1.
Comparative Efficiency Of Urea Molasses Mineral Blocks And Urea Treated Wheat Straw In Fattening
by Farrokh Saeed | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Jaweed Ahmed Qureshi | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline in the per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animals origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem of meat shortage is to increase the production of meat by fattening the male buffalo calves. These calves could be fattened by using the cheaper sources of agriculture by-products available in our country. Wheat straw is being fed to ruminants with supplemental green fodder. It is also fed as a sole roughage during the lean periodof the year. It is however deficient in fermentable nitrogen and has poor digestibility due to more lignification. Urea impregnation of straws has been shown to improve the intake as well as digestibility. It has been concluded that urea treatment with 4% urea solution at 40 to 50 percent moisture level could be advantageous to improve crude protein content of straw and its digestibility. Molasses, a by-product of sugar industry, is an excellent and a cheap source of digestible energy as compared to all other similar energy feeds. Urea provides nitrogen needed for adequate development of animal flora and thus enhances the utilization of fibrous feed.Preparation of urea molasses blocks appears to be an appropriate technology to fulfill the requirements of animals. A fattening trial was conducted on two groups of buffalo calves with 8 calves per group, to study the comparative efficiency of urea molasses mineral block and urea treated wheat straw. The experiment was conducted for 90 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency, concentration of urea in serum, concentration of total protein in serum and digestibility of different nutrients in the animals were recorded. Economics of fattening rations was also determined. The results of the study revealed non significant differences in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, concentration of urea in serum and concentration of total protein in serum of buffalo calves. Digestibility trial revealed that there was non significant difference in digestibility of dry matter, ether extract but significant difference in digestibility of crude fibre and crude protein. The findings of this study revealed the benefits of utilizing urea ammonia treated wheat straw in the fattening ration upto 38% level. It was also ascertained that urea molasses blocks are equally effective in enhancing the growth rate of buffalo calves. Moreover, urea molasses blocks are a useful tool of supplementation of forage diet because of ease of transportation and balance nutrient profile.
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2.
Comparative Study Of Growth Rate And Feed Efficiency Of Buffalo And Sahiwal Cattle On Concentrate Ratios
by Ehsan Mohsin | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline fn per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animals origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem of meat shortage is to increase the production of meat by fattening the male buffalo calves which are available in the country. These are sold at lower rate when they are weaned. These calves can be fattened by using the rations containing wheat-straw and concentrate mixture available in the country. There is an increased competition between animal and human being for consumption of cereal grains and at the same time there is scarcity of green fodder in different areas of the country. Moreover, there are high prices of conventional energy sources in the country which limits there use in animal feeding. The present experiment was planned to determine the growth rate and feed efficiency of Sahiwal and buffalo male calves fed on different fiber (wheat straw) and concentrate ratios.
A fattening trial was conducted on four groups of 20 Sahiwal and 20 Nih Ravi buffalo male calves, having 10 calves in each group of buffalo and Sahiwal calves, fed on two different rations (A and B). The experiment was continued for 90 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency and economic evaluation of the rations and effect of ambient temperature and relative humidity on the performance of the calves were the parameters under study.
The results of the study revealed significant difference in weight gain and non-significant differences in feed consumption and feed efficiency. The non-significant difference for factor A and interaction but significant difference for factor B was observed during economic evaluation of the rations. The ration (with 40% wheat-straw and 60% concentrate mixture) was most economical as compare to ration A (with 20% wheat-straw and 80% concentrate mixture) in fattening, of Sahiwal and buffalo male calves.
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3.
Biological Availability Of Betafin For Methionine Sparing In Broiler Chickens
by Majid Rafique | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Athar | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Methionine is one of the dietary essential amino acid. In formulating poultry rations methionine is generally deficient and thus supplemented to fulfill the requirement. The level of melhioiiine, recommended by NRC for maximum growth and feed effIciency, estimated as 0.5% in starter and 0.42% finisher rations, respectively. in the body niethionine can also be synthesized from homocysteine through transmcthylation reaction. For methionine to be synthesized, methyl groups are required. Cholinels known as a methyl group donor in the body. But it has to be activated and converted to betaine before methyl groups are liberated. Betafin (Betain Anhydron), a commercial product is available, used to spare choline and methionine in poultry rations.
The experiment was designed to evaluate biological availability of Belafin for methioiiine sparing in broiler chickens. For this purpose 250 day 01(1 chicks were taken, divided into five groups, i.e. (A, B, C, I) and E), then these were further subdivided into five replicates each. Five starter and finisher rations (A) Adequate methionine (B) low methionine LM (C) LM + choline (D) LM + Betafin 1:1 and (E) LM -I- I3etafin 1:2; formulated and fed to their respective groups. The experiment lasted for 42 days in two phases i.e. (Starter and Finisher).
The parameter studied were (1) Feed intake (2) Weight gain (3) Feed conversion ration FCR (4) Mortality (5) Dressing percentage (6) Economics.
Average feed intake per bird was 3942±63.08, 3609±44.75, 3439.21±28.28, 3763.36±58.04 and 3775.46±48.35 (P <0.05), weight gain 2127.59±23.59, 1732.78±4 1.32, 1720.00±34.96, 1911.02±47.16 and 1890.76±39.75 grams (P <0.05), FCR 1.84 ±0.0322, 2.08±0.032, 1.99±0.026, 1.99±0.024 and 1.99±0.025, (1'<0.05), Dressing percentages were observed non-significant (P>0.05), for groups i.e. (A, B, C, D and E) respectively. The adequate methionine (A) feed had higher price per unit, but had significantly higher weight gains and better feed efficiency.
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4.
Comparative Efficacy Of Different Commercially Available Feed Additive Anticoccidials And Other Prophylactic
by Mohsin Ali Ashraf | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The study was designed to compare the efficacy of different feed additive anticoccidials and coccidiosis vaccines A total of 240 day-old-broiler chicks were purchased and raised for 42 days in good husbandry and hygienic conditions. The birds were randomly divided into eight groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H Comprising of 30 birds each. Groups A was uninfected unmedicated control while group B was infected unmedicated control. Groups C, D, E and F were given commercial feed having anticoccidials Coxistac, Sacox, Elancoban and Avatec respectively. Groups G and H were given unmedicated feed and were vaccinated at day 3 and 10. All the groups except that of group A were given primary and challenge doses of infection on day 22nd and 35th . The oocysts count was done on 5th 6th and 7th day after each infection. The feed consumption and weight gain were recorded weekly. Record of mortality was kept and postmortem of dead birds was also performed. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using Two Way Analysis of Variance and Least Significant Difference (LSD) test, to detect the differences between treatments and means.
