1.
Effect Of Diets Formulated With Different Nutrient Densities On Performance And Blood Parameters Of Broilers At Different Phases.
by Hafiz Gulfraz Ahmad (2007-VA-089) | Prof. Dr. TalatNaseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Poultry sector, the second largest industry of Pakistan, is growing exponentially to fulfill the growing needs of meat and eggs. Although poultry sector has shown incredible growth rate during the past decade; however, there is still gap between poultry meat demand and supply. Every living animal has a need for protein. It is the basic structural material from which all body tissues are formed. Dietary protein and metabolize-able energy content has re-emerged as a topic of interest and importance over the last few years mainly due to environmental concerns. Availability of balanced and economical ration has great importance in broiler production. Feed cost is the single most important factor, which accounts more than 70 percent of total cost in poultry production. The challenge for nutritionist and production managers is not only to provide a feed cheaper to a maximum possible level, but also to maximize profitability, because performance of the bird depends upon a broad range of dietary nutrients.
Two hundred day old chicks were purchased from the commercial hatchery. On the first day all chicks were weighed and were separated into 4 dietary treatment groups in completely randomized design so that each experimental treatment consist of 5 replicates having 10 chicks in each replicates in this way each treatment consist of total 50 chicks(4x5x10=200). Feeder and waterer were clean before start of experiment and were cleaned regularly till the end of experiment. Feed and water which were provided throughout experiment were clean, Ad libitum and completely hygenized.
Four experimental diets were prepared according to the Aviagen Recommendation (2012) but the level of ME in all groups were different, HD feed with ME (3000-3200 Kcal/Kg) and CP (19-24 %), MD feed with ME (2900-3100 Kcal/Kg) and CP (19-23), ND feed with ME (2800- 3000 Kcal/Kg) and CP (19-23 %) and LD feed with ME (2700-2900 Kcal/Kg) and CP (18-23 %) respectively. Data were collected for different parameters of growth performance, carcass traits and blood TG and HDL in mg/dl, respectively. The economics of each treatment was analyzed at the end data was analyzed through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with use of Completely Randomized Design.
The highest weight gain (1862.4± 106.56) was observed in group HD having (ME: 3000 Kcal/Kg in Starter ration, 3100 Kcal/Kg in grower ration and 3200 Kcal/Kg in finisher ration) and lowest (2974.6±26.96) was observed in group LD having (ME: 2700 Kcal/Kg in Starter ration, 2800 Kcal/Kg in grower ration and 2900 Kcal/Kg in finisher ration) at 35 days of age. Overall result showed that there was significantly decline in weight gain with decreasing level of ME in diet .Statistical analysis showed that all treatments in starter and finisher rations were different (P≤0.05) except in finisher ration.
Carcass traits were non-significant (p > 0.05) to each other throughout experiment. Dressing percentage of broilers of different treatment groups was highest (60.38±7.90) in MD group and lowest was observed in LD feed group (54.6±10.37). Dressing percentage was increased as the level of metabolize-able energy increased in diets.
The highest blood Triglyceride level (36.3±2.5) was observed in HD group and lowest (29.5±3.92) was observed in ND group. Statistical analysis showed that there was a strong significant difference (P≤0.05) among all these treatment. Same results were found in case of HDL levels in blood. Data analysis proved that MD feed was most economical with good results.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2308-T] (1).
2.
Effect Of Different Bedding Materials On The Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics And Immune Response Of Three Different Broiler Strains
by Muhammad Irfan (2013-VA-966) | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud | Dr. Shahid Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Broiler birds spent most of their life in close association with bedding material. Managing poultry house bedding material is an important husbandry practice. The type of bedding material can affect the performance of the broilers to a certain extent in terms of growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune response. In Pakistan, selection of bedding material is dependent upon season and availability with little knowledge of interaction with particular broiler strain. Although, it is well documented that different strains have the tendency to perform differently in similar environmental conditions still performance of particular cross on a given bedding material is not studied. Poultry industry is constantly interested in evaluating the performance of the commercially available broiler strains. The concept of using different bedding materials for three different commercial broiler strains was evaluated at the Poultry Research and Training Centre (PRTC), Ravi Campus Pattoki, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. A total of 360 day old commercial broiler chicks from three different strains (Ross 308, Cobb 500 and Arbor acres) 120 from each strain were purchased from the local market. All the day old chicks having uniform body weight were randomly distributed into 36 replicates having 10 chicks each and were fed the same quality of feed. Birds from each strain were reared on each bedding material in three replicates to evaluate the ultimate growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune response influenced by four different bedding materials for the period of 5 weeks. Three birds were randomly picked up from each treatment group at the end of trial and 5 ml blood was collected in marked test tubes from Jugular vein of each bird during slaughtering to obtain serum samples. The data were analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique using PROC GLM in SAS 9.1. Means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMR) test.
The findings of the present study exhibited that Cobb 500 reared on corn cob pulp showed significantly (P<0.05) better final weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio,European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF), Point Spread (PS) and Livability. Regarding carcass characteristics better dressing proportion, breast yield, leg quarter yield, giblet weight and other body measurements were observed in Cobb 500 followed by Ross 308 and Arbor acres strain reared on other bedding materials used in this experiment. Corn cob pulp showed maximum potential with the best moisture absorbing capacity and favored the growth of birds followed by rice husk, wheat straw and wood shavings. Wood shaving proved to be a poor choice as it hinders the growth performance and was hard to manage due to wet, scaly and cake formation that promoted pathogenic growth leading to FPD. Moreover, corn cob pulp was better suited to promote dry condition because of fine particles size allowing more surface area for moisture evaporation and keeping it dry for longer duration. Therefore, birds kept on corn cob pulp were more comfortable as it is evident from the results that it has the potential to be used in poultry industry as alternate bedding material. Rice husk performed next to corn cob pulp while wheat straw and wood shavings did not impress by the outcome and proved to unfit for better growth and welfare of birds. In the current study, birds generated protective antibody titers against Newcastle Disease virus and no significant differences were found by using different bedding materials or broiler strains.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the observations made from the current experiment it may be claimed that:
• Corn cob pulp proved to be the most efficient as it significantly improved the growth performance and carcass characteristics of 3 commercial broiler strains especially for Cobb 500.
