehman | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1427,T] (1).
16.
A Comparative Study Of Antiviral And Cytotoxic Activity Of Acacia Nilotica Against Peste Des Petits Ruminants
by Rizwana Raheel | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1449,T] (1).
17.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity Of Allium Sativum, Allium Cepa And Zingiber Officinale Against New Castle
by Azeem Ahmed Iqbal | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1453,T] (1).
18.
In Vitro Evaluation Of Antiviral And Cytotoxic Activity Of Ginseng Root, Leaves Of Tulsi And Aloe Vera Against Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus
by Misbah Afzal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1457,T] (1).
19.
Comparative Evaluation Of Mutagenicity And Cyhalothrin, Of Endosulfan, Lambda-Cyhalothrin,
by Umber Saleem | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Imran Altaf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1460,T] (1).
20.
Quality Evaluation Of Different Brands Of Ceftriaxone
by Sana Tariq | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Miss Huma.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: This study was designed to determine the physicochemical equivalence of selected brands of ceftriaxone sodium registered with the ministry of health government of Islamic republic of Pakistan. Out of 9 selected brands 3 were of lowest price distribution class, 3 from the intermediate price distribution class and remaining three from the highest price distribution class. For quality evaluation 3 parameters were selected which were physical, chemical and microbial. Physical characters analyzed were general appearance, pH, solubility and moisture content. Characters which determine the chemical equivalence were assay of active ingredient and percentage of impurities present in powdered drug. Both these parameters were quantified chromatographically using high pressure liquid chromatography. Clinical efficacy of selected brands of this valuable antibiotic was accessed by determining the minimal inhibitory concentrations against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli.
Statistically all brands were significantly different from one another but all the parameters taken as quality indicators showed results within the range specified by united state pharmacopoeia.
None of selected brands of ceftriaxone sodium were found to be counterfeit or even substandard. Irrespective of difference in price, no visible variation was found among different quality assessment parameters, all samples showed compliance with the international pharmacopoeial standards. Through this study it can be concluded that the quality of ceftriaxone in Pakistan is well regulated, all the registered brands are up to the mark and irrespective of variation in price there is no variation in the quality of brands.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1462,T] (1).
21.
Determination Of Bacterial Etiological Agents ,Sensitivity Pattern And Clinical Outcomes Paediatrics Patients In pyogenic meningitis at children hospital Lahore,Pakistan
by Fauzia Tajdin | Dr. Muhammad Adil Resheed | Prof Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Background:
Meningitis is inflammation of membranes of brain and spinal cord which are known as meninges collectively and these membranes provide protection. This study was designed to check the bacteriology and sensitivity pattern of pyogenic meningitis for their antibiotic susceptibility testing and pattern of resistance by meningitis isolates in patients suspected from meningitis is determined. It was conducted on different children suspected from meningitis in Children hospital Lahore, Pakistan.
Hypothesis:
By using CSF culturing and different biochemical tests bacterial etiological agents of pyogenic meningitis in children of less than 15 years was determined and their sensitivity pattern and clinical outcome was also evaluated.
Material & Methods:
Clinical manifestations of all patients admitted to Children hospital were examined at the time of admission and patients showing classic triads (fever, neck rigidity and seizure) their CSF samples were collected by using all necessary aseptic precautions with the assistance of trained professionals. These CSF samples were examined for their physiological, biochemical and cytological and microbiological analysis. The pathogens was isolated, identified and purified by selective culturing methods, which was subjected to active growth, during which sensitivity to different antibiotics were checked in vitro by Kirby Bauer Disk diffusion method. The sensitivity was measured by area marked by the zone of inhibition, and Clinical Laboratory Standards interpretations (CLSI). Standard limit was a key indicator towards resistance bacteria.
Statistical Analysis:
The collected data was analyzed by using ANOVA and Chie Square tests on SPSS software (16).
Outcome:
Different bacteria responsible for bacterial meningitis were isolated and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of different antibiotics against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were also evaluated. The effects of different regimens of treatment of acute pyogenic meningitis were also evaluated by evaluating the improvement in clinical condition, rate of complications of disease and incidence of death due to this fatal disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1463,T] (1).
22.
Docking-Based Virtual Screening And Pharmacophore Studies To Explore Highly Selective Nuclear Factor Kappa
by Sher Muhammad Zaman | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1465,T] (1).
23.
Chemical Equivalence Of Different Brands Of Oxytertacycline Hydrochloride And Its Minimum
by Sadaf Hina | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the chemical equivalence of various brands of Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (long acting, short acting & PVP) approved by the ministry of health and available in the local market for veterinary use. Oxytetracycline was measured by HPLC method developed and standardized in the laboratory. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the Oxytetracycline by HPLC assay method were determined. From stock solution of working standard (Oxytetracycline hydrochloride) different concentrations 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 10, 25, 50 and 100µg per ml were prepared for the determination of LOD. The LOD calculated was 0.100(µg/ml) and LOQ was 0.5 (µg/ml). Correlation coefficient was 0.99994050. Concentration of the active ingredient (Oxytetracycline hydrochloride) in all preparations was same as mentioned on the label except Oxytetracycline (74%), Terrasym PVP-100 (81%), and Onyx-LA (72%).
MIC of Oxytetracycline hydrochloride against following bacterial isolates determined by micro-broth dilution test was Bacillus subtilis (50µg), Staphylococcus aureus (100µg), Eschericiha coli (50µg), Salmonella enterica (1000µg) and Pasturella multocida (50µg).It showed that all these bacterial cultures have developed resistance against Oxytetracycline hydrochloride.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1468,T] (1).
24.
Pharmaceutical Equivalence Of Different Brands Of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride And Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
by Sarmat Tamjeed Afzal | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1471,T] (1).
25.
