51.
Genotoxic and Mutagenic Potential of Anti-Diabetic Drugs (Sitagliptin and Metformin) Alone And In Combination With Artificial Sweeteners.
by Komal Najam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Imran Altaf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Metformin most commonly prescribed oral anti hyperglycemic drug for type 2 diabetes whereas Sitagliptin recently approved oral antidabetic drug for type 2 diabetes were evaluated for their mutagenic and genotoxic potential alone and in combination with three artificial sweeteners (Saccharin, Aspartame and Acesulfame-K) normally consumed by diabetic individuals.
In this research project Ames Salmonella/microsome assay was performed to check the mutagenicity of Metformin and Sitagliptin alone and in combination with artificial sweeteners using mutant Salmonella tester strains TA100 and TA98 with and without the S9 whereas Genotoxicity was evaluated by Single Cell Gel Alkaline Electrophoresis/Comet.
The results indicated that Metformin alone showed mutagenic effect at 120µg/plate against TA100 with S9mix. However Metformin when tested in combination with artificial sweeteners, significant enhance in mutagenicity occurred only against TA100 with and without S9. Sitagliptin displayed mutagenic potential only to TA98 with S9mix at the concentration of 3040µg/plate. In addition significant enhance in mutagenicity occurred when tested in combination with artificial sweeteners against both strains with and without S9. In case of genotoxicity both Metformin and Sitagliptin results indicated significant increase in DNA damage in dose dependant manner as compared to negative control. Though Metformin and Sitagliptin in combination with artificial sweetener did not reveal any significant boost in the genotoxicity relative to when they were tested alone.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1799,T] (1).
52.
Effect Of Aqueous Extract Of Leaves Of Acacia Nilotica On Angiogenesis.
by Muhammad Yasin | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1803,T] (1).
53.
Comparative Anthelmintic Efficacy Of Calotropis Procera Leaves And Moxidectin With Particular Reference To Biochemical Changes in Sheep
by Qamar Niaz | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aneela | Mr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Background:
This project was designed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of Chloroformic extract of Calotropis procera leaves against sheep nematodes. For this purpose hundred sheep positive for nematodal infection in BLPRI Kherimurat were selected after fecal examination.
Methodology:
The hundred animals were divided into 5 groups (Group A, Group B, Group C, Group D and Group E) having 20 animals in each group. Fecal eggs counts (EPG) and biochemical tests like the Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspapartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Albumin, Bilirubin, Creatinine and Urea were done on the day zero of the treatment. For further study, Group A served as an un-treated control. Group B, Group C and Group D were given the Chloroformic extract of Calotropis procera leaves at the dose rate of 3, 6 and 12mg/kg body weight by oral route respectively. Group E was given the Moxidectin at the dose rate of 0.2mg/kg body weight by subcut route. The biochemical tests on the day 3 showed no change in the normal level of the ALT, AST, ALP, Albumin, Bilirubin, Creatinine and Urea. The fecal EPG of all the groups were done on the day 7th and day 14th post treatment. The efficacy of the Group A and Group B was 0% both on day 7th and day 14th post treatment. The efficacy for the Group C was 19.40% and 42.53 % on the day 7th and day 14th post treatment respectively. The Group D showed the efficacy of 80.215% on day 7th and 91.36% on the day 14th of the treatment. The efficacy for the Group E was 85.97% and 93.29% on the day 7th and 14th respectively.
Statistics:
The data from the fecal eggs count and biochemical tests were analyzed by using the ANOVA and LSD.
Conclusion:
The Chloroformic extract of the Calotropis procera leaves have maximum anthelmintic effect at the dose rate of 12mg/kg body weight having no biochemical changes in the blood.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1804,T] (1).
54.
Effect Of Different Feed Ingredients On Growth, Hematology And Vital Organs In Juvenile Labeo Rohita
by Khalid Javed Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Arshad | Dr. Aumaira Abbas.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: This 9-month study extending from March 1, to November, 30, 2012 was conducted to find out the effect of different feed ingredients on growth, haematology and vital organs in juvenile Labeo rohita. The experiment was performed to find out the cost-effective substitutes of fishmeal and their effect on growth, digestive enzymes activity, blood profile, histology of intestine and flesh quality was monitored. To obtain the said objectives the experimental fish, Labeo rohita was subjected through three different research trials. i. A 3-month research trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of different plant/animal origin feed ingredients on growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival of fingerling Labeo rohita. Fish was fed on fish meal, guar meal, corn gluten meal (30%), soybean meal, sunflower meal, rice polish, cotton seed meal, canola meal and rape seed meal individually. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (P?0.05) in growth, average weight gain, average length increase and specific growth rate among various ingredients. The highest average weight gain 27.162±6.950g and average length increase 6.153±0.833cm was observed in fish fed on guar meal while same was lowest 5.327±1.067g and 1.858±0.137cm, respectively in fish fed on corn gluten. However, fish showed better FCR values (2.01±0.08) when fed on guar meal while the FCR was very poor (9.57±48) for corn gluten (30%) fed group. The survival rate was highest (100%) for soybean meal fed group and lowest (70%) in canola and rapeseed meal fed group. ii. During second 3-month feeding trial, the effectiveness of individual feed ingredient from either plant or animal origin on growth, body composition, enzymes activity, haematology, histology and flesh quality of Labeo rohita was observed. The experiment was conducted in ten fiber glass tanks having size 12 ft x 4ft x 3 ft (length x width x depth). Single ingredient was considered as an independent treatment, hence guar meal, soybean meal, cotton seed meal and canola meal were considered as an independent treatment and fishmeal which was considered as a superior ingredient due to its ideal nutrient balance served as control. Ten juvenile Labeo rohita having an average weight of 200±2.33 g were harvested indiscriminately from the bulk and stocked in each fiberglass tank. Two tanks were randomly allotted to each treatment and control. Each group received uniform ration @ 4% of total fish biomass twice a day. Results revealed significant differences (P?0.05) in growth, FCR and specific growth rates among treatments. Weight gain was the highest in guar meal fed fish while the lowest on fish meal. Body composition of fish showed slight variations in fat contents with no differences in other nutrients though chemical composition of individual ingredient varies a lot. Minerals specifically Na, Ca, Fe, Zn, and Cu significantly differed (P?0.05) among treatments which might be linked with their variable release in digestive system of fish in the presence of various anti-nutritional factors. For different feed ingredients protease activity varied significantly (P<0.05) between anterior and posterior part of the intestine and also that of whole intestine when compared among various treatment groups. While amylase activity differed significantly when enzyme activity compared from the homogenate of whole intestine but not when compared partly. WBC, RBC, Hct, HB, PROT, ALB and GLOB showed significant (P<0.05) differences for blood samples of the fish fed with different feed ingredients while values of MCV, MCH, MCHC and ESR remained uniform. The feed ingredients differently affected the liver and intestinal cells. No difference was observed when fried fish fed on different ingredients were compared among each other indicating that ingredients with nominal variations in chemical composition do not leave much after effects on fish flesh. iii. Third 3-month trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of plant-animal feed and/or plant by-product based feed on growth, body composition, enzymes activity, haematology, histology and flesh quality of Labeo rohita. Fish fed on rice polish alone served as control (T0). Previously selected potential fish feed ingredients were grouped together with two ingredients in each isocaloric test diet which served as an independent trial during these studies. Group 1(T1) contained guar meal and canola meal, group 2(T2) soybean meal and cotton seed meal, group 3(T3) guar meal and cotton seed meal, group 4(T4) soybean meal and canola meal and group 5(T5) fishmeal and canola meal. Each group including control had two replicates. 12 earthen ponds with uniform area of 0.03 ha each, were randomly stocked with 100 fish (average weight 200±4.43g) in each following standard stocking protocols. All the 12 ponds were then randomly allotted to individual treatment including control group. Experimental fish were fed @ 4% of their wet biomass twice a day except Sundays which was kept open providing fish an opportunity to clean left over feed from the previous day. Better growth rate, food conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR) in T3 than rest of the treatments including control suggest that guar meal and cotton seed meal is much better option to include in future feed formulations for maximum performance and minimum feed wastage. This preposition will minimize feed providing cleaner and healthy environment to fish ultimately enhancing stocking rate and fish production. Proximate analysis of dried and ground fish samples showed higher protein values in T4, fat in T2, moisture contents in control, dry matter in T1 and ash in T5. Mineral composition of Labeo rohita showed statistically significant (P ? 0.05) differences in Na, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu content. Amylase concentration showed non-significant differences in anterior, posterior parts and the whole intestine in all the treatment and control ponds except T5 while protease concentrations were statistically significant (?0.05) in anterior and posterior part within the same group as well as among various groups. Enzymatic activity in whole intestine also varied significantly when compared among groups. Haematological parameters viz. WBC, RBC, ALB, GLOB and PROT differed significantly (?0.05) among all the treatments. Disrupted hepatic cords and hepatocytes showing pyknotic nucleus were observed in T1, moderate infiltration of fat vacuoles in T2 and, T4 caused vacuolar and hepatic cord degeneration while fish from T0 were subjected to severe vacuolation in hepatocytes. Non-significant differences in flavor, juiciness, and oiliness of fried fish from all the treatments and control ponds indicated that the sensory attributes of fish flesh were not affected by feeding fish with blend of various ingredients. It is concluded that the response of body organs varies with varying feed stuffs and the feed items have pronounced effect on enzymatic activities, hematological and histological parameters in juvenile Labeo rohita. During present study fish showed comparatively better growth when fed with guar meal as a single feed ingredient or combined with cotton seed meal than the rest of feed ingredients either offered individually or in combinations. The study provides base line information and will help aquaculture nutritionists to formulate cost-effective feeds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1819,T] (1).
55.