• Corn cob pulp being most comfortable promoted health and welfare of birds leading to improved immunity against pathogens and viral diseases.
• FPD can be reduced to minimum by adopting corn cob pulp as bedding material due to its fine particles and highly moisture absorbing abilities.
• The highest carcass yield, dressing proportion, organ weight (heart weight, abdominal fat, liver, spleen, heart, thymus, bursa) along with breast yield, neck, keel and shank length were recorded by Cobb 500 on corn cob pulp.
• Cobb 500 strain was found better than rest of two strains (Ross and Arbor acres) regarding growth performance and carcass characteristics.
• Being a by-product of corn processing, corn cob pulp is the cheapest and can be an economical alternate to conventional bedding materials for all strains especially for Cobb.
In Pakistan rice husk and wood shavings are abundantly used bedding materials depending upon season and availability. Rice husk is by product of rice processing and highly dependent upon season, while poultry farming is a continuous business so its availability stands as a major issue. Whereas, corn cob pulp being a by-product of corn processing is usually left on fields or wasted. So it can be used as a cheap alternative with better performance but its availability around the year and on commercial scale can be an issue.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2424-T] (1).
3.
Physiological, Behavioral And Immune Response In Three Commercial Broiler Strains Under Four Heating Systems
by Muhammad Jamil Alvi (2008-VA-480) | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram | Prof. Dr. Saima | Dr. Shahid Mehmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The performance of broilers maintained under four different brooding systems with respect
to behavior of the birds, blood profile and immune response in comparison to different
strain of broilers raising needs to be studied under local conditions as it has been reported
to possess better prospects. Furthermore, broiler performance in four different brooding
zones having different air quality needs to be investigated in view of their effect on
performance of broilers. In the trial, 360 commercial (Hubbard, Ross, Cobb) day-old broiler
chicks purchased from the local hatchery. Hence the present study was conducted, Department
of Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi campus, Pattoki with
the objectives to compare the effect of strains and heating sources on the behavior (Walking,
Feeding, Jumping, Litter Pecking, Lying, Standing, Preening, Breathing, Fearfulness, Body
stretching, Rubbing beak with body) of the birds. In the present study effect of strains and
heating system on blood biochemistry and immune response were also identified. The behavior
of broilers strains studied under four different heating systems. Each treatment replicated 03 subgroups.
The experimental chicks randomly divided into 36 experimental units of 10 chicks each
after the adaptation period of three weeks. The heating system will be split into 04 groups (A, B,
C and D). The birds in group A kept over hot water pipe lines. The birds in group B will be kept
in gas heater area. The birds in group C kept in diesel brooder area. The birds in group D kept
under pen cake brooder area. The data were analyzed according to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) technique in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) under factorial
arrangements using GLM procedures. Means separated through Duncan Multiple Range
(DMR) test with the help of SAS, 9.1. Results of the present study showed significant highest
jumping behavior in birds reared on hot water pipes as compared to gas heater during starter
SUMMARY
48
phase and grower phase. In interaction, significantly more jumping behavior was recorded on
electric bulbs in Ross when compared with Ross on hot water in starter phase. Significantly
highest aggression was showed in birds reared on gas heaters than birds reared on electric bulb
and diesel brooder. The preening behavior significantly improved in birds reared on gas heaters
in starter, grower and finisher phase. While minimum was recorded on hot water during starter,
grower and finisher phase. The feather picking behavior and walking behavior significantly
higher in birds reared on gas heater during starter, grower and finisher phase. The laying
behavior was statistically significant in Cobb broiler chicks during finisher phase. The feeding
and litter picking behavior significantly higher in Ross broiler chicks during finisher phase. The
under heat source, stretching and rubbing beak with body behavior significantly improved in
Hubbard broiler chicks during starter phase. The blood profile was not significantly influenced
by strains and heating source. The antibody titer against ND and IBD was higher in Ross reared
on water heating system as compared to other strains and heating sources while blood
biochemical profile was also higher in Ross when reared at floor heating system.
Conclusion:
Ross reared under hot water during brooding showed better and healthy behavior
including jumping, aggression, walking, standing, drinking, lying, feeding and litter
picking
Ross strains exhibited better immune response and serum chemistry at hot water brooding
system.
Suggestion and Recommendations:
Hot water can be used as alternative brooding source
Behavior of commercial poultry needs further investigation and research. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2428-T] (1).
4.
Effect of two Feeding Regimens of Sodium Humate on Health and Production Traits of Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Shaheen Iqbal (2004-VA-16) | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr. M. Abdullah.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Thesis submitted with blank cd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2472-T] (1).
5.
Bio-Conversion of Molasses to Phytase Through Solid State Fermentation With Aspergillus Niger
by Faseeha Nasim (2012-VA-633) | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Ms. Faiza Masood | Prof. Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: CD Corrupt. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2484-T] (1).
6.
Effect Of Different Sources Of Selenium On Egg Production, Egg Quality And Egg Selenium Concentration In 2ND Phase Of Laying
by Farhat Abbas 92013-VA-891) | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Jibran Hussain.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Se is an essential element required for the human body. On the daily basis food consumed by human does not fulfil the requirement of Se for the body. Se cannot be directly consumed as it is harmful for the human body that’s why scientist are trying to produce Se enriched foods for human consumption. In this way eggs are the best medium through which consumable Se can be provided to the human by fortifying eggs when Se given to the birds in feed.