Effects Of Lycopersicon Esculentum And Citrus Limon Juice On Angiogenesis
by Nausheen Saba Khalid | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Lycopersiconesculentumand Citrus limonumare largely known for their anti cancer activity. Various investigations using various assays have been done regarding anti cancer activity of Lycopersiconesculentumand Citrus limonum. This study wasplanned to estimate the effects of LycopersiconesculentumandCitrus limonumjuice on angiogenesis using the chick chorioallantoic membrane model. LycopersiconesculentumandCitrus limonum wascollected, sliced to squeeze juice, centrifuged and then supernatant was collected. Different dilutions were prepared using distilled water. PH was adjusted in range of 6-7 and filtered using disposable syringe filter. Fertilized eggs wereobtained from local hatchery and sprayed with 70% alcohol then divided in to six groups containing five eggs in each group one group act as control. The eggs were incubated at 37C° and at60_65% humidity. On 4th day postincubationwindows were made in all eggs under strict aseptic conditions, albumin was aspirated (approximately 4 -5 ml) with a disposable syringe, sealed with sterilized adhesive tapes and kept in incubator for 24 hours.After 24 hours windows were opened, 200 ?l of each dilution waspoured on CAM with disposable syringe, sealed again with sterilized adhesive tapes and again kept in incubator till 6th day. After 24 hours pattern of development of new blood vessels were assessed in CAM by taking images with the help of digital camera.Decrease in length and diameter of primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels were seen in a concentration dependent way. All images were quantified by using scan probing image processing software (IBM- Denmark). 3D surface roughness parameters were calculated that evidently showed antiangiogenic nature of tomato and lemon juice. All the calculated data was subjected to statistical analysis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1476,T] (1).
26.
In Vitro Antiviral Activity Of Leaves Extracts Of Azadirachta Indica, Moringa Oleifera And Morus Alba Against Foot
by Ishrat Younus | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The project was designed to assess in vitro antiviral and cytotoxic activity of leaves extracts of Azadirachta indica (AI), Moringa oleifera (MO) and Morus alba (MA) against Foot and Mouth disease virus (FMDV). Ethanolic, chloroformic and aqueous extracts of each plant were obtained by soxhlet apparatus. Chloroformic extracts were dissolved in cell culture media with the help of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Eight concentrations 1 µg/ml, 6 µg/ml, 12 µg/ml, 25 µg/ml, 50 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml, 200 µg/ml and 400 µg/ml of each plant were used for both assays. Confluent BHK - 21 cells were grown in 96 well cell culture plates. Cells were treated by each concentration of extracts and extracts containing FMDV for cytotoxic and antiviral assay respectively in triplicate manner. Positive control (BHK-21 cells & cell culture media) and negative control (BHK-21 cells, FMDV & cell culture media) were kept for antiviral assay. For cytotoxic assay, positive and negative controls were kept as BHK-21 cells plus media and BHK-21 cells, media plus DMSO (20%) respectively. Cells viability and cytotoxic activity were determined by MTT assay for antiviral and cytotoxic assay respectively. Each extract was analyzed as cell survival percentage and expressed as means ± S.D. Statistical analysis was carried out by ANOVA. Seven plants extracts out of nine, exhibited antiviral activity against FMDV at a concentration non toxic to BHK-21 cell line. Ethanolic AI extract showed strongest anti-FMDV activity. Chloroformic MO leaves extracts showed significant antiviral activity. Chloroformic and aqueous MA leaves extract had no remarkable antiviral activity. At higher concentrations most of the plant extracts were cytotoxic
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1478,T] (1).
27.
Cytocenetic Effects Of Anti-Breast Cancer Drugs, Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Cisplatin And
by Zainab Batool | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Imran Altaf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: In this study mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of the chemotherapeutic agents used in breast cancer were evaluated. The drugs included in this study were Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Cisplatin and 5-Flourouracil. They were tested alone as well as in combination for their cytogenetic effects. The mutagenicity of these drugs was tested by Ames test using two strains of Salmonella i.e. TA100 and TA98 with and without S-9 at different concentrations. While for cytotoxicity evaluation MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) colorimetric assay was selected. 96 well plate and BHK-21 cell lines were used to perform this assay.
This study indicated that cyclophosphamide was mutagenic ( 62.5 µg/plate) to TA 100 with S-9 but non mutagenic to TA 98 with and without S-9, while the concentration of 250µg/ml and above was found cytotoxic. Doxorubicin was mutagenic to TA 100 and TA 98 with and without S-9 at 1 µg/plate and above, while cytotoxic dose was 10µg/ml and above. 5-FU was found non mutagenic in this assay to both test strains with and without S-9 at all test concentrations, however it was found cytotoxic above 5µg/ml in MTT assay. Cisplatin showed mutagenicity to both test strains at 2µg/plate and above , while at 5µg/ml and above it was found cytotoxic.
When the combinations of these drugs were tested for cytogentic effects , it was found that the concentrations which were non mutagenic individually became mutagenic and cytotoxic when combined together.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1481,T] (1).
28.
Cytotoxic And Antiviral Evaluation Of Different Opuntia Species Against Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus In Vitro Cell
by Faryal Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The antiviral activities of Opuntia delinii, Opuntia manocantha, and Opuntia stricta were evaluated against Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in this study, as these plants are associated with a lot of antiviral activity as shown by literature review. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of all the three species of Opuntia were obtained by using soxhlet apparatus (Davey et al. 2010) but first crushed them into small pieces with a sharp knife to have better extraction results. The resultant extracts were dried in rotary evaporator using standard operating procedures until semisolid extract was obtained. Different dilutions were made by dissolving in double distilled water. Vero cells were made mildly affected by mild strains of Peste des petits ruminants virus. Dilutions of these extracts were applied on Vero cell line in triplicate manner that was first made confluent up to 90% in 96 well cell culture plates. For performing anti viral assay, Positive control and negative controls used were media plus cells and virus plus media respectively. These plates were incubated for a period of four days. After this incubation period, viability of cells was determined by MTT colorimetric assay i.e. number of living and dead cells. The cytotoxic activity of above mentioned three plant species was performed by treating the Vero cells with different dilutions as used in antiviral assay and incubating the 96 well plates for 4 days. Viability of cells was determined by MTT assay. The positive and negative control for cytotoxic evaluation was cells plus media and cells plus media plus DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) 5% respectively. Results were calculated in terms of cell survival percentage (CSP) for anti viral
and death rate (%) for cytotoxic assay. At highest concentrations, i.e.500 to 1000 µg/ml, all the ethanolic and aqueous extracts obtained from all the plant species showed cytotoxicity but at the lower concentrations ranging from 7.81µg/ml to 125µg/ml, there was no cytotoxicity. Antiviral and cytotoxic activity of the plant extracts was evaluated by applying Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and comparison between two extracts was performed by applying T-Test for statistical analysis. Statistically when these results were interpreted, they were insignificant because P value is more than 0.05. This research project has a lot of positive outcomes and future prospects. The extract of plants having good antiviral activity and with no cytotoxic activity will be good baseline for further evaluation.