Reversal Of Antibiotics Resistance In Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus By Non-Antimicrobial Agents
by Sohaib Danyaal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Antibiotic resistance is increasing along with the increasing use of antibiotic for the treatment of infectious diseases. The in-vitro study was designed to observe the reversal of
antibiotics resistance in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by non-antimicrobial
agents.
One hundred pus samples were processed for isolation and identification of MRSA.
Out of 100, 37 (37%) islotes were Gram +ve cocci, from these 37 isolates 34 (92%) turn red
colour of mannitol salt media to yellow and 23 (62%) gave +ve catalase and coagulase. In
this study Antibiotic Sensitivity Test was performed on pure culture of MRSA strain by
applying disc diffusion method. Out of 23 pure MRSA isolate, 100% isolates were
methacillin resistant, 79% isolates were co-amoxiclav resistant, 30% isolates were
meropenum resistant, 8% isolates were vancomycin resistant, 26% isoltes were moxifloxacin
resistant and 39% isolates were linezolid resistant. Reversal of antibiotics resistance was
observed by MIC or serial dilution method, using non antibiotic agents like Amiloride,
Lansoprazole and Promethazine, Concentrations of non-antibiotic agents 1024ìg, 512ìg,
256ìg, 128ug, 64ìg and 32ìg were used in combination of antibiotics to reverse the
antibiotics resistance in MRSA. These non antibiotic agents may cause the alteration in
mechanisms by which microorganism develop resistance. The collected data analyzed by
applying analysis of variance (ANOVA) through SPSS 16.0 computer software. Now we would be
able to treat some lethal infection caused by MRSA, and help to increase patient compliance
and decrease the cost of therapy.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1828,T] (1).
56.
Effect Of Eugenia Jambolana (Jamun) Seeds And Leaves Etract On Angiogenesis
by Muhammad Javed Iqbal | Dr. Aqeel Javedd | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The present study was designed to explore the effects of aqueous and ethanolic extract of leaves and seeds of Eugenia jambolana on angiogenesis by means of the chicken chorioallentoic membrane assay. The Eugenia jambolana was collected from the locality of Lahore. Sequential dilutions were made with distilled water. Eggs were taken from local hatchery and divided into 4 groups. Each group was comprised of five eggs. The eggs were incubated at 37 C0. At day 4, 3-4 ml albumin was removed with the help of syringe. At day 5, sample solutions of various concentrations were applied to chorioallentoic membrane (CAM). After 24 hours, the change in CAM was observed by taking the images. SPIP was utilized for computerized measurements of the diameter of blood vessels and CAM. Overall area of the CAM was also drastically minimized among all groups treated with sample solutions.
The data was analyzed for statistical analysis by using SPSS software (version 13 for windows). ANOVA was performed to determine significance among different groups. The value of P<0.05 was considered as significant.
Different extracts of Eugenia Jambolana exhibited anti-angiogenic potential in the following order. WS > WL = ES > EL. In case of WS 4% solution area of CAM is 285.66 mm2, WL 4% 586.77 mm2, ES 4% 567.47 mm2 and EL 4% 634.23 mm2 while in case of negative control area of CAM 2473 mm2 . The extracts exhibited anti-angiogenic potential in variable magnitude. Dilutions of water extract of seeds exhibited most anti-angiogenic potential (p<0.01) in comparison to other treated groups. Collectively, these observations show that extract of Eugenia jambolana seeds and leaves contains polar compounds that ceased growth, primary vessel formation and cell propagation in CAMs.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1830,T] (1).
57.
Studies On The Reproductive Biology And Induced Spawning Of Murrel, Channa Marulius
by Muhammad Hafeez-ur-Rehman | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Sumaira Abbas.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1832,T] (1).
58.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity Of Allium Sativum, Allium Cepa, Zingiber Officinale Against Avian Influenza H9
by Sadia Nazir | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Plant products play an important role because of their medicinal activity. A wide variety of active phytochemicals peptides have been found to possess therapeutic applications against various functionally and genetically diverse viruses. Influenza A viruses (IAV) causes acute respiratory diseases in humans, birds, and other mammals, representing one of the major threats to public health.
In this study, the antiviral activity of Allium sativum L., Allium cepa L., and Zingiber officinale Roscoe against Avian Influenza H9 virus was evaluated in ovo. The aqeous extracts of Allium sativum L., Allium cepa L., and Zingiber officinale Roscoe were prepared by using macerate technique. From the macerate, nine different dilutions i.e. 8000 ƒÊg/ml, 4000 ƒÊg/ml, 2000 ƒÊg/ml, 1000 ƒÊg/ml, 500 ƒÊg/ml, 250 ƒÊg/ml, 125 ƒÊg/ml, 62.5 ƒÊg/ml and 31.25 ƒÊg/ml of the extracts were prepared in normal saline. For each plant extract; Allium sativum L., Allium cepa L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe 100 embryonated chicken eggs were assigned to 20 groups, each group containing 5 embryonated chicken eggs (nine for antiviral activity, nine for cytotoxic activity, and two groups were kept positive and negative control respectively) and marked them with lead pencil. The different concentrations of the plant extracts were mixed with virus and 0.2 ml inoculum was inoculated to 9th to 10th day embryonated chicken eggs along with positive and negative controls containing only virus and normal saline respectively. The embryonated chicken eggs were incubated at 37oC and were checked after 12-72 hrs. After 72 hr post inoculation, all the eggs were chilled in refrigerator at 4oC for 12 hrs and the allantoic fluid was harvested. The antiviral activity was calculated as embryo survival percentage, positive or negative spot Hemagglutination activity and determination of virus titre by Hemagglutination Test. The cytotoxicity of Allium sativum L., Allium cepa L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe extracts was evaluated by only inoculating the extracts of respective concentrations as used for antiviral activity in embryonated chicken eggs and incubating for 72 hrs. The results were analyzed by ANOVA by means of SPSS.
All the concentrations of Allium sativum L. were non toxic while three concentrations showing antiviral activity were 8000 ƒÊg/ml, 4000 ƒÊg/ml and 2000 ƒÊg/ml. While in case of Allium cepa L. all the concentration i.e. 8000 ƒÊg/ml, 4000 ƒÊg/ml, 2000 ƒÊg/ml, 1000 ƒÊg/ml, 500 ƒÊg/ml, 250 ƒÊg/ml, 125 ƒÊg/ml, 62.5 ƒÊg/ml and 31.25 ƒÊg/ml were non cytotoxic and five concentrations i.e. 8000 ƒÊg/ml, 4000 ƒÊg/ml, 2000 ƒÊg/ml, 1000 ƒÊg/ml and 500 ƒÊg/ml show potent antiviral activity. In case of Zingiber officinale Roscoe two concentrations 8000 ƒÊg/ml, 4000 ƒÊg/ml were virucidal and all concentration 8000 ƒÊg/ml, 4000 ƒÊg/ml, 2000 ƒÊg/ml, 1000 ƒÊg/ml, 500 ƒÊg/ml, 250 ƒÊg/ml, 125 ƒÊg/ml, 62.5 ƒÊg/ml and 31.25 ƒÊg/ml were non cytotoxic. So the present study suggested the presence of antiviral activity of plant extracts of Allium sativum L., Allium cepa L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, so they can be used for prevention and treatment of various viral diseases.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1836,T] (1).
59.
Role Of Non-Antimicrobial Agents In Reversal Of Antibiotic Resistance In Escherichia Coli
by Kalim Ullah | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1839,T] (1).
60.
Evaluation Of Ynergistic Efficacy Of Quinolones, Amino Glycosides, Cephalosporin And Co-Trimoxazole
by Tyyaiba Azam | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Background
Opportunistic pathogens represent the type of pathogens which infects only those individuals
with impaired immune system and lead to diseases that can be severe, debilitating and difficult to
treat in immunocompromized host. These opportunistic pathogens include different bacteria,
viruses and fungi. This study was designed to identify the opportunistic bacterial pathogens
pseudomonas and Citrobecter in immunocompromized chronic liver disease (CLD) patients.
This study was performed to analyze sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens to commonly used
antibiotics quinolones, aminoglycosides, cephalosporin and co-trimoxazole and to evaluate the
synergistic efficacy of different combination s of antibiotics. The study was conducted on
different CLD patients admitted in different medical wards of Sir .ganga Ram Hospital Lahore.
Aim
By using blood and urine culturing technique and different biochemical tests opportunistic
pathogens Pseudomonas and Citrobecter in CLD immunocompromized patients belonging to
different age group were determined. Combination therapy of quinolones, aminoglycosides,
cephalosporin and sulpha drugs were effective against the bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas and
Citrobecter.
Material and Methods
Clinical sign and symptoms of all the CLD patients who were admitted in the hospital were
noted at the time of admission The patients who start showing sign and symptoms (Fever,
burning micturation, pain) of suspected infection on 2nd and 3rd day of their admission were
included in this study. Blood and urine samples were collected from infected CLD patients with
CHAPTER – 6
SUMMARY
suspected sign and symptoms by using all necessary aseptic precautions with the assistance of
trained professionals. The pathogens were isolated, identified and purified by selective culturing
methods, which were subjected to active growth, during which sensitivity to different antibiotics
was checked. Antibiotic sensitivity test was conducted on pure culture isolates employing the
Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method for the commonly used antibiotics. The diameters of growth
inhibition around the discs was measured and interpreted by using Clinical Laboratory Standards
Interpretations (CLSI).
Statistical Analysis
The collected data was analyzed by ANOVA and Chi-square test on SPSS software (16) .
Results
Pseudomonas and Citrobecter pathogens are now proved to be a multi resistant pathogens and
use of combinations of antibiotics against these pathogens found to be more effective. This study
was performed to evaluate the synergistic effect of different antibiotics combinations against
Pseudomonas and Citrobecter pathogens, so that the chances of recurrent infections among the
immunocompromized hospitalized patients were minimized. It will help to improve the quality
of life of immunocompromized patients through providing information about effective antibiotic
treatment. The effects of different combinations of antibiotics were also analyzed in CLD
patients through evaluating the improvement in infectious disease. It was found during study that
combination of ceftriaxone and amikacin prove to be more effective in clinical settings but in
vitro studies shows the combination of cephradine with gentamycin was 97% susceptible.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1841,T] (1).