Different sources of Se supplementation in the diet may affect the egg shell quality, albumin height and selenium concentration in the eggs when given to ISA hi-sex white commercial layer.A total of 240 birds from ISA hi-sex fed with two Se sources and having three levels (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/kg) each i.e. organic Selenium Yeast (SY), inorganic Se as Sodium Selenite (SS) and combination of organic and inorganic sources of selenium (SY+SS) one control were used in present study. Daily egg production, egg weight and weekly feed efficiency was recorded. Egg shell thickness, egg shell weight, albumen height, yolk index and haugh unit were measured every week. Whole egg Se concentration was determined 2nd, 4th and 8th week of the experiment.
Data collected were analyzed through completely randomized design (CRD) under one ANOVA technique (Steel et al. 1997). Means were separated through Duncan’s Multiple Range test (Duncan’s, 1955) with the help of SAS 9.1. The results of the observed study showed that supplementation of organic Se in the layer hen’s diet improved the albumen height (mm), Haugh unit score and yolk index. In this experiment different sources and levels of Se did not show the statistically significant difference in the results of egg production, egg weight, egg shell weight and egg shell thickness. All the sources and levels of Se improved the whole egg Se concentration and the organic Se showed much better results in whole egg Se concentration as compared to other sources of Se. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2574-T] (1).
7.
Impact Of Different Protein Sources With Digestible Lysine, Methionine + Cysteine Ratios On Production Efficiency, Carcass Characteristics, Gut Development And Total Tract Protein Digestibility In Broilers
by Ghulam Mustafa (2009-VA-471) | Prof. Dr. Anujum Khalique | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mehmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Due to price volatility of highly digestible but expensive protein sources like SBM future poultry diets will be formulated by using cheap and less digestible protein sources including CM and SFM due to price volatility. Undigested protein in hind gut subjected to microbial fermentation, resulted into formation of nitrogenous products, which are not only harmful to birds, but also excreted in litter bedding and generate ammonia, nitrous acid and nitrous oxide, the latter is powerful greenhouse gas with an effect about 300 times that of carbon dioxide. The potential solution to this problem is supplementation of synthetic amino acids (nearly 99 % digestible) in low nutrient density (crude protein) formulated by using cheap and less digestible protein sources. Therefore, objectives of current experiment were to determine the impact of digestible Lys, Methionine + Cysteine (M + C) ratios from different protein sources on production efficiency, carcass characteristics, gut development and total tract digestibility of protein in broilers. In total, mixed sex Ross 308 day old broilers were randomly assigned to 9 dietary treatments with replication of 6 replicates per treatment and 8 birds in each replicate. 1) Control corn soy based diet, 2) Canola meal (CM) based high crude protein ( 21% during starter phase and 19% during grower phase) diet with ideal protein ratio (IPR), 3) CM based high protein diet with 0.05 supplemented ( M + C ), 4) CM based low protein (19% during starter phase and 17% during grower phase) diet with IPR, 5) CM based low protein diet with 0.05 supplemented ( M + C ), 6) Sunflower meal (SFM) based high protein diet with IPR, 7) SFM based high protein diet with 0.05% supplemented (M + C), 8) SFM based low protein diet with IPR and 9) SFM based low protein diet with 0.05 % supplemented (M + C). All diets were fed as mash form in two phases (Starter 1-21 days and Grower 22-42 days). Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Celite @ 2% were used an inert marker for digestibility
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
42
study. Average body weights, FCR, mortality rate were recorded from each replicate for the estimation of production efficiency factor. At 42 day, fresh excreta were collected from each replicate and 2 birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered for carcass and gut measurements. Crude protein and acid insoluble ash (AIA) in feed and excreta samples were determined. The results of the present study indicate that the protein sources showed non-significant difference on production efficiency and gut development, however, significant difference was observed on carcass characteristics and total tract digestibility. The birds fed higher CP level showed significant difference on production efficiency, carcass characteristics and total tract digestibility of protein. Amino acid supplementation showed significant difference on production efficiency, carcass characteristics, gut development and total tract digestibility of protein. In this study, CM and SFM showed poor performance regarding production efficiency, protein digestibility, gut development and carcass characteristics compared with SBM. However, the supplementation of Meth had improved the performance. It can be concluded that Meth supplementation may improve the overall performance in broilers fed poorly digestible protein source (CM and SFM).
Further research is needed to evaluate the different strategies to improve the digestibility of poorly digestible protein sources including guar meal. Threonine also has an important role in gut development, so there is a need to study the effects of supplementation of threonine above the recommended levels in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources. There is a need to evaluate the other protein sources that may replace SBM in broilers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2586-T] (1).
8.
Effect of Super Doses of Phytase from Two Different Sources on Growth Performance, Phosphorus Utilization and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers
by Faisal Mushtaq (2009-VA-369) | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Cereal grains contain almost two-third of the P that is present in phytate form. Phytate possesses anti-nutritive properties as it binds other nutrients like amino acids and carbohydrates. Birds are unable to use P bound with phytate complex. The phytate P is excreted into the environment causing pollution. To compensate requirements expensive inorganic P sources like DCP and rock phosphate are used in poultry diets, which ultimately increase the ration cost. Exogenous phytase is capable of degrading phytate into lower esters having less chelating capacity. Commercially phytase enzymes are being added in the poultry diets to hydrolyze the phytate P that can replace the expensive inorganic P addition. In the industry, phytase is being added in the poultry diets at 500 FTU/kg. Use of phytase at this rate still leaves some gap. Keeping this thing in view present study was planned to use the super dose of phytase from two different sources (Buttiauxella and E.coli) to minimize the anti-nutritive aspects of phytate and use the phytate P at maximum. For this purpose 35 day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of super dosing of phytate from two different origins on growth performance, phosphorus utilization and carcass characteristics of broilers. For this in total, 672 one-day old broiler chicks were randomly selected& assigned to 8 dietary treatments, each having 3 replicates of 28 birds. One group was reared on positive control diet formulated according to the Hubbard strain recommended guides with adequate P without any phytase addition. Second group was offered NC diet (deficient in Av.P). While other six diets were formulated with three levels (500, 1000, 1500 FTU/kg) of E.coli and Buttiauxella origin supplemented in NC diet. The FI, BWG and FCR were recorded at the end of each week. At the end of experiment n=3 birds per replicate were selected randomly, weighed and slaughtered to estimate plasma P, ileal digestibility of P, tibia ash, organ weight and dressing percentage. The data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA)
SUMMARY
41
technique in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and means were be compared through Duncan’s multiple range test (DMR) (Duncan 1955) by using SAS (version 9.1; SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC).
