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1. Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Blood Biochemistry And Immune Response Of Broilers Under Two Rearing Systems Withinthree Different Housing Zones

by Khalid Bilal | Mr. Shahid Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1647,T] (1).

2. Effect Of Different Management Strategies On Growth Performance, Biochemical Profile And Immune

by Shahid Mehmood | Dr.Abdul Waheed Sahota | Dr. Khalid Javed | Dr. Muhammad Akram.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1768,T] (1).

3. Effect Of Different Vaccine Routes On Growth Performance, Organs Weight, Carcass Characteristics And Immune Response In Broilers

by Habiba Taj (2008-VA-478) | Prof.Dr. Athar Mahmud | Dr. Shahid Mehmood | Dr. Atia Bashir.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The purpose of study was to compare four different vaccination routes. The study was conducted at environment controlled broiler house, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi campus-Pattoki. In this experiment 264 commercial day old chicks were purchased from hatchery.On arrival, 24 day-old chicks were sent to laboratory for determining the maternal antibody level and remaining 240 birds were divided randomly in to four treatments (Drinking water, Eye drop, Spray,Spray +Drinking water) groups. Each group was replicated 6 times with 10 birds each. Before vaccination 03 birds were picked up randomly from each replicate and 3 ml blood was collected from the main brachial vein to determine NDV and IBV maternal antibody titers of the chickens. At the end of the trial, 03 birds were picked up randomly, slaughtered to determine the weight of immune organs and carcass characteristics. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed through Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques at 0.05 significane level. The means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMR) test with the help of SAS, 9.1.Results of present study showed non-significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) infeed intake, body weights, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, point spread, performance index andproduction number. Significant differences (P ≤0.05) were observed in mortality and livability percentage. The birds vaccinated thorugh the eye drop showed higher livability than spray with drinking water.Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were observed inBursa and thymusweights with respect to four routes of vaccination. The birds vaccinated through eye drop method had the higher bursa and thymusweight as compared to those vaccinated through drinking water, eye drop and spray with drinking water. There were non-significant (P ≥ 0.05) in spleen weight.Maternal antibody level against Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastledisease was 3421and 6.9 respectively. Decline in maternal antibody titer was recorded onthe 7th and 15th day of the experiment.Vaccination at 17th day boosted the immune response.Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were observed in an immune response against the Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastle Disease. The birds vaccinated through eye drop route showed higher immune response than other routes of vaccination.Non-significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) were observed in dressing percentage, breast yield percentage, gizzard percentage, heart percentage, keel length, shank length, intestinal length and intestinal weight. Significant differences (P ≤0.05) were observed in thigh percentage. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study it may be stated that 1. Vaccination routes had no effect on growth performance. 2. Eye drop vaccinataion developed better immunity and also had higher weight of immune organs, while, spray remained poorest. Suggestion and Recommendations: For future it is recommended as eye drop method of vaccination is the best route of vaccination for higher immune response and higher immune organs weight and others routes of vaccinations has lower immune response and imuune organs weight. Continuous detailed and comprehensive research investigations are needed on different vaccination routes. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2271-T] (1).

4. Evaluation of Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics And Economic Appraisal of 3 Broiler Strains Under 4 Brooding Sources And Varying Feeding Regimens In Termianal Phase

by Muhammad Shabir Shaheen (2013-VA-778) | Dr. Shahid Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud | Mr. Muhammad Imran.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Theses submitted with corrupt cd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2351-T] (1).

5. Effect Of Different Bedding Materials On The Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics And Immune Response Of Three Different Broiler Strains

