1.
The In Vitro Study On Comparative Digestibility In Cow And Buffalo Of Different Fodders Availale In West
by Mohsin Shah, S.M | Dr.Muhammad Yaqub Malik | Not Available.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1970Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0065,T] (1).
2.
Comparative Study Of Buffalo And Cow Milk As Asn Extender For The Semen Of Cattle And Buffalo Bulls
by Ashraf Bajwa, M | Not Available | Not Available.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1970Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0071,T] (1).
3.
Studies On The Use Of Rice Gluten Meal As Protein Supplement In Broiler Rations
by Basharat Ali | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Muhammed | Nisar ahmed Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
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not fiction
Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: Proteins are one of the major components of poultry feeds, supplied mainly through animal and vegetable protein supplements. Rice gluten meal, a vegetable protein supplement is the byproduct of starch industry, left after the starch is washed out of rice tips flour. It is insoluble in water and greyish (beige) in colour. It has 43% crude protein and 3300 k.cal/kg. energy. On the basis of high protein and energy it could be used in the poultry feeds. The meal is commercially available in the country.
The present study was planed to find out the effect of feeding different levels of rice gluten meal on the growth rate and feed utilization of broiler chicks and to determine the effect of different amino acids supplementation and mechanical treatment on the nutritive value of rice gluten meal. Two experiments were conducted using day old Hubbard' broiler chicks as the experimental birds.
In the first experiment RGM was used at different levels substituting soybean meal on protein equivalent basis. The results indicated that the best growth rate and feed consumption of the chicks were observed in the ration containing 10% RGM. However, there was a progressive decrease in the weight gain of the chicks when RGM level was increased beyond 15%. The chicks growth depression was the highest (P<0.01) when RGM was used as sole source of protein. The best chicks growth performance of the ration containing 10% rice gluten meal and 25% soybean meal might be due to complimentary effect of amino acids of the two vegetable protein sources, while the poor chicks growth performance and feed consumption on account of feeding higher levels (30 and 38%) of RGM might be due to the poor quality of protein or growth inhibitory factor(s) in the indigenous rice gluten meal. The feed efficiency of the chicks was also significantly (P<0.01) lower when RGM was used as the sole source of protein. A similar trend as that of weight gain was observed in carcase weight of the chicks fed different experimental rations. A significant (P<0.01) hypertrophy of the pancreas was recorded in the chicks fed ration (G) containing the highest level of RGM as compared to the control. This indicated the presence of some growth inhibitory factor(s) in the indigenous rice gluten meal.
In the second experiment effect of lysine and methionine supplementation and autoclave treatment on the inutritive value of rice gluten meal was studied. The lysine supplementation of RGM significantly improved the growth rate, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks as compared to the control indicating that the meal was deficient in lysine. A further significant (P<0.01) improvement was observed in growth rate, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks fed lysine supplemented and autoclaved RGM ration as compared to the control indicating that autoclave treatment might have removed or reduced the antinutritional factor(s) of RGM whereas the deficiency of lysine was compensated through synthatie lysine supplementation. There was no significant improvement in weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks fed ration containing lysine + methionine supplementation as compared to the ration containing lysine supplementation. This showed that RGM was not deficient in methionine. A similar trend as that of weight gain was recorded in carcase weight of the chicks fed different experimental rations. There was observed a significant (P<O.05) decrease in pancreas hypertrophy in the chicks fed lysine supplementation and autoclaveci RGM ration as compared to the control indicating that autoclave treatment might have removed or reduced the growth inhibitory factor(s) of RGM.
CONCLUSION
Rice Gluten Meal (RGM) was deficient in lysine and contained some growth inhihitroy factor(s).
Autoclaving and lysine supplementation in rice gluten meal improved the nutritive value of the meal as indicated by better growth rate and best feed utilization for broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0249,T] (1).
4.
Effect Of Substition Of Wheat Bran With Dried Citrus Pulp In The Fattening Ration Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Shabbir Shahid, M | Nisar Ahmed | Ikram-ul-Haq | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline in the per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animals origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem of meat shortage is to increase the production of meat by fattening the male buffalo calves which are available in our country. These are sold at lower rate when they are weaned. These calves could be fattened by using the cheaper sources of agriculture by-products available in our country. Due to an increased competition between the animals and human being for the consumption of cereal grains it is very necessary to explore possible utilization of agro-industrial wastes/by-products for animal, feedings. Citrus pulp is a by-product of citrus fruit industry which has received a significant consideration as a feed ingredients for ruminants in present situation. Citrus pulp is an adequate energy source, if adequate protein is provided (Michelena, J & Pereiro, 1983). Keeping in view the importance of energy in nutrition and high prices of conventional energy sources in the country the experiment was planned to explore the possibilities of using citru pulp as source of feed ingredients in the fattening ration of male buffalo calves.
A fattening trial was conducted on 4 groups of 20 male buffalo calves to study the effect of replacement of wheat bran with dried citrus pulp at 33.33, 66.66% and 1.00% level. The experiment was continued for 91 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency and digestibility of different nutrients in the animals were recorded. Economics of fattening rations was also studied.
The results of the study revealed non-significant differences in weight gain, feed efficiency and feed consumption but apparently the animals fed on ration A (control) showed better feed intake as compared to calves fed on ration B, C and D. The digestibility trials revealed that there was statisticaly significant difference in digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, among ether extract. The rat in D in which wheat bran was replaced with 100% dried citrus calculated as most economical as compared to ration A, B and C in the fattening of male buffalo calves.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0313,T] (1).
5.
Comparative Efficiency Of Urea Molasses Mineral Blocks And Urea Treated Wheat Straw In Fattening
by Farrokh Saeed | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Jaweed Ahmed Qureshi | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline in the per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animals origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem of meat shortage is to increase the production of meat by fattening the male buffalo calves. These calves could be fattened by using the cheaper sources of agriculture by-products available in our country. Wheat straw is being fed to ruminants with supplemental green fodder. It is also fed as a sole roughage during the lean periodof the year. It is however deficient in fermentable nitrogen and has poor digestibility due to more lignification. Urea impregnation of straws has been shown to improve the intake as well as digestibility. It has been concluded that urea treatment with 4% urea solution at 40 to 50 percent moisture level could be advantageous to improve crude protein content of straw and its digestibility. Molasses, a by-product of sugar industry, is an excellent and a cheap source of digestible energy as compared to all other similar energy feeds. Urea provides nitrogen needed for adequate development of animal flora and thus enhances the utilization of fibrous feed.Preparation of urea molasses blocks appears to be an appropriate technology to fulfill the requirements of animals. A fattening trial was conducted on two groups of buffalo calves with 8 calves per group, to study the comparative efficiency of urea molasses mineral block and urea treated wheat straw. The experiment was conducted for 90 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency, concentration of urea in serum, concentration of total protein in serum and digestibility of different nutrients in the animals were recorded. Economics of fattening rations was also determined. The results of the study revealed non significant differences in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, concentration of urea in serum and concentration of total protein in serum of buffalo calves. Digestibility trial revealed that there was non significant difference in digestibility of dry matter, ether extract but significant difference in digestibility of crude fibre and crude protein. The findings of this study revealed the benefits of utilizing urea ammonia treated wheat straw in the fattening ration upto 38% level. It was also ascertained that urea molasses blocks are equally effective in enhancing the growth rate of buffalo calves. Moreover, urea molasses blocks are a useful tool of supplementation of forage diet because of ease of transportation and balance nutrient profile.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0453,T] (1).
6.
Comparative Study Of Growth Rate And Feed Efficiency Of Buffalo And Sahiwal Cattle On Concentrate Ratios
by Ehsan Mohsin | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline fn per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animals origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem of meat shortage is to increase the production of meat by fattening the male buffalo calves which are available in the country. These are sold at lower rate when they are weaned. These calves can be fattened by using the rations containing wheat-straw and concentrate mixture available in the country. There is an increased competition between animal and human being for consumption of cereal grains and at the same time there is scarcity of green fodder in different areas of the country. Moreover, there are high prices of conventional energy sources in the country which limits there use in animal feeding. The present experiment was planned to determine the growth rate and feed efficiency of Sahiwal and buffalo male calves fed on different fiber (wheat straw) and concentrate ratios.
A fattening trial was conducted on four groups of 20 Sahiwal and 20 Nih Ravi buffalo male calves, having 10 calves in each group of buffalo and Sahiwal calves, fed on two different rations (A and B). The experiment was continued for 90 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency and economic evaluation of the rations and effect of ambient temperature and relative humidity on the performance of the calves were the parameters under study.
The results of the study revealed significant difference in weight gain and non-significant differences in feed consumption and feed efficiency. The non-significant difference for factor A and interaction but significant difference for factor B was observed during economic evaluation of the rations. The ration (with 40% wheat-straw and 60% concentrate mixture) was most economical as compare to ration A (with 20% wheat-straw and 80% concentrate mixture) in fattening, of Sahiwal and buffalo male calves.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0481,T] (1).
7.
Effect Of Different Levels And Sources Of Fish Meal On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Shahid Raza | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr. Javed Ahmed Qureshi | Dr. M. Saleem.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different levels and sources of fish meals on the performance of broiler chicks. One hundred and eighty day-old hubbard chicks were randomly divided into 18 experimental groups of 10 chicks each. The chicks of two commercially available fish meals with three levels of Gwadar and Sindh fish meals were compared in this study. The chicks were assigned to 6 experimental rations in such a way that there were three groups of 10 birds each under each ration. Th starter rations were fed upto 0-28 days of age while the finisher rations from 29-42 days of age. At the end of experiment three birds from each replicate were taken at random and slaughtered to find out the dressing percentage.
The average weight gain of chicks fed on Rations A, B, and C (containing Gwadar fish neal) were 1879.2, 1770.65 and 1712.82 gms respectively. The maximum weight (1879.52 gms) was observed in ration A (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average weight gain of chicks fed on rations D, E and F (containing Sindh fish meal) were 1697.78, 1644.5 and 1677.9 gms respectively. The maximum weight gain (1697.78 gms) was observed in ration D (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average weight gain by chicks fed on two different sources of fish meals; i.e. Gwadar and Sindh were 1787.844 and 1673.411 gms respectively.
Results revealed significant differences between the two sources and non-significant difference among the various levels of fish meals for weight gain data which showed that Gwadar fish meal was better as compared to Sindh fish meal and apparently 8 percent level was better than 11 and 14 percent levels of fish meals.
The average feed consumption of chicks fed on rations A, B, and C (containing Gwadar fish meal) were 3560.1, 3540.16 and 3373.49 gms respectively. The maximum feed consumption (356b.1)was observed in ration A (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average feed consumption of chicks fed on rations D, E and F (containing Sindh fish meal) were 3535.6, 3374.3 and 3462.73 gms respectively. The maximum feed consumption (3535.56 gms) was observed in ration D (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average feed consumption by chicks fed on two different sources of fish meals i.e. Gwadar and Sindh were 1929.74 and 18&6.777 gms respectively.
Feed consumption of chicks fed on rations containing two sources of fish meal were non-significant. On the other hand there was significant differences in feed consumption of chicks fed on rations containing various levels of fish meals. Apparently better feed consumption was observed in Gwadar fish meal as compared to Sindh fish meal.
Statically non-significant difference was observed in the feed efficiency value for both different sources and various levels of fish meals. Apparently Gwadar fish meal had better feed efficiency than Sindh fish meal while in case of levels 8 percent had better feed efficiency as compared to 14 and 11 percent respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0501,T] (1).
8.
Influence Of Various Treatments Of Rice Polishings On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Abdul Majid | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Javaid Ahmed Qureshi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Increasing cost of feed ingredients and use of cereal grains in poultry feed which are also used for the human feeding, makes it imperative to look for alternative sources for feeding poultry to save grains for human consumption and reduce the cost of feed as well. Ingredients which are cheap, not utilized for human feeding and are readily available, merits consideration for poultry feeding. Rice polishing is one of such ingredient.
Rice polishings is an important by-product of rice milling industry. It is a finely powdered material obtained in polishing the rice kernels after removal of hulls and bran. It furnishes almost equivalent energy as other cereal grains and is a good source of protein and water soluble vitamins specially thiamin and niacin. It however contains certain antinutritional factors which, could be eliminated by various treatments yielding it into a useful feed ingredient for poultry feed.
Present experiment was conducted to observe the influence of rice polishings on the performance of broiler chicks after subjecting it to various treatments. Full fat rice polishings was subjected to extrusion cooking and then divided into 4 equal parts. One part was used in ration as such, second treated with 1 percent acetic acid, third treated with 1 percent calcium hydroxide and fourth treated first with acetic aid and then with calcium hydroxide. Five starter and finisher experimental rations designated as A, B, C, D, and E respectively were prepared. Ration A contained no rice polishings and was kept as control. In rations B, C, D and B treated rice polishings at 15 percent level was used substituting wheat. Starter rations were fed for 35 days and Finisher rations for 21 days to 150 Hubbard broiler chicks divided into 15 experimental units of 10 chicks each reared on floor on deep litter system. Each experimental ration was randomly allotted to 3 experimental units of chicks. Results indicated that maximum weight gain was recorded in birds fed on ration C which contained extrusion cooked rice polishings treated with 1 percent acetic acid. Lowest weight gain was recorded in birds fed on ration A (control). Second best result in weight gain was observed in birds fed on ration D which contained extrusion cooked rice polishings treated with 1 percent calcium hydroxide.