It was concluded that Sacox (salinomycin sodium) as anti-coccidial in feed revealed significant (P< 0.05) difference among all the treatments in terms of weight gain, feed efficiency (FCR), oocyst count and reduction in mortality. The results of other anti-coccidials were not satisfactory, while both the vaccinated groups i.e. group G and H performed well in terms of oocyst count and decrease in mortality but their weight gain and feed efficiency were not good.
The results of this study will help to the feed millers in choosing the best feed additive anti-coccidial, while the farmers will get choice amongst anti-coccidial drugs or vaccines.
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5.
Evaluation Of Canola Meal & Its Feeding Effects On The Performance Of 0-25 Weeks Old Layer Chickens
by Rafiq, M | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof.Dr.Muham | Prof.Dr.Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Canola meal is the by-product of the oil industry, available after extraction of oil from the seeds by solvent extraction. After the animal protein sources, canola meal is among the best protein supplement which could be incorporated in different poultry feeds.
The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of canola meal on the perfromance of layer chicks (216) from 0-25 weeks. The chicks were devided into six main groups, having 36 chicks each and were sub-devided into 3 replicates of 12 chicks each. Each replicat was reared as an experimental unit. All the managemental conditions like lighting, feeding, watering, beek trimming, ventilation, vaccination and temperature were provided according to the recommend requirements for Babcoock B300 layer chicks strain.
Six experimental rations containing 0,9, 12, 15, 18 and 21% canola meal in starter and grower rations while in layer mash 0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15%. These rations formulated and provided according to the Babcoock B300 strain requirements. In the study, effect of feeding different levels of canola meal was checked in lieu of soybean meal on the feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, sexual maturity, uniformity, percent egg production, kilograms of feed per dozen eggs, kilograms of feed per kilogram egg mass, weight of 12 eggs, mortality and economics. In starting and growing phase weight gain and feed efficiency was non significant while feed consumption was significant (P < 0.01) in growing and laying phases. Egg mass, Percent egg production, egg weight, weight per 12 egg, feed efficiency (kilograms of feed per dozen eggs, kilograms of feed per kilogram egg mass) showed nonsignificant difference. Mortality was also non-significant among the vnrious experimental groups. Economics of the experimental rations indicated that rations contain canola meal were cheeper as compared to soybean meal containing rations. The overall picture of the whole experiment revealed that canola meal can replace soybean meal in starting, growing and laying phases up to 100% but it has little problem of poor feed intake which was due to picking problem of the birds because the partical size of canola meal is small.
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6.
Effect Of Different Solvent Extraction Systems On Free Gossypol And Available Lysine Of Cottonseed Meal
by Ghulam Mustafa | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Cottonseed not only provides fiber for domestic textile industry and export (Anonymous, 1996) but also accounts for about 60% vegetable oil (Anonymous,1990). It is also a source of protein- rich meal for poultry which is abundantly available in Pakistan. About 140 Kgs. of cottonseed meats of cotton variety "NIAB-78". were purchased from a solvent extraction plant "TransTech"(Pvt.) Ltd. Multan Road Pattoki. The meats were kept in sunlight for one day and were again cleaned. Then the cottonseed kernels were passed through hammer mill for grinding through 12 mesh size. The ground kernels were divided into five equal parts weighing 28 kgs each for individual treatment. Its inclusion level in poultry diet can be Increased by detoxifying the limiting factor with different solvents. Keeping in view the effect of mixed solvents in the extraction of oil rendering the free gossypol to its non-toxic level, five different solvents were used as a mixture. Maximum free gossypol was removed/detoxified thus enabling the lysine to be available to the birds. Each part was individually treated with respective solvents for the extraction of maximum oil so as to remove a lot of free gossypol. The rations formulated from these solvent extracted meals were biologically evaluated by feeding to the different groups of birds. At the same time free gossypol content and available lysine percentage of different meals were also determined.
180 day old broiler chicks were divided into 6 groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E, and F. They were fed rations R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 respectively. Group "A" fed ration "Ri" was kept as control. The present study was designed to know the effects of solvent extraction systems on cottonseed meal and to know the effects of treated cottonseed meal (CSM) on feed consumption, weight gain, FCR, mortality and economics. The experiment was conducted upto 4 weeks of age. The data so obtained were helpful in determining gossy-pol content (free gossypol) and available lysine of solvent extracted meals.
The residual free gossypol content of meal (0.01135%) was minimum in case of fourth treatment including hexane, ethanol, petrol and ferrous sulphate. Similarly maximum lysine (1.279%) was made available in last treatment including hexane, ethanol, petrol, iron sulphate and calcium hydroxide.
It was easy and obvious to conclude from the present study that as the number of solvents increased in the treatment, efficient results of weight gain, feed consumption, FOR and economics were observed. Especially by using more solvents in the treatment, cost of feed was reduced as commercial hexane is more costly as compared to all of the other solvents used in the study.
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7.
Comparative Nutritional Evaluation Of Poultry By Product Meals Prepared By Two Separate Processes In Broilers
by Aftab Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Muhammad | Mr.Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Protein as a second major factor in formulatiQn of poultry rations after energy. It is supplied by animal and vegetable sources. Animal protein supplement are superior in quality due to its more balanced amino acid profile but are costly. While vegetable proteins are cheaper but lacking in some amino acid and have some antiS nutritional factor. The animal protein supplements available in Pakistan are blood, fish, meat and PBPM. PBPM is abundantly available in Pakistan and it is prepared by using chicken feet, heads, viscera, feather skin and blood. And processing varies from organization to organization. PBPM is prepared by different organization such as M. Artal, BeBeJan and Kakasian.
PBPM has low cost and its CP and ME are comparable to fish meal, but it is low in lysine and methionine. Our present study was to compare the effect of processing of PBPM manufactured by BeBeJan and Kakasian feed industry. Both have different composition and different processing method of PBPM as blood was included in BeBeJan PBPM but it was absent in Kakasian.