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
The antiviral activities of Opuntia delinii, Opuntia manocantha, and Opuntia stricta were evaluated against Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in this study, as these plants are associated with a lot of antiviral activity as shown by literature review. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of all the three species of Opuntia were obtained by using soxhlet apparatus (Davey et al. 2010) but first crushed them into small pieces with a sharp knife to have better extraction results. The resultant extracts were dried in rotary evaporator using standard operating procedures until semisolid extract was obtained. Different dilutions were made by dissolving in double distilled water. Vero cells were made mildly affected by mild strains of Peste des petits ruminants virus. Dilutions of these extracts were applied on Vero cell line in triplicate manner that was first made confluent up to 90% in 96 well cell culture plates. For performing anti viral assay, Positive control and negative controls used were media plus cells and virus plus media respectively. These plates were incubated for a period of four days. After this incubation period, viability of cells was determined by MTT colorimetric assay i.e. number of living and dead cells. The cytotoxic activity of above mentioned three plant species was performed by treating the Vero cells with different dilutions as used in antiviral assay and incubating the 96 well plates for 4 days. Viability of cells was determined by MTT assay. The positive and negative control for cytotoxic evaluation was cells plus media and cells plus media plus DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) 5% respectively. Results were calculated in terms of cell survival percentage (CSP) for anti viral
and death rate (%) for cytotoxic assay. At highest concentrations, i.e.500 to 1000 µg/ml, all the ethanolic and aqueous extracts obtained from all the plant species showed cytotoxicity but at the lower concentrations ranging from 7.81µg/ml to 125µg/ml, there was no cytotoxicity. Antiviral and cytotoxic activity of the plant extracts was evaluated by applying Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and comparison between two extracts was performed by applying T-Test for statistical analysis. Statistically when these results were interpreted, they were insignificant because P value is more than 0.05. This research project has a lot of positive outcomes and future prospects. The extract of plants having good antiviral activity and with no cytotoxic activity will be good baseline for further evaluation.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1493,T] (1).
29.
Effect Of Vitis Vinifera (Grapes) Fruit Juice On Angiogenesis.
by Shahzad Asghar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Angiogenesis, the novel blood vessels formation, is a mark of nearly every neoplastic and non-neoplastic degenerative disease. Thetreatment of angiogenesis with plant derived anti-angiogenic substances may be proved as more efficacious,harmless, and lowbudget therapies. Grapes contain many vital natural compounds which can significantly prevent diseases and maintain human health. In this work, we have studied the effect of grapes juice (Vitis vinifera) on angiogenesis by use of chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. We took Fresh fertilized eggs and sprayed them with 70% ethanol for decontamination and incubated at 37?C and (humidity 65%-70%). At 5th day of incubation small windows were made on all eggs, 4-5 ml of albumin was extracted, windows were sealed with sterile Para-film tape and eggs were reincubated. Grapes juice was obtained from fully ripened grapes and various dilutions were formulated by using distilled water. Dilutions of the juice were filtered by special syringe filters used for experimental analysis and applied to the CAMs on 6th day of incubation. Changes in vessels were clearly observed macroscopically among all treated CAMs on 7th day of incubation. The total diameter & area of primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels was observed to be reduced after treatment with grapes juice in a concentrationand dose related manner. Scanning probe image processor(SPIP)software was used for 3D surface roughness measurements which clearly demonstrated the antiangiogenic effect of grapes juice on CAM. Grapes (Vitis vinifera) juice inhibits angiogenesis, which is a common denominator of various major diseases.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1501,T] (1).
30.
Effect Of Punica Granatum (Pomegranate) Fruit Extract On Angiogenesis
by Ghulam Jilany Khan | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Angiogenesis is a physiological process which involves the formation of new blood vessels from vessels which are already present. It is a common and most important process in formation and development of vessels, so used in healing of wound and granulation of tissues. To maintain natural balance between formulation and inhibitory factors, body controls angiogenesis. When this balance is disturbed, the body results in either too much growth or extensive inhibition of expansion of blood vessels.
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Punica granatum (pomegranate) fruit extract on angiogenesis using chick chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM). The phytochemicals in pomegranate include polyphenoliccatechins, gallocatechins and anthocyanins like prodelphinidins, delphinidin, cyanidin and pelargonidin. CAM assay model is very helpful to proceed in research due to its easy and accurate observation of embryonic development and the process of angiogenesis.
The proposed hypothesis was, is there any Effect of Punica granatum (Pomegranate) fruit extract on angiogenesis? To check the authenticity of this hypothesis pomegranate (Punica granatum) was collected from the locality of Lahore. Aqueous extract was obtained by maceration of dried powder. Forty fresh fertilized eggs were collected from local hatchery and divided into four groups, having 10 eggs in each group. These eggs were incubated and were windowed at day 5 of incubation. On the same day a specified portion of albumin was removed with the help of syringe. On day 6 various dilutions of fruit extract was prepared and applied on developing CAM on day 6 after incubation while the controlled group was treated with distilled CHAPTER-6 65
water only. After 24 hours, the pattern of angiogenesis in the developing CAM was evaluated by taking images with the help of digital camera and SPIP software program.
3D surface roughness parameters showed the clear decline in values as compared to control. The parameters are; Sa (surface area), Sq (root mean square), Ssk (surface deviation), , Sy (lowest valley), Sz ( average absolute height), Smin (minimum height), Smax (maximum Height), Smean (mean height), Sdr (developed surface area ratio), Svk (Reduce valley depth), Sci (ratio of void volume of the unit sampling at core zone over root mean square deviation), Sk (core roughness depth), Stdi (texture index). All of these parameters were assessed thoroughly for the quantification of angiogenesis. The length and diameter of primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels as well as the area of CAM were measured with the help of calibration and measurement command.