Best feed utilization per unit of gain was observed in birds fed on ration C where as poor feed conversion ratio was noted in birds fed on ration E which contained rice polishings first treated with acetic acid and then with calcium hydroxide.
Results indicated that different treatments improved the nutritional quality of rice polishings and resulted into better weight gain. Use of treated rice polishings did not show any detrimental effect on the performance of birds. Difference in feed consumed and conversion ratio towards higher side might have been due to some managemental errors or weather conditions. Extrusion cooked rice polishings treated with 1 percent acetic acid showed significantly improved growth rate and feed utilization in birds per unit of gain as compared to control and other rations containing rice polishings given other treatments.
It was concluded that various treatments improved the nutritional quality of rice polishings and it proved to be a beneficial feed ingredient for poultry feeding substituting wheat without any deleterious effect. Treatment with 1 percent acetic acid or 1 percent calcium hydroxide were equally good and potent methods to overcome the problem of antinutritional factors present in rice polishings.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0542,T] (1).
9.
Biological Availability Of Betafin For Methionine Sparing In Broiler Chickens
by Majid Rafique | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Athar | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Methionine is one of the dietary essential amino acid. In formulating poultry rations methionine is generally deficient and thus supplemented to fulfill the requirement. The level of melhioiiine, recommended by NRC for maximum growth and feed effIciency, estimated as 0.5% in starter and 0.42% finisher rations, respectively. in the body niethionine can also be synthesized from homocysteine through transmcthylation reaction. For methionine to be synthesized, methyl groups are required. Cholinels known as a methyl group donor in the body. But it has to be activated and converted to betaine before methyl groups are liberated. Betafin (Betain Anhydron), a commercial product is available, used to spare choline and methionine in poultry rations.
The experiment was designed to evaluate biological availability of Belafin for methioiiine sparing in broiler chickens. For this purpose 250 day 01(1 chicks were taken, divided into five groups, i.e. (A, B, C, I) and E), then these were further subdivided into five replicates each. Five starter and finisher rations (A) Adequate methionine (B) low methionine LM (C) LM + choline (D) LM + Betafin 1:1 and (E) LM -I- I3etafin 1:2; formulated and fed to their respective groups. The experiment lasted for 42 days in two phases i.e. (Starter and Finisher).
The parameter studied were (1) Feed intake (2) Weight gain (3) Feed conversion ration FCR (4) Mortality (5) Dressing percentage (6) Economics.
Average feed intake per bird was 3942±63.08, 3609±44.75, 3439.21±28.28, 3763.36±58.04 and 3775.46±48.35 (P <0.05), weight gain 2127.59±23.59, 1732.78±4 1.32, 1720.00±34.96, 1911.02±47.16 and 1890.76±39.75 grams (P <0.05), FCR 1.84 ±0.0322, 2.08±0.032, 1.99±0.026, 1.99±0.024 and 1.99±0.025, (1'<0.05), Dressing percentages were observed non-significant (P>0.05), for groups i.e. (A, B, C, D and E) respectively. The adequate methionine (A) feed had higher price per unit, but had significantly higher weight gains and better feed efficiency.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0555,T] (1).
10.
Effect Of Replacement Of Maize With The Varying Levels Of Stabilized Extruded Rice Polishing On The Performance Of Broilers
by Aqif Mukhtar, Syed | Prof.Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr.Anjum Khalique | Dr.Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: As the poultry industry flourished rapidly during the last thirty years, it has now become a major contributor in providing low cost protein of animal origin to our population. But unfortunately poultry industry is continuously suffering loses for the past few years mainly due the fact that the conventional feed stuffs are becoming costly day by day. The serious food shortage and increasing competition between human beings and poultry regarding the consumption of cereal grains demanded that cereals should be now spared for human consumption and exploration of non conventional feed sources should be carried out in order to keep the business of poultry industry running well.
Rice polishing is a by-product of rice milling so it is abundantly available in Pakistan because rice is the third largest crop produced in the country. Rice polishing compares well with the cereal grains in chemical composition. So it contains more fat and protein as compared to maize but high in fiber contents. Due to high fat contents rancidity of Rice polishing can pose some problems if it is fed after prolonged storage, specially in hot weather.
Extrusion cooking is a new technique which stabilizes the high fat diets and make them fit for use in the animal rations. For this reason full fat rice polishing was subjected to Extrusion Cooking which was done at National Feed Mill.
Present Experiment was conducted to replace maize with extruded rice polishing and to see the effects on the performance of broiler chicks. Six starter and six finisher rations were prepared and designated as A, B, C, D, E and F . All rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Starter ration and finisher ration A. were kept as a control containing 35 % Maize and 0% extruded Rice polishing, which was replaced by extruded rice polishing in ration B, C, D, E and F. on protein equivalent basis at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35% level In this way a complete 100% replacement of maize with extruded Rice polishing was made One hundred and eighty day old chicks were randomly divided into eighteen experimental units of 10 chicks each. Each experimental unit was placed individually. The starter rations were fed up to 28th day of age while the Finisher rations from 29th to 42nd day of age.
Results of the present study indicated that the weight gain up to 25% extruded rice polishing level was promisingly good. Maximum weight gain was recorded in Ration B (15% extruded rice polishing). Second best results were noted in the control ration but the performance of the chicks fed on 20% extruded rice polishing was almost equal to that of control ration. It was noted that the weight gain started to decrease gradually as the level was raised up to 35% of the total with each increasing increment.
Best feed utilization was observed in the chicks fed on ration B, whereas poor utilization of feed was noted in higher levels of extruded rice polishing in the diet having more feed consumption compared to weight gain.
Better performance up to 25% level indicated that Extrusion improved the nutritional quality of rice polishing by stabilizing it and inactivating Lipases. The extrusion also made starch more available for the birds and reduced the anti-nutritional elements of rice polishing. This is evident from the fact that the level of rice polishing effected the health of the chicks.
It was therefore concluded from the present study that extrusion is an excellent technique for converting low quality feed stuffs into feeds with higher nutritional quality. Specially extrusion of low priced feed ingredients such as rice polishing and it replacement with a costly feed ingredient such as wheat or maize holds good economic prospects for feed millers. As extrusion is done on a very limited scale therefore after the present study it was strongly recommended that the use of extruded feed stuffs should be promoted in poultry ration
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0583,T] (1).
11.
Comparative Efficacy Of Different Commercially Available Feed Additive Anticoccidials And Other Prophylactic
by Mohsin Ali Ashraf | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The study was designed to compare the efficacy of different feed additive anticoccidials and coccidiosis vaccines A total of 240 day-old-broiler chicks were purchased and raised for 42 days in good husbandry and hygienic conditions. The birds were randomly divided into eight groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H Comprising of 30 birds each. Groups A was uninfected unmedicated control while group B was infected unmedicated control. Groups C, D, E and F were given commercial feed having anticoccidials Coxistac, Sacox, Elancoban and Avatec respectively. Groups G and H were given unmedicated feed and were vaccinated at day 3 and 10. All the groups except that of group A were given primary and challenge doses of infection on day 22nd and 35th . The oocysts count was done on 5th 6th and 7th day after each infection. The feed consumption and weight gain were recorded weekly. Record of mortality was kept and postmortem of dead birds was also performed. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using Two Way Analysis of Variance and Least Significant Difference (LSD) test, to detect the differences between treatments and means.
It was concluded that Sacox (salinomycin sodium) as anti-coccidial in feed revealed significant (P< 0.05) difference among all the treatments in terms of weight gain, feed efficiency (FCR), oocyst count and reduction in mortality. The results of other anti-coccidials were not satisfactory, while both the vaccinated groups i.e. group G and H performed well in terms of oocyst count and decrease in mortality but their weight gain and feed efficiency were not good.
The results of this study will help to the feed millers in choosing the best feed additive anti-coccidial, while the farmers will get choice amongst anti-coccidial drugs or vaccines.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0609,T] (1).
12.
Evaluation Of Canola Meal & Its Feeding Effects On The Performance Of 0-25 Weeks Old Layer Chickens
by Rafiq, M | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof.Dr.Muham | Prof.Dr.Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Canola meal is the by-product of the oil industry, available after extraction of oil from the seeds by solvent extraction. After the animal protein sources, canola meal is among the best protein supplement which could be incorporated in different poultry feeds.
The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of canola meal on the perfromance of layer chicks (216) from 0-25 weeks. The chicks were devided into six main groups, having 36 chicks each and were sub-devided into 3 replicates of 12 chicks each. Each replicat was reared as an experimental unit. All the managemental conditions like lighting, feeding, watering, beek trimming, ventilation, vaccination and temperature were provided according to the recommend requirements for Babcoock B300 layer chicks strain.
Six experimental rations containing 0,9, 12, 15, 18 and 21% canola meal in starter and grower rations while in layer mash 0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15%. These rations formulated and provided according to the Babcoock B300 strain requirements. In the study, effect of feeding different levels of canola meal was checked in lieu of soybean meal on the feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, sexual maturity, uniformity, percent egg production, kilograms of feed per dozen eggs, kilograms of feed per kilogram egg mass, weight of 12 eggs, mortality and economics. In starting and growing phase weight gain and feed efficiency was non significant while feed consumption was significant (P < 0.01) in growing and laying phases. Egg mass, Percent egg production, egg weight, weight per 12 egg, feed efficiency (kilograms of feed per dozen eggs, kilograms of feed per kilogram egg mass) showed nonsignificant difference. Mortality was also non-significant among the vnrious experimental groups. Economics of the experimental rations indicated that rations contain canola meal were cheeper as compared to soybean meal containing rations. The overall picture of the whole experiment revealed that canola meal can replace soybean meal in starting, growing and laying phases up to 100% but it has little problem of poor feed intake which was due to picking problem of the birds because the partical size of canola meal is small.
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13.
Effect Of Different Solvent Extraction Systems On Free Gossypol And Available Lysine Of Cottonseed Meal
by Ghulam Mustafa | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Cottonseed not only provides fiber for domestic textile industry and export (Anonymous, 1996) but also accounts for about 60% vegetable oil (Anonymous,1990). It is also a source of protein- rich meal for poultry which is abundantly available in Pakistan. About 140 Kgs. of cottonseed meats of cotton variety "NIAB-78". were purchased from a solvent extraction plant "TransTech"(Pvt.) Ltd. Multan Road Pattoki. The meats were kept in sunlight for one day and were again cleaned. Then the cottonseed kernels were passed through hammer mill for grinding through 12 mesh size. The ground kernels were divided into five equal parts weighing 28 kgs each for individual treatment. Its inclusion level in poultry diet can be Increased by detoxifying the limiting factor with different solvents. Keeping in view the effect of mixed solvents in the extraction of oil rendering the free gossypol to its non-toxic level, five different solvents were used as a mixture. Maximum free gossypol was removed/detoxified thus enabling the lysine to be available to the birds. Each part was individually treated with respective solvents for the extraction of maximum oil so as to remove a lot of free gossypol. The rations formulated from these solvent extracted meals were biologically evaluated by feeding to the different groups of birds. At the same time free gossypol content and available lysine percentage of different meals were also determined.
180 day old broiler chicks were divided into 6 groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E, and F. They were fed rations R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 respectively. Group "A" fed ration "Ri" was kept as control. The present study was designed to know the effects of solvent extraction systems on cottonseed meal and to know the effects of treated cottonseed meal (CSM) on feed consumption, weight gain, FCR, mortality and economics. The experiment was conducted upto 4 weeks of age. The data so obtained were helpful in determining gossy-pol content (free gossypol) and available lysine of solvent extracted meals.
The residual free gossypol content of meal (0.01135%) was minimum in case of fourth treatment including hexane, ethanol, petrol and ferrous sulphate. Similarly maximum lysine (1.279%) was made available in last treatment including hexane, ethanol, petrol, iron sulphate and calcium hydroxide.
It was easy and obvious to conclude from the present study that as the number of solvents increased in the treatment, efficient results of weight gain, feed consumption, FOR and economics were observed. Especially by using more solvents in the treatment, cost of feed was reduced as commercial hexane is more costly as compared to all of the other solvents used in the study.
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14.
Effect Of Reduction Of Crude Fiber And Phytic Acid In Treated Defatted Rice Bran On The Performance Of Broilers
by Ramzan, M | Prod.Dr.Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr.Anjum Kahlique | Prof.Dr.Aslam.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Pakistan is occupying the eminent status in the countries; inhabiting the huge bulk of population with considerable growth rate. That prevalent population trend is causing an extreme strain on food resources. With ever increasing cost of feed ingredients and use of cereal grains in poultry feeds which are also used for human consumption makes it imperative to look for alternative sources for feeding poultry to save grains for human consumption and reduce the cost of feed as well. Agro-industrial by-products or wastes which are cheaper, not utilized for human consumption and are readily available merit consideration for poultry feeding. Rice bran is one of the ingredients may serve the desired purpose.