61.
Evaluation Of Antimicrobial Therapy In Neonatal Sepsis
by Shazia Khanum | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Mr. Allah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Background: Sepsis is the presence of bacteria in blood. Neonatal sepsis indicates bacterial blood stream infection (BSI), such as gastroenteritis meningitis, pyelonephritis, pneumonia which results in fever in neonates (Weber et al. 2003). This study was designed to check the bacteriology and sensitivity pattern of microbes causing sepsis in neonates. In this study microbial susceptibility testing against antibiotics and pattern of resistance of microbes in septic patients was determined. It was conducted on neonates suspected from sepsis in Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Hypothesis: By using blood cultures and different biochemical tests bacterial etiological agents of neonatal sepsis were determined and their sensitivity pattern and empirical therapies were evaluated. Material & Methods: Blood samples were collected from septic neonates admitted in Sir Ganga Ram Hospital keeping all necessary aseptic precautions with the assistance of trained professionals. The pathogens were isolated, identified and purified by selective culturing methods, which were subjected to active growth, during which sensitivity to different antibiotics were checked. The sensitivity was measured by area marked by the zone of inhibition, and National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Standard limit was a key indicator towards resistant bacteria. Statistical Analysis: The collected data was analyzed by appropriate statistical procedure. Outcome: It was designed to isolate and identify the pathogens responsible for neonatal sepsis and to see the effects of different antibiotics regimens for treatment of neonatal sepsis by evaluating the improvement in clinical condition, rate of complications of disease and incidence of death due to this fatal disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1843,T] (1).
62.
Comparative Mutagenic And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Tamsulosin And Ciprofloxacin
by Faiza qamar | Dr. Muhammad Adil rasheed | Prof. Dr, Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1875,T] (1).
63.
Toxicological Evaluation Of Cetrimimide Chlorhexidin And Thiomersal Alone And In Combination
by Toseef Fatima Noshahi | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr.Imran Altaf | Dr.Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1880,T] (1).
64.
Evaluation Of Cellular And Humoral Immune Responses Of Betamethasone In Mice
by Saima Batool | Dr. Aqeel javeed | Prof. Dr Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1881,T] (1).
65.
Comparative Mutagenic And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Ibuprofen And Chloroquine
by Hunainah Khaliq | Dr. Adil rasheed | Prof Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1944,T] (1).
66.
Evaluation Of Immunomodulatory Activity Of Lornoxicam In Mice
by Zubaria malik | Dr.Aqeel javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1945,T] (1).
67.
Evaluation Of Analgesic Anti-Inflammatory And Anti-Pyretic Activity Of Aqueous Methanolic Extract Of Jatropha Gossypifolia in Rats
by Mohsin Ahmad Ghauri | DR. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1988,T] (1).
68.
Genotoxic Mutagenic And Cytotoxic Potential Of Metformin And Celecoxib Alone And In Combination
by Asad ullah | Prof/ Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel javeed | Prof. Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1989,T] (1).
69.
Studies On The Effect Of Aflatoxin B1 On Growth And Histology Of Various Development Stages Of Catla Catla
by Syedah Andleeb | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Sumaira abbas | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1990,T] (1).
70.
Protective Effect Of Vitamin A And E On The Toxicity Induced By The Hydroquinone
by Saima | Dr. MUhammad Adil rashid | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1995,T] (1).
71.
Evaluation Of Immunomodulatory Activity Of Tenoxicam In Mice
by Fatima nasim | Dr. Aqeel javeed | Dr. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2025,T] (1).
72.
Evaluation Of Antibacterial Activity Of Macrolides In Combination With Levamisole Hc1 Against Different Pathogenic Bacteria
by Sheeza javaid | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil rasheed | Proff. Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2026,T] (1).
73.
Bioequivalence Study Of Simvastatin In Healthy Human Volunteers
by Rana muhammad wasim shahzad | Dr. Muhammad adil rasheed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2044,T] (1).
74.
Evaluation Of Antiviral And Cytotoxic Activity Of Parthenium Hysterophorusagainst Peste Des Petits
by Aina asghar | Dr. Aqeel javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2051,T] (1).
75.
Effect Of Calcium Hypochlorite And Chloramine On Blood Biochemistry And Sodium Pentobarbital Induced Sleeping
by Sidra ishaq | Dr. Muhammad Adil rasheed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2062,T] (1).
76.
Effect Of Gemifloxacin On Cellular And Humoral Immune Response In Mice
by Muhammad Umair | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2088,T] (1).
77.
Toxicity And Immunomodulatory Activity Of Ketoprofen In Vitro And In Vivo
by Dawood Ahmad Hamdani | Dr. Aqeel javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2090,T] (1).
78.
Evaluation Of Antihistaminic And Anticholinergic Activity Of Aqueous And Alcoholic Extracts Of Equisetum Debile
by Shahrukh Ali | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2097,T] (1).
79.
Evaluation Of Antihistaminic And Anticholinergic Activity Of Aqueous And Alcoholic Extracts Of Piper Betel And Murraya Koenigii Plants
by Hassan Mahmood Qureshi | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2098,T] (1).
80.
Cytotoxicity & Antiviral Profile Of Equisetum Debile (Bansi Booti) Against Food And Mouth Disease Virus In -Vitro Cell Culture
by Naeem Rasool | Dr. Muhammad Ovais omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2105,T] (1).
81.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Aqueous Ethanolic And Chlorooform Extracts Of Parthenium Hysterophorus
by Sidrah Shoaib | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2109,T] (1).
82.
Synergistic Effect Of Antimicrobial Agents In Combination With Colistin Against Bacterial Isolates From Patients
by Sahar Safdar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2123,T] (1).
83.
Evaluation Of Immunomodulatory Activity Of Aceclofenac In Mice
by Hammad Asif | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2125,T] (1).
84.
A New Inclination Of Derived Tetrahydro-Carbazole Towards Anti-Inflammatory Analgesic And Antipyretic Activity
by Kinza Kanwal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Mr. Malik Allah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2136,T] (1).
85.
Evaluation Of Mutagenicity And Genotoxicity Of Furosemide And Propranolol Alone And In Combination Using Ames Test And Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet) Assay
by Sadaf Naz | Dr. Muhammad Adil rasheed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2158,T] (1).
86.
Efficacy Of Cephalosporins Alone And In Combination With Zinc Sulphate In Tients With Post Surgical Infection
by Maria Naeem | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2166,T] (1).
87.
The Diversity, Distribution And Phenetic Relationships Of Herpetiles Of District Kasur
by Waqas Ali (2008-VA-609) | Dr. Arshad Javid | Ms. Sana Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Amphibians and reptiles (herpetiles) are cold-blooded animals. Mostly lay eggs, fertilization is external in amphibians and internal in reptiles. Amphibians undergo metamorphosis to reduce competition between larval (usually aquatic) and adult (terrestrial) stage. The reptiles are found in a variety of habitats throughout the world except some isolated islands. Diversity and abundance of herpetiles is dependent on climate and geographic position of any region and is also directly linked with some avian and mammalian species. Amphibians and reptiles are important bio-indicators of climate change and the survival of both taxa is under continuous threat due to deforestation, habitat loss, fragmentation, urbanization and pollution. Data on local distribution patterns is helpful in regional conservation planning (Petrov 2004).
Herpetiles are the important members of environment and have important position in pyramids. They control the population of many insects and pests, and themselves are source of food for many predators. Amphibians and many reptiles transfer nutrients from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems and if they are removed from any ecosystem, the algae communities, invertebrate populations, predator dynamics, leaf litter decompositions and nutrient cycling can be affected (Baig 2006 ).
Pakistan has the world’s rarest animals and plants but these are now in danger due to habitat loss, overuse and anthropogenic activities. The herpetofauna of Pakistan is represented by 219 species; 24 species of amphibians and 195 species of reptiles out of these 9 species of amphibians and 13 species of reptiles are endemic to Pakistan (Khan 2004). The herpetiles received less attention of scientific community hence these taxa remained unexplored in Pakistan. There is extreme scarcity of data on the distribution of various amphibian and reptilian species in the country (Khan 2006). The only authentic source of information till so far on herptiles in this region is the data collected and compiled by Daniel and Khan (2002, 2006).
In Pakistan arid to semi-arid climatic conditions prevail that make it, an amphibian poor country however, humid riparian conditions in the Indus Valley, streams in the northern Himalayan sub-mountainous region and water channels in the western Baluchistan highland are home to some 24 amphibians, that belong to four families viz. Bufonidae, Megophryidae, Microhylidae and Ranidae (Khan 2011). The reptilian fauna of Pakistan is represented by 195 species belonging to 23 families viz. Cheloniidae, Dermochelyidae, Emydidae, Testudinidae, Trionychidae, Crocodylidae, Gavialidae, Agamidae, Chameleonidae, Eublepharidae, Gekkonidae, Lacertidae, Scincidae, Uromastycidae, Varanidae, Leptotyphlopidae, Typhlopidae, Boidae, Colubridae, Elapidae, Hydrophiidae, Viperidae and Crotalidae (Khan 2004).