Results of the experiment revealed that FI, BWG and FCR was higher 48%, 11% and 64.5% respectively in phytase supplemented diet best treatment T8, when compared to the NC. Phytase supplementation had no effect on organ weights. Organ weight was higher in diet low in NPP. Phytase supplementation had no effect on gizzard weight even at higher doses. Similarly phytase supplementation had positive effects on bone mineralization. Phytase addition in the diets improved tibia ash, Ca and P% at all levels (P <0.01). Plasma P level was significantly increased at higher level of phytase. The AIDC of P was linearly increased by phytase supplementation. Considering the economics phytase supplemented diets at higher level 1500 FTU/kg were most economical when cost of feed calculated to attain 1kg of live weight.
From this experiment it can be concluded that phytase supplementation at higher dose than the standard ensures the maximum break down of phytate P and reduce its anti-nutritive aspects apart from the source of phytase used in the experiment. Dietary inclusion of phytase at super dose economically generates the bio-available P and reduces the P load in the environment improve growth performance, and bone mineralization.
To replace the highly expensive phosphorus sources super dose of phytase can be used instead of standard dose. It can replace the expensive source of inorganic P and economically can generate more profit. Optimum level of phytase in the diet need to be reevaluated to replace inorganic P to some extent, minimize the anti-nutritive aspects of phytate and reduce P load in the environment. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2607-T] (1).
9.
Protease Supplementation Influences Growth Performance, Gut Health And Ileal Digestibility Of Protein In Broilers Fed Low Protein Diets
by Shahzad Ahmad (2008-VA-240) | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Proteases are protein-digesting enzymes that are used to break down the proteins of various plant materials and proteinaceous anti-nutrients in plant protein feedstuffs. The use of exogenous proteases can help in the reduction of the protein contents of a given feed by improving the digestibility and availability of the protein thereby reducing the cost of feed contributed by the protein feedstuff. It will also help to reduce the nitrogen excretion by the poultry and will contribute to mitigate the climate change.
In the present study the protease from a bacillus lachniformis spp was supplemented to evaluate the effect of enzyme on protein digestibility, gut health and birds performance. For this three experimental diets with 21, 19 and 17 % CP (HP, MP and LP) with six treatments with and without exogenous protease were used in this trial to evaluate the effect of protease. Each treatment was replicated to 6 pens and 10 birds were allocated to each pen. Parameters studied regarding birds performance were feed intake, weight gain and FCR. All the growth performance parameters were recorded on weekly basis while the Ileal digestibility and gut health parameters were recorded at the 35th day of the trial. Data was analysed through completely randomized design (CRD) under factorial arrangement using ANOVA technique (Steel et al. 1997). Means were separated through Duncan’s Multiple Range test (Duncon’s, 1955) with the help of SAS 9.1.
The results of feed intake, weight gain and feed intake: gain on weekly basis showed inconsistent results, however the overall performance of the birds fed low protein diets supplemented with protease showed significant results. The gut health parameters showed the significant increase in villus height. The apparent Ileal digestibility of protein was significantly increased in the MP supplemented with protease enzyme.
36
CONCLUSION
Based upon the findings of this study it can be concluded that;
Supplementation of protease improves growth performance of the broilers however the results on weekly basis were inconsistent but overall growth performance data shows significant results.
Protease supplementation enhances the CP digestibility in 19 % diets compared to 21 % and 17 % CP diets.
The supplementation of protease enzyme improves the villus height and crypt depth: villus height in broilers.
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Future researchers can further evaluate the subsequent effects of the protease on growth performance and immune response in broilers.
In future the research can be conducted to determine the effect of protease on energy digestibility and immune response in broilers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2601-T] (1).
10.
Effect Of Post Pelleting Liquid Phytase Supplementation On Growth Performance And Phosphorous Utilization In Broilers
by Muhammad Balal Munawar (2014-VA-516) | Prof. Dr. Saima | Dr. Shafqat Nawaz Qaisrani | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry sector is one of the most developed and vibrant segment of agriculture sector in
Pakistan and is claimed to be among the largest industries of Pakistan with over more than 200
billion rupees investment and offering employment directly or indirectly to 1.5 million people. In
vegetable sources used in poultry rations, P is mostly present in phytate form. Phytate P is not
digested by poultry due to lack of endogenous phytase enzyme. So exogenous phytase are now
added in feed to release P from phytate. Phytase is mainly derived from fungi (Aspergilus niger)
and bacteria (Escherichi coli). Phytase starts work either at 3rd C (3-Phytase) or at 6thC (6-Phytase)
of phytate Phytase mostly used in pre pelleting powder form but it has some activity issues during
high pelleting temperature. Steam application is the most important factor that reduces enzyme
activity due high steam temperature and addition of moisture ultimately lead to enzyme inactivity.
Post pelleting liquid enzyme can be one solution to combat enzyme activity issue.
In total, 504 1-d-old chicks were procured from a commercial hatchery and randomly
assigned to six dietary treatments with Hubbard straight run n=84 chicks per treatment. Each
treatment was further divided into 3 replicates with 28 birds/replicate. One treatment was served
as positive control, while second was served as negative control with (0.30 and 0.26 %) P in starter
and grower respectively. Other four diets had two levels (500 and 750 FTU/kg) of each powder
and liquid enzyme. Liquid enzyme supplementation was done post pelleting. Pelleting temperature
was kept at 85o C.
Feed intake, body weight gain and FCR was recorded at the end of each week. At 35th day of
experiment, 3 birds per replicate were selected randomly, weighed and slaughtered. At the time of
slaughtering, blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes for the determination of plasma
SUMMARY
40
P.Ileal digesta from the slaughtered birds was collected for the determination of P digestibility.