Rice bran is an important by-product of rice milling industry. It is derived from the outer layer of rice caryopsis during milling and has comparable nutritional profile as compared to other cereal grains. Its food potential can not be absolutely exploited due to the presence of certain toxic factors such as Lipases, phytates, trypsin inhibitor and crude fiber. However, various treatments implementation could be resulted in the elimination of certain toxic factors and yielding it into a useful feed ingredient for poultry.
Present experiment was conducted to observe the impact of defatted rice bran on the performance of broiler chicks after subjecting it to treatments with NaCI + HCI and water soaking cumsteam passed. Four starter and four finisher rations were prepared and designated as A, B, C and D. All rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Starter ration and finisher ration A, were kept as a control containing 0% defatted rice bran. Rations B contained 15% raw defatted rice bran while rations C and D contained 15% (NaCI + HCI ) treated and water soaked cum-steam passed defatted rice bran respectively. One hundred and twenty day old chicks were randomly divided into twelve experimental units of 10 chicks each under the four groups A, B, C and D. The starter rations were fed up to 28th day of age while the finisher rations froms 29th to 42' day of age.
Results of the present study indicated that the maximum weight gain was recorded in birds fed on ration C, containing 15% (NaCI + HCI ) treated defatted rice bran. Second best results were noted in birds fed on ration D, containing 15% (water soaked cumsteam passed defatted rice bran). It was noted that the weight gai improved with inclusion of treated defatted rice bran.
Best feed utilization was observed in the chicks fed on ration C whereas poor feed utilization was noticed in chicks fed on ration B (containing 15% raw defatted rice bran).\
Treatments, either with NaCl + HCI or water soaking cum steam passed resulted in the improvement of nutritional quality of defatted rice bran by hydrolyzing phytate phosphorus to inorganic phosphorus. The treatments also reduced the contents of crude fiber and made available the important micro elements, like, Cu, Fe, Mg Ca, Mn to the birds physiological system by breaking the structure of phytic acid.
It was concluded from the present study that the hydrolyzation is an excellent technique for converting low quality feed ingredient to higher nutritional quality. Specially hydrolyzation of low priced feed ingredients such as defatted rice bran and its inclusion to poultry feeds may reduce the load of whole cereals and ultimately holds go od economic prospects for feed millers. After the promising results of the present study it was strongly recommended that the hydrolyzation technique should be promoted in feed stuffs having higher contents of phytic acid and crude fiber.
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15.
Comparative Nutritional Evaluation Of Poultry By Product Meals Prepared By Two Separate Processes In Broilers
by Aftab Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Muhammad | Mr.Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Protein as a second major factor in formulatiQn of poultry rations after energy. It is supplied by animal and vegetable sources. Animal protein supplement are superior in quality due to its more balanced amino acid profile but are costly. While vegetable proteins are cheaper but lacking in some amino acid and have some antiS nutritional factor. The animal protein supplements available in Pakistan are blood, fish, meat and PBPM. PBPM is abundantly available in Pakistan and it is prepared by using chicken feet, heads, viscera, feather skin and blood. And processing varies from organization to organization. PBPM is prepared by different organization such as M. Artal, BeBeJan and Kakasian.
PBPM has low cost and its CP and ME are comparable to fish meal, but it is low in lysine and methionine. Our present study was to compare the effect of processing of PBPM manufactured by BeBeJan and Kakasian feed industry. Both have different composition and different processing method of PBPM as blood was included in BeBeJan PBPM but it was absent in Kakasian.
The objective of study was to evaluate nutritional profile and quality of commercially available PBPM, the effect of processing on performance of broiler chicks. 240 day old Hubbard chicks were purchased from the local marked and were divided into 8 groups from A to H which were again subdivided into 3 replicates of 10 birds each. Eight experimental starter and 8 experimental finisher rations of A, B, C, 13 and E, F, G, H were prepared. A and E were the control group while B, C and D having 3, 6, 9% PBPM of BeBeJan and F, G, H having 3, 6, 9% PBPM of Kakasian were formulated and starter rations were fed to chicks upto 28 days of age while finisher was provided from 29 to 42 day of age. The feed was supplied to the chicks reared in cages at College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. The proximate analysis of the rations was done. And the parameters studied were weekly weight gain, feed consumption, FCR. At the end of the experiment three birds from each group were slaughtered to observe the dressing percentage and weight of internal organs. The economics of the experiment was also calculated. The pepsin digestability of both the organizations PBPM was also recorded. The data thus collected was subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that in BeBeJan group there was a significant weight gain in control group A (O%PBPM) while in Kakasian it was significant in F group having 3% PBPM. While comparing both organization PBPM it was observed that F&H rations having Kakasian PBPM 3% and 9% were better than B and D ration having BeBeJan PBPM 3 and 9% regarding weight gain while FOR of BeBeJan it was better in control group A (0% PBPM) while in Kakasian it was better in F group having 3% PBPM. While comparing both organations it was observed that Kakasian PBPM showed better FCR than that of BeBeJan. And it might be due to processing and no adultration of blood in PBPM by Kakasian, while BeBeJan PBPM contained blood. The dressing percentage of control group was better than treated group while comapring both organizations PBPM was non-significant difference among the groups.
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16.
Effects Of Different Commercially Available Antifungal Compounds On Feed Quality & Broiler Performance
by Abdul Hamid | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr . Masood | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the effects of different commercially available antifungal compounds on feed quality and broiler performance. Six experimental rations i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F were prepared for this trial. Ration A was positive control (containing no antifungal compounds), ration B (containing 0.5 kg Mycostat / ton), ration C (containing 0.5 kg Mycocurb\ ton), ration D (containing 15% moisture without any antifungal compounds), ration E (containing 1 .0 kg Mycostat / ton with 1 5% moisture) and ration F (containing 1 .0 kg Mycocurh/ ton with 15% moisture).
These experimental rations were stored for one month. During storage period the representative feed samples were collected from all the rations and were analysed for mould growth and aflatoxins level.
A total of 240 day-old-broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 groups having 40 birds in each group and which were further subdivided into 4 replicates comprising of 10 birds in each. The body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of each two weeks. Mortality percentage and comparative economic study of antifungal compounds were determined at the end of experiment. The experiment was completed in six weeks.
The results of feed consumption indicated that birds led on different cxperimen(af rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 3173, 3230, 3215, 2310, 1972 and 2243 gnis respectively. However, apparently the birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat consumed more Iced as compared to other groups.
The weight gain of the birds fed on various experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 1710, 1770, 1 760, 965, 845 and 980 gms respectively. However, apparently more weight gain was observed in the birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat.
The data on feed efficiency indicated that birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 1.855, 1.82, 1.83, 2.392, 2.34 and 2.283, respectively. However, better feed utilization was observed in birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat as compared to chicks fed on other rations.
The feed mould count values for groups D, E and F were 4.0 10E4, 1.1 10E4 and 1.0 10E4 respectively, and the Aflatoxins levels for groups D, E and F were (G1<0.1, G2<0.1, B1-33.5 B2-2.4), (GI<0.l, G2<O.1, B1-26.5, B2-1.9) and (G1<0.1, G2<0.l, B1-35.5, B2-2.5) respectively.
It is concluded that Mycostat is comparatively better antifungal compound commercially available as compared to Mycocurb in terms of improving the performance of the broiler birds.
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17.
Comparative Evaluation Of Maize Bran, Wheat Bran And Rice Bran In The Fattening Ration Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Zahid Mahmood | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Nisar Ahmed Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: In Pakistan the per capita availability of the proteinous feed especially of animal origin for human consumption is much less than the required levels. So we the animal production professionals have huge task before us in solving this problem of meat shortage. In our country the buffalo is the main dairy animal. The farmers usually prefer to keep the female calves as they can give them good return in the form of milk. The male calves are often considered as a burden and they are weaned at a very early age. As a result most of them die in their early life. Studies conducted in Pakistan and in some other countries have shown that these calves could be fattened by using cheaper sources of agriculture by-products. One way of solving the problem of meat shortage is the fattening of these calves using well- balanced least cost rations.
In Pakistan the farmers normally use wheat bran to feed their animals. As a result of ever increasing demand of wheat bran its price is quite high and also there are complains about adulteration in it. So there is a need to find some alternate products which could replace wheat bran without effecting the performance of the animals. Maize bran is a by-product of starch industry. It is available in Pakistan by the brand name of Buffalo bran. Similarly the rice bran is a by-product of rice industry and is available after the extraction of remaining oil from the rice polishing. Both maize bran and rice bran are cheaper as compared to wheat bran and easily available. The present study was conducted to ascertain the nutritional value of wheat bran, maize bran and rice bran in the fattening ration of buffalo male calves.
A fattening trial was conducted on three groups of buffalo calves with 10 calves each. Three rations namely A, B and C were prepared in which all the ingredients were same except maize bran, wheat bran and rice bran, which were used at the level of 30%. The duration of the experiment was 90 days. The animals were fed in groups and during the experiment the weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency and digestibility of different nutrients in the ration were recorded. Economics of the fattening rations was also determined.
It was found that the weight gain on the rations A, B and C was 555 ± 29.21 kg, 755 ± 34.48 kg, 728 ± 31.85 kg, feed consumption was 4339 ± 75.17 kg, 5386 ± 184.82 kg, 5648.5 ± 221.34 kg and mean values for feed ciliciency were 7.82 ± 2.59, 7.13 ± 1.17 7.76 ± 1.67, respectively. The difference (P<0.05) among the groups regarding weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency was not significant. For the three rations A, B and C the digestibility of dry matter was 66.88 ± 6.52, 67.85 ± 5.31 and 59.53 ± 12.64 %, digestibility of crude protein was 72.07 ± 5.34,76 ± 4.52 and 69.12 ± 7.54%, digestibility of crude fiber was 55.89 ± 7.35, 49.25 ± 8.36 and 42.16 ± 14.13% and digestibility of ether extract was 85.94 ± 3.47, 87.94 ± 8.36 and 82.24 ± 4.84 %, respectively. Digestion trial also revealed that there was a non-significant difference (P<O.05) anong groups in the digestibility of various nutrients.
The results of the study revealed that although wheat bran had shown good results, yet it could be replaced by rice bran. The maize bran had not expressed good results, however more research is required to determine it's suitable level in the diet of the buffalo calves. The results of the groups fed rice bran were almost similar to that of wheat bran. Moreover economics of the ration revealed that the cost of production was much less in the case of rice bran. So the rice bran can be used in the rations of buffalo calves without any effect on their performance.
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18.
Effect Of Phytase On The Low Phosphorus Layer Diets Based On Canola Meal
by Shahid Nadeem, M | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to asertain the effect of Phytase on the low phosphorus layer diets based on .Canola meal and egg production, egg weights, egg specific gravity, eggshell weights, eggshell thickness, feed consumption, feed efficiency, body weight gain, cost per dozen eggs and mortality were recorded.
Phytase enzyme is primarily responsible for the better conversion of minerals i.e. phosphorus, calcium and zinc. Phyase in tern generally results in the reduction of nutrients excreted with the faeces. It is now known to cause the release of phosphorus from phytic acid by catalysing a series of hydrolysis reactions. Phytate has been recognized as a nutrient because it contains phosphorus. It is also considered as anti-nutritional factor, which binds certain essential metals and reduces their availability for absorption from the diet and re-absorption after their secretion in digestive juices by forming insoluble compounds in the intestine. Phytase can hydrolyse the phytic acid present in canola meal. Canola meal is widely accepted and used ingredient in poultry and is a by-product of oil industry, available after extraction of oil from the seeds by solvent extraction.
Thirty weeks old 162 layers of Babcock 13300 strain were housed in cages (two birds in a cage). Birds were dived into 6 groups and offered different experimental rations having different levels of phosphorus i.e. 0.40%, 0.35%, 0.3%, 0.25%, 0.2% and 0.15% and then further each group was subdivided into 3 replicates having 9 birds in each replicate. Each replicate was reared as an experimental unit.
Phytase level was used as 400 FTU/kg of feed in each group having decreasing levels of phosphorus except control group (A). Seven days preliminary period was observed to remove the effects of previous diets. All the inanagemenial conditions like Feeding, watering, lighting, ventilation and temperature were provided according to requirements of strain.
The results of the study revealed that there was nonsignificant difference in egg weight, egg specific gravity, eggshell weights and eggshell thickness. There was a significant difference in egg production, feed efficiency, body weight gain and Feed consumption. For comparison of means of significant differed parameters, leist significant difference (LSD) test was applied. It was further revealed that there was non-significant difference between groups A (control with 0.4% Avl.P), B (with 0.3 5% Avl.P), C (with 0.3% Avl.P) in egg production and feed consumption and there was also improvement in feed efficiency and body weight gain. Economics analysis of different diets showed that phytase may be used in feeding of layers for getting eggs at low price.
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19.
Comparative Efficacy Of Different Commercially Available Growth Promoter Antibiotics On The Performance Of Broiler
by Fazal ur Rehman | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Anjum Khalique | Dr.Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of different growth promoter antibiotics on the performance of broiler chicks.
Two hundred and forty day old broiler (Hubbard) chicks were purchased, kept in cages and were reared on six experimental rations designated as T1 (Control), T2 (Albac, Zinc Bacitracin, 50ppm), T3 (Flavornycin, Flavophosphlipol, 3ppm), T4 (Flavomycin, Flavophosphilipol, 6ppm), T5 (Flavomycin, Flavophosphilipol, 9ppm) and T6 (Lincornix, Lincomycin 4.4ppm) upto the age of 42 days. The starter rations were fed upto 28 days of age and the finisher from to 42nd days of age.