In Pakistan, due to over hunting the marsh crocodile is in danger and nearly extinct. Now this species only occur in small numbers in Sindh and a few areas in Balochistan. The gharial is now few in numbers and found only between the Sukkur and Guddu barrages. In addition monitor species are heavily hunted for their skins. 72 snake species found in Pakistan and out of these, 14 marine and 12 terrestrial snake species are poisonous; most well-known are the Indian cobra, common krait, saw-scaled viper and Russel's viper. The snake venom is a complex mixture of enzymes including the pro-coagulant, non-enzyme proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, amines, lipids and metal ions. The venom exertsneuro-toxic, cytotoxic and hemotoxic effects. Genus monospecific Teratolepsis and Eristicophis is endemicto Pakistan. The Chagai Desert is of particular interest for reptiles, with six species of reptiles including five lizards and one snake are endemic to Pakistan and a further six species found only here and along the border of Iran. Important populations of marine turtles nest on Pakistan's southern beaches. The internationally threatened species of reptiles in Pakistan are Green and olive turtle, mugger, gharial, central Asian monitor, Indian python, central Asian cobra (Groombridge 1988).
District Kasur is located between two rivers of the Punjab province, namely river Ravi and Sutlej. This district is bounded by India from east, Okara from south, Sheikhupura from north-west and Lahore covers its north side. District Kasur is administratively divided in to four Tehsils i.e. Kasur, Chunian, Pattoki and KotRadhaKishan. The district lies 150 to 200 m above sea level and experiences extreme hot weather during summer (April -September) to severe cold in winter (November to February). The difference between day and night temperatures is considerable. Average annual rainfall is 500 mm. Water logging and salinity has affected large area of the district making underground water brackish (Anwar 2012).
Reptiles and amphibians have historically taken less concern as components of many ecosystems. Many ecosystems support high densities of herpetofaunaas compared to endothermic vertebrates because they make efficient use of energy (Pough 1980).Moreover, high densities of reptiles and amphibians presentin many ecosystems provide major role for the trophic transfer of energy and matter except one study that shows high amphibian densities affect ecosystem processes (Wyman 1998). Moreover, the high rate of herpetofauna decline increase the interest in scientific communities for documenting the abundance and status of amphibians on a global scale (Collins and Storfer 2003).
Despite the high densities of herpetiles present in many ecosystems, it is difficult to sample them quantitatively because many snakes and several species of amphibians and lizards live in burrows making their capture difficult (Conant and Collins 1998). Furthermore, the cryptic nature of herpetiles, hibernation in winter, climatic factors affects the activity and the presence or abundance of amphibians and reptiles species (Zug et al 2001).As a result, many methods have been developed to sample herpetofauna such as drift fences with pitfall and funnel traps are a good way to maximize the number of individuals and number of herpetofauna species captured (Gibbons and Semlitsch, 1982; Enge 2001). On the other hand, drift fence surveys can be time-intensive and inappropriate applications can result in low capture rates of some species or high mortality of captured animals. Moreover, documenting the presence of all species occurring in a given area is difficult, if not impossible, and can be particularly time-intensive in systems with many rare species (Dodd 1991).
Herpetological studies carried out in Pakistan are outdated and are mainly limited to Sind and Baluchistan provinces (Minton 1966; Mertens 1969). There is paucity of data on herpetiles of Punjab, densely populated province of the country. There is dire need to explore herpetofauna of the province in general and the district kasur is specific due to geographic location and climatic condition. Present study was therefore planned to explore herpetofauna diversity and distribution patterns of various amphibians and reptiles inhabiting district Kasur.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2215,T] (1).
88.
Studies On Growth Performance, Morphology, Reproductive Traits And Behavioral Aspects Of Ring Necked Pheasants In Captivity
by Sana Ashraf | Dr. Arshad Javid | Dr. Khalid Mehmood Anjum | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Besides ecological importance, pheasants also have aesthetic values which mainly contribute to their decline in population due to poaching in their native habitat. Among 49 species of pheasants in the world, 5 are endemic to Pakistan with distribution in the Himalaya and remote northern parts of the country. Due to increase in human population, intrusion, poaching, and habitat disturbance pheasants are threatened. However, much of the work on captivity is based on production rather morphological, ornamentation or reproductive traits which could have important implications for the management of wild and captive populations as a whole. Some studies still remain to be explored.
Present study was conducted to find out the relationship of egg weight with egg quality parameters and growth traits of ring-necked pheasant Phasianuscolchicus. Total of 450 eggs were collected and were divided into three egg weight categories viz. light (20.0-26.0g), medium (27.0-32.0g) and heavy (33.0-40.0g) egg weight eggs. Fifty eggs for each of the egg category were reserved for the evaluation of internal egg quality parameters. External egg quality parameters i.e. egg length, breadth, egg volume and surface area varied significantly (P<0.05) between all the three egg weight categories. Similarly, significantly higher albumen and yolk weight were recorded in heavy weight egg category while non-significant relationship of egg weight was observed for shell and membrane thickness, yolk percentage, yolk index, yolk pH and albumen pH of the egg. The hatching percentage for the remaining 300 egg kept in incubator was 47.33%. Forty chicks from each of the egg weight category were selected and chick weight, wing length and wingspan were taken at the time of hatching and thereafter increase in these parameters were noted on weekly basis. The effect of egg weight on chick weight, live weight gain, wing length and wingspan was significant (P<0.05) from 1st to 12th month of age. Our studies revealed that egg weight has strong influence on external and internal characteristics of the eggs and the growth parameters in P. colchicus chicks.
The present study was planned to evaluate the time budgets of ring necked pheasants Phasianuscolchicus in captivity. The birds were kept in cages of 5 ft × 5 ft × 3 ft (length × width × height) and were housed in a 20 ft × 20 ft (length × width) well ventilated room at Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Ravi Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Captive birds were divided into three categories viz. adult male, adult female and chicks and were placed into separate cages. Behavioral parameters viz. jumping, aggression, preening, feather pecking, walking, standing, sitting, litter pecking, drinking, feeding, body shaking, voice call and feather flapping were assessed for 30 birds from each of the three categories through scan sampling. Statistically significant variations were recorded in behavioral aspects among all the three categories. Male birds spent significantly higher times in aggression (155.26±3.10 sec), preening (74.04±3.05 sec), walking (1370.93±54.45 sec), drinking (74.00±3.18 sec), body shaking (24.92 ±3.11 sec), voice call (20.08±3.17 sec) and feather flapping (15.42±2.73 sec) while female P. colchicus spent significantly higher times in sitting (364.57±3.74 sec). Similarly, the chicks spent significantly higher times in jumping (36.17±2.75 sec), feather pecking (265.19±3.17 sec), standing (1230.13±23.86 sec), litter pecking (234.89±2.97 sec) and feeding (115.44±3.11 sec) as compared to the adult female and male birds.
Fecal and blood samples of ring necked pheasants, Phasianuscolchicus were analyzed to record the parasitic prevalence in these pheasants. A total of 1000 samples, 500 blood and 500 fecal samples were collected from Captive Breeding Facilities for Birds, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Ravi Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Parasitic genera identified from blood samples of P. colchicus include Leukocytozoon, Plasmodium and Haemoproteus. Prevalence of Leukocytozoon was 16 % while the prevalence of Haemoproteus was 14.3%. Parasitic genera identified from fecal samples of P. colchicus include Eimeria, Isospora, Trichomonas and Giardia. Eggs of five species of nematodes viz. Capillaria, Syngamus trachea andAscaridia,Heterakisisoloncheand Heterakisgallinarum were also identified from the fecal samples. The ectoparasites include one species of burrowing mite Knemidocoptesmutansand two species of chewing lice i.e. Amyrsideaperdicis and Lipeurusmaculosus.
Variations in hematological parameters during different life history stages were recorded in ring-necked pheasants (Phasianuscolchicus) for a period of 1 year. Thirty birds were selected for analysis of selected hematological parameters viz. red blood cells count, white blood cells count, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations, total serum protein and leucocyte count. These birds were kept in cages, each cage having separate drinking and feeding facilities. Five birds per cage were confined and these cages were housed in a well-ventilated 20 × 20 feet (length × width) room. Blood samples were taken from ulnar vein and variations in blood parameters were recorded on monthly basis. Significantly, lower RBC’s count was observed during 2nd month of age while during same month significantly higher WBC count was noticed. Significantly lower values of hemoglobin were observed during 1st and 2nd month of age. Significantly higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration percentage (MCHC%) was recorded during 6th and 7th month of age. Lower packed cell volume (PCV) values were observed during 2nd and 6th month of age while the total serum protein concentrations were recorded maximum during 10th month of age. Significantly, higher heterophils count was recorded during 2nd and 10th month of age while maximum lymphocyte count was observed during 2nd and 7th months of age. Significantly, higher concentrations of monocytes were recorded during 11th, 12thand 10th month of age. The eiosinophils count varied from minimum (110 ± 13.50) during 3rd month to maximum (902 ± 93.22) during 11th month of age. Similarly, significantly higher values of basophils were recorded during 1st month of age. It can be concluded from the present study that the blood profile of the pheasants changes with age.
Variations in hematological parameters for adult male and female ring-necked pheasants (Phasianuscolchicus) were recorded. Forty adult ring-necked pheasants (20 ♂, 20 ♀) were kept in separate cages, each cage having separate drinking and feeding facilities. Five birds per cage were confined and these cages were housed in a well-ventilated 20 × 20 feet (length × width) room. Blood samples were taken from ulnar vein. Different blood and serum chemistry parameters such as red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin (Hb ) concentrations, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), packed cell volume (PCV), heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, ALP, uric acid, cholesterol, total serum protein, albumin and creatinine were determined among adult male and female pheasants. Non-significant differences in RBCs, WBCs, heterophils, eosinophils, MCHC and Hb values were observed among male and female pheasants. Significantly, higher values of lymphocytes, monocytes and PCV were observed in males while higher basophil count was observed in female as compared to male birds. Significantly higher values for ALP, cholesterol, total serum protein and creatinine were observed in males while higher uric acid values were observed in females as compared to male P. colchicus. However, non-significant differences in albumin were recorded among male and female birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2350-T] (1).
89.