by Muhammad Irfan (2013-VA-966) | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud | Dr. Shahid Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Saima.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Broiler birds spent most of their life in close association with bedding material. Managing poultry house bedding material is an important husbandry practice. The type of bedding material can affect the performance of the broilers to a certain extent in terms of growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune response. In Pakistan, selection of bedding material is dependent upon season and availability with little knowledge of interaction with particular broiler strain. Although, it is well documented that different strains have the tendency to perform differently in similar environmental conditions still performance of particular cross on a given bedding material is not studied. Poultry industry is constantly interested in evaluating the performance of the commercially available broiler strains. The concept of using different bedding materials for three different commercial broiler strains was evaluated at the Poultry Research and Training Centre (PRTC), Ravi Campus Pattoki, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. A total of 360 day old commercial broiler chicks from three different strains (Ross 308, Cobb 500 and Arbor acres) 120 from each strain were purchased from the local market. All the day old chicks having uniform body weight were randomly distributed into 36 replicates having 10 chicks each and were fed the same quality of feed. Birds from each strain were reared on each bedding material in three replicates to evaluate the ultimate growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune response influenced by four different bedding materials for the period of 5 weeks. Three birds were randomly picked up from each treatment group at the end of trial and 5 ml blood was collected in marked test tubes from Jugular vein of each bird during slaughtering to obtain serum samples. The data were analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique using PROC GLM in SAS 9.1. Means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMR) test. The findings of the present study exhibited that Cobb 500 reared on corn cob pulp showed significantly (P<0.05) better final weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio,European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF), Point Spread (PS) and Livability. Regarding carcass characteristics better dressing proportion, breast yield, leg quarter yield, giblet weight and other body measurements were observed in Cobb 500 followed by Ross 308 and Arbor acres strain reared on other bedding materials used in this experiment. Corn cob pulp showed maximum potential with the best moisture absorbing capacity and favored the growth of birds followed by rice husk, wheat straw and wood shavings. Wood shaving proved to be a poor choice as it hinders the growth performance and was hard to manage due to wet, scaly and cake formation that promoted pathogenic growth leading to FPD. Moreover, corn cob pulp was better suited to promote dry condition because of fine particles size allowing more surface area for moisture evaporation and keeping it dry for longer duration. Therefore, birds kept on corn cob pulp were more comfortable as it is evident from the results that it has the potential to be used in poultry industry as alternate bedding material. Rice husk performed next to corn cob pulp while wheat straw and wood shavings did not impress by the outcome and proved to unfit for better growth and welfare of birds. In the current study, birds generated protective antibody titers against Newcastle Disease virus and no significant differences were found by using different bedding materials or broiler strains.   CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the observations made from the current experiment it may be claimed that: • Corn cob pulp proved to be the most efficient as it significantly improved the growth performance and carcass characteristics of 3 commercial broiler strains especially for Cobb 500. • Corn cob pulp being most comfortable promoted health and welfare of birds leading to improved immunity against pathogens and viral diseases. • FPD can be reduced to minimum by adopting corn cob pulp as bedding material due to its fine particles and highly moisture absorbing abilities. • The highest carcass yield, dressing proportion, organ weight (heart weight, abdominal fat, liver, spleen, heart, thymus, bursa) along with breast yield, neck, keel and shank length were recorded by Cobb 500 on corn cob pulp. • Cobb 500 strain was found better than rest of two strains (Ross and Arbor acres) regarding growth performance and carcass characteristics. • Being a by-product of corn processing, corn cob pulp is the cheapest and can be an economical alternate to conventional bedding materials for all strains especially for Cobb. In Pakistan rice husk and wood shavings are abundantly used bedding materials depending upon season and availability. Rice husk is by product of rice processing and highly dependent upon season, while poultry farming is a continuous business so its availability stands as a major issue. Whereas, corn cob pulp being a by-product of corn processing is usually left on fields or wasted. So it can be used as a cheap alternative with better performance but its availability around the year and on commercial scale can be an issue. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2424-T] (1).