The objective of study was to evaluate nutritional profile and quality of commercially available PBPM, the effect of processing on performance of broiler chicks. 240 day old Hubbard chicks were purchased from the local marked and were divided into 8 groups from A to H which were again subdivided into 3 replicates of 10 birds each. Eight experimental starter and 8 experimental finisher rations of A, B, C, 13 and E, F, G, H were prepared. A and E were the control group while B, C and D having 3, 6, 9% PBPM of BeBeJan and F, G, H having 3, 6, 9% PBPM of Kakasian were formulated and starter rations were fed to chicks upto 28 days of age while finisher was provided from 29 to 42 day of age. The feed was supplied to the chicks reared in cages at College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. The proximate analysis of the rations was done. And the parameters studied were weekly weight gain, feed consumption, FCR. At the end of the experiment three birds from each group were slaughtered to observe the dressing percentage and weight of internal organs. The economics of the experiment was also calculated. The pepsin digestability of both the organizations PBPM was also recorded. The data thus collected was subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that in BeBeJan group there was a significant weight gain in control group A (O%PBPM) while in Kakasian it was significant in F group having 3% PBPM. While comparing both organization PBPM it was observed that F&H rations having Kakasian PBPM 3% and 9% were better than B and D ration having BeBeJan PBPM 3 and 9% regarding weight gain while FOR of BeBeJan it was better in control group A (0% PBPM) while in Kakasian it was better in F group having 3% PBPM. While comparing both organations it was observed that Kakasian PBPM showed better FCR than that of BeBeJan. And it might be due to processing and no adultration of blood in PBPM by Kakasian, while BeBeJan PBPM contained blood. The dressing percentage of control group was better than treated group while comapring both organizations PBPM was non-significant difference among the groups.
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8.
Effects Of Different Commercially Available Antifungal Compounds On Feed Quality & Broiler Performance
by Abdul Hamid | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr . Masood | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the effects of different commercially available antifungal compounds on feed quality and broiler performance. Six experimental rations i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F were prepared for this trial. Ration A was positive control (containing no antifungal compounds), ration B (containing 0.5 kg Mycostat / ton), ration C (containing 0.5 kg Mycocurb\ ton), ration D (containing 15% moisture without any antifungal compounds), ration E (containing 1 .0 kg Mycostat / ton with 1 5% moisture) and ration F (containing 1 .0 kg Mycocurh/ ton with 15% moisture).
These experimental rations were stored for one month. During storage period the representative feed samples were collected from all the rations and were analysed for mould growth and aflatoxins level.
A total of 240 day-old-broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 groups having 40 birds in each group and which were further subdivided into 4 replicates comprising of 10 birds in each. The body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of each two weeks. Mortality percentage and comparative economic study of antifungal compounds were determined at the end of experiment. The experiment was completed in six weeks.
The results of feed consumption indicated that birds led on different cxperimen(af rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 3173, 3230, 3215, 2310, 1972 and 2243 gnis respectively. However, apparently the birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat consumed more Iced as compared to other groups.
The weight gain of the birds fed on various experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 1710, 1770, 1 760, 965, 845 and 980 gms respectively. However, apparently more weight gain was observed in the birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat.
The data on feed efficiency indicated that birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 1.855, 1.82, 1.83, 2.392, 2.34 and 2.283, respectively. However, better feed utilization was observed in birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat as compared to chicks fed on other rations.
The feed mould count values for groups D, E and F were 4.0 10E4, 1.1 10E4 and 1.0 10E4 respectively, and the Aflatoxins levels for groups D, E and F were (G1<0.1, G2<0.1, B1-33.5 B2-2.4), (GI<0.l, G2<O.1, B1-26.5, B2-1.9) and (G1<0.1, G2<0.l, B1-35.5, B2-2.5) respectively.
It is concluded that Mycostat is comparatively better antifungal compound commercially available as compared to Mycocurb in terms of improving the performance of the broiler birds.
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9.
Comparative Evaluation Of Maize Bran, Wheat Bran And Rice Bran In The Fattening Ration Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Zahid Mahmood | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Nisar Ahmed Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: In Pakistan the per capita availability of the proteinous feed especially of animal origin for human consumption is much less than the required levels. So we the animal production professionals have huge task before us in solving this problem of meat shortage. In our country the buffalo is the main dairy animal. The farmers usually prefer to keep the female calves as they can give them good return in the form of milk. The male calves are often considered as a burden and they are weaned at a very early age. As a result most of them die in their early life. Studies conducted in Pakistan and in some other countries have shown that these calves could be fattened by using cheaper sources of agriculture by-products. One way of solving the problem of meat shortage is the fattening of these calves using well- balanced least cost rations.
In Pakistan the farmers normally use wheat bran to feed their animals. As a result of ever increasing demand of wheat bran its price is quite high and also there are complains about adulteration in it. So there is a need to find some alternate products which could replace wheat bran without effecting the performance of the animals. Maize bran is a by-product of starch industry. It is available in Pakistan by the brand name of Buffalo bran. Similarly the rice bran is a by-product of rice industry and is available after the extraction of remaining oil from the rice polishing. Both maize bran and rice bran are cheaper as compared to wheat bran and easily available. The present study was conducted to ascertain the nutritional value of wheat bran, maize bran and rice bran in the fattening ration of buffalo male calves.
A fattening trial was conducted on three groups of buffalo calves with 10 calves each. Three rations namely A, B and C were prepared in which all the ingredients were same except maize bran, wheat bran and rice bran, which were used at the level of 30%. The duration of the experiment was 90 days. The animals were fed in groups and during the experiment the weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency and digestibility of different nutrients in the ration were recorded. Economics of the fattening rations was also determined.
It was found that the weight gain on the rations A, B and C was 555 ± 29.21 kg, 755 ± 34.48 kg, 728 ± 31.85 kg, feed consumption was 4339 ± 75.17 kg, 5386 ± 184.82 kg, 5648.5 ± 221.34 kg and mean values for feed ciliciency were 7.82 ± 2.59, 7.13 ± 1.17 7.76 ± 1.67, respectively. The difference (P<0.05) among the groups regarding weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency was not significant. For the three rations A, B and C the digestibility of dry matter was 66.88 ± 6.52, 67.85 ± 5.31 and 59.53 ± 12.64 %, digestibility of crude protein was 72.07 ± 5.34,76 ± 4.52 and 69.12 ± 7.54%, digestibility of crude fiber was 55.89 ± 7.35, 49.25 ± 8.36 and 42.16 ± 14.13% and digestibility of ether extract was 85.94 ± 3.47, 87.94 ± 8.36 and 82.24 ± 4.84 %, respectively. Digestion trial also revealed that there was a non-significant difference (P<O.05) anong groups in the digestibility of various nutrients.