Proteomic And Genomic Analysis Of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus And Efficacy Of Indigenous Medicinal Plants Essential Oils
by Sarwat Ali Raja | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Tayyaba Ijaz | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: A Cohort study (prospective and observational) was performed to study the prevalence of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the healthy individuals of community, hospitalized patients and associated health-care workers and indigenous plants essential oils were screened as new, improved & potent antibacterial/s against resistant strains of MRSA.
The method involved isolation and identification of MRSA from surgical wounds of hospitalized patients & associated health care workers in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore and healthy volunteers from the community. Plant essentials oils & extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against selected MRSA isolates. Oils were recovered by steam distillation using an all-glass distillation assembly. Then in vitro sensitivity and MICs of plant essential oils were determined using vancomycin and linezolid as commercial standards. The essential oils were screened further for the active constituents by column chromatography using various solvents and identification of compounds were performed by GC/MS analysis and the fractions which showed prompt results were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against the MRSA isolates in quest to find new therapeutic options. Finally effective essential oils and their active fractions were studied for their toxicity using in vitro Genotoxic assays such as Ames and Comet assays. To further ensure their beneficial effects antimutagenic effect of the essential oils were also studied.
Prevalence of S. aureus among patients was 52.9%, in HCWs 86.5% and in community 74% with an overall percentage of 72.6%. Among S. aureus those declared as MRSA were 91.8% from patients, 50.6% from HCWs and 59.5% from community with an overall percentage of 62.2% MRSA. Among the isolated MRSA overall 90.6% were Coagulase positive and 75.2% were biofilm positive.
SUMMARY
211
The pattern of MRSA resistance against current antibiotics have shown an overall increase in the resistance with maximum shown for lincomycin followed by tetracycline, ampicillin, fusidic acid, amoxicillin and piperacillin with tazobactam. The most effective options among current regime were tigecyclin, amikacin and meropenem showing an overall least resistance. Resistance against linezolid was observed with an overall percentage of 25.6 % and vancomycin 33.3% by disc diffusion method.
The MRSA isolates resistant to one or more groups of antibiotics were declared as MDRs. Among patients and health-care workers all were declared as MDRs where as in community 93.1% isolates were MDRs.
Upon Protein profiling using whole cell proteins 44 bands of the polypeptides were produced with molecular size 10-200kDa from the three sampling groups and were categorized into 5 clusters showing an overall significance correlation with each other explaining an interesting fact that all these strains were interlinked establishing the fact of flow of hospital acquired MRSA in the community and vice versa. This analysis also gave an insight in explaining the fact of horizontal transmission of infection within the hospital.
Keeping in view the raise in resistance among current available antibiotics indigenous medicinal plants essential oils were screened for active constituents exhibiting anti-bacterial effects against MRSA isolates.
Maximum yield was obtained from Carum copticum followed by Cuminum cyminum and minimum yield was obtained in case of Zingiber officinale. Upon qualitative analysis of all five essential oils Carum copticum essential oil showed zones of inhibition greater than the standards vancomycin and linezolid followed Cuminum cyminum and Zingiber officinale in all three
SUMMARY
212
sampling groups. Anethum sowa and Myristica fragrans essential oils showed no activity against MRSA.
Minimum inhibitory concentration of the three essential oils determined by micro broth dilution method indicated that Carum copticum showed least value in all three types of MRSA isolates followed by Zingiber officinale and Cuminum cyminum.
Effective essential oils were further fractioned using silica gel gravity columns. All the fractions obtained were screened for the anti-bacterial activity against all three types of MRSA isolates. Only fraction F1 of Carum copticum showed activity greater than pure essential oil and the two commercial standards of vancomycin and linezolid.
For the identification of active constituents GC/MS analysis was performed on all three essential oils and their respective fractions. In case of fraction F1 the most dominant constituents were Carvacrol, p-Cymene, Ʈ-Terpinene and Apiol. In other two plants none of the fractions were effective. Therefore it was concluded to use pure essential oils in case of Zingiber officinale and Cuminum cyminum rather than their individual fractions and incase of Carum copticum Fraction F1 has shown superior activity.
Finally these essential oils were tested for possible mutagenic effect using bacterial reversion mutation assay and Comet assay. No mutagenic effects were observed at MIC and above doses. These effective essential oils were also evaluated for possible antimutagenic effect. Both Carum copticum and Zingiber officinale essential oils showed strong antimutagenic effects and weak antimutagenic effect by Cuminum cyminum. Upon analysis of nuclear damage none of the plants essential oils and fraction F1 of Carum copticum showed genotoxic effects and indicated to be safe. Thus from the study it was concluded that Carum copticum essential oil and its fraction F1 were the most effective to be further investigated as an alternative treatment for MRSA infections. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2410-T] (1).
90.
Comparative Studies of Beta Glucan And Plant Stimulants on the Growth and Immune Response of Labeo Rohita
by Rafia Tayyab (2007-VA-313) | Dr. Noor Khan | Prof. dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Thesis submitted without cd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2481-T] (1).
91.
Assessment Of Avian And Mammalian Diversity At Selected Sites Along River Chenab
by Muhammad Altaf (2008-VA-725) | Dr. Arshad Javid | Dr. Waseem Ahmad Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The River Chenab is an important wetland of Punjab province and the tree plantations around the
river are the part of tropical thorn forest. But as a consequence of deforestation much of the
natural forested areas have been turned to agricultural land. The main objective of study was to
assess the avian and mammalian diversity of the study area; to identify and assess anthropogenic
impacts on avian and mammalian diversity of the study area; and to explore the level of humanwildlife
conflict selected sites of river Chenab i.e. district Sialkot, district Gujrat and district
Gujranwala from May, 2013 through April. Surveys were made during dawn (5:00 am to 8:00
am) and dusk (4:00 pm to 7:00 pm).
During the waterfowl study recorded 51 species belonging to 33 genera, 16 families and 8 orders
were recorded from the study area. Throughout the year a total of 2531 birds from recorded from
head Marala, 2026 from the head Khanki and 2230 from head Qadirabad. Diversity indices were
analyzed through statistical software PAST version 2.17 C. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index
at head Marala was 2.62, at head Khanki it was 2.64 while at head Qadirabad it was 2.78. It can
be concluded from the present study that the River Chenab is waterfowl rich and should be
declared as protected site for waterfowls.
The study area was divided into different habitat types on the basis of vegetation and
urbanization and was designated as forest habitat (FH), wetland habitat (WLH), rural forest
habitat (RFH), agriculture habitat (AH), agriculture rural habitat (ARH), urban non vegetative
habitat (UNVH) and urban vegetative habitat (UVH). A linear count method was applied and
data was collected through direct and indirect observations. Habitat preference of the birds varied
f declined from forested habitats to the urban landscapes. It can be concluded from the study that
Summary
152
many of the avian species are habitat specific and the connection/corridors between similar
habitat types might be fruitful for the conservation of avian species.
The anthropogenic impacts and habitat preferences of mammalian species along river Chenab,
Pakistan was also assessed the mammalian diversity was recorded along forested landscapes,
cultivated plantations, semi-urban and urban areas. The data on diversity and distribution of
various mammalian species was collected through point count method viz. direct observation
(personal count and record voices) and indirect observation (presences of carcasses, fecal pellet,
pug marks and meeting with local communities). The habitat preferences of large, medium and
small mammals varied significantly. A decline in mammalian diversity was observed from forest
habitat to urban landscapes. Indian wild boar, Asiatic jackal, Indian fox, jungle cat, Indian
pangolin and long eared desert hedgehog preferred forested areas as well as slightly modified
habitats while Northern palm squirrel, house mouse, house shrew and rat species preferred
human habitations. Similarly, few species such as the small Indian mongoose, Soft-furred field
rat, short tailed mole rat, Asiatic jackal and Indian gerbil preferred cultivated areas. It can be
concluded that many of the mammalian species are habitat specific and corridors and
connections between different landscapes are important for the conservation of mammalian
diversity.
Medicinal and cultural significance of avian species along the River Chenab were assessed
through Relative Popularity Level (RPL) and Rank Order Priority (ROP). One hundred and nine
persons were interviewed and data regarding socio-economic status of the respondents,
qualitative data on cultural significance from three selected districts. The compiled data are
analyzed using different quantitative tools, such as relative frequency of mention (RFM),
fidelity level (FL), relative popularity level RPL and rank order priority (ROP). Out of total 155
Summary
153
avian species recorded from the study area, 28 have medical importance while local people were
using feathers of almost all the bird species for making different toys. Ten species were most
popular and highest RFM values (0.58) were recorded for house sparrow (Passer domesticus).
Similarly, highest FL values (100%) were recorded for house sparrow (P. domesticus) and
domestic chicken (Gallus gallus). These studies indicated that the area is rich in avian diversity
and many of these species have medical and cultural significance for the locales.
Mammals are source of food and medication for humans from ancient times. A survey was
conducted along the Rver Chenab, Punjab, Pakistan and 109 persons were interviewed to
investigate the extent of human dependency on mammalian species of the area. A total of 30
mammalian species were recorded from the study area. Highest relatively frequency of mention
(RFM) values (0.5) were observed for desert hare, Lepus migricollis dayanus while maximum
(100%) fidelity level (FL) was recorded for cow Bos gaurus, sheep Ovis aries and cat Felis
domesticus. Seven species were most popular. It can be concluded from present survey that local
people have strong association with mammalian species of the study area and dependent for
food and medicines on these species. In depth studies are recommended to explore medicinal
importance of the species.