6. Physiological, Behavioral And Immune Response In Three Commercial Broiler Strains Under Four Heating Systems

by Muhammad Jamil Alvi (2008-VA-480) | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram | Prof. Dr. Saima | Dr. Shahid Mehmood.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The performance of broilers maintained under four different brooding systems with respect to behavior of the birds, blood profile and immune response in comparison to different strain of broilers raising needs to be studied under local conditions as it has been reported to possess better prospects. Furthermore, broiler performance in four different brooding zones having different air quality needs to be investigated in view of their effect on performance of broilers. In the trial, 360 commercial (Hubbard, Ross, Cobb) day-old broiler chicks purchased from the local hatchery. Hence the present study was conducted, Department of Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi campus, Pattoki with the objectives to compare the effect of strains and heating sources on the behavior (Walking, Feeding, Jumping, Litter Pecking, Lying, Standing, Preening, Breathing, Fearfulness, Body stretching, Rubbing beak with body) of the birds. In the present study effect of strains and heating system on blood biochemistry and immune response were also identified. The behavior of broilers strains studied under four different heating systems. Each treatment replicated 03 subgroups. The experimental chicks randomly divided into 36 experimental units of 10 chicks each after the adaptation period of three weeks. The heating system will be split into 04 groups (A, B, C and D). The birds in group A kept over hot water pipe lines. The birds in group B will be kept in gas heater area. The birds in group C kept in diesel brooder area. The birds in group D kept under pen cake brooder area. The data were analyzed according to analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) under factorial arrangements using GLM procedures. Means separated through Duncan Multiple Range (DMR) test with the help of SAS, 9.1. Results of the present study showed significant highest jumping behavior in birds reared on hot water pipes as compared to gas heater during starter SUMMARY 48 phase and grower phase. In interaction, significantly more jumping behavior was recorded on electric bulbs in Ross when compared with Ross on hot water in starter phase. Significantly highest aggression was showed in birds reared on gas heaters than birds reared on electric bulb and diesel brooder. The preening behavior significantly improved in birds reared on gas heaters in starter, grower and finisher phase. While minimum was recorded on hot water during starter, grower and finisher phase. The feather picking behavior and walking behavior significantly higher in birds reared on gas heater during starter, grower and finisher phase. The laying behavior was statistically significant in Cobb broiler chicks during finisher phase. The feeding and litter picking behavior significantly higher in Ross broiler chicks during finisher phase. The under heat source, stretching and rubbing beak with body behavior significantly improved in Hubbard broiler chicks during starter phase. The blood profile was not significantly influenced by strains and heating source. The antibody titer against ND and IBD was higher in Ross reared on water heating system as compared to other strains and heating sources while blood biochemical profile was also higher in Ross when reared at floor heating system. Conclusion:  Ross reared under hot water during brooding showed better and healthy behavior including jumping, aggression, walking, standing, drinking, lying, feeding and litter picking  Ross strains exhibited better immune response and serum chemistry at hot water brooding system. Suggestion and Recommendations:  Hot water can be used as alternative brooding source  Behavior of commercial poultry needs further investigation and research. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2428-T] (1).

7. Effect Of Different Feeding Regimens On Subsequent Growth, Performance, Carcass Characterstics And Immune Response In Sexed Broiler

by Muhammad Akif Akram (2009-VA-182) | Dr. Shahid Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud | Dr. Shafqat Nawaz Qaisrani.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Protein is a major component of broilers diets. There are contradictory reports in literature regarding optimum levels of protein in broiler chicken diets to obtain reasonable performance. Initially some efforts were made to establish a minimum level of protein to get optimum performance but those moves resulted in poor performance in terms of weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The present study was conducted at Poultry Research and Training Centre (PRTC), Ravi Campus Pattoki, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. The duration of the proposed study was 35 days. In total, 360 day old commercial broiler chicks were assigned to 12 groups in 3×4 factorial arrangement under Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Treatments consisted of 3 sex rearing systems (male, female and mix) and 4 feeding regimes (HD, conventional, NRC and Soya Corn). Each treatment was replicated 3 times with 10 birds in each. Data regarding growth performance incuding feed intake, body weight and FCR were recorded on weekly basis. At the end of trial, from each replicate two birds were randomly picked up and slaughtered to collect the data for carcass characteristics. After slaughtering, 5 ml blood was collected in test tubes from Jugular vein of each bird. Serum samples were extracted and stored at -20C for measuring antibody titers against and serum chemistry. The collected data were analyzed through ANOVA technique under factorial arrangement using PROG GLM. Means were compared through Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMR) test with the help of SAS 9.1. Broilers reared on different feeding regimes showed significantly enhanced body weight, better FCR, PEF, PS, PI and better ND titer in high density (HD) diet fed birds, whereas feed intake was found to be higher in those birds which were fed at conventional diet. On the other hand, glucose and cholesterol showed non-significant results. While carcass characteristics showed CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY SUMMARY 46 higher abdominal fat, heart weight and thymus weight in soya corn based diet whereas pancreas, breast and thigh meat yield weights were found to be higher in HD diet. Different sexes indicated higher body weight, FCR, PEF,PS, PI, dressed weight, heart weight, keel length and shank length in males whereas abdominal fat was observed to be higher in females. Males showed better economics rather than straight run and female birds. Among different feeding regimes HD feed exhibited better economical appraisal as compared to Soya corn, NRC and conventional diet. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study it may be concluded that 1. Rearing of broilers on high density (HD) feed resulted into enhanced body weight and better FCR. Whereas feed intake was found to be higher in birds fed conventional diet. In sexes, male broilers fed high density (HD) feed showed better body weight, improved FCR, PEF, PS and PI values. 2. In carcass characteristics, birds fed high density diet showed enhanced weight of pancreas, breast meat yield, keel length and thigh yield while abdominal fat, heart weight and thymus weight were higher in soya corn diet fed birds. In different sexes, rearing of males separately indicated increased dressed weight, heart weight, keel length and shank length whereas abdominal fat was observed to be higher in females. 3. Birds reared on HD diet exhibited elevated antibody titer as compared to NRC, Conventional and soya corn based diet however with respect to cholesterol level, different sexes and feeding regimes separately could not show their response. SUMMARY 47 4. Among different feeding regimes, high density (HD) diet remained more economical than Soya corn, NRC and conventional diet. In sexes, rearing of males separately remained more economical than rearing of females alone as well as combined sex rearing. Recommendations for the farmers Based on the current findings, here are some recommendations for the farmers 1. HD feed can improve the growth performance and carcass characteristics. 2. HD feed is cost effective so by using the high density feed better results can be obtained. Suggestions for the futures researchers  Same treatments can be applied in sexed broilers to evaluate meat quality and organoleptic.  Future researchers can also apply different feed regimes in different broilers strains. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2509-T] (1).