The results of the study revealed that although wheat bran had shown good results, yet it could be replaced by rice bran. The maize bran had not expressed good results, however more research is required to determine it's suitable level in the diet of the buffalo calves. The results of the groups fed rice bran were almost similar to that of wheat bran. Moreover economics of the ration revealed that the cost of production was much less in the case of rice bran. So the rice bran can be used in the rations of buffalo calves without any effect on their performance.
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10.
Comparative Efficacy Of Different Commercially Available Growth Promoter Antibiotics On The Performance Of Broiler
by Fazal ur Rehman | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Anjum Khalique | Dr.Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of different growth promoter antibiotics on the performance of broiler chicks.
Two hundred and forty day old broiler (Hubbard) chicks were purchased, kept in cages and were reared on six experimental rations designated as T1 (Control), T2 (Albac, Zinc Bacitracin, 50ppm), T3 (Flavornycin, Flavophosphlipol, 3ppm), T4 (Flavomycin, Flavophosphilipol, 6ppm), T5 (Flavomycin, Flavophosphilipol, 9ppm) and T6 (Lincornix, Lincomycin 4.4ppm) upto the age of 42 days. The starter rations were fed upto 28 days of age and the finisher from to 42nd days of age.
The results of the present study indicated significant difference in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, total bacterial count of feed, total bacterial count of intestinal contents of chicks fed on antibiotic incorporated feed than control (un-medicated). The results of dressing percentage were non-significant.
Rations designated as T2 (Zinc bacitracin, 50ppm) and T3 (Flavophospholipol, 3ppm) showed non-significant difference for weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency, whereas the ration T4 (Flavophospholipol, 6ppm), T5 (Flavophospholipol, 9ppm) and T6 (Lincomycin, 4.4 ppm) showed non-significant difference for weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency. But ration T4, T5 and T6 showed significant difference with T2 and T3 for weight gain.
With respect to objective of the study, the economic picture of rations T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 for cost per Kg. of live weight gain (excluding cost of day old chick) were Rs. 17.86, 17.45, 17.39, 17.22, 17.38 and 17.37. Ration T6 was economical by Rs. 0.64, 0.23, 0.17, 0.16 and 0.15 with T1, T2, T3, T4 and T6 respectively. So the Flavomycin 80 at the rate 6ppm (Flavophospholipol) can be used in broiler starter and broiler finisher rations.
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11.
Effect Of Yuca Saponin On Urease Activity And Development Of Ascites In Broiler Chickens
by Muhammad Sajid Nazir | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | mr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the effect of commercially available "Norponin 200 Liquid" on urcase activity and development of ascites in broilers. The active ingredient in the product is saponins. Norponin 200 Liquid was mixed in water and offered to broiler chickens. Two commercial broiler rations were prepared. One was broiler starter ration containing 28 10 K cal/kg metabolizable energy and 20 % crude protein. Second was broiler finisher ration with 2900 K cal/kg metabolizable energy and 18.50 % crude protein. Chicks were divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D, respectively. Bach group offered different concentrations of Norponin 200 Liquid. Group A acted as control group. There was no mixing of Norponin 200 Liquid in it. Group B was offered 2.5 ml Norponin 200 Liquid/100 liter of drinking water. Group C was offered 5.0 ml of Norponin 200 Liquid/100 liter of drinking water. Group D was offered 7.5 ml of Norponin 200 Liquid) 100 ml of drinking water. Feed and water was offered ad libitum to the chicks. A total of 240 day-old-broiler hubbred chicks were purchased from a local commercial hatchery and were randomly divided into 4 groups having 60 birds in each group. Each group was further subdivided into 6 replicates comprising 10 birds each. Initial body weight was recorded on day first just after the arrival of chicks in brooding room. The body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of each week. Urease activity, mortality percentage and economic study of medicine used were determined at the end of experiment. The experiment was completed in 6 weeks. The results of feed consumption indicated that birds fed on same starter and Finisher rations but with different concentrations of Norponin 200 Liquid to different groups i.e. A, B, C and D in drinking water from 0-6 Weeks of age were 3847, 3813, 3831 and 3827 grams, respectively. Rcs.ults showed that birds of group A consumed more feed as compared to other groups.
The weight gain of birds in different groups i.e. A, B, C and D from 0-6 weeks were 1741, 1809, 1857 and 1895 grams, respectively. Results showed that birds in group D gained maximum weight i.e. 1895 grams per bird. The feed conversion ratio from 0-6 weeks of age were 2.20, 2.10, 2.05 and 2.01, respectively. Results showed that better feed conversion ratio was observed in group D, which as offered maximum concentration of Norponin 200 Liquid in drinking water i.e. 7.50 ml/l00 liter of drinking water. Mortality due to ascites was observed only in groups A and B, respectively. In group A, it was 8 % and in group B it was 5 %, respectively.
Urease activity was also observed in all four groups and it was recorded that maximum urease activity was observed in group A (acted as control) and minimum urcase activity was observed in group D (offered maximum concentration of Yucca sapoin)
CONCLUSION:- It was concluded that Norponin 200 Liquid offered at 7.50 ml/100
liter of drinking water gives comparatively bctter results than 2.5 ml! 100 liter, 5.0 ml! 100 liter of drinking water and control groups.
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12.
Effect Of Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment Of Defatted Rice Polishing And Its Use In Broiler Diets
by Muhammad Yahya khan | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Mr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Pakistan is occupying the eminent status in the countries; inhabiting the huge bulk of population with considerable growth rate. This situation is causing an extreme strain on food resources. With ever increasing cost offeed ingredients and use of cereal grains in poultry feeds which are also used for human consumption makes it imperative to look for alternative sources for feeding poultry to save grains for human consumption.
Agro industrial by-products or wastes which are cheaper, not utilized for human consumption and are readily available merit consideration for poultry feeding. Defatted rice polishing is one. of the ingredients may serve the desired purpose.