Changes in angiogenesis were observed with different percentage dilutions of fruit extracts and were statistically analyzed by using the analysis of variance where “p-value” of control and treated groups were calculated. With this application, significant differences in the results were observed at p<0.05 which collectively pointed toward antiangiogeic effect of the pomegranate fruit extract.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1514,T] (1).
31.
Chemical, Microbiological And Toxicological Screening Of Tannery Effluent Wastewater
by Lubna Shakir | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Over the last decade or so the chromium based tanning industry has shown rapid growth in Pakistan. However the rule and regulations promulgated by the government are not strictly followed for the processing of effluent discharged by the tanneries. Consequently tannery effluents have become a great source of water pollution in surrounding area. This project was designed to evaluate the hazardous effects of tannery effluent wastewater (TEW) through various bioassays.
During the first phase of the project, composition of the TEW samples was determined by PIXE analysis. Besides this, we have also investigated the impact of TEW on trace element content of ground water in Kasur tannery area. The ground water from shallow tubewells (100 to 300 ft) in the area has shown very high content of chromium while the ground water from the deeper tubewells (upto 600 ft) generally does not contain the toxic elements except for one outlet of the water supplied by the Muncipal Corporation. This could be due to corroded pipes in the tannery area.
Microbial load was determined during second phase of this research project by viable count method. The detected viable count was 7.5 X 104 to 3.0 X 107CFU/ml. Various strains of chromium tolerant bacilli were isolated and they were found tolerant up to 2600 µg/ml supplemented chromium sulphate.
During the third phase of this research plan, dilutions of TEW were evaluated for their effects on angiogenesis using CAM assay. TEWD1 and potassium dichromate were found highly anti-angiogenic. Moreover, dilutions of TEW and potassium dichromate have demonstrated significant toxicity when assessed through marine shrimps mortality assay and phytotoxiciy assasy.
Chronic toxicity study on Wistar rats was conducted in the last phase. Chronic exposure of TEW for three months to rats leads to the development of various lesions in lung, liver, kidney and heart of rats.
In short, TEW and contaminated ground water of Kasur is imposing a great threat not only to local inhabitants of the city but also to the population of far distance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1531,T] (1).
32.
Determination of in Vitro Antimicrobial Effecacy of Plant Extracts and Antibiotics Against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) Isolated from Postoperative Wounds of Hospitalized Patients.
by Muhmmad Qamar Zeshan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Background
Nosocomial infection is a worldwide problem causing high number of deaths. The major causative agent of infection is methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus (MRSA). Surgical site infections in orthopedic surgery (SSIS) are mainly (48%) caused by Staph. aureus, out of which 68% are MRSA and causes a number of deaths annually.
Hypothesis
As medicinal plants like (Opuntia delinii, Acacia nilotica and Alo vera) have the anti bacterial activity, So these plants may be effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus (MRSA) And antibiotic like (Moxifloxacillin, Cefipime and Imipenem/Cilastatin and Ampicillin+Cloxacillin) selected in this study have antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria so may these have effectiveness against methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus (MRSA).
Material and method
In this study MRSA isolated from the post operative wounds of one hundred hospitalized patients from three hospitals (Mayo Hospital, Services Institute of Medical Sciences and Jinnah Hospital) of Lahore. The isolates obtained from the wound identified as MRSA by cultural and biochemical characteristics. Methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus strains are resistant to many antibiotics even vancomycin. In the present study the efficacy of three medicinal plants (Opuntia delinii, Acacia nilotica and Alo vera) studied against MRSA using extracts of the plants. The extracts also further used to determine MICs against methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus isolated strains. MICs of four antibiotics and their combinations commonly used for treatment of post operative wounds like Moxifloxacin, Cefipime, Imipenem/Cilastatin and Ampicillin+Cloxacillin determined using Linezolid and Vancomycin as standards by micro dilution method in vitro.
Statistical Design
The data collected analyzed using SPSS version13.0X soft ware.
Outcome
The prevalence of MRSA found in different hospitals as under 72.5% in case of Mayo, 63.33% in case of Services Hospital and 66.66% in case of Jinnah hospital Lahore. The highest percentage found in Mayo hospital and lowest was observed in case of services hospital.
MIC results found in this study indicate that Acacia nilotica and Alo vera contain antibacterial agents which showed the good results against MRSA while Opuntia dileinii showed not promising results against MRSA and high MICs found put a question mark on its efficacy. Average MICs found in case of acacia leaves and bark are as 84 (µg)/ml and 62.5 (µg)/ml respectively. Average MIC observed in case of Aloe vera is 32.25 (µg)/ml. The highest MIC value calculated in case of Opuntia dillenii is 1228 (µg)/ml.
Antibiotics like Moxifloxacin and Imipenem/Cilastatin showed the good results and the average MICs value found 2.681 And 2.85 respectively closely resembles to the MICs of stander drugs e.i vancomycin and linezolid caluculated as 1.61 and 2.43. Cefipime showed the less activity against MRSA with the average MIC 57.81.The synergistic effects of Ampicillin+Cloxacillin was not so good as compared to the stander drugs and combination of ampicillin and cloxacillin exhibit the average MIC as 11.87.
The lowest MIC in of plants extracts observed in case of Aloe vera and highest found in case of Opuntia dillenii.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1532,T] (1).
33.
Isolation, Characterization Of Chondroitin Sulphate And Its Efficacy In Osteoarthritis
by Humaira Majeed Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Chondroitin sulphate (CS) and Glucosamine sulphate (GS) are two main components of articular cartilage. It is believed that these molecules slow down wear and tear of cartilage. Moreover, if administered exogenously as drugs, these may initiate synthesizing capacity of cartilage. Among these, GS promotes the formation and repair of cartilage, whereas CS promotes elasticity and prevent cartilage breakdown by inhibiting degradative enzymes. Concurrent use of both structural units of cartilage as drugs in osteoarthritis (OA) may lessen the progression of disease.