The visceral organs and left tibia from the slaughtered birds were collected, organ weight was
recorded and tibias were ashed for determination of Calcium and P.
Data collected was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique under
Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and means were compared through DMR test by
using SAS 9.1 version (SAS 2001).
The conducted study showed 49.45%, 64.64%, and 8.64 % higher results in feed
intake, body weight gain and FCR when best group H compared with group A (NC). Liver
and heart weight increase in group A, however gizzard weight showed non significant
(p>0.05) results among all groups. Tibia ash, Phosphorous, calcium and plasma P showed
significant results (p<0.05) when all phytase supplemented diets compared with NC. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2631-T] (1).
11.
Conversion Of Pretreated Rice Husk Hydrolysates Into Ethanol By Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
by Jehanzaib (2014-VA-08) | Dr. Rahat Naseer | Miss Faiza Masood | Prof. Dr. Saima Naveed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Biodegradable wastes wereresidues of commercial crops.Agricultural wastes such as rice husk was utilized for biofuel production such as ethanol by breaking downinto its components using chemicals or enzymes. This was achievedthrough anaerobic digestion, distillation and fermentation for use as a resource of heat and fuel (bioethanol).Bioethanol meansan alternative to petrol which is produced from plants such as sugar cane or maize and rice husks.Agricultural wastes can be utilized for the biofuel, rice husk often pose.Acid and alkali pretreatment was enhanced the yield of ethanol from rice husk.Rice husk wastreated with alkali and acids to produce glucose. Glucose can be estimated byusing glucose oxidase method (GOD). Glucose was then converted into ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ethanol production was estimated by using spectrophotometer.The purposed project wasfocusing on bioethanol from the rice husk residues in which rice husk was pre-treated for the hydrolysis to produced maximum yield of sugar by selection of best pretreated method. And then sugars were converted into bioethanol by fermentation. Alkaline solutionswere remove lignin, while the acidic solutionswere remove hemicellulose. It was clearly showed in the graph.4.1 and 4.2 that best concentration of alkali 4% for the maximum yield of sugar was 50.4 mg/dl from the maximum 15g substrate of rice husk was used at 70˚C for 3hrs while in case of 4% acid treatment was also best for the maximum 42.6mg/dl sugar yield was obtainedat 70˚C for 3hrs.
According to statistical analysis and graphs 4.3 and 4.4 showed that maximum yieldi.e, 68.7 ml ethanolwas produced from the 15g rice husk when treated with 4%alkali,maximum temperature 35˚C with PH 6.0 and after 3days.While in case of 4%acid treatmentmaximum 63.7 ml ethanol was producedwhen maximum 15g rice husk was used at temperature 35˚C andPH with 6.0.after 3days.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2644-T] (1).
12.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Yeast Based Mannan Oligosaccharide (Actigen™) On Growth Perfomance, Carcass Characteristics, Blood Biochemistry And Immune Response Of Broilers
by Muhammad Waqas (2009-VA-131) | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud | Dr. Shahid Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The present study of 35 days duration was conducted at Poultry Research and Training
Centre (C-Block) Ravi Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore to evaluate
the effect of mannan oligosaccharide supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics,
blood biochemistry and immune response in broilers. For this, a total of 360 commercial
broiler chickens were purchased from local hatchery and randomly divided into four treatment
groups having six replicated of 15 birds each, according to completely randomized design. Treatment
consisted four levels of MOS (0g/kg, 0.2g/kg, 0.4g/kg and 0.6g/kg). Weekly data were collected
regarding growth performance. At the end of experiment, three birds from each replicate
were randomly selected, after halal slaughtering carcass parameters were recorded. To find out the
effect of MOS on blood biochemistry and antibody titer against ND and IB, 5 ml blood sample
was harvested in marked test tubes from jugular vein of each bird at the time of slaughtering.
Serum samples were harvested by centrifugation (1500RPM) method and were stored at -20oC for
measuring blood glucose and cholesterol levels. Same serum samples were utilized to determine
the ND and IB antibodies titers. Collected data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA technique
using PROC GLM in SAS software. Supplementation of MOS level 0.6g/kg in the diet
of broilers resulted in improved growth performance, carcass characteristic, blood biochemical
profile and immune response in broilers. With respect to growth performance, significantly
improved body weight, weight gain and FCR were recorded in birds fed with 0.6g/kg
MOS. Regarding production performance indices, significantly better production efficiency
factor, point spread and performance index were recorded in birds having 0.6g/kg inclusion
of MOS in their diet. In the same way, 0.6 g/kg MOS significantly higher dressing, breast,
thigh yield, liver, heart, gizzard and intestinal weight percentage were recorded in birds
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
36
having 0.6g/kg MOS in their diet. Regarding morphometric traits, significantly higher
keel length, shank length and intestinal length were recorded in birds supplemented 0.6g/kg
MOS in their diet. Significantly low glucose and cholesterol level were recorded in broilers
having 0.6g/kg MOS supplemented diet. Broilers fed MOS at 0.6/kg in their diet showed
better antibodies titers against ND and IB. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2678-T] (1).
13.