Defatted rice polishing/bran is an important by-product of rice milling industry. It is derived from the outer layer of rice caryopsis during milling and has comparable nutritional profIle as compared to other cereal grains. Its potential as feed ingredient cannot be absolutely exploited due to the presence of certain antinutritional factors. Such as trypsin inhibitor, crude fiber and hemeaglutinin etc. However, various treatments implementation could be resulted in the elimination of antinutritional factors and yielding it into a useful feed ingredient for poultry.
Present study was conducted to observe the impact of defatted rice polishing on the performance of broiler chicks after subjecting it to H202 treatment.
Six starter and six finisher rations were prepared arid designated as A, B, C, D, E and F. All rations were is caloric and is nitrogenous. Starter and finisher ration A contained 15% H202 treated defatted rice polishing. Rations B and C contained 20 and 25% H202 treated defatted rice polishing while rations D, E and F contained 15, 20 and 25% defatted rice polishing respectively. Two hundred and forty day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into twenty four experimental units of 10 chicks each under six groups A, B, C, D, E and F. Starter rations were fed up to 28th day of age while the finisher rations from 29th to 42nd day of age.
Results of the present study indicates that there was no significant difference in weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency and dressing percentage birds feed fed different experimental rations.
It was concluded from the present study that defatted rice polishing can safely be used up to 25% level without subjecting it to treatment. Inclusion of defatted rice polishing up to 25% level had no adverse effect on the performance of broiler chicks.
However, by using defatted rice polishing up to 25% level ration becomes expensive due to addition of oil.
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13.
Effect Of Formaldehyde Treated Sunflower Meal As A Soruce Of Rumen Undegradable Protein On The Milk
by Tariq Hameed | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Mr. Jalees | Prof. Nisar Ahmed Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The rumen has unique ability to degrade dietary protein on the one hand and synthesize microbial protein on the other. However rumen microorganism cannot synthesize enough protein to support high levels of growth and milk production by lactating animals. When protein requirements for milk production and maintenances exceeds the amount of protein synthesized by rumen microbes, there is need to protect some of dietary protein from ruminal degradation and be digested by enzymes in small intestine. Some protein sources are naturally protected from rumen degradation and other requires artificial protection. Among different methods to protect the protein, treatment with formaldehyde is an efficient and inexpensive method to protect the proteins from rumen degradation.
Vegetable protein source such as oil seed cakes and meals are major component of livestock feed. Sunflower meal is a good and relatively cheaper source of vegetable protein and is commonly available. Present study was planned to study the effect of HCHO treated sunflower meal on milk production performance of lactating buffaloes.
Twelve lactating buffaloes were divided into 2 groups A and B based on the milk production (9.1) lactation no (II) and days after calving (38). Individual feeding practice was adopted to fulfill the requirement of each animal. Group A was fed control ration with untreated sunflower meal and Group B was fed experimental ration containing the HCHO treated sunflower meal. About 45 kg of chopped green fodder (according to availability) was offered daily to each animal in both groups. Concentrate mixture was given to satisfy production requirement4 Animals were kept under proper managemental conditions. Hand milking of the animals was done twice a day. An insitu trial was conducted to see the effectiveness of HCHO treatment against the rurninal degradation of sunflower meal used in the experimental rations. Present study was conducted to ascertain milk production of Nih Ravi buffaloes by undegradable intake protein of sunflower meal.
Insitu study showed that formaldehyde treatment significantly reduced the degradation of pro tein in the rurnen. Average values for undegradable protein from O.5% HCHO treated sunflower meal was 75.52 percent as compared to 14.22 percent value of control after 24 hours of incubation. Average daily milk production for group A and B was 8.66 ± 0.70 and 8.94 ± 0.55 kg respectively. The difference was statistically non-significant. Similarly a non-significant response of formaldehyde treated sunflower meal to milk fat percentage and fat corrected milk was observed. The average values for fat contents and FCM were 5.52% ± 0.12 for group A and 5.72% + 0.23 for group B and 10.6+0.76 kg for group A and 11.2+0.50 kg for B group respectively. It was concluded, that formaldehyde treatment of SFM effectively reduced the protein degratdation in the rumen but treated sunflower meal could not improve the milk yield and fat content significantly when fed to lactating buffaloes
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14.
Comparative Efficacy Of Salinomycin, Meduramycin, Urisool And Coxigon As Feed Additive Coccidiostat In Broiler
by Rashid Ghafoor | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Anjum Khalique | Dr.Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The present study was designed to compare the efficacy of different anticoccidials available in market. Coccidiosis is a disease of universal importance in poultry production. A total of one hundred and eighty, day old broiler chicks were purchased and raised for 42 days in a healthy and good hygienic environment. The birds were then divided into 6 groups viz A, B, C, D, E and F having 30 birds each. Group C and D was given feed additive anticoccidial Kokcisan (salinomycin 12%) and Decocci (meduramycin 1%), while in group E and F was given a herbal drugs i.e. Urisool and Coxigon respectively. All the groups except group E were given challenge of infection on day 22. The oocyst count was done on 5th, 6th and 7th day after infection.
During the experimental period feed intake, weight gain, FCR, mortality rate, oocyst count, clinical findings and postmortem findings were recorded on weekly basis. Results showed that average feed intake was higher in group E i.e. infected and treated with Urisool (herbal coccidiostate). The result showed there is no statistical difference between herbal coccidiostates and other chemotherapeutic drugs. Average weight gain was higher in group E i.e. infected medicated with Urisol a herbal product gave better result.
The results of present study showed that salinomycin treated group is better among all groups regarding FCR. The herbal groups showed less percentage of mortality. The results are also in agreement with many scientists who reported that herbal anticoccidials are safe and has no side effects and tissue destruction. No toxicity and poisoning is observed even at higher doses as in ionophores and no resistance is developed towards any species of Eimeria. Oocyst count was also lower in both herbal treated groups. Almost all the birds receiving infection showed the clinical symptoms of coccidiosis, symptoms were more pronounced in birds of group (uninfected and unmedicated), salinomycin and meduramycin treated group. However, in groups treated with Urisol and Coxigon the signs were not much pronounced, which shows effectiveness of herbal preparations. On account of all these results, it is summarized that herbal anticoccidials are equal in efficacy as compare to other anticoccidials.