The results of the present study indicated significant difference in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, total bacterial count of feed, total bacterial count of intestinal contents of chicks fed on antibiotic incorporated feed than control (un-medicated). The results of dressing percentage were non-significant.
Rations designated as T2 (Zinc bacitracin, 50ppm) and T3 (Flavophospholipol, 3ppm) showed non-significant difference for weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency, whereas the ration T4 (Flavophospholipol, 6ppm), T5 (Flavophospholipol, 9ppm) and T6 (Lincomycin, 4.4 ppm) showed non-significant difference for weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency. But ration T4, T5 and T6 showed significant difference with T2 and T3 for weight gain.
With respect to objective of the study, the economic picture of rations T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 for cost per Kg. of live weight gain (excluding cost of day old chick) were Rs. 17.86, 17.45, 17.39, 17.22, 17.38 and 17.37. Ration T6 was economical by Rs. 0.64, 0.23, 0.17, 0.16 and 0.15 with T1, T2, T3, T4 and T6 respectively. So the Flavomycin 80 at the rate 6ppm (Flavophospholipol) can be used in broiler starter and broiler finisher rations.
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20.
Effects Of Phytase On The Performance Of Broilers Fed On Sorghum Based Diets
by Manzoor Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: In Pakistan, sorghum (jawar) occupies 4th place with a production of 218.6 thousand tons (Economic survey of Pakistan 2000-200 1) after wheat, maize and rice. Its use is limited in poultry feed because it contains antinutritional factor i.e. tannin, phytic acid (68% of Total phosphorus). The low tannin sorghum varieties can replace maize up to 50%, and sorghum high in tannin can replace maize up to 25% in poultry diet.
While considering different nutrients for broiler feed formulation minerals are also very important. Among minerals phosphorus plays an important role for poultry production. Balancing the phosphorus in compound feed is difficult task because less than one third of the phosphorus in the feedstuffs of plant origin is biologically available to monogastric animals (NRC, 1994). The organic phosphorus exists in the bran of grain, consisting mainly of phytic phosphorus,
Phytase is an enzyme that liberates P from vegetable materials, destroys the antinutritional properties of phytate. Phytase was one of the first enzyme to be described in the literature. As early as 1907 the release of phosphorus from an organic phosphorus containing substrate was described by Suzuki and others (Maga 1982). The enzyme "phytase" is now known to cause the release of phosphate from phytic acid by catalyzing a series of hydrolysis reactions.
Keeping in view the above facts an experiment was conducted to study the effects of phytase on the performance of broiler fed on sorghum- based diets.
Two hundred broiler chicks were purchased from Big Bird Poultry Breeders and divided in to five groups. These groups were further subdivided in four replicates, having ten chicks in each. The chicks were kept in starter batteries for the first four weeks and then shifted to grower batteries till the end of experiment (six week). Five starter and five finisher rations (sorghum based) A, B, C, D, and E were prepared. "A" was control having 0.45 and 0.35% AP in starter and finisher rations respectively. While B, C, D and E supplemented with phytase enzyme (600 FTU/kg of feed) having 0.40, 0.35, 0.30 and 0.25% AP in starter and 0.30, 0.25, 0.20 and 0.15% AP in finisher rations respectively. Light, feed and fresh clean water was provided round the clock.
The parameters studied were weight gain, feed consumed, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, mortality, phosphorus availability and economic. The data thus collected was subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that the weight gain of chicks fed on rations B and C were comparable to ration A (control). The chicks fed on rations D & E significantly (P<O.05) showed poor perfonnance as compared to those fed on rations A, B and C. Significantly (P<O.05) more feed was consumed by chicks fed on ration B as compared to those fed on D and E. However, nonsignificant difference was observed between feed consumption of chicks fed on rations A, B and C. Non-significant differences were observed in feed conversion ratio of chicks fed on different experimental rations (Starter & Finisher). However, the feed conversion ratio of chicks fed on ration "C" was comparable to the chicks fed on ration "A"(Control). The dressing percentage of the chicks showed improvement with supplementation of phytase enzyme but the difference were non-significant between chicks fed on different experimental rations. Phytase supplementation significantly (P<O.05) improved the availability of P in chicks fed on rations B, C, D, & E as compare to those fed on ration A (control). The total cost incurred on one kg live weight for chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D and E were Rs. 31.98, 30.58, 31.86, 33.18 and 33.76, respectively. While net profits per one-kg live weights were Rs. 16.02, 17.41, 16.14, 14.82 and 14.24 respectively. Maximum profit was observed in birds fed on ration "B" supplemented with phytase enzyme. Overall it was found that by using phytase enzyme in broiler ration more profit could be earned.
RECOMMENDATION
1. By the use of phytase in poultry feed phosphorus availability could be increased.
2. Use of phytase enzyme is economical.
3. By the use of phytase enzyme 0.1% available phosphorus can be decreased in the broiler ration.
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21.
Effect Of Yuca Saponin On Urease Activity And Development Of Ascites In Broiler Chickens
by Muhammad Sajid Nazir | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | mr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the effect of commercially available "Norponin 200 Liquid" on urcase activity and development of ascites in broilers. The active ingredient in the product is saponins. Norponin 200 Liquid was mixed in water and offered to broiler chickens. Two commercial broiler rations were prepared. One was broiler starter ration containing 28 10 K cal/kg metabolizable energy and 20 % crude protein. Second was broiler finisher ration with 2900 K cal/kg metabolizable energy and 18.50 % crude protein. Chicks were divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D, respectively. Bach group offered different concentrations of Norponin 200 Liquid. Group A acted as control group. There was no mixing of Norponin 200 Liquid in it. Group B was offered 2.5 ml Norponin 200 Liquid/100 liter of drinking water. Group C was offered 5.0 ml of Norponin 200 Liquid/100 liter of drinking water. Group D was offered 7.5 ml of Norponin 200 Liquid) 100 ml of drinking water. Feed and water was offered ad libitum to the chicks. A total of 240 day-old-broiler hubbred chicks were purchased from a local commercial hatchery and were randomly divided into 4 groups having 60 birds in each group. Each group was further subdivided into 6 replicates comprising 10 birds each. Initial body weight was recorded on day first just after the arrival of chicks in brooding room. The body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of each week. Urease activity, mortality percentage and economic study of medicine used were determined at the end of experiment. The experiment was completed in 6 weeks. The results of feed consumption indicated that birds fed on same starter and Finisher rations but with different concentrations of Norponin 200 Liquid to different groups i.e. A, B, C and D in drinking water from 0-6 Weeks of age were 3847, 3813, 3831 and 3827 grams, respectively. Rcs.ults showed that birds of group A consumed more feed as compared to other groups.
The weight gain of birds in different groups i.e. A, B, C and D from 0-6 weeks were 1741, 1809, 1857 and 1895 grams, respectively. Results showed that birds in group D gained maximum weight i.e. 1895 grams per bird. The feed conversion ratio from 0-6 weeks of age were 2.20, 2.10, 2.05 and 2.01, respectively. Results showed that better feed conversion ratio was observed in group D, which as offered maximum concentration of Norponin 200 Liquid in drinking water i.e. 7.50 ml/l00 liter of drinking water. Mortality due to ascites was observed only in groups A and B, respectively. In group A, it was 8 % and in group B it was 5 %, respectively.
Urease activity was also observed in all four groups and it was recorded that maximum urease activity was observed in group A (acted as control) and minimum urcase activity was observed in group D (offered maximum concentration of Yucca sapoin)
CONCLUSION:- It was concluded that Norponin 200 Liquid offered at 7.50 ml/100
liter of drinking water gives comparatively bctter results than 2.5 ml! 100 liter, 5.0 ml! 100 liter of drinking water and control groups.
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22.
Effect Of Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment Of Defatted Rice Polishing And Its Use In Broiler Diets
by Muhammad Yahya khan | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Mr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Pakistan is occupying the eminent status in the countries; inhabiting the huge bulk of population with considerable growth rate. This situation is causing an extreme strain on food resources. With ever increasing cost offeed ingredients and use of cereal grains in poultry feeds which are also used for human consumption makes it imperative to look for alternative sources for feeding poultry to save grains for human consumption.
Agro industrial by-products or wastes which are cheaper, not utilized for human consumption and are readily available merit consideration for poultry feeding. Defatted rice polishing is one. of the ingredients may serve the desired purpose.
Defatted rice polishing/bran is an important by-product of rice milling industry. It is derived from the outer layer of rice caryopsis during milling and has comparable nutritional profIle as compared to other cereal grains. Its potential as feed ingredient cannot be absolutely exploited due to the presence of certain antinutritional factors. Such as trypsin inhibitor, crude fiber and hemeaglutinin etc. However, various treatments implementation could be resulted in the elimination of antinutritional factors and yielding it into a useful feed ingredient for poultry.
Present study was conducted to observe the impact of defatted rice polishing on the performance of broiler chicks after subjecting it to H202 treatment.
Six starter and six finisher rations were prepared arid designated as A, B, C, D, E and F. All rations were is caloric and is nitrogenous. Starter and finisher ration A contained 15% H202 treated defatted rice polishing. Rations B and C contained 20 and 25% H202 treated defatted rice polishing while rations D, E and F contained 15, 20 and 25% defatted rice polishing respectively. Two hundred and forty day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into twenty four experimental units of 10 chicks each under six groups A, B, C, D, E and F. Starter rations were fed up to 28th day of age while the finisher rations from 29th to 42nd day of age.
Results of the present study indicates that there was no significant difference in weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency and dressing percentage birds feed fed different experimental rations.
It was concluded from the present study that defatted rice polishing can safely be used up to 25% level without subjecting it to treatment. Inclusion of defatted rice polishing up to 25% level had no adverse effect on the performance of broiler chicks.
However, by using defatted rice polishing up to 25% level ration becomes expensive due to addition of oil.
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23.
Effect Of Formaldehyde Treated Sunflower Meal As A Soruce Of Rumen Undegradable Protein On The Milk
by Tariq Hameed | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Mr. Jalees | Prof. Nisar Ahmed Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The rumen has unique ability to degrade dietary protein on the one hand and synthesize microbial protein on the other. However rumen microorganism cannot synthesize enough protein to support high levels of growth and milk production by lactating animals. When protein requirements for milk production and maintenances exceeds the amount of protein synthesized by rumen microbes, there is need to protect some of dietary protein from ruminal degradation and be digested by enzymes in small intestine. Some protein sources are naturally protected from rumen degradation and other requires artificial protection. Among different methods to protect the protein, treatment with formaldehyde is an efficient and inexpensive method to protect the proteins from rumen degradation.
Vegetable protein source such as oil seed cakes and meals are major component of livestock feed. Sunflower meal is a good and relatively cheaper source of vegetable protein and is commonly available. Present study was planned to study the effect of HCHO treated sunflower meal on milk production performance of lactating buffaloes.
Twelve lactating buffaloes were divided into 2 groups A and B based on the milk production (9.1) lactation no (II) and days after calving (38). Individual feeding practice was adopted to fulfill the requirement of each animal. Group A was fed control ration with untreated sunflower meal and Group B was fed experimental ration containing the HCHO treated sunflower meal. About 45 kg of chopped green fodder (according to availability) was offered daily to each animal in both groups. Concentrate mixture was given to satisfy production requirement4 Animals were kept under proper managemental conditions. Hand milking of the animals was done twice a day. An insitu trial was conducted to see the effectiveness of HCHO treatment against the rurninal degradation of sunflower meal used in the experimental rations. Present study was conducted to ascertain milk production of Nih Ravi buffaloes by undegradable intake protein of sunflower meal.
Insitu study showed that formaldehyde treatment significantly reduced the degradation of pro tein in the rurnen. Average values for undegradable protein from O.5% HCHO treated sunflower meal was 75.52 percent as compared to 14.22 percent value of control after 24 hours of incubation. Average daily milk production for group A and B was 8.66 ± 0.70 and 8.94 ± 0.55 kg respectively. The difference was statistically non-significant. Similarly a non-significant response of formaldehyde treated sunflower meal to milk fat percentage and fat corrected milk was observed. The average values for fat contents and FCM were 5.52% ± 0.12 for group A and 5.72% + 0.23 for group B and 10.6+0.76 kg for group A and 11.2+0.50 kg for B group respectively. It was concluded, that formaldehyde treatment of SFM effectively reduced the protein degratdation in the rumen but treated sunflower meal could not improve the milk yield and fat content significantly when fed to lactating buffaloes
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24.
Effect Of Varying Levels Of Threonine In The Vegetable Protein Based Diets On The Performance Of Brilers
by Mujahid Farooq | Dr.Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Mr.Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Two major components of rations are energy and protein. Protein is the second major part of a ration. It is mainly supplied by vegetable and animal protein sources. Animal protein sources are of superior quality due to its more balance profile of essential amino acids. High cost and mal-practice of adultering the animal protein sources compelled the nutritionists to use vegetable protein sources. Vegetable protein sources are cheaper and available in more quantity but deficient in certain critical amino acids. Threonine is an important amino acid in nutrition of both mammals and birds. Practically, in diets threonine is usually either second, third or fourth limiting amino acid depending on the types of diets (Radke and Lewis, 1992). Vegetable protein sources can efficiently be incorporated in poultry ration by supplementing with synthetic sources of amino acids to bring them at par or near to that of animal protein sources.