8. Comparative Efficacy Of Different Anti-Stressors On Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Immune Response And Blood Bio- Chemistry Of Broilers Reared During Hot-Humid Climate

by Tahreem Aad (2008-VA-482) | Dr. Shahid Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud | Dr. Atia Basheer.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The purpose of study was to characterize the efficacy of different anti-stressors on broilers reared during heat stress. The study was conducted at Poultry Research and Training (PRTC) Centre, Ravi Campus Pattoki, in hot-humid weather (July-August), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. A total of 200 day old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were procured from hatchery and arranged according to completely randomized design; assigned 05 dietary treatments (control, Betaine 2g/kg, Chia seed 5g/kg, Potassium chloride 2g/kg and vitamin C 600mg/kg). Feed and water was provided ad-libitum throughout the experimental period. Temperature and humidity were recorded three times a day. At day 7th, 17th, 36th and 42nd, four blood samples were taken from each treatment. Serum was separated to evaluate the immune response against New-castle disease. Daily feed intake and weekly body weight were recorded. At 42nd day, four birds from each treatment were randomly selected and slaughtered to record carcass characteristics; blood samples were collected to estimate blood glucose and cholesterol level of different treatment birds. Data thus collected was analyzed through one-way ANOVA technique (Steel et al. 1997). Comparison of means were worked out through Duncan’s Multiple Range test (DMR) with the help of SAS 9.1. Results of present study indicated that betaine group significantly (P< 0.05) improved the growth parameters; body weights and feed conversion ratio of broilers during heat stress, feed efficiency, point spread, performance index production number livability, and uniformity does not significantly (P<0.05) effected but apparently improved, mortality rates reduced in this group. Addition of chia seed to the diet resulted in to significantly (P< 0.05) better feed consumption and immune response against new-castle disease in heat stressed broilers. Vitamin C supplementation significantly (P< 0.05) improved the physiological perameters of broilers by reducing the cholesterol and glucose levels in serum samples of broilers reared during acute heat stress. Carcass characteristcs were also improved in heat stressed broilers fed on betaine supplemented diets. Dressing %, thigh yield%, intestine %, pancrease %, thymus %, breast width (cm) and shank length (cm) significantly increased (P< 0.05) while, breast meat yield %, abdominal fat %, giblets %, bursa%, spleen% and keel length (cm) were not significantly (P> 0.05) effected but apparently improved in this group. Betaine group also improved economics in heat stressed broilers. Conclusion: Based upon the findings of present study it can be concluded that: 1. Supplementation of betaine in diet of heat stressd broilers proved comparatively more efficient than other anti-stressors in improving growth parameters and carcass characters of broilers reared during hot-humid climate, hence remained more economical. 2. The organic anti stressor “Chia seed” showed better antibody titer against new castle disease and also improved the weight of immune organs. 3. Supplementing vitamin C in diet decreases the serum glucose and cholesterol level in broilers.   Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2534-T] (1).