The present study was conducted to elucidate the chicken keel cartilage as an alternate and potential source for this endogenous component that may be used exogenously to repair or prevent damage to joints. Chicken keel cartilages were collected from healthy broilers. CS was extracted using MgCl2 solution (3M), dialyzed and digested with papain. The extracted material was purified by ethanol precipitation, centrifugation and then freeze dried. Proximate analysis of semi-purified polysaccharides revealed the presence of carbohydrates (65.49±0.10), crude protein (12.82±0.26), ash (11.12±.56), moisture (9.88±0.32) and fat (0.69±0.14). Fiber contents were found to be nil in the processed samples. Dimethylmethylene blue binding (DMMB) assay was performed for determination of percent contents of CS in extracted semi-purified samples and mean concentration was found to be 70.77±2.35. Semi-purified polysaccharides were further characterized by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) technique and characteristic Peaks of CS molecules were recorded at 854, 854 and 853 cm-1 and then compared with spectrum of standard CS. Protein content being a major impurity in extracted samples was determined by Bradford method quantitatively (4.64±0.29). Two protein impurities having 77.8 and 50.5 kDa molecular weights were revealed by SDS-PAGE.
Efficacy of semi-purified CS from chicken keel cartilage, standard CS from shark source and GS, alone and in combination in experimental OA rat model was evaluated. To develop OA similar to spontaneous OA, 10mg papain/0.5mL (Sigma, Cat # P 3125) in buffered solution of 0.05 M sodium acetate pH 4.5 was injected intra-articularly in each right knee joint of fifty five albino rats (pre-anesthetized with anesthetic ether). Ten rats (n= 10) were injected with 0.5mL of normal saline (0.9%) in right knee joint that served as control group. Then from fifty five papain injected rats, twenty five were divided into five groups (n=5) for development and assessment of OA model (OA groups). Progression of disease was monitored by clinical scores, histopathological scores and concentration of CTX-II as biomarker in sera samples of experimental rats by ELISA using a commercial kit (serum preclinical CartiLaps ® ELISA kit) for control and OA groups (n=5) on day 0 (control group) and days 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th post papain injection (OA groups). Highest mean clinical score (10.38±1.1) was observed on 1st day and least on 28th day post papain injection i.e. 5.00±.34. Highest mean histopathological score and CTX-II concentration was recorded on 28th day i.e. 12.82±1.64 and 36.82±3.81. Values of clinical scores, histopathological scores and CTX-II concentration reached to maximum on 21st day and then sustained thereon. Second phase of experiment is comprised of evaluating and comparing the efficacy of extracted CS samples (chicken keel cartilages), standard CS (shark source) alone and in combination with GS. For this purpose, remaining five rats out of ten injected with normal saline intra-articularly served as control groups along with treated and non treated groups of experimental rats. Remaining thirty OA induced rats were divided into six groups (five rats /group). Group 1 (n=5) called non treated group received only placebo till 60th day and served as negative control group.
Treated Group 2 received GS alone, Group 3 CS (standard) and Group 4 were given extracted CS. Group 5 was treated with combination of GS plus CS (standard) and Group 6 with GS plus CS (sample). Doses of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were administered as 1.2g/kg/day CS and 1.5g/kg/day GS alone and in combinations. Drugs were offered early in the morning in bolus form with feed (10g) after overnight fasting while non-treated group received only placebo (without any drug).
Anti-arthritis activities of CS standard and extracted alone and in combination with GS were assessed clinically, analyzed statistically by using one way ANOVA. Level of significance (P<0.05) was recorded by using Duncan's Multiple Range (DMR) Post hoc Test. Mean scores of clinical, histopathology and CTX-II concentrations observed at 60th day in control rats (without OA) were 0.00, 0.00 and 2.55, respectively. OA induced untreated group showed mean score for clinical signs, histopathological scores and CTX-II concentrations 4.15, 12.24 and 36.70 and GS treated group 3.19, 3.96 and 6.12 at 60th day of treatment, respectively. For CS (standard), mean scores of clinical signs, histopathological lesions and CTX-II concentrations were recorded as 2.64, 2.44 and 4.48 and for CS (extracted) were 2.26, 2.28 and 4.40 in sera correspondingly at 60th day of treatment. The lowest mean values of clinical signs, histopathology and CTX-II concentrations in sera of treated group with standard CS plus GS were found to be 0.94, 0.94 and 2.62 followed by extracted CS plus GS treated groups 01.05, 1.27 and 2.74, respectively. Clinical, histopathological scores and CTX-II concentrations in group of rats treated with combinations were found to reverse the diseased condition after 60th days of treatment as the values were close to that of normal rats and far away from OA rats. It is concluded that extracted CS from poultry has comparable efficacy with CS standard from shark source alone and in combination with GS. Poultry by-product (keel cartilage) is found to be an alternate and cheap source for CS (chondroprotective agent) as compare to expensive, less available and religiously prohibited source for Islamic countries particularly.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1544,T] (1).
34.
Mutagenic And Cytotoxic Evaluartion Of Piroxicam And Meloxicam
by Snober Khatoon Akram | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr.Aftab | Faculty of Bio-Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Piroxicam and Meloxicam are enolic acid derivatives and belong to oxicam class of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. They are therapeutically used in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. This study was designed to evaluate mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of piroxicam and meloxicam by Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay and MTT assay. In this study, ten concentrations (100µg/ml, 300µg/ml, 500µg/ml, 700µg/ml, 900µg/ml, 1000µg/ml, 3000µg/ml, 5000µg/ml, 7000µg/ml and 10,000µg/ml) of piroxicam and meloxicam were used in Ames test against Salmonella strain TA100 in plate incorporation method, with and without metabolic activation S-9 mixture in triplicate manner. In MTT assay, confluent monolayer of BHK-21 cell lines was used and grown in 96-well cell culture plates treated with same concentrations of both drugs in triplicate manner. The results indicated that piroxicam had no mutagenic potential at concentrations of 100µg/plate to 3000µg/plate, possible mutagenic potential at 5000µg/plate and significant mutagenic potential at concentration of 7000µg/plate and 10,000µg/plate. Meloxicam had no mutagenic potential at the concentrations 100µg/plate to 7000µg/plate and possible mutagenic potential at highest concentration 10,000µg/plate. The cytotoxic effect of piroxicam and meloxicam at the concentrations of 100µg/ml to 5000µg/ml was none cytotoxic and at the concentration of 7000µg/ml and 10,000µg/ml cytotoxic to BHK-21 cell lines. There was significant increased in mutant frequency with increased in concentration of both drugs with and without metabolic activation S-9 mixture. There was significant difference in non mutagenic, possible mutagenic and significant mutagenic potential doses of piroxicam. There was no significant difference in none cytotoxic doses of both drugs. In comparison of both drugs, there was no significant difference in mutagenicity and cytotoxicity. It concluded that piroxicam and meloxicam were not mutagenic and cytotoxic at therapeutic doses. Piroxicam had mutagenic potential in dose dependent manner. Both drugs were cytotoxic at higher concentrations. They had same cytotoxic effect in dose dependent manner.