Two hundred day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into five groups. Each group was further sub-divided into four replicates containing 10 chicks each and were reared in battery cages. Starter rations A, B, C, D and E containing 20% crude protein, 2900 k.cal ME/kg and threonine 1eve1s 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85 and 0.90 per cent, respectively were fed upto 28th day of age. Similarly finisher rations A, B, C, D and E containing crude protein 18.5%, 3000 k.cal ME/kg and 0.66, 0.70, 0.74, 0.78 and 0.82 per cent threonine levels were fed from 29th to 35th day of age, respectively. The chicks were weighed individually at day old and also at weekly intervals upto the end of the experiment. Weekly feed consumption was recorded for each experimental units separately. At the end of the experiment, three birds from each experimental units were picked up randomly and slaughtered to record he slaughtered data.
The weight gain of the birds fed on various experimental rations A, B, C, D and E from 0-5 weeks of age were 810.50, 1935.00, 1861.25, 1802.49 and 1748.00 gms, respectively. Significantly more weight gain was observed in birds fed on ration B, C, D and E containing various levels of threonine as compared to chicks fed on ration A. However, the result revealed non-significant difference between B&C and D&E.
The results of feed consumption indicated that birds on different experimental rations A, B, C, D and E were 1423.12, 2970.22, 2924.72, 3011.22 and 3015.07 gms, respectively. Significantly more feed was consumed by the chicks fed on rations B, C, D and E as compared to chicks fed on ration A.
Feed efficiency of the birds on different experimental rations A, B, C, D and E were 1.76, 1.54, 1.57, 1.67 and 1.72, respectively. Significantly better feed utilization was noticed in birds fed on ration B, while the birds fed on ration A was less efficient in feed utilization. However, non-significant difference in feed efficiency was observed between the chicks fed on ration A&E, B&C, E&D.
The abdominal fat percentage of the birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D and E were 2.25, 2.15, 2.10, 2.05 and 2.08 per cent, respectively. The birds fed on ration D deposited less, while birds on ration A was high in abdominal fat. However, nonsignificant difference were observed among the chicks fed on ration A&B, B, C, D & E.
Statistical analysis of the data revealed non-significant effect of treatment on dressing percentage and weight of giblets i.e. gizzard, heart, spleen and liver.
The data regarding economical aspect of ration revealed that the average feed cost per kg of live weight of chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D and E were 15.47, 14.00, 14.42, 15.44 and 16.00 rupees, respectively. Apparently ration B was most economical in comparison with other rations.
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25.
Studies On The Effect Of Ammoniation On The Nutritive Value Of Different Roughages In The Fattening Of Lambs
by Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr . Manzoor | Dr.Saghir Ahmad Jafri.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: Sufficient quantity of agricultural by-products in the form of dry roughages are available in the Country for livestock feeding. The nutritive improvement of these roughages could be accomplished by proper chemical treatments. Ammoniation is one of the methods employed to improve the nutritive value of dry roughages for feeding of livestock.
A fattening trial was conducted on four groups of 64 male of Lohi lambs breed to study the effect of ammoniatin on the nutritive value of wheat straw and sugarcane pith. The roughages were treated with ammonia at 3.5 % level for 15 days and used at 22.5 % level of the four experimental rations having untreated and ammonia treated wheat straw and sugarcane pith. The experiment lasted for 84 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency and digestibility of the animals were recorded.
There was a significant (PLO.05) improvement in the weight gain and feed efficiency of the lambs fed ammonia treated roughages as compared with the non-treated roughages. However, there was no significant difference in the feed consumption of the animals fed different experimental rations. The digestibility trial revealed that the differences with regard to the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein,crude fibre, ether extract and nitrogen free extract between treated and untreated sugarcane pith and wheat straw were F; non-significant. But when both the roughages whether ammonia treated or untreated were compared with each other, wheat straw had significantly higher values of nutrients digestibility as compared with sugarcane pith.
The study indicated that ammoniation of wheat straw and sugarcane pith improve their nutritive value at a significant level (PLO.05) for the fattening of lambs.
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26.
The Chick Growth Inhibition Of Soybean Meal (Sbm) As Affected By Autoclaving Under Varying Conditions
by Hafiz Anwar Ahmad | Dr Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr Nisar Ahmad | Dr Tufail Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1987Dissertation note: Soybean meal (SBM) is the by-product left after extraction of oil from the seeds either by solvent extracton or mechanical expeller. After animal protein sources, SBM is the best vegetable protein supplement for feeding of poultry. It is now commercially available in the country, but its use in different poultry feeds is limited due to its growth inhibitory factor(s).
The present study was planned to find, out suitable methods of heat treatments to reduce/remove the growth inhibitory factor(s) present in indigenous SBM. Effect of different levels of supplementation of methionine, the limiting amino acid was also studied. Two experiments were conducted using day old 'Hubbard" broiler chicks as experimental birds. In the first experiment effect of different levels of moisture and autociaving time on the nutritional value of SBM was studied. Growth rate, feed consumption and efficiency of feed utilization of the chicks were recorded. Effect of the heat-treatments of SBM on the dressing percentage and internal organs of the chicks was also studied.
Heat treatments of SBM involving different levels of moisture andautocalving time significantly (P< 0.01) improved its nutritional value as was reflected by better growth rate of the chicks. The improved quality of the treated SBM was sub stantiated by the reduced urease activity of the meal. Both moisture and autoclaving had linear effect in improving the nutritional value of SBM. Higher moisture levels with lower heating time was equally effective as lower moisture level with higher heating time in improving the nutritional value of SBM. The chicks fed rations containing SBM with 10 percent moisture and autoclaved for 45 minutes or 20 percent moisture and autoclaved for 30 minutes showed the best growth rate of the chicks; fed ration containing raw SBM might be due to the presence of growth inhibitory factor(s) which was partially/completely removed by heat treatment of the meal.
The second experiment was designed to study the effect of supplementation of different levels of methionine, on the nutritive value of heat treated soybean cake (SBC). For the purpose, methionine was supplemented at 0.05, 0. 15, 0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 percent of the rations containing heat treated SBC as the sole source of protein.
Methionine supplementation of heat treated SBC significantly (P <0.01) improved the growth rate and feed efficiency of the chicks as compared to the control ration, without methionine supplementation. Best weight gain and feed efficiency was found in the chicks fed ration containing 0. 35 percent methionine supplementation. This indicated that methionine was the most limiting amino acid in SBC and 0. 35 percent supplementation of methionine was enough to compensate the deficiency of the amino acid.
CONCLUSION
i) Results of the experiments indicated a significant chick growth depression along with poor utilization of feed by chicks fed ration containing raw SBM.
ii) Heat treatment involving additional moisture and autoclaving significantly improved the nutritive value of SBM, as indicated by better growth rate and feed utilization of the chicks. Lower moisture level (10% along with higher autoclaving time (45 minutes) was equally effective as the higher moisture (20%) along with lower autoclaving time (30 minutes) in improving the nutritive value of raw SBM. The improvement in the nutritive value of heat treated SBM was substantiated by the reduced urease activity of the meal.
iii) Methionine supplementation of heat treated SBC further significantly improved its nutritive value. The best level of methionine supplementation was 0. 35% of the ration containing heat treated SBC as the sole source of protein.
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27.
Comparative Efficacy Of Salinomycin, Meduramycin, Urisool And Coxigon As Feed Additive Coccidiostat In Broiler
by Rashid Ghafoor | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Anjum Khalique | Dr.Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The present study was designed to compare the efficacy of different anticoccidials available in market. Coccidiosis is a disease of universal importance in poultry production. A total of one hundred and eighty, day old broiler chicks were purchased and raised for 42 days in a healthy and good hygienic environment. The birds were then divided into 6 groups viz A, B, C, D, E and F having 30 birds each. Group C and D was given feed additive anticoccidial Kokcisan (salinomycin 12%) and Decocci (meduramycin 1%), while in group E and F was given a herbal drugs i.e. Urisool and Coxigon respectively. All the groups except group E were given challenge of infection on day 22. The oocyst count was done on 5th, 6th and 7th day after infection.
During the experimental period feed intake, weight gain, FCR, mortality rate, oocyst count, clinical findings and postmortem findings were recorded on weekly basis. Results showed that average feed intake was higher in group E i.e. infected and treated with Urisool (herbal coccidiostate). The result showed there is no statistical difference between herbal coccidiostates and other chemotherapeutic drugs. Average weight gain was higher in group E i.e. infected medicated with Urisol a herbal product gave better result.
The results of present study showed that salinomycin treated group is better among all groups regarding FCR. The herbal groups showed less percentage of mortality. The results are also in agreement with many scientists who reported that herbal anticoccidials are safe and has no side effects and tissue destruction. No toxicity and poisoning is observed even at higher doses as in ionophores and no resistance is developed towards any species of Eimeria. Oocyst count was also lower in both herbal treated groups. Almost all the birds receiving infection showed the clinical symptoms of coccidiosis, symptoms were more pronounced in birds of group (uninfected and unmedicated), salinomycin and meduramycin treated group. However, in groups treated with Urisol and Coxigon the signs were not much pronounced, which shows effectiveness of herbal preparations. On account of all these results, it is summarized that herbal anticoccidials are equal in efficacy as compare to other anticoccidials.
The results of this study will help to the feed millers in choosing best and economical feed additive anticoccidial.
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28.
Chemical And Nutritional Evaluation Of Different Treaments Of Rice Polishing For Use In Layer Rations
by Mohammad Mohsin Sehole | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof.Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Pakistan is occupying the eminent status in the countries: inhabiting the huge bulk of population with ëonsiderable growth rate. This situation is causing an extreme strain on food resources. With ever increasing cost of feed ingredients and use of cereal grains in poultry feeds, which are also used for human consumption, makes it imperative to look for alternative.
Agro-industrial by-products or wastes, which are cheaper, not utilized for human consumption and are readily available merit consideration for poultry feeding. Rice polishing is one of the ingredients may scrve the desired purpose.
Rice, polishing is extensively used as an ingredient in animal diets. It represents excellent potential feedstuff for poultry if it is properly processed and stabilized. In spite of all its nutritional merits its utilization has a problem of rancidity & oxidation due to high oil content (12--l3%) & anti-nutritive factor lipase present in the rice. The rice polishing also contains anti- nutritive factors such as phytate, trypsin inhibitor, lectins and high fiber content. These factors can be removed by chemical or physical treatments.
This project is designed to study the eflbct ol' diflerent 1t'eatment on nutritive values of rice polishing and their biological availability for laying hens. Twelve iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous rations at 10, 20, & 30% level of differently treated rice polishing were prepared.
One hundred and eight White -Leghorn layers were used for the biological trial. These were randomly divided in 4 major groups T1-T4. Each group comprised of 27 layers. Each group was further divided into 3 sub-groups having 9 layers, which were divided into 3 replicates of 3 layers each. The three sub-groups of each group were fed on ration containing 10, 20 & 30% level of rice polishing respectively. These experimental units were randomly allotted to the twelve experimental diets in such a way that there were three bird's units on each diet. The experimental diets were offered to birds throughout the experimental period of 56 days and feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg production, egg weight, egg shell weight, egg shell thickness and cost per dozen was recorded.
The results of present study indicates that there was significant difference in, feed conversion ratio, daily egg production, egg weight, egg shell weight of layer birds fed different treatments of rice polishing. The results of present study also indicate that there was significant difference in feed conversion ratio, daily egg production, egg weight and egg shell weight of layers fed on different experimental rations.
It was concluded form the present study that extrusion treatment of rice polishing gave best results out of the four treatments (untreated, autoclaved, extrusion cooked and de-oiled rice polishing. Extrusion cooked rise polishing can safely be included in layer rations without any advrse effect on performance. It was also concluded that among rations, ration 1 (containing 30% extrusion cooked rice polishing) gave best results out of twelve rations (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I J, K and L), it also had no adverse effect on performance of layer chicks
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29.
Effect Of Different Doses Of Bovine Somatotropin Hormone In-Ravi Buffaloes On Growth, Milk Production and Physiological Parameters
by Hafiz Faisal Majeed | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to see the effect of different doses of bovine sornatotropin hormone (bST) on milk production, milk composition, growth! body weight, and physiological parameters (Hemoglobin, Total protein, 1-lernatocrit values, Cholesterol, Glucose, Urea and ESR level). For this purpose 21 Nili-Ravi lactating buffaloes were involved in this experiment. They were kept at Livestock Experimental Station Bahadur Nagar Okara with similar stage of lactation were selected. They were randomly divided in to three groups A, B and C with 7 animals in each group. The group A was injected with full- recommended dose of bST hormone (250 mg /animal) with trade name of Boostin-250 S/C at an interval of 14 days, while the animals of group B were given S/C injection on alternate days with divided doses of(36 mg/animal). The group C was kept as control. The maintenance requirement of the animals was met through by available green fodder at the rate of 40-50 kg per animal per day while production requirements were met through concentrate ration at the i-ate of half of the milk production. Milk production was recorded daily and milk sarnpes weve coXeeted on weakly basis or analysis. The blood samples were collected on fortnight basis to see the effect of bovine Sornatotropin hormone on physiological parameters. The research trial continued for 6 month till the completion of lactation.