The study area was part of tropical thorn forest but a larger portion has been changed into
agricultural land or human habitations. Data regarding socio-economic value of area, financial
losses to crops and livestock, peoples’ attitude and tolerance towards wildlife, protection
methods for livestock and crops from predators and profile of 150 respondents were collected
through a questionnaire. The age of the respondents was between 20 to 65 years, out of them
54% were literate, 99% were Muslims and all these respondents were from different professions
viz. farmers (32%), livestock managers (37%) and others (31%). Most of the respondents (52%)
Summary
154
were unaware about the role of wild species in ecosystem, certain respondents (28%) disliked
wild species in their areas and 20% respondents had positive view about wildlife in the area. The
collected data revealed that crops are mostly damaged by the Indian wild boar (42%), Asiatic
jackal (34%), diseases (11%), Indian crested porcupine (6%) and others (7%) including rats,
squirrels, crows and sparrows. Similarly, the livestock animals are affected mostly by diseases
(36%), Asiatic jackal (34%), jungle cat (10%), Indian fox and others (6%) including raptor birds.
Most of the respondents were of the view that wildlife is declining in the area.
The River Chenab is an important wetland of Punjab, Pakistan. Water of the river is becoming
pollutedt due to anthropogenic impact i.e. industrial waste, urbanization, agriculture
intensification. The main objectives of the study were to know the diversity and distribution of
fish species of river Chenab. Both, direct and indirect methods were applied to find out fish
diversity of the area. The diversity indices were analyzed through statistical software PAST
version 2.17 C. During the sampling 34 species was recorded from the river Chenab. The
diversity indices indicate that higher diversity is present at the head Qadirabad than head Khanki
and Marala. The reason is that there is present large number of natural and manmade ponds;
during the flood these pond fishes move to the river further eggs and fingerlings move to rivers
through birds and fisherman. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2520-T] (1).
92.
Welfare Assessment Of Wild Turkeys (Meleagris Gallopavo) Subjected To Free Range, Semiintensive And Confinement Rearing Systems
by Irfan (2008-VA-724) | Dr. Arshad Javid | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The volume of turkey production is as small compared to the broiler production, although, the
turkey industry has attained a significant increase since 1980, rising from 122 million to 226
million turkeys by 2006 within the European Union, while values of turkeys produced in the US
during 2010 was $4.37 billion. The s scientific literature about welfare of confinedly reared
turkeys is scarce compared to other poultry birds. There is a need for more insight into the
factors that enhance turkey welfare, not only to sustainable production of turkey meat where the
public demands s management practices for the welfare of turkeys, but also because the
information is needed to decrease losses due to poor performance of the birds.
Besides ecological importance, Meleagris gallopavo also have aesthetic values which
mainly contribute to decline in population of turkeys due to poching in their native habitat.
Demand for poultry meat is increasing throughout the world, due to of its lower cost when
compared to other meats such as pork and beef, and also lower fat content and excellent source
of protein. The consumption of turkey meat is about 4.7 million metric tons annually throughout
of the world and with the US accounting for 50% of all consumption.
A total of 120, day-old turkey (Maleagris gallopavo) chicks were arranged into four
groups. Four diets having varying levels of crude protein (CP) viz. 16% CP, 18% CP, 20% CP
and 22% CP were prepared and were designated as control (T0), treatment 1 (T1), treatment 2
(T2) and treatment 3 (T3) diets, respectively. Group 1 birds were fed with T0 diets, group 2 with
T1 diets, group 3 with T2 and group 4 birds were fed with T3 diets. Significantly higher weight
gain 2950.86±1952.58g, body length 30.064±11cm, beak length 3.53cm, body girth
43.41±16.30cm, thigh length 18.18±6.47cm, sternum-length 11.98±4.70cm, wing-length
47.10±16.17cm, wingspan 101.36±34.32cm, shank-length and tarsus-length 13.78±4.47cm were
Summary
90
recorded in M. gallopavo fed with T3 diets. Feed conversion ratios (FCR) for T0, T1, T2 and T3
diets were 2.296, 2.236, 2.099 and 1.934, respectively. Internal and external quality parameters
of egg were also analyzed.
The time budget of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) reared under free-range and
confinement rearing systems was recorded and compared from day old chick to the sixth month
of age. Throughout the study period, M. gallopavo reared under free-range rearing system spent
relatively greater time litter pecking (23.51%) followed by walking (19.99%), feeding (16.33%),
preening (13.72%), feather pecking (6.07%), aggression (5.94%), drinking (5.90%), immobility
(2.36%), standing (2.29%) and jumping (1.96%). Similarly, the birds reared under confinement
rearing system spent relatively greater time in lying (17.82%) followed by litter pecking (15.71),
preening (12.93%), walking (11.47%), standing (8.35%), drinking (8.31%), aggression (6.85%),
feeding (6.46%), feather pecking (6.04%), immobility (4.59%) and jumping (1.46%) behavior. It
was observed during the present study that the birds reared under free-range rearing system spent
significantly greater time in litter pecking, walking and feeding behaviors as compared to the
birds reared under confinements. These behaviors are indicators of good health of the animals,
therefore free-range system is recommended over confinement rearing system for farming of M.
gallopavo.
Growth performance, carcass yield and meat sensory quality attributes of turkeys
Meleagris gallopavo reared under free-range and confinement rearing systems were compared.
There were two treatments, i.e. indoor and free range, each containing 25 birds. In indoor
treatment, the turkeys were raised in a 20 × 20 feet (length × width) well ventilated room while
in free-range treatment, the birds were housed in an open shed having same dimensions i.e. 20 ×
20 feet (length × width), however, an additional free-range grassy paddock was provided to
Summary
91
them. To compare sensory attributes, 4 ready to-cook turkeys having equal size were selected
from each the rearing systems, were skinned and boneless breast fillets and thighs were prepared,
weighed and steam roasted. The roast breast meat of free-range turkeys was darker and yellower
than thigh meat from indoor birds. Score for breast meat tenderness and appearance varied
significantly (P<0.05) between free-range and confinement reared birds. However, nonsignificant
differences were recorded for thigh meat tenderness between free-range and confined
turkeys. Significantly higher (P<0.05) meat redness was recorded in thigh meat of turkeys reared
in free-range system than thigh meat of confined M. gallopavo while non-significant differences
in breast meat color were observed between free-range and confined birds. Significantly higher
juiciness and oiliness was recorded for confined birds as compared to the free-range reared
turkeys.
Morphological characteristics of turkey Meleagris gallopavo semen were recorded and
hatchability percentages of the artificially inseminated hens were assessed. To study the effect of
natural mating on hatchability 15 (12♀, 3♂) M. gallopavo were randomly selected and both the
genders were kept separately for two weeks, thereafter these birds were arranged in three groups,
each containing one male and four female birds. For AI, male (n = 3) and female (n = 12) birds
were kept separately through the experiment and female birds were inseminated on weekly basis.
Male birds were conditioned and trained for semen collection through abdominal massage and
morphological characteristics of the collected semen were recorded. Mean abnormal
spermatozoa rate was 14.61±1.61% with most common acrosomal defects 36.67±3.80%
followed by defects in mid-piece 8.59±0.24%, head defects 7.15±1.21% and tail defects
6.69±1.97%. Laid eggs were collected, stored and were incubated for hatching. Hatchability
percentage in artificially inseminated hens was greater 88.85% than natural mating 82.35%.
Summary
92
Variations in serum biochemical profile with increase in age were analyzed in turkeys
(Meleagris gallopavo). Gender-wise variations and effect of rearing systems i.e. free range,
semi-intensive and confinements were also assessed from the 1st to 6th month of age. Variations
were recorded in serum biochemical profile with increase in age. Significantly (P<0.05) higher
values of cholesterol 8.39±0.48 mmol/L, globulin 2.71±0.34 g/dL, albumin g/dL 3.82±0.58 g/dL,
total protein 5.35±0.55 g/L, urea 26.95±0.65 mg/dL, creatinine 0.83±0.01 μmol/L, alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) 35.56±1.16 iu/L and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 44.16±1.83 iu/L
were recorded for adult birds while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) values were significantly higher
104.86±16.39 iu/L in grower birds. Similarly, the rearing systems also influenced biochemical
parameters of M. gallopavo and significantly (P<0.05) higher values for cholesterol 6.18±0.07
mmol/L and ALT 31.26±1.67 iu/L were recorded in birds reared under confinement rearing
system. Values for globulin 1.92±0.36 g/dL and creatinin 0.77±0.08 μmol/L were higher in birds
reared under semi-intensive rearing system while significantly higher urea concentrations
33.45±3.39 mg/dL were recorded from the serum of the birds reared under free range rearing
system. However, non-significant variations in albumin, total protein, ALP and AST were
recorded for all the three rearing systems.
Significantly higher values of cholesterol, globulin, albumin, creatinine and ALT were
recorded from the serum of male M. gallopavo while urea and ALP were higher in hens’ serum.
However, non-significant variations were recorded for total protein and AST among both the
genders. It can be concluded from the present study that age, gender and rearing systems strongly
influence blood biochemical profile and hence the immunity in M. gallopavo. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2530-T] (1).
93.
Chemical, Microbiological And Toxicological Evaluation Of Textile Dyeing Industry Wastewater
by Muhammad Furqan Akhtar (2011-VA-265) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Exposure to complex mixtures like textile effluent poses risks to animal and human health such as mutations, genotoxicity, pathological lesions and oxidative damage. The aim of the present study was to quantify metals and identify organic pollutants in untreated textile dyeing industry wastewater, to determine the bacterial load of wastewater, isolate and identify heavy metals tolerant bacteria and to determine its mutagenic, genotoxic and cytotoxic potential, influence on normal physiology and effects on oxidative stress biomarkers in effluent exposed rats.
Metal analysis through AAS revealed presence of high amounts of zinc, copper, chromium, iron, arsenic and mercury in industrial effluent. Various organic pollutants such as chlorpyrifos, cucurbitacin-b and phthalates were identified by screening through GC-MS.