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35.
Vitro Cytotoxicity And Genotoxicity Testing Of Artemisinin, Digoxin And Silymarin
by Saran Siddique | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of three drugs artemisinin, digoxin and silymarin were evaluated against vero cell lines in this study. Thesolution of drugs was prepared in phosphate buffer saline(PBS) after dissolving in DMSO. For cytoticity dilutions of these drugs were applied in triplicate manner on Vero cells that were confluent in 96 well cell culture plates. MTT (3-[4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2.5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide)assay was used for the cytotoxicity testing of these drugs and the cytotoxic doses of these drugs was 100µM for artemisinin, 100nM for digoxin and 380 µM for silymarin. After the cytotoxicity testing we also evaluated the genotoxic potential of these drugs against the same cell lines. For the genotoxicity testing we have used alkaline comet assay.For that base slides was prepared with normal melting agar and then a layer of pretreated cell suspension in low melting agar is used and after that another layer of low melting agar is coated on the last layer on the slides.Then lysis was carried out of the cells in lysing solution after that electrophoresis was done after that the slides was washed with neutralizing buffer and after that ethedium bromide stain is used and then slides were viewed under fluorescent microscope and we have observed that artemisinin showed genotoxic potential at 250µM, digoxin had shown genotoxic potential at 1000nM and silymarin have showngenotoxic potential at 500µM.
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36.
Docing-Based Virtual Screening Studies For Ets-1 Inhibitors Using Indian Plant Anticancer
by Sara Mehreen | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: This study is designed to screen drug molecule against phosphorylation site of transcription factor Ets-1. Molecular docking was carried out by using AUTODOCK 4.02. One compound (Picrocrocin) was selected with binding energy of -4.23kcal/mol, making 3 hydrogen bonds with active site residues after molecular docking. Picrocrocin is present in saffron. Ethanolic extract of saffron stigmas was prepared and preserved in laboratory. CAM (chick chorioallantoic membrane) assay was performed. The aqueous solutions of 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 3%, 6%, and 12% of ethanolic extract of saffron were prepared. All of eight concentrations were applied to CAMs on fifth day of incubation of chick embryos. One group was treated as control receiving distilled water without any extract.
The diameters of primary, secondary, tertiary blood vessels of control were 12µm, 8µm, 6µm respectively, for 2% treated samples values were 2µm, 1µm, 0.3 µm respectively and for 3% treated samples diameter was 3µm, 2 µm, and 1 µm respectively. Area of abbott curves for control, 2% and 3% treated samples were 0.0545 mm², 0.0538 mm² and 0.0540 mm² respectively. At 25 & 3% concentrations, values roughness parameters were lowest of all other samples.
The present study results with discovery of novel antiangiogenic compound that is constituent of plant saffron. Inhibitory effect of saffron on cell reproduction, cytotoxicity and anti-angiogenic effect presents saffron as efficient candidate in cancer chemotherapy.
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37.
Evaluation Of Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic And Antipyretic Activities Of Terminalia Citrina Fruit In Mice.
by Ammara Saleem | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1589,T] (1).
38.
Evaluation Of Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic And Antipyretic Activities Of Fruit Of Grewia Asiatica
by Bushra Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1591,T] (1).
39.
Evaluation Of Anti-Inflammatory And Analgesic Potential Of Aqueous Methanolic Extract Of Thuja Orientalis In Albino Rats
by Muhammad Zahid Tanveer | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: In the present study in vivo anti-inflammatory assay, central analgesic assay and
peripheral analgesic estimation of methanolic extract of Thuja orientalis was performed by
using carrageenan induced paw oedema model, hotplate test and acetic acid induced writhing
test on albino rats, respectively. For anti-inflammatory assay, the experimental animals were
divided into five groups each consisting of six animals and three groups of six animals were
arranged each for central and peripheral analgesic evaluation. In all groups of animals in antiinflammatory
assay, oedema was produced by using 0.1 ml of 1% carrageenan. The group II
served as standard control group and was additionally treated with 10mg/Kg p.o indomethacin
(a standard drug). The Groups III, IV and V received 50, 100 and 300 mg/Kg p.o of aqueous
methanolic extract of Thuja orientalis (TO-Cr) respectively. All the treatment groups (II, III, IV
and V) were treated 1 hour before injection of carrageenan. The volume of paw of rats was
measured at 0 h and 3 h and the results of all treatment groups were compared with group I. In
the present work, central analgesic study was done by using hot plate method. Tramadol was
used as the standard drug in positive control group. Peripheral analgesia was determined by
acetic induced writhing test using aspirin as standard analgesic drug. In the writhing test 1 %
solution of acetic acid at dose of 0.1 ml / 10 grams was injected intra peritoneal. All the groups
were pre treated 30 min before chemical stimulus with the standard drug and extract dose.