The average (rnean± SD) milk production of groups A, B and C were 7.38±1.30, 7.29±1.20 and 6.66±0.80 litters respectively. The increase in milk production was found to be 11% as compared to group C (control). The average (mean± sd) Fat, SNF and T.S percent in animals of group A were recorded 6.59±0.10, 9.13±0.28 and 15.73±0.34, respectively Where as in group B it was 6.58±0.15, 9.28±0.26 and 16.01±0.30 respectively. The averages (mcan±SD) Fat, SNF and TS percent in control group C were, 6.42±0.111, 8.83±0.47 and 15.45 ±0.245 respectively. There was improvement in Fat, SNF and TS percent of the treated group versus control group. The average (mean±SD) body weight found in subgroups A, B and group C was 528.78±50.64, 561.02±91.35 and 518.06±37.50 kgs respectively. There was slight increase was observed in treated group.
The average values of Hemoglobin, 1-Iaernatocrit, ESR, Cholesterol, Total protein, lipid glucose, and Urea in experimental animals of group A were I 1.44g/dl, 32.84%, 94.15mm/h 173.87mg/lOOrni, 10.99g/dl, 567.57 g/dl, 86.25 mg/dl, and 4.089 rng/dl and respectively. In animals of group B there were 11.96 g/dl, 32.04%, 74.70 mm/h 181.10 mg/lOOm!, 11.10 g/dl, 548.03 g/dl, 84.655 mg/dl and 3.7474 rng/dl respectively. Whereas in-group C (control) the average values of Hemoglobin, Haernatocrit, ESR Cholesterol, Total protein, lipid glucose, Urea were 12.20 g/dl, 33.11%, 83.11 mm/h 190.78, mg/lOOm!, 10.60 g/dl, 557.32 rng/dl, 84.92 rng/dl and 3.8848 g/dl, respectively. It is concluded that the bovine Somatotropin hormone had no desirable effect on physiological parameters. It is concluded that treatment of bovine sornatotropin hormone had no effect on blood composition, milk composition and physiological parameters in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. It is also concluded that dose of bSt of 250mg injected at 14 days interval is beneficial for overall performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloe. To overall bST had positive effect on economic parameters in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
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30.
Effect Of Sodium Bentonite On Growth Performance And Feed Efficiency
by Ghayur Ahmad Khan | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: A trial was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing sodium bentonite, to find the effectiveness of sodium bentonite on the growth performance of Sahiwal male calves. Twelve animals of almost same age and weight were selected from the available stock at Animal Nutrition Centre, Rakh Dera Chahl, Lahore. These animals were divided into three groups and fed a standard ration "A" according to their nutrient requirements. Rations of group B and C were supplemented with sodium bentonite at the rate of 2.5 and 5.0 per cent while group A served as control. The trial was run for a period of 90 days with normal managemental practices. During the experimental period body weight gain and feed consumption of the individual animals was recorded. At the end of the experiment the data were analyzed statistically. The result of the experiment suggested that addition of sodium bentonite had statistically non-significant effect on the body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversation ratio and rate of passage of digesta through the gastro-intestinal tract. Based on the results of this trial it could be inferred that supplementation of sodium bentonite may have some beneficial effect on the performance of calves. However, use of this clay over extended period of time needs to be investigated for any adverse effect in future
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31.
Effect Of Long Term Use Of Bovine Somatotropic Hormone On Milk Production ,Production Nutrient
by Iftikhar Ahmad | Makdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Use of bovine somatotropic hormone (bST) for increased milk production has been widely investigated in dairy cattle, whereas very little work has been done in buffaloes. To observe the effect of bST on buffalo for long term duration study was planned with the objectives to investigate the effects of long term use of bST on milk production, milk composition, reproduction, hematological and biochemical parameters in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. For this study 30 lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes with similar milk production and stage of lactation were selected and randomly divided in to two groups A and B with 15 animals in each group. The group A (0 bST) served as control while animals in group B (+bST) were given injection of bST (250 mg Boostin-250/animal) at 14d interval. Nutritional requirements of experimental animals were met through available green fodder (45-50kg/day) supplemented with concentrate ration @ half of milk production. The milk production was significantly (P<0.05) increased by 18.04 % in treated group compared with control. The results showed that there was no significantly variations in parameters like milk composition, dry period and lactation length, calving interval in both the groups. The postpartum estrous period and service period were significantly (P< 0.05) improved which reflected positive effect of bST on reproductive parameters. However, the difference in services per conception was non-significant. Small variations were found in the prevalence of contagious and non contagious diseases in both experimental groups during the study period. The differences among body weights, hematological and biochemical parameters were also non-significant expect blood urea nitrogen (p< 0.05). The proceeds over a lactation period of 305 days was PKR. 4227.0 with the use of bST.
Second trial was conducted to study the effect of dose interval of bST in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. For the proposed study 21 Nili-Ravi lactating buffaloes with similar milk production and stage of lactation were randomly divided into three groups A, B and C with 7 animals in each group. The group A was injected with full dose of bST hormone (250 mg/animal) with trade name of Boostin-250 at an interval of 14 days, while animals in group B were given injection on alternate days with divided dose of 36 mg/animal. Group C was kept as control. Duration of study was 5 months and the animals were kept on green fodder supplemented with concentrate ration half of milk production. The concentrate ration had 17.2% CP and 72.0% TDN. The milk production increased by 18.35% and 15.27% in-group A and B compared with group C (control) but increase was non-significant (P>0.05) . Similarly data revealed that dose interval had no affect on milk contents, reproductive and hematological parameters in all the experimental groups.
In a third trial feed digestibility and efficiency for milk production was studied. For the study fourteen Nili-Ravi buffaloes at their mid lactation with almost same level of milk production were randomly divided into two groups A and B with seven animals in each group. The group A was kept as control, while group B was injected bST hormone (250 mg/animal) at an interval of 14 days and continued for 60 days. The nutritional requirements of animals in both the groups were met through TMR according to NRC recommendations. The milk production was increased by 7.0% in. treated group (B) as compared with control group (A) and the increase was statistically non-significant (P>0.05). However, the feed efficiency for milk production was significantly improved (P< 0.05) in treated group. The differences in milk composition (Fat, SNF, TS and Protein percent) body weight gain digestibility of dry matter and other nutrients in treated and control groups were found non-significant (P>0.05).
The fourth trial was conducted to determine the effect of energy on milk production and its quality under the influence of bST hormone in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Multiparous (n12) buffaloes with mid lactation and similar level of milk yield were selected and randomly divided in to three groups i.e. A, B and C with four animals in each group. All the experimental animals were injected bST with trade name of Boostin - 250. The dose level was 250 mg per animal and injection was given at fortnightly interval during study period. The nutritional requirements of three groups animals were met through TMR with varying levels of energy (15% low and 15% above the recommendations of NRC). The milk yield was significantly higher (p<O.O5) on medium and high energy ration but the difference of milk yield was non significant (p>O.O5) between medium and low energy diets. The milk components and body weight gain were similar on all rations, while feed efficiency and nutrient intake (except ether extract) in low energy diet was significantly higher (p<O.O5) from two other rations. It may be concluded that 15% higher energy than recommended by NRC favoured milk production in Nih Ravi buffaloes when they were injected bST hormone.
Conclusion
On the over all there was consistency of results for milk production and milk composition with reference to available literature. However, some reproductive parameters including postpartum estrus and service period were significantly improved with the use of bST hormone. This effect has not been reported in the previous literature which needs to be further investigated and verified. Similarly the dose level in buffaloes needs to be further studied.
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32.
Effectis Of Supplementation Of Phytase On Growth Performance And Mineral Utilization (Ca, P & Zn) In Japanese Quail
by Muhammed Arshad Shad | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Two third of phosphorus present in poultry diets is in bound form (Phytate P) and is predominantly not available to poultry, as non ruminant species lack sufficient endogenous phytase activity. Phytate probably compromises the utilization of protein/amino acids, energy and minerals including calcium, ferrous, zinc, magnesium, potassium & many others and can contribute to mineral deficiencies. Dietary inclusion of phytase enzyme economically generates blo-available phosphorus and reduces the Phosphorus load on the environment. Phytase is the requisite enzyme to degrade phytate and notionally phytase has the capacity to hydrolyze the phytate and release inorganic Phosphorus.
Keeping this thing in view a 28 day long feeding trial was planned. A total of 900 day old Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments each having 10 replicates of 15 birds. Six corn soybean based diets (A & B) were formulated in such a way that they contained similar levels of CP and ME (24% & 2900 kcal/kg) but were different in Phosphorus & Calcium levels. Diet A was in accordance with the nutritional requirements of Japanese quail as specified in NRC (1994) whereas, diet B had lower levels of total Phosphorus and Calcium(0.20% and 0.15% less relative to diet A respectively). Five levels of phytase enzyme (250, 500, 750, 1000 FTU/kg of feed) were added to diet B to obtain diets C, D, F and F, respectively. Body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, plasma calcium and phosphorus, zinc retention, keel /shank length, dressing %, tibia ash%, toe ash%, deficiency symptoms, mortality % and economics of all experimental rations were the parameters considered. The data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Technique. The difference among the treatment means were tested by Duncans's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The results of the experiment revealed that body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, plasma calcium and phosphorus, keel /shank length, dressing %, tibia ash% and toe ash% of groups E and F were significantly higher than group B, C and D, (P<0.05).The performance of group E and F was comparable with that of group A (+ve control). No significant difference was observed between these groups.
As far as deficiency symptoms and mortality is concerned, a large number in the groups B (39.30%), C (2 1.33%) and D (16.00%) was found suffering from leg weakness, swollen joints and crippled legs. A higher mortality rate was also recorded in these groups (4.67%, 3.33% and 2.67%, for groups B, C and D, respectively). Very less number of birds showed the above mentioned signs in groups A (0%), E (8.67%) and F (3.33%), similarly mortality percentage in these groups also remained considerably low (1 .33%, 2.67% and 2.00% for groups A, E and F, respectively).
Data pertaining to economics of the experiment revealed a considerably low cost of feed/kg of the group F than all the other treatment groups. The difference between group F and A was calculated as Rs. 1.89. A large amount can be saved as profit if diets are formulated with out DCP and are supplemented with phytase ensuring optimum utilization of phytate.
From the results of above experiment it is concluded that phytase supplementation ensures phytate degradation making available, the minerals and other nutrients chelated to it. Phytase supplementation not only facilitates the feed formulatin but also make possible the inclusion of ingredients which contain anti nutritional factor named, "phytate". This consequently results in considerably improved performance and ultimately higher profitability of the farm.
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33.
Bioavailability Of Macro Minerals In Animal Origin Feed Ingredients Used In Broilers Ration
by Muddassir Attique | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Farina Malik | Mr.Muhammad Kamran.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Minerals are required for growth, bone development, feathering, enzyme structure and function. The present study has been designed to ascertain mineral profile of the poultry feedstuffs (fish meal.z, meat meal, bone meal and poultry by product meal) locally available to the industry. Evaluation of the minerals (Ca, Na, K, P) bioavailability of these ingredients and commercial broiler starter feed in broiler were also determined. For this purpose poultry feed ingredients and commercial broiler starter feed was procured from a commercial feed mill. For bioavailability of minerals a total of 240 day old Hubbard broiler chicks were used and allocated to six (6) dietary treatments(A, B, G, D, E and F) in such a way that each treatment was replicated 4 times with 10 chicks in each replicate. Diet A was of commercial feed mill B was from a corn soybean meal based and diet. Diet C, D, E and F contained meat meal, fish meal, bone meal and poultry byproduct meal respectively. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance Technique. The difference among the treatment means were tested through Duncans's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The maximum Ca bioavailability was observed in group B (61.5665±5.513%) which was control feed, followed by group E (5 8.54±8.694) containing meat meal, D (57.29±2.70) containing bone meal, C (49.94±10.43) containing fish meal, A(37.60± 5.034) which was commercial diet and F (24.23±3.16) containing PBM. Ca bioavailability was found in group F (24.23± 3.16%) which was fed with poultry by product meal, respectively. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of potassium in group A among the group C, B and F, respectively, while group F was also (94.17±0.859%) and the minimum K bioavailability was found in group B (91.45± 2.4 13%) bioavailability was observed in group A which was fed commercial feed and group F which was fed with meat meal , respectively However, bioavailability of sodium group F was significantly (P<0.05) different across the group (A, B, C, D and F). The maximum Na bioavailability was observed in group B (77.50±5.86%) and the minimum Na bioavailability was found in group E (24.69± 23 .95%) bioavailability was observed in group B which was control feed and group F which was fed with meat meal, respectively. The bioavailability of phosphorus in group E differ (P<0.05) significantly to the other groups (A, B, C, D and F) whereas group A also differ (P<0.05) from Group B, D and E significantly. However significance (P<0.05) difference was found in group B with group A and E as well. The maximum P bioavailability was observed in group C (53.40±4.453%) and the minimum P bioavailability was found in group E (41.15± 6.19%) bioavailability was observed in group C which was fed with fish meal feed and group £ which was fed with meat meal respectively. The maximum P bioavailability was observed in group A (58.48± 3.59 ) which was commercial feed, followed by group C ( 53.40±4.453 ) containing fish meal, F ( 52.81±2.18 %) which was fed with poultry by product meal D (4 8.92±6.64 ) containing bone meal B ( 49.06±5.81 ) which was control diet B (41.15±6.19 ) containing meat meal. The maximum FCR was observed in group C (1.40±0.022) and the minimum body weight was found in group A (1.281± 0.028) Body weight was observed in group C which was fed with fish meal feed and group A which was fed commercial diet respectively
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34.