Microbiological evaluation of textile dyeing industry wastewater revealed a high bacterial load. Different bacteria isolated from wastewater such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Corynebacterium xerosis, Bacillus megaterium, Staphyoloccus epidermidis and Micrococcus varians exhibited resistance to Cr and Cu salts and antibiotics to varying degree.
Ames test with/without enzyme activation and MTT assay showed strong association of industrial effluent with mutagenicity and cytotoxicity respectively. Bacterial reverse mutation assay revealed that the mutagenicity of textile dyeing industry wastewater decreased with increase in dilution of wastewater.
In-vitro comet assay revealed the evidence of high oxidative DNA damage induced by textile wastewater. Wastewater exhibited concentration dependent genotoxicity in sheep
SUMMARY
147
peripheral lymphocytes. When Wistar rats were exposed to industrial effluent in different dilutions for 60 days, then activities of total superoxide dismutase and catalase and hydrogen peroxide concentration were found to be significantly lower in kidney, liver and blood/ plasma of effluent exposed rats than control. Vitamin C at a dose of 50mg/Kg/day significantly reduced oxidative effects of effluent in rats. Industrial effluents may decrease activities of T-SOD and CAT and concentration of H2O2 in liver, kidney and blood/plasma of Wistar rats. Vitamin C may have a possible ameliorating effect on industrial effluent induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats.
Wastewater exposed rats exhibited necrosis of epithelial cells of nephron, pulmonary emphysema, and inflammation of the lungs, degradation and infiltration of cardiac myocytes, fibrosis of the liver, damage to the intestinal mucosa and sloughing off epithelial cells from the intestinal lumen.
This study concludes that untreated textile dyeing wastewater being a complex mixture of inorganic and organic pollutants may be highly eco-toxic and may contaminate of the environment via continuous release of various organic and inorganic pollutants. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2580-T] (1).
94.
Chemical Microbiological And Toxicological Evaluation Of Pharmaceutical Effluent Wastewater
by Ali Sharif (2011-VA-266) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum .
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pharmaceutical effluent being a complex mixture of drugs and heavy metals may affect human health exhibiting a strong potential of mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induction along with pathological changes in various organs of the body. The current study was focused to quantify the presence of heavy metals, detection of various drugs, determining the bacterial load along with isolation and identification of different bacteria and assessment of the mutagenic and genotoxic, cytotoxic and oxidative stress induction of pharmaceutical effluent wastewater when exposed to sheep lymphocytes, Salmonella typhimurium strains, cell lines and rats respectively.
Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to quantify heavy metals and showed the presence of arsenic, chromium, lead and iron in concentrations above the normal limits recommended by WHO and EPA. Gas Chromatograph mass spectrophotometer analysis shown the presence of digitoxin, lignocaine, caffeine and trimethoprim and various other organic pollutants.
Microbiological evaluation showed a high bacterial load in the pharmaceutical waste water. Several bacteria were also found in PEW in the presence of different drugs and heavy metals. Aeromonas sobria, Micrococcus varians, Staphyoloccus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium showed tolerance to potassium di chromate and copper sulphate and resistance to various antibiotic discs.
Ames assay revealed a strong mutagenic potential with and without the presence of metabolic activation mixtures. A concentration dependent effect was observed when samples were tested with increasing dilution factor.
MTT assay and comet assay also showed a concentration dependent effect. The BHK-21 cell line was used to evaluate cytotoxicity and cell viability decreased with increasing concentration of PEW. Sheep lymphocytes used in comet assay exhibited a concentration dependent DNA damage.
Different antioxidant enzymes were also evaluated. Rats were exposed to PEW at different concentrations and following 60 days oral exposure, rats were evaluated for the presence of total superoxide dismutase, catalase and hydrogen peroxide in kidney, liver and plasma. Exposure to Pharmaceutical waste water significantly decreased the (TSOD), (CAT) and (H2O2) levels in plasma, liver and kidney. Treatment with Vitamin E significantly ameliorated the levels of enzymes.
Exposed rats were also evaluated for any pathological changes. Coagulative necrosis of renal epithelial cells were observed along with severe degeneration and cellular swelling in hepatocytes of hepatic cord.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2600-T] (1).
95.
Clinico-biochemical Studies on Detomidine Analgesia and Effects of its Combinatios on Animals
by Muhammad Arif Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Khalid Pervez | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the newly introduced imidazole derivative, drug "detomidine" with alpha-2 adr2noceptor binding properties, and its various combinations in animals. A clinico-hiochemical study was carried out to explore the various aspects of a novel sedative and analgesic drug. Analgesia was evaluated by performing castration in small ruminants, rumenal fistulization in large ruminants, skin prick test, electric stimulation, and developing an experimental colic model in donkeys. The parameters used to evaluate analgesia revealed that detomidine has greater potential to lessen the pain during minor and major surgical interventions in different animals. However, its local usage to achieve paravertebral and epidural analgesia proved that detomidine produces general effect after getting into the circulation and very poor local effect. It has been concluded that the drug can be used as preanaesthetic with chloral hydrate and pentothal sodium anaesthesia to perform major surgical exercises in equine and canine respectively. In addition it has an edge over other sedative drugs on account of its undetrimental effect on various physiological parameters of the animals. Clinical trials have proved that detomidine "a novel sedative and analgesic" is a drug of choice for restraining, examination, and minor and major surgical manipulations on equine, bovine, caprine, ovine and canine species without any untoward effects. Availability: No items available Checked out (1).
96.
Effect Of Colchicine On Cellular And Humoral Immune Responses In Mice
by Shahzada Khurram Syed (2007-VA-444) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Jawad Nazir | Dr. Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Colchicine is a medication that treats gout. It is a natural product and secondary metabolite, originally extracted from plants Colchicum autumnale .It causes modulation of chemokine and prostanoid production and inhibition of neutrophil and endothelial cell adhesion molecules by which it interferes with the initiation and amplification of the joint inflammation.
The present study is designed to evaluate the effects of colchicine on cellular and humoral immunity in mice. There were five groups for each assay i.e. group I (negative control), positive control and three colchicine treated group II (40μg/kg), group III (80μg/kg) and group IV (160μg/kg). The number of mice in each group was five to eight. All these groups were administered doses intraperitoneally. To determine the effect of colchicine on cell mediated immunity , delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) assay, macrophage engulfment assay, cyclophosphamide induced neutropenic test and nitric oxide production was performed .DTH was performed by measuring skin thickness. DTH showed significant difference (P<0.001) of negative control to colchicine treated groups 40μg/kg, 80μg/kg and 160μg/kg. With increasing dose, there was decrease in skin thickness of the mice. Highest reduction of skin was found at 160μg/kg. Macrophage engulfment assay was performed to evaluate the effect of macrophage induced phagocytosis. There was significant ( P <0.001) difference of engulfment of SRBCs by macrophages with negative control to colchicine treated group II (40μg/kg), group III(80μg/kg) and group IV(160μg/kg) groups. There was significant difference of engulfment of macrophages at 45 and 90 minutes.
Cyclophosphamide induced neutropenic test was performed to assess the effect of colchicine on total leukocyte count (TLC) and differential leukocyte count (DLC). There was
SUMMARY
77
reduction of TLC to about 45.3% in control to 48.3%, 54.68% and 65.42% in group II (40μg/kg), group III (80 μg/ kg) and group IV (160μg/kg) respectively when these were compared with primary values of TLC. There was significant difference of reduction in the neutrophil count of negative control 1057 (±120) to 902 (±67) in group II (40μg/kg), 734(±69) in group III (80 μg/ kg) and 609 (±71) in group IV (160μg/kg) of doses of colchicine. This test showed that with the increasing dose of colchicine, there was significant (P<0.001) difference of TLC count and neutrophil count.
Nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages was performed for measuring different concentrations of nitric oxide produced. There was significant difference (P<0.001) in NO production by macrophages alone and LPS stimulated between negative control to group II (40 μg /kg), group III (80μg/kg), group IV (160μg/kg) of colchicine. With increasing dose, there was significant reduction in production of NO. There was significant P<0.0001 reduction in body weight andspleen weight difference of mice in different groups of colchicine treated 40μg/kg, 80μg/kg and 160μg/kg from negative control after treatment. There was difference of weight of Thymus of group II (40 μg/kg), group III (80μg/kg) and group IV (160μg/kg) but difference was statistically not significant. There were no histopathological changes observed in spleen and Thymus at 40μg/kg and 80μg/kg doses of colchicine. At 160μg/kg dose, increase in thickness of trabecular was seen .due to edema in the spleen. For evaluation of colchicine effect on humoral immunity, haemagglutination assay, mice lethality test and Jerne hemolytic plaque formation were performed. Haemagglutination assay (HA) was performed by using red blood cells injected intraperitoneally in mice to measure antibody titer. There was significant difference of (P >0.001) to colchicine treated group II (40μg/kg), group III (80μg/kg) and group IV (160μg/kg)with group I (negative control).With the increasing dose, there was reduction in the
SUMMARY
78
HA titer. Mice lethality test was performed by testing immune response of the mice to the challenge infection of P.multocida. It was performed by comparing mortality ratio of mice after administration of drug. There was no death of mice in the negative control group in which there was administration of PBS and vaccine. At 40μg/kg dose of colchicine, there was 50% mortality ratio. At 80μg/kg dose of colchicine 75% mortality ratio was observed. Maximum mortality ratio was observed at the 160μg/kg colchicine dose i.e. 100%.
Jerne plaque formation test was performed and plaques formed was enumerated and recorded as the number of plaque forming cells (PFCs) per million cells. There was significant difference (P<0.001) of reduction in number of plaques from negative control to all doses of colchicine 40 μg/kg, 80 μg/kg and 160μg/kg. Antibody formation was decreased with increasing the dose of colchicine. Therefore, it is concluded that colchicine suppresses the cellular and humoral responses in mice. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2650-T] (1).
97.