9. Production Performance, Egg Characteristics And Immune Response In Commercial Layers Reared At Different Cage And House Zones During Summer

by Muhammad Irfan (2008-VA-491) | Dr. Shahid Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud | Dr. Arshad Javid.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Recent trends in commercial layer farming is changing the production trends worldwide. The commercial layer farming in Pakistan is shifting from open or semi controlled floor farms to modern automatic controlled caged farms. These cage farms are megastructure having capacity of huge bird rearing, due to large house dimensions the environment of house not remain uniform throughout the house and difference in light intensity, air speed, temperature and humidity horizontally and vertically have significant impacts on overall performance of layers. House and cage zones in environment controlled house may influence productive performance, egg characteristics and immune response in commercial layers. For this purpose, a total of 588 birds arranged according to completely randomized design and divided in three house zones (Near pads, middle and near fans) and four tier levels (Lower, Bottom, Middle, Upper) being replicated 6 times with 9 birds in each cage. These birds were placed in ECO-60 caged house (4×4) having 9 birds in each pen. These performance of birds were compared for differences in production performance, egg geometry, egg quality and immune profile. Data were analyzed through factorial ANOVA using PROC GLM in SAS software, means were compared through Duncan’s Multiple Range test. The highest weigh gain was observed in birds reared near the pad zone followed by the birds reared near middle and fan zone. Similarly, better egg production was found in the birds reared near evaporative cooling pads and middle zone as compared to the birds reared near the fan zone. To this end, better egg mass was found in the birds reared near pad and middle zone as compared to the birds reared near the fan zone. FCR / kg egg mass was found in the birds reared near pad and middle zone as compared to the birds reared near the fan. Regarding Infectious Bronchitis (IB), Avian Influenza (H9), Avian Influenza (H7), Mycoplasma Gallisepticum (MG), Newcastle (ND), difference in titters was observed among the birds of different housing zones and their interaction. CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY 59 However, no significant effect of house zones, tier cage levels and their interaction was observed regarding egg characteristics and immune response. Conclusions From the discussion in the previous chapter it can be concluded that:  In modern environment control layer house, different house zones influence productive performance of the birds, especially near the pad zone birds exhibited improve body weight and better production %. In the same way, birds reared near the middle zone showed better egg mass, FCR / dozen eggs and FCR / Kg egg mass.  Among different house zones and tier cage levels, temperature, relative humidity and thermal index varied throughout the experimental period.  Birds reared neat the pad zone at central tier had better body weight, while, better production % exhibited by the birds reared near the middle zone at lower cage tier. However, birds reared near pad zone at bottom cage tier revealed better FCR/dozen eggs and / kg egg mass.  Different cage tier levels did not influence productive performance, egg characteristics and immune response of commercial layers.  Improved immune response was shown by the birds reared in middle zone of the house as compared to pad and fan zone while tier level did not influenced the antibody titer. Suggestions and Recommendation  Behavioral studies are required to observe the response of bird at micro climate.  Further investigations are needed to fulfill the welfare issues of commercial layer.  Researchers should come forward to explore the alternative housing system of commercial layer. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2619-T] (1).

10. Effect Of Different Levels Of Yeast Based Mannan Oligosaccharide (Actigen™) On Growth Perfomance, Carcass Characteristics, Blood Biochemistry And Immune Response Of Broilers