To Study Of Commercially Available Probiotics And Prebiotics On The Performance And Nutrient Availablity In Japanese Quail
by Agha Shehzad Shaukst | Dr.Saima | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof.Dr.Muham.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Poultry feed accounts for 60 to 70% of total cost of production. To increase the efficiency of feed, different types of growth promoter likes enzymes and antibiotics have been used. But long term use of these antibiotics has side effects like antibiotic resistance and drug residues in meat. Many countries are regulating the use of antibiotics in feed and setting up programs to reduce the overall use of antibiotics. The impending ban on antibiotics in animal feed, the current concern over the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, the failure to identify new antibiotics make a compelling cause for developing alternative prophylactics. The use of probiotics and prebiotics is recommended as an alternative to antibiotics as prophylactic, therapeutic and growth-promoting agents in poultry production.
Keeping this thing in view a 28 day long feeding trial was planned. A total of 420 day old Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments each having 3 replicates of 20 birds. Seven diets were formulated in such a way that they contained similar levels of CP and ME (24% & 2900 kcal/kg) but different in Probiotics and Prebiotics levels. Diet A was ,in accordance with the nutritional requirements of Japanese quail as specified in NRC (1994) whereas, diets B, C and D contained probiotics 50mg, 75mg and 100mg respectively. Diets E, F and G contained Prebiotics ig, 2g and 3g respectively. Feed consumption, body weight gain, FCR, dressing percentage, giblet weight, plasma calcium magnesium and phosphorus, zinc retention, plasma cholesterol, economics of all experimental rations were the parameters considered. Data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Technique. The difference among the treatment means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The results of the experiment revealed that body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, were significantly (p<O.O5) higher in probiotic and prebiotic added groups. Whereas plasma calcium was significantly (p<O.O5) higher in brebiotics added groups than control and prohiotics added groups. Plasma cholesterol was significantly lower in probiotic added groups. Plasma magnesium, phosphorus, zinc concentration, giblet weight and dressing percentage showed nonsignificant (p>O.O5) difference among all the groups.
Data pertaining to economics of the experiment revealed a considerably low cost of feed/kg of the group B and C. While the group D and prebiotic added groups did not decreased the feed cost.
Conclusion:
o Use of probiotics & prebiotics increased the weight gain but the effect of prohiolics was more pronounced
o Prebiotics increased the Ca absorption
o Probiotics decreased the plasma cholesterol
o Use of probiotics proved to be economical although prebiotics also improved the weight gain and FCR but it is not economical to use it as growth promoter
From the results of above experiment it is concluded that inclusion of prehiotics have no considerable benefits but the use of probiotics at low concentration is useful. This consequently results in considerably improved performance and ultimately higher profitability of the farm.
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35.
Effect Of Form Of Feed And Dietary Supplementation Of Phytase And Vitamin D3 On Phytase Utilization In Broilers
by Muhammad Farooq | Dr.Saima | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Farina Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: AThe purpose of this research trial was to study the effect of form of feed and dietary supplementation of phytase and vitamin 1)3 on phytate utihzation. growth performance, minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and nitrogen retention in broilers. I he findings of this study on the above mentioned parameters have been discussed as under in the light of the available literature.
One hundred and eighty day-old broiler chicks were purchased from local market. The
chicks were weighed on the first day and then randomly divided into 6 groups of 18 replicates. [here were ten chicks in each replicate. Six isocaloric (M[ 2750 Real/kg) and isonitroginous
(CP% 19) broiler starter rations (A, B, C, 1), E and F) were formulated. Similarly six isocaloric (ME 2850 kcal/kg) and isonitroginous (CP% 18) broiler finisher rations (A, B, C, D, E and F)
were formulated. Ration A and ration B was control but ration A was in mash form and ration B in the Form of pellets. Rations C and I) were Formulated in mash form with phytase (Phyzyme XP 10000 LV!) 500 FlU/Kg along with 1, 25(OH) 2 1)3 a' 2000 and 3000 lU/Kg
respectively. Rations E and F were formulated in pellets form with phytase (Phyzyme XP 10000 TPT) @ 500 FTU/Kg along with 2000 and 3000 lU/Kg of 1, 25(OH) 2 D3 respectively. Starter diets were fed I to day 28 and finisher diets were led from day 29 th to 42 Ui day. All the birds were provided ICed and water ud-/ibiluin and were provided with 24 hours light. The parameters defined for study were feed intake, weight, FCR, dressing percentage, toe ash percentage, calcium and phosphorus in toe ash and excreta, nitrogen retention and economics. The data was subjected to statistical analysis and differences among treatment means were analyzed through l)MRl lest.
The results indicated average feed intake that highest feed intake was found in group F (D3 3000 lU/kg and phytase 500 units/kg) and E (1)3 2000 lU/kg and phytase 500 units/kg,) which were in pellet form respectively. The statistical analysis showed significant difference (P<0.05) in feed intake of the birds fed diets in pellet and mash form containing varying levels of D3 and phytase level. The lowest feed intake was found in group A (control, 0 phytase and 0 D3 level) which was in mash form. The maximum average weight gain was in the birds fed diets containing phytase 500 units/kg and vitamin D3 containing 2000 and 3000 units/kg in group F and F in pellet form respectively, while minimum weight gain was in the birds fed diets containing no phytase and vitamin D3 ( group A in mash form). The statistical analysis showed significant difference (P<0.05) in weight gain of the birds fed diets containing varying levels of phosphorus. 1)3 and phytase (a) 500 units with pellet and mash form. Ihe poor FCR was found in group F and best ICR was observed in group E. The statistical analysis showed non-significant difference (P<0.05) in feed conversion ratio of the birds of all the groups. The highest dressing percentage was observed in group F (phytase S00units/kg and vitamin D3, 3000 units/kg) in pellet form followed by group 13 (control. pellet) and F (phytase S00units/kg and vitamin 1)3, 2000 units/kg). The lowest dressing percentage was observed group A (control, mash).A significant difference was found between dressing percentage of all the groups (P<0.05).
Statistical analysis showed non-significant difference between all the groups (P<0.05). Highest toe ash percentage was observed in group D (phytase So0units/kg and vitamin D3, 3000 units/kg) in mash form) followed by group A. C and F. The lowest toe ash percentage was found in group F. The statistical analysis showed non-significant difference among all the groups (P<0.05). The highest phosphorus in toe bone was in group D followed by F and F and lowest phosphorus was found in group A. The results showed that non-significant difference was found between all groups (P<O.05). The highest calcium in toe bone was in group A and F and lowest calcium was in group D.
There was non-significant difference between all the groups (P<O.05). Calcium excretion in group B was lowest while calcium excretion in group A was highest. The statistical analysis showed that there was non-significant difference between all the groups (P<O.05). The lowest phosphorus excretion was found in group F and highest phosphorus excreted in group B and E. The highest nitrogen retention was observed in group F. There was significant difference between all the groups (P<O.05). A significant difference was found in all the groups at 6th week (P<O.05). The highest nitrogen retention was observed in group E and F. Net profit was highest in F and F followed by B and D.
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36.
Bioavailability Of Macro Minerals (Ca,P,Na,K)In Different Feed Stuffs Commonly Used In Broilers Ration
by Arslan Farooq | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Farina Malik | Dr.Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Many reports have illustrated the limitations of feed stuffs in meeting the mineral needs of poultry and other monogastric species. Many feed millers base their estimates of requirements on the NRC. However, the commercial feed industry has adjusted these levels based on their own 'gut feel' rather than on any scientific basis. So, when poultry feed is formulated on this basis, it may not fulfill the bird's nutritional requirement due to their tabulated values instead of actual, resulting in some nutritional disorder and many other related problems.
Therefore it becomes more imperative that we must have nutrient profile of our local feed stuff. The present study has been designed to ascertain mineral profile of the poultry feedstuffs (cotton seed meal, wheat bran, corn gluten meal 60% and corn gluten meal 30%) locally available to the industry and prepare a document on the basis of data analyzed which will be used as a ready reference through out the country. Evaluation of the minerals (Ca, Na, K, P) bioavailability of these ingredients and commercial broiler starter feed in broiler was also be determined. For this purpose poultry feed ingredients and commercial broiler starter feed were procured from a commercial feed mill. For bioavailability of minerals a total of 200 day old Hubbard broiler chicks were used and allocated to five (5) dietary treatments (A, B, C, D and E) in such a way that each treatment was replicated 4 times with 10 chicks in each replicate. Diet A was of corn- soybean meal. Diet B, C, D and E was contain cotton seed meal, wheat bran, corn gluten meal 60% and corn gluten meal 30 %, respectively. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance Technique. The difference among the treatment means was tested through Duncans's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The maximum Ca bioavailability was observed in group B (61.56±5.51%) which was commercial feed, followed by group C (46.30 ±4.29) containing cotton seed meal, E (41.61±8.05) containing corn gluten meal 60%, A (37.60±5.0) containing control(corn- soybean meal), D (35.12±9.20) which was wheat bran and F (22.3 1±8.04) containing corn gluten meal30%. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of Ca in group A between the groups B and F, respectively.
The maximum P bioavailability was observed in group A (58.48± 3.59) which was control feed, followed by group D (52.32±3.09) containing wheat bran, B (49.06±5.81) containing control feed, E (45.94±7.12) containing corn gluten meal 60%, C (40.45±4.55) which was cotton seed meal and F (38.68±8.3 1) containing corn gluten meal 30%. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of phosphorus in group A among the group B C, E and F, respectively.
The maximum Na bioavailability was observed in group B (77.50± 5.86) which was commercial feed, followed by group C (75.03±3.28) containing cotton seed meal, F (73.62±4.75) containing corn gluten meal 30% feed, D (73.10±4.5 1) containing wheat bran, A (65.05±7.16) which was control diet and E (58.40±7.34) containing corn gluten meal 60% respectively. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of Na in group A among the groups B, C, D, E and F respectively.
The maximum K bioavailability was observed in group A (94.17± 0.85) which was control feed, followed by group B (93.98±0.51) containing commercial feed, E (93.05±1.05) containing corn gluten meal 60% feed, D (91.62±0.84) containing wheat bran, F (90.69±0.69) which was corn gluten meal 60% feed and C (90.26±1.07) containing cotton seed meal respectively. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of K in group A among the groups C, D, E and F, respectively.
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37.
Bioavailability Of Macrominerals (Ca,P,K,Na)In Broiler Diets Based On Cereals And Cereal Byproduct
by Muhammad Farooq | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Farina Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the relative bioavailability of minerals in different cereals grain commonly used in broiler ration. For this purpose experiment was conducted in the Poultry Experimental Shed, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 200 day old broiler chicks and were randomly distributed into five equal treatment groups A, B, C, D & E containing commercial control diet, maize, wheat, rice tips, rice polish respectively. Each treatment had 4 replicates having 10 chicks each. Birds were placed on floor for first 10 days then were shifted to cages on ii day with replicate groups were fed on experimental feed. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded weekly and FCR and weight gain was also calculated accordingly.
The experiment was ended at day 21, all birds were weighed and feed consumption was recorded to calculate weight gain and FCR. Two birds per replicate were randomly selected and 5m1 blood was taken from wing vein prior to slaughtering. After slaughter, organ weights, left tibia bone were taken. Blood samples, left tibia bone ash, and excreta samples were collected for analysis of macro minerals (Ca, P, K and Na).
Data when statistically analyzed showed that there was a significant differences (P<0.05) among body weights, Birds fed wheat showed the highest (P<0.05) body weight compared to control diet. Feed consumption & FCR values showed significant difference (P>0.05). Organ weight revealed that liver & heart weights were non-significant (P<0.05) among different treatment groups however significantly (P>0.05) highest weights were observed for birds fed diet containing control diet.
Amount of available Ca in plasma was significantly higher (P>O.05) when rice tips was fed as compared to phosphorus which showed significant (P>O.05) differences among treatments and the amount of available minerals Ca, P, Na and K in bone ash were also significant (P<O.05) among birds fed control, maize, wheat ,rice tips, rice polish. The amount of available macro minerals (Ca, P, Na and K) in feed showed a significant difference (P<O.05) when birds were fed wheat, rice tips and rice polish. The amount of macrominerals (Ca, P, K and Na) in excreta significantly showed (P<O.05) difference among all treatments. The bioavailability of macrominerals (Ca, P, K and Na) showed significant (P<O.05) among treatments groups. However bioavailability of phosphorus showed non-significant (P>O.05) difference of group fed control diet and rice polish. The results showed that among energy sources wheat, rice tips and maize minerals contents are compare with rice polish.