Number of writhings was counted for 20 min. after injection. The statistical analysis of these
values showed that results at 0 hour are non significant as P > 0.05 (Table 3).But it is evaluated
from the study of paw volumes after 3 hours that there was significant decrease in oedema in
group treated with standard drug i.e. indomethacin (79.70 % decrease) as compared with the
60
negative control (Fig. 11). The response of the extract under study was dose related. There was
13 % decrease in paw oedema as compared with negative control at 50 mg / kg dose of TO-Cr
(Table 7). Similarly there was 34 % and 59.57 % decrease in paw oedema as compared with
negative control at 100 mg / kg and 300 mg / kg doses of TO-Cr (Table 7). In central analgesic
model of hotplate, there was significant increase in latency time in treatment group at 60 min
interval (Table 15) and then it remained almost same after 90 min (Table 18). In peripheral
analgesia of acetic acid induced writhing test, there was significant decrease in the number of
writhings in positive control (7.33+1.63) and Thuja orientalis extract (12.50+2.35) also
decreased the number of writhings significantly as compared with the negative control group
(20.67+2.16) (Table 22).
It is concluded from the results that aqueous methanolic extract of the fruit of Thuja
orientalis has significant anti-inflammatory activity and produced dose dependant reduction in
inflammation and it also has both central and peripheral analgesic properties.
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40.
Evaluation Of Immunomodulatory Activity Of Meloxicam In Mice.
by Ghulam Fatima | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: In the present study, the immunomodulatory activity of meloxicam was evaluated. For the evaluation of effect of meloxicam on cellular immunity the delayed type hypersensitivity assay (DTH) and cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia assay were performed while for humoral immunity haemagglutination assay and mice lethality test was performed. In each assay 15 mice were used, all mice were divided into 3 groups, each group was consist of 5 mice. Two groups were treated with two different doses of meloxicam (5mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) and the one group (control group) was only being administered with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) intraperitoneally.
In DTH assay, 5mg/kg and 10mg/kg meloxicam treated groups of mice showed a significant reduction in skin thickness ( P<0.05) as compared to control group at 24hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after the challenging dose of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB).
In cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia assay meloxicam at 10mg/kg showed a significant percentage of reduction in total leukocytes (TLC) and two types of differential leukocytes (DLC i.e lymphocytes, and neutrophils except monocytes). This significant reduction was less in 5mg/kg meloxicam treated group which in turn was less than the control group. In addition, it was observed a dose dependent reduction response in haemagglutination (HA) titre. The order of reduction in HA titre was 10mg/kg meloxicam treated group > 5mg/kg meloxicam treated group > the control group. The mortality ratio of mice in the control group, 5mg/kg meloxicam and 10 mg/kg meloxicam treated groups was 20%, 80% and 100% respectively.
All the results of present study suggest that meloxicam has suppressive effect on cellular as well as on humoral component of immune system.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1656,T] (1).
41.
Evaluation Of Cytotoxicity And Antiviral Activity Of Moxidectin Against Influenza Virus H9
by Rabia Hameed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab anjum | Mr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1665,T] (1).
42.
The Immunomodulatory Activity Of Flurbiprofen In Mice.
by Maaz Bin Nasim | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1672,T] (1).
43.
Genotoxicity And Mutagenicity Of Metformin And Aspartame Alone And In Combination
by Amna Nazar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1690,T] (1).
44.
Evaluation Of Cytotoxicity And Antiviral Activity Of Ivermectin Against Newcastle Disease Virus
by Sidra Azeem | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Mr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1691,T] (1).
45.
Evaluation Of Cellular And Humoral Responses Of Piroxicam In Mice
by Bushra Zahoor | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1721,T] (1).
46.
Evaluation And Comparison Of Anti-Viral Activity Of Ethanolic And Chloroformic Extract Of Juniperus Excelsa Against Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus
by Amber Sharif | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Mr. Allah.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1723,T] (1).
47.
Cytotoxic, Mutagenic And Genotoxic Evaluation Of Different Aesthetic Colorants
by Wardah Naeem | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Imran Altaf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Resheed.
Material type: ; Format:
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1743,T] (1).
48.
Toxicity Problems Associated With Declofenac In Avaian Species And Its Substitute
by Muhammad Ramzan | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Prof. Dr. Talat.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A catastrophic decline in vulture populations was first observed in 1996-97 in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India. Later, similar situations were reported in many south Asian countries including Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. Now, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed three vulture species i.e. Gyps bengalensis, Gyps indicus and Gyps tenuirostris as 'critically endangered'.
Vultures are natural scavengers and play a key role in keeping the environment clean by consuming carcasses of dead livestock and wildlife. The unconsumed animal carcasses pose a serious threat to both human and animal health because decaying animal carcasses may contaminate groundwater and become a potential source of diseases such as tuberculosis and anthrax for humans and other animals. Also, due to the declines in vulture populations, a rise in the numbers of other scavengers like dogs has been observed. Therefore, the risk of dog bite and transmission of dangerous diseases, including rabies, has also increased. Furthermore, vultures play a vital role in the disposal of human corpses of the followers of the Parsi religion because they place their dead bodies before vultures for disposal rather burial beneath the earth.
In the South Asian region, different communities have different attitudes toward the use of meat and its products. For example, Muslims do not use meat of dead animals, whereas Hindus abstain from cow's meat altogether because of religious bindings. For many centuries, the disposal of such meat has been done by vultures.
The vulture population decline issue was investigated by researchers with the support of various international organizations dedicated to bird conservation in collaboration with regional ornithological societies. Scientists looked into the problem from different angles and considered a variety of reasons of this decline. These included food shortages, losses of habitat, persecution, human disturbances, infectious agents, environmental contaminants, intentional poisoning, and accidental poisoning through food or water. Initially, the outbreak of some infectious disease and/or poisoning appeared to be the most plausible basis of this crisis. Recent studies have ruled out presence of a widespread infection and have focused on some form of poisoning. Now, it is believed that diclofenac, a veterinary drug, was responsible for the huge fatalities in vultures, in part because the onset of the crisis was coincident with the introduction of this drug in veterinary practice.
Diclofenac belongs to a class of drugs called, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Diclofenac served as an effective analgesic (pain killer), antipyretic (reduces fever), and anti-inflammatory (reduces swelling) drug. Initially, this drug was used in human beings for various indications such as arthritis. The use of diclofenac was started in domestic animals in the region a decade ago. It was reported that the presence of diclofenac in the bodies of dead animals that had been treated with this drug shortly before death was harming the vultures feeding on contaminated carcasses (Oaks et al., 2004; Shultz et al., 2004; Swan et al., 2005).