The results of this study will help to the feed millers in choosing best and economical feed additive anticoccidial.
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15.
Bioavailability Of Macro Minerals In Animal Origin Feed Ingredients Used In Broilers Ration
by Muddassir Attique | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Farina Malik | Mr.Muhammad Kamran.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Minerals are required for growth, bone development, feathering, enzyme structure and function. The present study has been designed to ascertain mineral profile of the poultry feedstuffs (fish meal.z, meat meal, bone meal and poultry by product meal) locally available to the industry. Evaluation of the minerals (Ca, Na, K, P) bioavailability of these ingredients and commercial broiler starter feed in broiler were also determined. For this purpose poultry feed ingredients and commercial broiler starter feed was procured from a commercial feed mill. For bioavailability of minerals a total of 240 day old Hubbard broiler chicks were used and allocated to six (6) dietary treatments(A, B, G, D, E and F) in such a way that each treatment was replicated 4 times with 10 chicks in each replicate. Diet A was of commercial feed mill B was from a corn soybean meal based and diet. Diet C, D, E and F contained meat meal, fish meal, bone meal and poultry byproduct meal respectively. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance Technique. The difference among the treatment means were tested through Duncans's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The maximum Ca bioavailability was observed in group B (61.5665±5.513%) which was control feed, followed by group E (5 8.54±8.694) containing meat meal, D (57.29±2.70) containing bone meal, C (49.94±10.43) containing fish meal, A(37.60± 5.034) which was commercial diet and F (24.23±3.16) containing PBM. Ca bioavailability was found in group F (24.23± 3.16%) which was fed with poultry by product meal, respectively. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of potassium in group A among the group C, B and F, respectively, while group F was also (94.17±0.859%) and the minimum K bioavailability was found in group B (91.45± 2.4 13%) bioavailability was observed in group A which was fed commercial feed and group F which was fed with meat meal , respectively However, bioavailability of sodium group F was significantly (P<0.05) different across the group (A, B, C, D and F). The maximum Na bioavailability was observed in group B (77.50±5.86%) and the minimum Na bioavailability was found in group E (24.69± 23 .95%) bioavailability was observed in group B which was control feed and group F which was fed with meat meal, respectively. The bioavailability of phosphorus in group E differ (P<0.05) significantly to the other groups (A, B, C, D and F) whereas group A also differ (P<0.05) from Group B, D and E significantly. However significance (P<0.05) difference was found in group B with group A and E as well. The maximum P bioavailability was observed in group C (53.40±4.453%) and the minimum P bioavailability was found in group E (41.15± 6.19%) bioavailability was observed in group C which was fed with fish meal feed and group £ which was fed with meat meal respectively. The maximum P bioavailability was observed in group A (58.48± 3.59 ) which was commercial feed, followed by group C ( 53.40±4.453 ) containing fish meal, F ( 52.81±2.18 %) which was fed with poultry by product meal D (4 8.92±6.64 ) containing bone meal B ( 49.06±5.81 ) which was control diet B (41.15±6.19 ) containing meat meal. The maximum FCR was observed in group C (1.40±0.022) and the minimum body weight was found in group A (1.281± 0.028) Body weight was observed in group C which was fed with fish meal feed and group A which was fed commercial diet respectively
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16.
Bioavailability Of Minerals In Different Vegetable Protein Sources Commonly Used In Broiler Ration
by Zaib Mahel | Dr.Farina Malik | Prof.Dr.Muhammad AKram | Prof.Dr.Talat.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The study was designed to investigate the relative bioavailability of minerals in different vegetable protein sources commonly used in broiler ration. The study was conducted in the Poultry Experimental Shed, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. For this purpose 200 day old broiler chicks were purchased and were randomly distributed into five equal treatment groups A, B, C, D & E containing soyabean based control diet, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, canola meal and guar meal respectively. Each treatment had 4 replicates having 10 chicks each. Birds were placed on floor for first 10 days then were shifted to cages on day with in same treatment and replicate groups and were fed on experimental feed. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded weekly and FCR and weight gain was also calculated accordingly.
The experiment was terminated at day 21, all birds were weighed and feed consumption was recorded to calculate weight gain and FCR. Two birds per replicate were randomly selected and 5m1 blood was taken from wing vein prior to slaughtering. After slaughter, organ weights, left tibia bone were taken. Blood samples, left tibia bone ash, and excreta samples were collected for analysis of macro (Ca, P, K, Mg, and Na) and microminerals (Mn, Cu, and Fe) analysis.
Data when statistically analyzed showed that there was a significant differences (P<0.05) between body weights, Birds fed canola and guar meal showed the highest (P<0.05) body weight compared to control birds. Feed consumption & FCR values
showed a non significant difference (P<O.05). Organ weight revealed non significant difference in liver & heart weights (P<O.05), however significantly (P<O.05) highest weights were observed for birds fed diet containing guar meal.
Amount of available Ca in plasma was significantly higher (P<O.05) when guar meal was fed as compared to P arid Mg which showed non significant (P<O.05) differences between treatments and the amount of available minerals Ca, P, Mg, K, and Fe in bone ash were also non significant (P<O.05) among birds fed control, rapeseed, sunflower, canola, and guar meal. The amount of available macrominerals (Ca, P, and Mg) in feed showed a significant difference (P<O.05) when birds were fed sunflower meal, control and guar meal. However, Na, and K levels of feed were non significant (P<O.05). The amount of available macrominerals (Ca, K and Na) in excreta significantly showed (P<O.05) difference when sunflower and guar meal were fed while P and Mg showed non significant (P>O.05) difference among all treatment groups, whereas microminerals like Cu, Mn and Fe showed a significant difference (P<O.05) when birds were fed a soya based control diet.
The overall bioavailability of macro minerals (Ca, P, Mg, K and Na) and microminerals (Cu and Fe) showed significant (P<O.05) among treatments groups. However Mn showed non significant (P<O.05) difference with highest bioavailability of guar meal. The results showed that among protein source supplements, soybean, sunflower, canola and guar meal showed higher digestibility and minerals content as compared to rapeseed meal.
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17.