Effects Of Digestible Lysine Levels On Production Efficiency, Protein Digestibility, Gut Health And Carcass Characteristics In Broilers Fed Different Protein Sources
by Muhammad Jhazaib Arslan (2014-VA-956) | Dr. Shafqat Nawaz Qaisrani | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In Pakistan, poultry is a vibrant part of agriculture. Nutritional and genetic improvements resulted in accelerated PEF in broilers. This improved broiler production efficiency requires greater amount of digestible nutrients like digestible amino acids. Feeding cost accounts for 70% of total cost and protein is the most expensive component of broilers ration. Future poultry rations will be formulated by using poorly digestible and cheaper protein sources such as SFM and CM due to price instability of highly digestible sources like SBM. The undigested protein in hind gut subjected to microbial fermentation, results in formation of nitrogenous products that are harmful to birds. The possible solution to this problem is supplementation of synthetic amino acids in low nutrient density (CP) diets formulated by using cheaper and poorly digestible protein sources. Therefore a study was designed with the objectives to determine the impact of dLys on production efficiency, TTP digestibility, gut health and carcass characteristics in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). An experiment with 624 Ross 308 1-d-old broilers was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementation of dLys may improve production efficiency, TTP digestibility, gut health and carcass characteristics of the broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). The interaction effects of the protein source (CM vs. SFM), CP levels (high vs. low) and dLys (high, medium and low) were tested in a factorial arrangement of 12 (2 × 2 × 3) dietary treatments and 1 control treatment. The supplementation of dLys positively influenced production efficiency (P <0.001). The birds fed diets containing 19% CP showed 8.53% greater TTP digestibility compared with those fed diets with 17% CP, however, VH was influenced by protein source (P<0.001) and CP level (P = 0.030), however, not influenced by dLys levels while CD was influenced by dLys levels (P = 0.023). The birds fed 1.16% dLys supplemented diet had a 9.6 and 7.5% greater dressed weight with giblets compared with those birds fed diets with 1.10 and 1.21% level of dLys. In conclusion, supplementation of dLys improves the broiler production efficiency fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). The negative effects of poorly digestible protein sources thus may be partially ameliorated by supplementation of dLys.
CONCLUSIONS
Supplementation of dLys above the recommended levels (1.16%) improves the production efficiency, TTP digestibility of protein, gut health and carcass characteristics in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). In conclusion, the efficiency of poorly digestible protein sources may be improved by supplementation of dLys at level of 1.16%.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2765-T] (1).
14.
Comparative Evaluation Of Effect Of Selenium Sources On Growth, Production And Reproduction In Different Varieties Of Indigenous Aseel Chicken
by Muhammad Waseem Zia (2012-VA-652) | Prof. Dr. Anjum khalique | Prof. Dr, Saima | Dr. Jibran Hussain.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Universally, domestic chickens are considered very important due to their better adaptability to the local climatic conditions. Among native poultry breeds of Pakistan, Aseel is a recognized native breed used mostly for backyard poultry production and is famous for its appreciable degree of resistance to various diseases as compared with commercial exotic poultry breeds. In many communities, native chickens are considered very important in breaking the vicious poverty cycle. This breed contains genes and alleles appropriate to their adaptation to the specific environment. On the basis of its characteristic of producing good quality meat, Aseel chicken can be used and further improved as a meat type bird. However, the main limitation in its propagation is its slower growth rate, poorer egg production, smaller egg size, lower fertility and hatchability.Selenium (Se) is an essential micro-mineral for poultry which exists in organic and inorganic forms. Organic Se is reported to be more bio-available which improves the growth performance, productive and reproductive potential of poultry resulting in better egg and meat production as well as the quality. Despite having considerable capabilities, inadequate research work has been so far conducted on Aseel that may be the main bottleneck towards increasing its overall production. In this study, there was a focus on the improvement of growth, productive and reproductive potential of Aseel; also for the development of functional poultry products (eggs and meat, enriched with Se). The present study was planned with the main objectives to investigate the influence of organic (Se-enriched yeast: SY) and inorganic (sodium selenite: SS) Se dietary supplements on growth performance, nutrient utilization, blood biochemical profile, slaughter characteristics, tissue Se concentration, rearing expenditures andmortality as well as the production traits including egg production, egg quality/geometry, hatching traits and egg Se concentration in four recognized varieties namely Lakha, Mushki, Peshaweri and Mianwaliof indigenous Aseel chicken. The study comprised two main experiments conducted at the Indigenous Chicken Genetic Resource Centre (ICGRC), Department of Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Ravi campus, Block-C, Pattoki with the objectives to explore theimpact of dietary Se addition, influence of varieties and their interaction on overall performance of Aseel chickens. For this purpose, in the first experiment, 240 three-week-aged birds (120 males and 120 females) were distributed in a randomized complete block design into four groups, 60/variety (30 males + 30 females). These birds of either sex were further subdivided into three treatment groups A, B and C according to the nature of diet (SY added, SS added and without Se added) with 10 birds/treatment and each treatment was replicated 10 times with one bird in each replicate. Data thus collected were subjected to analysis of variance techniques in a randomized complete block design and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range test. The studies regarding overall response to Se supplementation for growth performance depicted substantial influence. Dietary addition with SY increased the nutrient retention, feed conversion, body weight and decreased the mortality and rearing expenditures, especially in the males of Lakha variety. All body measurementswere improved in the birds received SY supplemented diet, the SY-fed males of Lakha exhibited better response compared to rest of the treatments.SY addition significantly increased the values of glucose, triglyceride, globulin, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in blood serum, while significantly decreased levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol, and thyroxine (T4) in the serum were observed in SY-fed birds, especially in the birds of Lakha and Peshaweri varieties. However, total protein and albumin values in the serumwere foundunaffected by Se supplementation. The significant variations in the slaughtering traits were observed; SY inclusion presented improved live final body weight, dressing weight, dressing percent, eviscerated weight, eviscerated percent and giblet weight. Selenium uptake by the chest and thigh muscles was also enhanced in the male birds of Lakha and Mushki varieties exposed to SY added diet. The rearing cost of the birds in SY-fedgroup was noticed lower than the cost recorded for those got SS supplemented or control diet. The males of Lakha in this regard presented the least rearing cost on receiving SY supplemented diet.