by Muhammad Waqas (2009-VA-131) | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud | Dr. Shahid Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Saima.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The present study of 35 days duration was conducted at Poultry Research and Training Centre (C-Block) Ravi Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore to evaluate the effect of mannan oligosaccharide supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry and immune response in broilers. For this, a total of 360 commercial broiler chickens were purchased from local hatchery and randomly divided into four treatment groups having six replicated of 15 birds each, according to completely randomized design. Treatment consisted four levels of MOS (0g/kg, 0.2g/kg, 0.4g/kg and 0.6g/kg). Weekly data were collected regarding growth performance. At the end of experiment, three birds from each replicate were randomly selected, after halal slaughtering carcass parameters were recorded. To find out the effect of MOS on blood biochemistry and antibody titer against ND and IB, 5 ml blood sample was harvested in marked test tubes from jugular vein of each bird at the time of slaughtering. Serum samples were harvested by centrifugation (1500RPM) method and were stored at -20oC for measuring blood glucose and cholesterol levels. Same serum samples were utilized to determine the ND and IB antibodies titers. Collected data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA technique using PROC GLM in SAS software. Supplementation of MOS level 0.6g/kg in the diet of broilers resulted in improved growth performance, carcass characteristic, blood biochemical profile and immune response in broilers. With respect to growth performance, significantly improved body weight, weight gain and FCR were recorded in birds fed with 0.6g/kg MOS. Regarding production performance indices, significantly better production efficiency factor, point spread and performance index were recorded in birds having 0.6g/kg inclusion of MOS in their diet. In the same way, 0.6 g/kg MOS significantly higher dressing, breast, thigh yield, liver, heart, gizzard and intestinal weight percentage were recorded in birds CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY SUMMARY 36 having 0.6g/kg MOS in their diet. Regarding morphometric traits, significantly higher keel length, shank length and intestinal length were recorded in birds supplemented 0.6g/kg MOS in their diet. Significantly low glucose and cholesterol level were recorded in broilers having 0.6g/kg MOS supplemented diet. Broilers fed MOS at 0.6/kg in their diet showed better antibodies titers against ND and IB. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2678-T] (1).

11. Effect Of Microencapsulated Butyric Acid Supplementation On Growth Performance, Ileal Digestibility Of Protein, Gut Health And Immunity In Broilers

by Muhammad Imran (2009-VA-417) | Dr. Saeed Ahmed | Dr. Yasir Allah Ditta | Dr. shahid Mehmood.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In Pakistan poultry industry is well established and organized sector of agriculture, with more than 200 billion rupees investment among the largest industries and claimed largest industry in Pakistan . The need of the recent poultry industry are high levels of production and efficient feed conversion ,which to a certain extent could be attained by the consumption of specific feed additives like (OA). One of the effective feed additive in poultry ration is Butyric acid escepecialy encapsulated butyric acid because coated have extended release at target site .Microencapsulated butyric is tool to improve Growth performance and gut health in broilers . TheBA is a readily available energy source for intestinal epithelial cells and stimulates their differentiation and multiplication consequently it improves broilers performance.The biological trial was conducted at Research and development Farm Sharif Feed Mills (Pvt) Ltd, Okara for the duration of 35 days. In total, 336 1-day-old broiler chicks were procured from a commercial hatchery and randomly assigned to 12 floor pens on a concrete floor with rice husk as a bedding material. Four dietary treatments containing microencapsulated butyric acid (0.00, 0.25, 0.35 & 0.45g/kg × three replicate pens each having 28 chicks). There was one feeding trough and six water nipples in each pen. On 7th day of the experiment, feeding troughs were replaced with a round bottom feeder. All standard management practices were followed through the trial. Birds were vaccinated according to prescribed schedule. Weekly body weight and feed intake was recorded to calculate the weekly body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. At the end of experiment, two birds were randomly picked from each pen and slaughtered for the collection of serum in evacuated tube, duodenal samples and ileal digesta. These duodenal samples preserved in 10% formalin for tissue processing and Ileal digesta samples stored at -20C for AIA and CP.The collected data were analyzed through completely randomizes design (CRD) under one way ANOVA technique. Means were separated through Duncan’s Multiple Range test with the help of SAS 9.1.3.in conclusion we can say that Addition of microencapsulated butyric acid in broilers diet improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, gut health and apparent ileal digestibility of protein but no significant effect was observed on antibody titer against Newcastle disease. Suggestion and recommendation Further research is needed to evaluate the protected butyric acid on enzyme secretion and starch utilization, along with other nutrient digestibility in broilers Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2763-T] (1).