Bioavailability Of Macro Minerals (Ca,P,Na,K)In Different Feed Stuffs Commonly Used In Broilers Ration
by Arslan Farooq | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Farina Malik | Dr.Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Many reports have illustrated the limitations of feed stuffs in meeting the mineral needs of poultry and other monogastric species. Many feed millers base their estimates of requirements on the NRC. However, the commercial feed industry has adjusted these levels based on their own 'gut feel' rather than on any scientific basis. So, when poultry feed is formulated on this basis, it may not fulfill the bird's nutritional requirement due to their tabulated values instead of actual, resulting in some nutritional disorder and many other related problems.
Therefore it becomes more imperative that we must have nutrient profile of our local feed stuff. The present study has been designed to ascertain mineral profile of the poultry feedstuffs (cotton seed meal, wheat bran, corn gluten meal 60% and corn gluten meal 30%) locally available to the industry and prepare a document on the basis of data analyzed which will be used as a ready reference through out the country. Evaluation of the minerals (Ca, Na, K, P) bioavailability of these ingredients and commercial broiler starter feed in broiler was also be determined. For this purpose poultry feed ingredients and commercial broiler starter feed were procured from a commercial feed mill. For bioavailability of minerals a total of 200 day old Hubbard broiler chicks were used and allocated to five (5) dietary treatments (A, B, C, D and E) in such a way that each treatment was replicated 4 times with 10 chicks in each replicate. Diet A was of corn- soybean meal. Diet B, C, D and E was contain cotton seed meal, wheat bran, corn gluten meal 60% and corn gluten meal 30 %, respectively. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance Technique. The difference among the treatment means was tested through Duncans's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The maximum Ca bioavailability was observed in group B (61.56±5.51%) which was commercial feed, followed by group C (46.30 ±4.29) containing cotton seed meal, E (41.61±8.05) containing corn gluten meal 60%, A (37.60±5.0) containing control(corn- soybean meal), D (35.12±9.20) which was wheat bran and F (22.3 1±8.04) containing corn gluten meal30%. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of Ca in group A between the groups B and F, respectively.
The maximum P bioavailability was observed in group A (58.48± 3.59) which was control feed, followed by group D (52.32±3.09) containing wheat bran, B (49.06±5.81) containing control feed, E (45.94±7.12) containing corn gluten meal 60%, C (40.45±4.55) which was cotton seed meal and F (38.68±8.3 1) containing corn gluten meal 30%. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of phosphorus in group A among the group B C, E and F, respectively.
The maximum Na bioavailability was observed in group B (77.50± 5.86) which was commercial feed, followed by group C (75.03±3.28) containing cotton seed meal, F (73.62±4.75) containing corn gluten meal 30% feed, D (73.10±4.5 1) containing wheat bran, A (65.05±7.16) which was control diet and E (58.40±7.34) containing corn gluten meal 60% respectively. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of Na in group A among the groups B, C, D, E and F respectively.
The maximum K bioavailability was observed in group A (94.17± 0.85) which was control feed, followed by group B (93.98±0.51) containing commercial feed, E (93.05±1.05) containing corn gluten meal 60% feed, D (91.62±0.84) containing wheat bran, F (90.69±0.69) which was corn gluten meal 60% feed and C (90.26±1.07) containing cotton seed meal respectively. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of K in group A among the groups C, D, E and F, respectively.
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18.
Bioavailability Of Macrominerals (Ca,P,K,Na)In Broiler Diets Based On Cereals And Cereal Byproduct
by Muhammad Farooq | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Farina Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the relative bioavailability of minerals in different cereals grain commonly used in broiler ration. For this purpose experiment was conducted in the Poultry Experimental Shed, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 200 day old broiler chicks and were randomly distributed into five equal treatment groups A, B, C, D & E containing commercial control diet, maize, wheat, rice tips, rice polish respectively. Each treatment had 4 replicates having 10 chicks each. Birds were placed on floor for first 10 days then were shifted to cages on ii day with replicate groups were fed on experimental feed. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded weekly and FCR and weight gain was also calculated accordingly.
The experiment was ended at day 21, all birds were weighed and feed consumption was recorded to calculate weight gain and FCR. Two birds per replicate were randomly selected and 5m1 blood was taken from wing vein prior to slaughtering. After slaughter, organ weights, left tibia bone were taken. Blood samples, left tibia bone ash, and excreta samples were collected for analysis of macro minerals (Ca, P, K and Na).
Data when statistically analyzed showed that there was a significant differences (P<0.05) among body weights, Birds fed wheat showed the highest (P<0.05) body weight compared to control diet. Feed consumption & FCR values showed significant difference (P>0.05). Organ weight revealed that liver & heart weights were non-significant (P<0.05) among different treatment groups however significantly (P>0.05) highest weights were observed for birds fed diet containing control diet.
Amount of available Ca in plasma was significantly higher (P>O.05) when rice tips was fed as compared to phosphorus which showed significant (P>O.05) differences among treatments and the amount of available minerals Ca, P, Na and K in bone ash were also significant (P<O.05) among birds fed control, maize, wheat ,rice tips, rice polish. The amount of available macro minerals (Ca, P, Na and K) in feed showed a significant difference (P<O.05) when birds were fed wheat, rice tips and rice polish. The amount of macrominerals (Ca, P, K and Na) in excreta significantly showed (P<O.05) difference among all treatments. The bioavailability of macrominerals (Ca, P, K and Na) showed significant (P<O.05) among treatments groups. However bioavailability of phosphorus showed non-significant (P>O.05) difference of group fed control diet and rice polish. The results showed that among energy sources wheat, rice tips and maize minerals contents are compare with rice polish.
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19.