The second experiment was also conducted with the objectives to compare the influence of organic and inorganic Se inclusion, varieties and their interaction on productive performance, egg geometry/quality traits, reproductive performance and the egg Se contents in Aseel. For this purpose, 96 twenty-one-weeks old birds (84 females and 12 Males) from Lakha, Mushki, Peshaweri and Mianwali varieties of Aseel were selected and distributed under randomized complete block design into three groups, 24/variety (21 females + 3 males); further subdivided into three treatment groups, 7 females and 1 male in each treatment according to Se treatments (SY, SS and control) and each treatment was replicated 7 times with one bird in each replicate. Each bird was regarded as an experimental unit. The data thus collected were subjected to analysis of variance in a randomized complete block design and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range test. The results showed that the females of Mianwali variety fed with SY supplemented ration exhibited higher feed intake, enhanced body weight and gained sexual maturity earlier; furthermore, Mianwali variety exhibited better egg production, showed higher egg weight and egg mass. FCR/dozen eggs, FCR/kg egg mass were as observed to be higher in the females of Peshaweri variety. Egg Se concentration was higher in the SY supplemented group as compared with SS or control groups.Dietary Se supplementation significantly influenced the shape index, yolk index, Haugh Units and eggshell thickness. However, non-significant variations were observed in Haugh Units among the females of all varieties. Interaction results presented the significant differences in egg breadth, egg length, egg volume, egg weight, egg shape index, egg shell thickness, yolk index and Haugh Units in the females of all varieties; with significantly higher values in the females of Mianwali variety exposed to SY added ration.The reproductive performance pertaining to hatching traits depicted that the Se supplements, varieties and their interaction influenced the hatching traitssignificantly. The SY-fed females of Peshaweri presented the decreased dead germ percent, dead in shell percent and clear egg percent compared with the females got SS supplemented ration or unsupplemented control ration. Improved hatchability percent and the hatch of fertile percent were noticed in the females of SY supplemented group than those of SS or control groups and the greatest increase was recorded in the females of Peshaweri variety. Similarly, enhanced body weights by the newly hatched chicks of Peshaweri and Mianwali varieties were observed fed with SY supplemented ration and also in the interaction, significant results were recorded.
9.1 CONCLUSIONS
Based upon the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that all four varieties of indigenous Aseel responded positively to the dietary addition with SY supplements of Se regarding growth performance of Aseel, especially in the male birds of Lakha variety. SY supplementation also showed the better results regarding productive and reproductive performance, especiallyin the females of Mianwali and Peshaweri varieties with more promising results. Moreover, SY addition displayed the substantial results in shape of production of functional foods such as Se-enriched eggs and meat.
9.2 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In future, indigenous Aseel chicken raising programs should be given due emphasis while proceeding for poultry farming by using native breeds of poultry.
9.2.1 Recommendations for the farmers
Keeping in mind the results of this study, here are some recommendations for the poultry farmers.
1. Due to the large body size of Aseel and a good ability to show resistance against a variety of infectious diseases, many poultry farmers want to rear and use Aseel as a parent flock for further breeding but are hesitant to go for that because of its slow growth. Slow growth is due to its low feed nutrient utilization and consequently slow gain in body weight. Lower production performance is mainly due to its late sexual maturity, long pauses and short clutch size.In the current situation,the strategic inclusion of Se in the diets of Aseel, being the effective technology, can help the farmers overcome the problems of slow growth and low productive performance in Aseel by synchronizing and consequently bringing the Aseel birds into better growth and production. It can help the farmers to get the production of the Aseel birds, according to their need and situations.
2. In the current study, SY has been substantiated to improve the reproductive performance of Aseel, hence can be used further to elucidate the very old concern of lower fertility and hatchability in Aseel parent flock consequently improving progeny size.
3. Keeping in view the above, the Aseel can be used as a feasible option for the poultry business by enhancing its sluggish growth rate and lower production potential through Se supplementation as well as to lower fertility and hatchability through the supplementation of organic Se supplement (SY) in the diet. Ultimately, it will be remained supportive towards the revival of open- sided poultry farms that have become closed after the trend to establish the environmentally controlled sheds and are lying vacant from a long time.
9.2.2 Suggestions for the researchers
1. In the current study, the fixed levels ofSe supplements were used for supplementation, whereas future researchers can work on different levels of it.
2. Further trials may be planned to check the subsequent effects of different sources of Se supplements on the biochemical profile of meat and eggs; also the immune response in the chicks from hens reared on Se supplemented diets.
3. The evaluation of semen quality in Aseel males and the impact of artificial insemination in the hens by the semen received from Se treated males of Aseel can also be studied.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2780-T] (1).
15.
Influence Of Digestible Lysine Levels On Growth Performance, Gut Development And Ileal Digestibility Of Two Vegetable Protein Sources Fed To Broiler Birds
by Anjum Faiz (2014-VA-955) | Dr. Shafqat Nawaz Qaisrani | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The poultry sector is playing a substantial role in agriculture sector of Pakistan. The extensive
research in poultry has brought vital changes that accelerated growth and improved FCR. Poultry
diets are majorly formulated cost effective for the sustainable poultry industry. For this reason,
the main focus is on protein sources which, if maintained to an adequate level with the
requirement results in cost effective feeding. In the coming days, main focus of the nutritionists
would be on replacement of expensive sources of protein during feed formulation. For this
reason, their first choice may be the selection of poorly digestible protein sources such as CM
and SFM. These sources are cheaper as compare to the SBM which is imported hence increasing
the feed cost. The poorly digestible protein sources, furthermore, in hind gut may be subjected to
microbial fermentation, results in formation of nitrogenous products that are not only harmful to
birds, but also excreted into litter bedding and generate ammonia, nitrous acid and nitrous oxide,
the latter one is a powerful greenhouse gas with an effect about 300 times compared with carbon
dioxide. The potential solution to this problem is supplementation of synthetic amino acids in
low nutrient density (CP) diets formulated by using cheaper and poorly digestible protein
sources. For this reason, a study was designed with the objectives to determine the impact of
dLys, on growth performance, ileal digestibility of protein and gut development in broilers fed
poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). An experiment with 624 mixed sex 1-d-old
broilers (Ross 308) was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementation of dLys may
improves growth performance of the broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and
SFM). The interaction effects of the protein source (CM vs. SFM), CP levels (high vs. low) and
dLys (recommended vs. supplemented) were tested in a factorial arrangement of 12 (2 × 2 × 3)
dietary treatments and SBM as a control diet was used. The results indicate the birds fed diets
DISCUSSION
42
containing CM and SFM supplemented with dLys has significant effect on growth performance
in broilers. The results of the study showed that the FI, BWG and FCR for CM and SFM based
diets was different during starter and grower phases. The FI and BWG FCR was influenced by
CM and SFM based diets. The FI was not influenced by dLys levels during starter phase. The
BWG and FCR was improved with supplementation of dLys levels. During starter phase FI and
BWG was not influenced by CP levels, however, FCR was improved. The results of the grower
phase indicate that FI was significantly influenced by protein sources, CP levels, as well as, by
dLys levels. The BWG, similarly, was significantly influenced by protein sources, CP levels, and
dLys levels. The FCR during the grower phase was improved by increasing CP level. The FCR
was also improved when fed CM based diets. Supplementation of dLys significantly influenced
FI and BGW during grower phase. The FCR was also improved with the supplementation of
dLys levels. The results indicate that the birds fed dLys supplemented diets had significant effect
on ileal digestibility of protein. The results of the study showed that ileal digestibility for protein
was not influenced by CP levels. The present study resulted that some of the organs are
significantly influenced by dLys levels and CP levels, whereas, other are in influenced by protein
sources. Amino acid supplementation showed significant difference on ileal digestibility of
protein and gut development in broilers. The negative effect of poorly digestible lysine can be
compensated with the supplementation of synthetic amino acids including lysine.