12. Moringa Oleifera As Feed Additive In Poultry: Influence On Production Efficiency, Meat And Egg Profile

by Shakeel Ahmad (2011-VA-542) | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Shahid Mehmood.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Phytogenic feed additives gained considerable interest in the strategic replacement of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) after European regulations for animal feed production which imposed a complete ban on antibiotics in animal feed used as growth promoters. Natural phytogenic growth promoters modify animal metabolism and gut microbiota population and positively affect the production and growth performance. Research in the animal feed production has established the basis for better feed efficiency, desired carcass traits and manipulation of bioactive compounds in the poultry eggs and meat, which resulted in the idea of functional foods and phytogenic feeds additives. In response to the above challenges a lot of research on aromatic plants, herbs, and spices was conducted in comparison with conventional antibiotic growth promoters. The data were recorded and analysed regarding gut morphology, gut ecology, feed digestibility, nutrients availability and meat and eggs bioactive compounds index of meat and eggs. Moringa oleifera might be used as phytogenic feed additives on the basis of diverse volatile compounds present in its leaves, pods and roots. Moringa belongs to family Moringaceae and is commercially grown in many tropics and subtropics countries globally. Moringa oleifera leaves and pods are very nutritious and retain their nutrients even when dried and converted to leaf powder. They can be utilized in both fresh as well as dried forms. Moringa leaves contain bioactive compounds like β-carotene, Quercetin and selenium in addition to basic nutrients (crude protein, metabolizable energy, ether extract, and ash). Moringa leaf meal contains 29.7, 22.5, 14.7, 4.3, 2.7, 0.26, 10.6% and 7.86Mj/Kg of CP, CF, Ash, EE, Ca, P, NFE and ME respectively. On the basis of above nutritional and bioactive compounds Moringa oleifera leaves meet the needs of a growth promoter and phytogenic feed additive as lot of studies on antimicrobial, anti-coccidial, AGP replacer and feed ingredient attributes have been conducted. Even then, very limited data was available regarding its phytogenic feed additive attributes. On the basis of above addressed issues the below experiments were designed. For this purpose following experiments were planned and executed. In the first experiment, authors took 200 day old broiler chicks and assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design replicated five times having ten birds each. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated for both the starter as well as finisher phases of production and four levels (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) of Moringa leaf meal (MLM) were used over and above. Data regarding growth performance were collected and subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques under Completely Randomized Design and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMR) test. Growth was monitored by feed intake, body weight, total gain, FCR and liveability. Feed intake was linearly decreased whereas quadratic response was observed in FCR (P≤0.05). Body weight, total gain and liveability remained same among the treatment groups. Dressing percentage showed quadratic response and highest values was observed in the group offered 0.5% of supplementation, whereas all other parameters including live weight, carcass weight, digestive organs (liver, gizzard) and heart size showed no effect. Bioactive compounds β-carotene, Quercetin and selenium in breast meat samples were lineally increased resulting in higher DPPH values (P≤0.05). Cholesterol, SGPT, creatinine and glucose levels in serum and breast meat samples were linearly decreased resulting in improved animal as well as consumer health. Moisture level of breast meat samples was linearly decreased whereas all other nutrients including Crude protein (CP), Ash, Ether extract (EE) and all minerals were linearly increased with the supplementation level (P≤0.05). Newcastle dis□ease titers remained unchanged while linear increase in IBD titers was observed. In second trial Moringa oleifera pods meal was added in the diet (starter and finisher) with same levels 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%. Two hundred broiler birds were purchased from commercial market and assigned to four treatments with five replicates and ten birds per replicate. Feed conversion ratio and feed intake was decreased (P≤0.05) with the increase in the supplementation level, whereas total gain was improved. Dressing percentage was negatively affected (P≤0.05), whereas organs weights (liver, hear & gizzard) were improved with the supplementation levels. β-carotene and Quercetin content of broiler breast meat were respectively 0.08μg/100g and 8μg/100g breast meat samples. Cholesterol level was decreased whereas selenium content was significantly increased (P≤0.05) in the treatment groups. Highest DPPH radicals scavenging activity was recorded in the treatment groups. When proximate analysis of meat was done, the moisture, ether extract, crude protein and ash contents were decreased (P≤0.05). Moreover biochemical indicators SGPT, Creatinine, Glucose and cholesterol were recorded significantly lowest (P≤0.05) in the treatment groups. In the third experiment Moringa oleifera leaf meal was used as feed additive in layers diet to its impact on performance, bioactive compounds and nutrient profile of eggs. For this purpose two hundred, fifty weeks (50) old, HyLine W36 layers were purchased from the commercial market and assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized design with five replicates and ten birds per replicate. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated and Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MLM) was supplemented at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% over and above of basal diet. Results of this experiment significantly affected the production. Egg mass, production percentage and FCR were significantly affected whereas total feed intake and egg weight remained unchanged (P≤0.05). Egg shape and yolk index showed a quadratic response, whereas Haugh units and shell thickness was linearly decreased (P≤0.05). Bioactive compounds like β-carotene, Quercetin and Selenium content were enriched up to the levels 4906 and 241 and 56.82 μg/100g of egg yolk respectively (P≤0.05). Linear decrease in the serum biochemical compounds SGPT, Glucose, Creatinine and cholesterol SUMMARY 143 levels (serum and eggs) at 4th and 6th week of supplementation was recorded (P≤0.05). Antibody titers against Newcastle disease were also significantly improved (P≤0.05). Nutrients and minerals profile of egg yolk was also significantly changed (P≤0.05). In experiment No 4, effect of Moringa oleifera pods meal was investigated on 200 HyLine W36 layer birds of 50 weeks age. Diets were formulated having same caloric and protein levels and Moringa oleifera pods meal was added at top with the dose levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of basal diet. The results of this study showed quadratic response on egg mass and FCR per dozen eggs whereas feed intake, egg weight and production percentage remained same. Haugh unit showed a quadratic response whereas shell thickness was decreased linearly in the treatment groups (P≤0.05). Antioxidants like, β-carotene, Quercetin and Selenium showed same trend as in the previous experiment. Serum biochemical profile (SGPT, Glucose, Creatinine and cholesterol) were improved along with lower cholesterol content in egg yolk (P≤0.05). Proximate analysis of egg yolk showed that moisture and ether extract was decreased whereas CP, Ash and minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P) profile was improved with the supplementation (P≤0.05). Results of all these four experiments support our hypothesis that Moringa oleifera can be a good phytogenic functional feed additive and can even perform at these lower supplementation levels. Moreover it can also be stated that eggs and meat produced from Moringa oleifera leaf and pods supplemented birds may serve as a functional food. Conclusion SUMMARY 144 On the basis of above experiments, it can be concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf and pods meal could be used to enhance the growth and production performance of broilers and layer bird along with bioactive compounds, like antioxidants, minerals and vitamins index of meat and eggs which could meet the advance concept of phytogenic feed additives. Suggestions and recommendations Outcomes of the present study including positive impact on growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemical profile, immunity in broilers, and production percentage, egg geometry, and egg quality in layers in addition to enrichment of β-carotene, Quercetin and selenium in meat eggs suggest that Moringa oleifera can be considered as phytogenic feed additive. Recommendations for the farmers Keeping in view the above study following recommendation are given for the poultry producers 1. Moringa oleifera on the basis of its availability and nutrient profile can be a good phytogenic feed additive but there are multiple limitations most important are anti-nutritional compounds like saponins, phytosterols and high fibre and ash content in the leaves and pods meal inclusion in the feed. 2. Moringa pods are available once in a year and its availability is scarce so proper storage should be monitored. 3. Depending on the soil composition and climatic condition and varieties the nutrient especially ash content and bioactive compounds differ in its concentration so proper validation of nutrients is required before supplementation. 4. Supplementation is dependent on the nutrient profile so proper protocol and care must be considered while its use. SUMMARY 145 5. In present study it is suggested that Moringa oleifera could be an option to be used as phytogenic feed additives to meet the condition including ban on AGP, better growth, production performance and safe and healthy meat and eggs. Suggestions for the researchers 1. In the present study four levels of supplementation were used but future researchers can explore different levels in their studies. 2. Comparative studies with synthetic antioxidants, carotenoids and organic selenium can be designed. 3. Effect on shelf life can be studied in the animal products can be investigated in future studies. Subsequent effect on acceptability of consumers regarding effect on the health including cholesterol levels, hypertension and cancer diseases can be studied. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2940-T] (1).



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