Effect Of Different Energy Sources On The Fattening Potential Of Buffalo Calves
by Mujahid Jamal Jami | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Abdul | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Buffalo is an important animal which contributes approximately 50% meat in Pakistan. Traditional system of meat production is inefficient. About 50 % of the male calves die during the first week of their life. Some calves are raised to 60-80 kg on extremely poor and unbalanced diets and only a few are raised to about 200 kg of live weight with very low average daily gains. Most of the meat produced in the country comes from end of career, or emergency slaughtered animals. To improve meat production in country calves are required to be fattened through feed lot system. Energy-rich sources available in Pakistan include cereal grains (wheat, maize, barley, oats, sorghum, and rice), wheat bran, rice polishing and molasses etc. At the same time fats and oils are also rich source of energy and infrequently used in animal feeding. Molasses, a by product of sugar industry, is an excellent and cheaper source of energy. An objective of the study was to compare efficiency of energy sources for meat production. For this purpose, a fattening trial was conducted on 15 Nili-Ravi buffalo calves of approximately the same age and weight to study the comparative efficacy of three different energy rations. Animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 calves each. Animals were offered three different rations. The experiment was carried out for 90 days. Group A was fed TMR having molasses as energy source, group B was fed TMR having com grain as energy source and group C was fed TMR with rumen protected fat as energy source. Daily feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, economics and blood parameters (blood glucose, total protein, urea and creatinin) were studied. The Data obtained was analyzed under CRD through ANOV A and the difference among treatment means were tested with LSD. The average weekly growth rate of group A, B and C was 6.23±0.187, 6.l85±O.l87 and 6.08±0.187 respectively. The average daily growth rate of group A, Band C was 0.89, 0.88 and 0.87 kg respectively. Total Mixed Ration taken by group A, B and C was 2064.5 kg, 2546.01 and 1993.7 kg respectively. The average daily feed intake was 4.59 ±O.l06, 5.66±0.106 and 4.43±0.106 kg per day of group A, B and C respectively. Group A, C had non significant difference (P>0.05) from each other while group B was significantly different from group A and C. The feed conversion ratio of group A, B and C was 5.16 ±0.25, 6.40±0.25 and 5.10±0.25 respectively. The results showed that calves fed ration C has highest FCR than ration A and B. The results of the study revealed non significant difference in the concentration of serum urea, creatinine, glucose and serum total protein among the experimental animals. The cost of one kg live weight for group A was Rs 78.73 while Rs 102.78 and Rs 129.1 for group Band C. The results showed th~t ration A was more economical than ration Band C. The findings of this study showed the benefit of utilization of different energy sources in the fattening ration of calves. Due to higher prices and demand of cereal grains, other cheaper sources such as molasses can be used for fattening as energy source. If there is unavailability of molasses and cereal grains then bypass fat (Berga fat) can be used for fattening purpose. The study revealed that each energy sources is equally effective.
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20.
Efficacy Of Commercially Available Natural Enzyme Complex On Performance And Nutrient Availability In Broiler Rations
by Asim Munawar | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Saima | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Poultry feed is mainly composed of cereals and vegetable proteins, which cannot be fully digested and utilized by poultry due to lack of endogenous enzymes. As feed costs 70% of total poultry operation, so there is need reconsider enzyme supplementation in such feeds. For this purpose, a total of 800 day old Hubbard broiler chicks will be randomly selected, weighed, and assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 8 replicates per treatment. Feed was procured from a commercial feed mill, comprising of a control diet (2750 Kcal/kg energy with no Allzyme SSF), two negative control diets (Negative Control Diet-I and II having 2700 Kcal/kg and 2675 Kcal/kg energy having no Allzyme SSF) and two positive control diets (2700 Kcal/kg and 2675 Kcal/kg energy having Allzyme SSF @ 200gms/ton).
The average body weights of broilers at different ages showed that broilers of group A attained maximum weight, which was followed by group D, B, E and C, respectively, revealed that the weights of group B, C and E were significantly different from group A, whereas, the differences of group A and D were found non significant that maximum feed consumption was exhibited by group B followed by group C, E, D and A. The data of feed consumption when subjected to analysis of variance showed significant difference (p<0.05) of group B and C with groups A, D, E, while the feed consumption of group B and C was found insignificantly different from each other. The overall FCR of group A was found to be the best among all groups. Next to this was group D, followed by group E, B and C. It is evident from the results that FCR of broilers in group D was very near to control group A, showing activity of enzyme complex in terms of performance.
The highest toe ash percentage (10.83%) was recorded in broilers of group D which was fed diet with 0.1% less available phosphorus and 0.1% calcium but added 200gm/ton enzyme complex, lowest toe ash percentage (9.98%) was recorded in group C which was fed with diet having 0.1% less available phosphorus and 0.1% calcium than control group A with no enzyme complex supplementation. The highest Ca content in plasma was observed in group A, whereas the lowest Ca plasma content was recorded in group B. Phosphorous content in plasma of group D was found to be highest among all the groups followed by E, A, B and C.
No bird had showed any kind of leg weakness/deformity. Critical analysis of the data indicated that birds of group D were reared at lowest feed cost and this diet was found most economical.
Cost of production of feed and per kg live weight can be decreased by use of enzyme complex in feed.
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21.
Effect Of Feeding Citrus Pulp Silage On The Growth Performance Of Sahiwal Calves
by Muhammad Iqbal | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Livestock is contributing about 53 per cent of agricultural value added and 11.4 per cent to the national GDP with a total animal heads of 157.3 million but feed availability of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) is deficient by 38.10 and 24.02%, respectively. However, a decline in domestic feed resources and the need for Pakistan's livestock production to become internationally competitive are strong reasons for promoting the use of alternative locally available and cheap sources of feed ingredients, such as citrus pulp from fruit processing industry which do not attract competition in consumption between humans and livestock. The primary objective for the use of these by-products is to reduce the feed cost and consequently cost of producing a unit of the product like milk or meat as well as to fulfill the nutrients demands of animals. Citrus pulp is a by-product widely available in Pakistan and is mainly discarded as waste. Its cost is relatively low compared to its nutritive value but is seldom used as ruminant feed. The large amounts which are available during the harvesting season can be ensiled in combination with dry roughage, to get the required moisture level of it. So in the present study citrus pulp with wheat straw was ensiled and the silage was fed to Sahiwal calves to observe its intake, weight gain as well as economics. Results of the present study revealed that the optimum level of 20% citrus pulp in feed gave good results while intake and weight gain decreased for 30% citrus pulp in feed. Average total weight gain were 27.5, 37.5, 28.75 and 23.75kg for ration A, B, C and D, respectively (containing 10, 20 and 30 citrus pulp, respectively). Average daily gain for group A, B, C and D were 0.44, 0.60, 0.46 and 0.38kg, respectively and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). When average daily feed intake for each calf was calculated on dry matter basis it showed 4.40, 4.50, 3.39 and 3.13kg respectively for group A, B, C and D which was not significantly different between diets. By ascertaining the cost of the feed for ration groups it showed significance difference having average cost of production per animal per kg body weight 37.07, 23.80, 21.68 and 25.58 Rs for group A, B, C and D, respectively.
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