CONCLUSIONS
Supplementation of dLys above the recommended levels improves the growth performance, ileal
digestibility of protein and gut development in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM
and SFM). In conclusion, the negative effects of poorly digestible protein sources in broilers may
be ameliorated by supplementation of dLys. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2776-T] (1).
16.
Effect Of Feed Form And Particle Size Of Corn On Growth Performance, Protein Digestibility And Gut Health Of Broiler
by Shahzada Muhammad Zeshan Haider (2014-VA-919) | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The presented study was conducted at control house of Department of Poultry Production, C-block, UVAS Ravi Campus. In total 480, day-old Hubbard Classic broiler chicks were procured from local hatchery, weighed at 1st day and randomly distributed to eight treatment groups in such a way that there were six replicates in each group and each replicate had 10 chicks. Eight isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental diets were formulated. Half birds were offered crumble form of feed in whole life while half birds were offered crumble form in starter phase and pellet form in finisher phase. Four levels (<1, 1-1.5, 1.5-2 and 2-2.5mm) of corn particle size were used in each form of feed.Body weight and feed consumptionwere recorded weekly in order to calculate feed conversion ratio.Data collected were analyzed by ANOVA using factorial arrangement under CRD. Experimental means were compared using DMR test.
Birds fed diet having higher particle size (2-2.5mm) of corn had lower feed consumption, greater body weight gain and improved FCR compared to those fed smaller particle size during starter, finisher and overall phase. Further, birds fed pelleted feed had lower feed consumption, greater weight gain and improved FCR than those fed crumble form of feed.Further, different particle size of corn resulted in non-significant effect on villus height and crypt depth. Feed form also had non-significant influence on villus height and crypt depth of duodenum.Birds fed diet having higher particle size (2-2.5mm) of corn had higher apparent ileal digestibilityof protein than those fed smaller particle size. Feed form had non-significant effect on apparent ileal digestibilityof protein.
It can be concluded from the results that birds fed pelleted diet containing coarse particle size had improved growth performance and protein digestibility without adverse effect on gut health of broiler.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2879-T] (1).
17.
Studies On Growth Performance And Total Tract Protein Digestibility In As Influenced By Different Dietary Inclusion Levels Of White, Par Boiled And Brown Rice Broken In Broilers
by Omar Javed (2007-VA-154) | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Saima.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Poultry sector is playing substantial role in agriculture sector of Pakistan. In the present era extensive research in poultry sector has brought vital changes which are accelerating growth and lowering feed conversion ratio. Nutritional improvements in the poultry dietsare improving the growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Poultry diets are majorly formulated cost effective for the sustainability of poultry industry and its consumers. For this reason, the main focus is on using nutritionally rich and locally available raw feed ingredients in broiler diets. Cereal grain are main energy sources used in broiler diets and among cereal grains maize is being used as a major energy source in broiler diets, but its availability, price fluctuations, incidence of mycotoxins are the major concerns and hence, a suitable alternate energy source is required. Rice broken may serve as the substitute, but, a little data is available about the efficacy of different types of rice broken at different dietary inclusion levels regarding growth performance and total tract protein digestibility studies. Therefore a study was designed with the objectives to determine the impact of different types of rice broken (white, parboiled and brown) at different dietary inclusion levels (10%, 30% and 50%) in replacement with maize on broiler growth performance and total tract digestibility of protein. An experiment with 1-d-old 600 Cobb-500 broilers was conducted to test the hypothesis that rice broken from different sources may successfully substitute maize in broiler diets. The effects of the energy sources (white broken rice, parboiled broken rice and brown broken rice) and dietary inclusion levels(10%, 30% and 50%) were tested by using one way ANOVA under Completely Randomized Design and red maize as a control diet was used. The broilers fed different energy sources had significant variation in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Better body weight gain and feed conversion ratio was observed in control group followed by white broken rice and lower body weight gain and highest feed conversion ratio was observed in birds fed brown rice broken in diets, similarly total tract digestibility of protein was observed higher in birds fed 50 % maize (control group) and birds fed white rice in diets up to 30% inclusion level and lower total tract digestibility of protein was observed in birds fed brown rice broken in diets. The results of the study showed that red maize is the most beneficial energy source used in broiler diets and white rice broken could be used as good alternative energy source as compared to other types of rice broken i.e. parboiled and brown.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, white rice broken can easily substitute maize up to 30% dietary inclusion level in broiler but other types of rice broken i.e. parboiled and brown give comparatively good results in terms of growth performance and total tract protein digestibility up to 10% dietary inclusion level in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2878-T] (1).