The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, at the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, has been given the task to investigate this problem. A series of experiments was conducted to study the likely causes of this problem and, if possible, find its solution by developing safer and efficacious alternatives to diclofenac for the treatment of animals. For this purpose, a chicken experimental model was developed to study the toxicity of diclofenac and other NSAIDs. These studies have shown that diclofenac produced similar toxic effects and mortalities in broiler chickens as had been reported from studies of diclofenac-poisoned vultures. Later on, therapeutic efficacy studies of safer alternative NSAIDs of diclofenac were conducted in horses, buffaloes.
On the basis of these current studies, it was concluded that diclofenac was toxic to chickens and no significant difference was present in the death rates in bird groups treated with toxic doses of diclofenac via oral and intramuscular routes. Sodium and potassium salts of diclofenac caused comparable casualties in broiler chickens (unpublished study). A number of other NSAIDs were screened for their toxicity profile using the chicken model. This study showed that phenylbutazone, dipyrone, meloxicam, piroxicam and ketoprofen were comparatively safer than diclofenac. However, phenylbutazone and dipyrone may not be appropriate alternatives for diclofenac in food-producing animals because they are known to cause a condition called agranulocytosis in human and animals. Agranulocytosis involves marked reductions in numbers of white blood cells that are responsible for maintaining the body's immunity against various diseases.
To evaluate the efficacy of safer drugs, fever was induced in buffalo calves with Escherichia coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), and the animals were then treated them with ketoprofen, meloxicam orpiroxicam. Although, all three drugs were effective in lowering body temperature, ketoprofen was the most efficient. In another experiment, these drugs were used in the treatment of lameness in horses, and it was concluded that meloxicam was more effective followed by piroxicam and ketoprofen for the treatment of this particular problem.
Based on these observations, it is concluded that ketoprofen, meloxicam and piroxicam may prove quite safe drugs for the scavenging birds and may be used as safe alternatives to diclofenac in veterinary practice. It has been observed during this study that ketoprofen, piroxicam, and meloxicam are less toxic for broiler chickens and may prove better alternates to be used in place of diclofenac in animals. The use of these NSAIDs may be less toxic for scavenger birds. The commercial preparations of ketoprofen and meloxicam for veterinary use are available at least in two south-east Asian countries i.e. Pakistan and India. The prices of these NSAIDs are comparable with those of the veterinary preparations of diclofenac which were previously available in the region. On the basis of results of this study it is concluded that ketoprofen, piroxicam, and meloxicam are effective NSAIDs in domestic animals, hence may replace diclofenac in veterinary practice.
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49.
Pharmacokinetic Study Of Different Dosage Forms Of Potassium Iodide (Renessans) In Healthy Human Volunteers
by Muhammad Zeeshan Saleem | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aualeha Riffat | Dr. Mateen.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: This project was designed to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of different dosage forms of potassium iodide in healthy human volunteers and also to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of potassium iodide in healthy male and female volunteers. For this study 36 healthy volunteers were selected (Divided into three groups, 6 male and 6 female in each group). Only those volunteers who were between ages 20-35 were selected, not suffering from any disease. Volunteers were clearly informed about the objectives of study and written consent was taken. Healthy volunteers were divided in to three equal groups and were given capsule, solution, powder dosage form of potassium iodide respectively through oral route. 5ml blood samples were collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10, 12, and 24 hours from vein of either arm with I/v branula. Plasma was separated by centrifugation at 3000 RPM for 10 minutes and was stored at -80 0C till analysis. Method for the determination of potassium iodide was validated appropriately and analysis of samples was performed on HPLC. All pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by entering plasma concentration-time data in excel based software PK solutions version 2.0. Pharmacokinetic parameters of potassium iodide in healthy individuals were studied by using statistical tests mean ± SD (standard deviation) and One Way ANOVA. Pharmacokinetic comparison of different dosage forms of potassium iodide in healthy male and female volunteers was studied by unpaired t-test. Results were summarized in tables. Between the dosage forms there is significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of healthy human volunteers but there was no significant difference found in pharmacokinetic parameters between healthy male and female volunteers in each dosage form.
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50.
Efficacy Of Anti-Microbial Agents Withascorbic Aci In Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection
by Sana Afzal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Malik Allah.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are most common type of nosocomial infection. This study was designed to recognize and identify the bacterial pathogen of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in patients, the sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens to commonly used antibiotics and the synergistic effect of antibiotics with ascorbic acid to improve the efficacy of antibiotics. The prospective, observational study was conducted in Sir Ganga Raam hospital Lahore. The urine samples from 100 catheterized patients were collected and were analyzed for its causative /pathogenic organism. Out of 100 patients, 58 patients carried E.coli (27%), Citrobacter (22%), Enterobacter (5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (4%) and these patients were included in study. Sensitivity patterns of Ampicillin, Co-amoxiclav, Ceftriaxone and Ciprofloxacin were checked by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Uropathogens appeared to be highly resistant against Ceftriaxone (84%), followed by Co-amoxiclave (83%) and Ampicillin (76%).Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin are effective drugs against uropathogens and their sensitivities to Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin were 74% and 71% respectively.
Susceptibility testing of bacteria against antibiotics and ascorbic acid alone and in combination was checked and it was observed that bacterial resistance to Ceftriaxone was reversed with ascorbic acid and the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin was improved with ascorbic acid. In Citrobacter, ascorbic acid antagonized the effects of Amikacin.
Empirical therapy of patients included in study was evaluated by clinical response and their definitive therapy was assessed by observing the adverse effects associated with that drug. Co-amoxiclav produced 100% side effects. Tinnitus (63%) was observed in patients treated with Amikacin while Ciprofloxacin adverse effects were headache and dizziness.
It was concluded in the study that there was high incidence of infection in catheterized patients with resistant bacteria and inappropriate antibiotic therapy. Ascorbic acid may be prescribed prophylactically to catheterized patients and to those who take Ceftriaxone to minimize its resistance in patients. To improve the effectiveness of drugs in CAUTI patients, ascorbic acid may be used with antibiotics.
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