Comparative Studies On Egg Quality, Hematology And Reproductive Traits In Ring Necked And Green Pheasants In Captivity
by Qurat Ul Ain (2014-VA-963) | Dr. Arshad Javid | Dr. Ali Hussain | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Present study was planned to compare egg quality, hematology and reproductive traits in ring necked and green pheasants in captivity. Day-old chicks of both the pheasant species Phasianuscolchicusand P.versicolorwere tagged individually and maintained initially in a room for a period of 4 weeks. The chicks were then transferred to cages provided with separate feeding and drinking facilities to the individual bird. The birds were kept until the 16 weeks of life. The sex of the chicks was predicted at early stages by observing feathers and plumage and was confirmed later at adult ages.
Eggs (n = 100) of both the pheasant species i.e. Phasianuscolchicusand P.versicolorwere collected. Each egg was weighed and its length and breadth was taken. These eggs were divided into three weight groups and were classified as light, medium and heavy category. The length and breadth of each collected egg was taken and surface area, egg volume and shape index were calculated.The egg quality test was performed on freshly collected eggs in the egg quality testing laboratory periodically. The eggs were weighed carefully on electronic digital balance. The albumen and yolk height and width, yolk index, albumen and yolk pH and Haugh unit score were recorded.
During present study, chick weight in ring necked pheasants Phasianuscolchicusand green pheasant P. versicolorfrom day old chick to 6-month stage varied significantly. The average body weight in day old chick weight ranged from20.6±1.35g to 24.50±1.29g.Increase in chick weight in male ring necked pheasants was 24.50±1.29g to 1235.25±101.81g. Similarly increase in female ring necked pheasant was 22.47±1.79gto 1004.75±52.94g.The chick average weight was almost double during 2nd week. Body length was maximum in male green pheasant 5.00±0.81cm during 1st week. However significant (p<0.05) increase in body weight was observed during 1st to 4thweek.Higher increase in average body weight was observed during 6thweek. Significantly (p<0.05) increase in wing length and wing span was also recorded during 6th week. During 7thweek, non-significant differences in body weight were observed between male and female P. colchicus.Overall, minimum increase in chick weight was observed during 21st,22nd and 23rd week and maximum during 6th,7th and 8th week of chick age. The chick weight at hatching in light, medium and heavy egg groups were determined as 19.5g, 21.8g and 22.6g, respectively.
Lowest increase in chick body weight in green pheasants ranged from 20.6±1.35g during 1st week to 837.00±49.45g during 24thweek of its growth. During present study it was determined that hatched chick weight increases with increase in egg weight. After completion of the incubation, the infertile egg percentage was 48% in ring necked pheasant and 42% in green pheasant. Increase in wing length varied significantly in male and female and between both species from day old chick to 6-month stage. The lowest increase in chick’s wing length ranged from 5.37±1.10cm to 33.75±1.70cm in female P. versicolor. Overall minimum increase in wing length was observed during 12thweek and maximum during 2nd,3rd and 6th week of chick age.
During present study, significant differences in various hematological parameters were recorded during different ages of pheasants. RBCs values in P.cholchicusincreased with age, reached a maximum point then decreased. While in P. versicolorthe values decreasedat juvenile stage and then increased to young ages and decreased. However, maximum 4.04±0.6 values for RBCs were recorded in P. versicolorduring 3rd month. In young age,significant (p<0.05) differences in blood biochemical profile of both the pheasant species were observed.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2674-T] (1).
98.
Construction Of Cellulolytic And Sulfate-Reducing Bacterial Consortium For Enhancing Efficiency Of Cellulose-Linked Bioremedial Processes
by Ali Hasan (2014-VA-939) | Dr. Waseem Ahmad Khan | Dr. Arshad Javid | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note:
Metallic and non-metallic pollutants originating from different industries are not treated before their final discharge into the environment. Consequently, environment is being degraded very rapidly and posing serious threats to all forms of life. For remediation of the said pollutants, a number of physico-chemical treatment methods have been practiced but couldn’t found suitable due to environmentally non-compatible natures and generation of secondary pollutants.
The present study was, therefore, designed to treat artificially prepared sulfate-rich wastewater jointly with the help of cellulolytic and sulfate-reducing bacterial species while using a variety of agro-industrial wastes as cost-effective growth substrates. In order to achieve the goal, the two bacterial species were mixed in different proportions to achieve significant results of sulfate reduction.
Statistical analysis revealed that rice straw appeared as the most efficient carbon source among all the agricultural wastes because it reduced about 96% of the total added sulfate in a 60-day trial of anaerobic incubation. And among all the industrial wastes, animal manure appearedasthe most efficient carbon source, it could reduce 93% of sulfate. Mixture of industrial and agricultural waste reduced about 90% of the sulfate. Findings of this project will be helpful in developing an economical and environmental friendly bio-remedial technique for the treatment of metallic and non-metallic wastes simultaneously which ultimately convert the industrial wastewaters into harmless and suitable discharge to aquatic environment.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2675-T] (1).
99.
Prepration Of Cost-Effective Aquafeeds For Labeo Rohita Using Plant Based Feed Ingredients
by Afifa Bari (2009-VA-422) | Dr. Sumaira Abbas | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Abdul Razaaq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In Asia Carp culture is dominated which is mostly extensive and semi-intensive. Now a days aquatic plants used in animal feed became very popular. Aquatic plants have been used to enhance the growth, reduce stress, induce appetite and play a major role as Immunostimulants that have antimicrobial effects in fin fish and shrimp. However, exact percentage contribution needs to be determined to obtain its benefits as over dose can have harmful effects. These plants are mechanically removed at a high costs and dumped. So, the use of unusual feed resources is a way of significant reduction in the cost of feed.
Addition of Aquatic plants upgrade growth, enzyme level, body composition and immunity of Labeorohita (rohu) fingerlings.This study will produce useful information for aqua feed and fish industry concerning possible utilization source of aquatic plants for carp. It will also be helpful to save the increasing cost of aqua feed industry because of cheaper source of energy inproving health of fish thus enhance production.
To compare the growth performance and meat quality of Labeorohitaunder different treatments
Experiment was designed in glass aquariums and with two replicates in each treatment. The effect of inclusion of aquatic plants in the feed of Labeorohitawas also observed on histology under different treatments in aquariums. Before stocking all aquariums was disinfected with KMnO4. Each aquarium was stocked with 15 Labeorohitafingerlings and their morphometric parameters i.e,body weight and total length was recorded at the time of stocking. The physico-chemical parameters (DO, pH and Temperature) was monitored on daily basis from each treatments. For proximate and histological studies organs of fish was collected at the end of experimental. The feed was formulated for treatment T1, T2, and T3 having 35%, 30% and 25% of plant (Vallisneriaspiralis). The fish samples were captured randomly from each of the treated aquarium and their morpho-metric characteristics viz. total body weight and total length were recorded on weekly basis. And after obtaining the data the fish were released back into their respective aquarium. At the final harvest, the proximate composition of fish meat sample was studied.
The findings of the present experiment are summarized as follow.
1-The average body weight of Labeorohitaremained as 91.2, 71.3, 62.2 and 58.2g under the treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively.Fish attained the maximum average body weight in T1 which was treated with 35% plant.Among the different treatment, maximum body increment in body weight was recorded in T1 as 91.2(g) whereas minimum body weight was recorded in T4 as 58.2 (g)..
2-Labeorohitashowed the minimum value of specific growth rate as 0.422 and 0.463 in T3 and T4. Maximum value of 0.789% of specific growth rate was noted in T1.
3-Among different treatments the maximum condition factor was observed as 2.717% in T1 while minimum was gained as 1.918% in T4.
4-Among different treatmentsLabeorohita showed the highest growth rate with the highest crude protein contents 18.70% under the treatment T1. while17.85%, 17,60% and 17.35% in T2, T3 and T4.
5-The maximum moisture content was observed as 75.22% in T1 and minimum moisture content was observed as 73.20% in T4
6-The maximum value of total fats was observes as 1.29% in T4 and minimum value was observed as 1.13% in T1 treatment
7- Among the abiotic factor water temperature played major role towards fish growth as higher increase in body weight was observed for all the treatments during July and august while minimum increase in body weight was observed in September and October which perhaps due to low water temperature.Maximum water temperature was observed as 24.6 °C in T1 and T3 treatments. While minimum was recorded as 21.3 °C.
8-The physico-chemical characteristics of water remained within the favourable limits for fish culture.and shows non-significant under all treatments.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2699-T] (1).
100.
Solid Phase Dispersion Technique For Enhancing Water Solubility Of Diclofenac Sodium
by Sana Javed (2013-VA-901) | Muhammad Nabeel Shahid | Dr. Farzana Chowdhary | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Improving oral drug absorption and bioavailability is a major issue with the pharmaceutical industries and a number of approaches to enhance the intestinal absorption of drugs have been taken up. Particle size reduction has been proved an important aid in improving bioavailability and drug delivery by increasing the solubility and dissolution rates of poorly soluble drugs.
In this study, Diclofenac Sodium was formulated with polyethylene glycol in different ratios to examine the effect of concentration of carriers on properties of diclofenac sodium and how it enhances the aqueous solubility of drug. Diclofenac sodium and other powder mixtures were characterized by compressibility, bulk and tapped density, angle of repose, solubility and dissolution. The data on flow properties, solubility and dissolution was calculated for comparative analysis of diclofenac sodium in bulk with formulated solid dispersion. Results showed improved flow of powders and improved water solubility of drug. The solubility and dissolution data showed the better results for the formulation with code SDF2. The physicochemical characteristics of the prepared formulations were assessed by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The DSC and FTIR studies revealed that there was no interaction between drug and carriers. It was concluded that the SD prepared by solvent evaporation technique using hydrophilic polymer enhanced solubility and dissolution and hence better patient compliance and effective therapy. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2718-T] (1).