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38.
Impact Of Various Feeding Regimes On Growth Performance Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Rashid Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline in per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animal origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem is to increase the production of meat. The potential of buffalo as a food animal to meet present and future demands of rapidly growing population deserves special attention because of its capacity to economically convert course roughages and other cereal by products into meat.
Pakistan is second largest buffalo holding country in the world having 29 million buffalo. Traditional system of buffalo meat production is inefficient; animals destined for slaughter are mostly culled and old stock. Male calves are not reared specifically for producing meat but they are kept only for milk let down in villages and are slaughtered even at 6-7 days of age in pen-urban areas. So far very little work has been done to evaluate the tremendous meat production potential of buffalo calves with a particular plan of nutrition.
Present study consisted of a feeding trial of about three months in duration. Fifteen Nih Ravi calves of approximately the same age and weight were selected for the subject study. The animals were randomly divided into three equal groups which were reared on three different feeding regimes. Group I was fed TMR ad-libitum and 2 kg of green fodder. Group II was fed available green fodder ad-libitum and concentrate ration
@ 1% of body weight. Group III was fed Lucerne hay ad-libitum and concentrate ration @ 1% of body weight. . Weighed quantity of feed was offer to every animal on individual feeding basis in a group and refusal was also recorded individually.
The results of study revealed that animals fed on TMBR performed better as compared to other feeding regimes. Among three feeding groups, highest (124.60 ± 7.82 kg) weight gain was observed in TMBR group while, lowest (108.20 + 5.80 kg) weight gain was found in Hay group. As far as feed intake is concerned, highest (777.42 + 8.87 kg) feed intake was observed in fodder group while, lowest (755.10 ± 16.61 kg) feed intake was found in TMBR group. Out of three feeding groups, calves fed on TMBR showed best feed conversion ratio (6.07 ± 0.47) while, the feed conversion ratio in calves fed on hay and fodder was 7.04 ± 0.39 and 7.01 ± 0.32 respectively. Economic analysis per kg weight gain revealed that TMBR group had the lowest cost of production in rupees (101.43 ± 7.92) per kg weight gain, where as highest cost of production (130.40± 7.40) was found in hay group. Analysis of variance of serum chemistry means revealed that no significant differences were found in total protein, urea, glucose, and creatinine values for all three feeding regimes.
On the basis of results of this study it is concluded that TMBR can be utilized as an alternate for our conventional feeding practices as it can meet all nutritional requirements of the animal. It is easy to handle, transport and store besides having a longer shelf life.
It is suggested that further trials with TMBR be carried out on different age and sex groups of buffalo and cattle in order to evaluate its effects on the performance of the animals.
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39.
Effect Of Different Energy Sources On The Fattening Potential Of Buffalo Calves
by Mujahid Jamal Jami | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Abdul | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Buffalo is an important animal which contributes approximately 50% meat in Pakistan. Traditional system of meat production is inefficient. About 50 % of the male calves die during the first week of their life. Some calves are raised to 60-80 kg on extremely poor and unbalanced diets and only a few are raised to about 200 kg of live weight with very low average daily gains. Most of the meat produced in the country comes from end of career, or emergency slaughtered animals. To improve meat production in country calves are required to be fattened through feed lot system. Energy-rich sources available in Pakistan include cereal grains (wheat, maize, barley, oats, sorghum, and rice), wheat bran, rice polishing and molasses etc. At the same time fats and oils are also rich source of energy and infrequently used in animal feeding. Molasses, a by product of sugar industry, is an excellent and cheaper source of energy. An objective of the study was to compare efficiency of energy sources for meat production. For this purpose, a fattening trial was conducted on 15 Nili-Ravi buffalo calves of approximately the same age and weight to study the comparative efficacy of three different energy rations. Animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 calves each. Animals were offered three different rations. The experiment was carried out for 90 days. Group A was fed TMR having molasses as energy source, group B was fed TMR having com grain as energy source and group C was fed TMR with rumen protected fat as energy source. Daily feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, economics and blood parameters (blood glucose, total protein, urea and creatinin) were studied. The Data obtained was analyzed under CRD through ANOV A and the difference among treatment means were tested with LSD. The average weekly growth rate of group A, B and C was 6.23±0.187, 6.l85±O.l87 and 6.08±0.187 respectively. The average daily growth rate of group A, Band C was 0.89, 0.88 and 0.87 kg respectively. Total Mixed Ration taken by group A, B and C was 2064.5 kg, 2546.01 and 1993.7 kg respectively. The average daily feed intake was 4.59 ±O.l06, 5.66±0.106 and 4.43±0.106 kg per day of group A, B and C respectively. Group A, C had non significant difference (P>0.05) from each other while group B was significantly different from group A and C. The feed conversion ratio of group A, B and C was 5.16 ±0.25, 6.40±0.25 and 5.10±0.25 respectively. The results showed that calves fed ration C has highest FCR than ration A and B. The results of the study revealed non significant difference in the concentration of serum urea, creatinine, glucose and serum total protein among the experimental animals. The cost of one kg live weight for group A was Rs 78.73 while Rs 102.78 and Rs 129.1 for group Band C. The results showed th~t ration A was more economical than ration Band C. The findings of this study showed the benefit of utilization of different energy sources in the fattening ration of calves. Due to higher prices and demand of cereal grains, other cheaper sources such as molasses can be used for fattening as energy source. If there is unavailability of molasses and cereal grains then bypass fat (Berga fat) can be used for fattening purpose. The study revealed that each energy sources is equally effective.
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40.
Efficacy Of Commercially Available Natural Enzyme Complex On Performance And Nutrient Availability In Broiler Rations
by Asim Munawar | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Saima | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Poultry feed is mainly composed of cereals and vegetable proteins, which cannot be fully digested and utilized by poultry due to lack of endogenous enzymes. As feed costs 70% of total poultry operation, so there is need reconsider enzyme supplementation in such feeds. For this purpose, a total of 800 day old Hubbard broiler chicks will be randomly selected, weighed, and assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 8 replicates per treatment. Feed was procured from a commercial feed mill, comprising of a control diet (2750 Kcal/kg energy with no Allzyme SSF), two negative control diets (Negative Control Diet-I and II having 2700 Kcal/kg and 2675 Kcal/kg energy having no Allzyme SSF) and two positive control diets (2700 Kcal/kg and 2675 Kcal/kg energy having Allzyme SSF @ 200gms/ton).
The average body weights of broilers at different ages showed that broilers of group A attained maximum weight, which was followed by group D, B, E and C, respectively, revealed that the weights of group B, C and E were significantly different from group A, whereas, the differences of group A and D were found non significant that maximum feed consumption was exhibited by group B followed by group C, E, D and A. The data of feed consumption when subjected to analysis of variance showed significant difference (p<0.05) of group B and C with groups A, D, E, while the feed consumption of group B and C was found insignificantly different from each other. The overall FCR of group A was found to be the best among all groups. Next to this was group D, followed by group E, B and C. It is evident from the results that FCR of broilers in group D was very near to control group A, showing activity of enzyme complex in terms of performance.
The highest toe ash percentage (10.83%) was recorded in broilers of group D which was fed diet with 0.1% less available phosphorus and 0.1% calcium but added 200gm/ton enzyme complex, lowest toe ash percentage (9.98%) was recorded in group C which was fed with diet having 0.1% less available phosphorus and 0.1% calcium than control group A with no enzyme complex supplementation. The highest Ca content in plasma was observed in group A, whereas the lowest Ca plasma content was recorded in group B. Phosphorous content in plasma of group D was found to be highest among all the groups followed by E, A, B and C.
No bird had showed any kind of leg weakness/deformity. Critical analysis of the data indicated that birds of group D were reared at lowest feed cost and this diet was found most economical.
Cost of production of feed and per kg live weight can be decreased by use of enzyme complex in feed.
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41.
Effect Of Feeding Citrus Pulp Silage On The Growth Performance Of Sahiwal Calves
by Muhammad Iqbal | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Livestock is contributing about 53 per cent of agricultural value added and 11.4 per cent to the national GDP with a total animal heads of 157.3 million but feed availability of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) is deficient by 38.10 and 24.02%, respectively. However, a decline in domestic feed resources and the need for Pakistan's livestock production to become internationally competitive are strong reasons for promoting the use of alternative locally available and cheap sources of feed ingredients, such as citrus pulp from fruit processing industry which do not attract competition in consumption between humans and livestock. The primary objective for the use of these by-products is to reduce the feed cost and consequently cost of producing a unit of the product like milk or meat as well as to fulfill the nutrients demands of animals. Citrus pulp is a by-product widely available in Pakistan and is mainly discarded as waste. Its cost is relatively low compared to its nutritive value but is seldom used as ruminant feed. The large amounts which are available during the harvesting season can be ensiled in combination with dry roughage, to get the required moisture level of it. So in the present study citrus pulp with wheat straw was ensiled and the silage was fed to Sahiwal calves to observe its intake, weight gain as well as economics. Results of the present study revealed that the optimum level of 20% citrus pulp in feed gave good results while intake and weight gain decreased for 30% citrus pulp in feed. Average total weight gain were 27.5, 37.5, 28.75 and 23.75kg for ration A, B, C and D, respectively (containing 10, 20 and 30 citrus pulp, respectively). Average daily gain for group A, B, C and D were 0.44, 0.60, 0.46 and 0.38kg, respectively and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). When average daily feed intake for each calf was calculated on dry matter basis it showed 4.40, 4.50, 3.39 and 3.13kg respectively for group A, B, C and D which was not significantly different between diets. By ascertaining the cost of the feed for ration groups it showed significance difference having average cost of production per animal per kg body weight 37.07, 23.80, 21.68 and 25.58 Rs for group A, B, C and D, respectively.
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42.
Nutritional Evaluation Of Locally Availabie Feed Stuffs In Different Agro- Ecological Zones Of Punjab
by Muhammad Arif | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr. Akram | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pakistan's economy is mainly based on agriculture and livestock production. The production per unit animal in terms of meat and milk production is low as compared to developed countries. The major reason behind this truth lies in efficient use of feed resources. In Pakistan, availability of data on indigenous feed resources in different agro-ecological zones is scanty and limited. Present study was planned to analyze the nutritional profile of locally available feed resources in different agro-ecological zones of Punjab. This study was conducted into two phases; first phase consisted of collection of samples from ten districts of Punjab. From each district, sample of fodder, dry roughages and concentrate ingredients were collected randomly from different places. The estimated total number of sample was 1020; fodder (440), dry roughages (250) and concentrate (330) samples were collected in both summer and winter seasons. The second phase of the study consisted of chemical analysis of nutritional profile of collected samples. Samples were analyzed for crude protein, ash, detergent fibres i.e., NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin and cell soluble contents. Data thus collected were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance technique under CR Design.
In wheat straw the average CP percentage was 2.20 ± 0.25% while the value for ash content was 9.79 ± 1.97%. NDF and ADF averaged as 80.33 ± 4.43% and 52.41 ± 2.56% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Kasur and Sahiwal district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the rice straw average CP percentage was 1.71 ± 0.24% while the value for ash content was 13.56 ± 1.91%. NDF and ADF averaged as 78.36 ± 5.40% and 54.11 ± 2.25%. Higher value for protein was reported from Sahiwal district while lowest from Lahore and Pakpatan district.
In the maize stovers average CP percentage was 2.76 ± 0.39% while the value for ash content was 7.81 ± 2.16%. NDF and ADF averaged as 75.03 ± 4.78% and 48.15 ± 3.67% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Kasur district while lowest from Pakpatan district.
In the sorghum stovers average CP percentage was 2.72 ± 0.15% while the value for ash content was 5.81 ± 1.16%. NDF and ADF averaged as 77.74 ± 4.60% and 49.95 ± 2.31% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Sahiwal district while lowest from Hafizabad district.
In the millet stovers average CP percentage was 3.03 ± 0.37% while the value for ash content was 6.45 ± 0.72%. NDF and ADF averaged as 75.80 ± 4.45% and 43.81 ± 0.94% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the rice husk average CP percentage was 2.99 ± 0.22% while the value for ash content was 16.37 ± 0.58%. NDF and ADF averaged as 78.90 ± 2.90% and 69.01 ± 1.17% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Pakpatan district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the oat fodder average CP percentage was 11.89 ± 0.74% while the value for ash content was 10.68 ± 0.57%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 63.09 ± 1.88%, 32.68 ± 2.33%, 4.26 ± 0.81% and 36.91 ± 1.88% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Okara district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the wheat fodder average CP percentage was 11.74 ± 0.51% while the value for ash content was 6.84 ± 0.78%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 66.65 ± 2.70%, 36.31 ± 2.08%, 9.40 ± 1.72% and 33.35 ± 2.70% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Khushab district.
In the mustarad fodder average CP percentage was 13.42 ± 0.39% while the value for ash content was 11.57 ± 0.66%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 56.19 ± 1.94%, 38.49 ± 1.98%, 12.24 ± 0.98% and 43.81 ± 1.94% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Muzafargarh district while lowest from Pakpatan district.
In the berseem average CP percentage was 17.32 ± 0.82% while the value for ash content was 12.94 ± 0.76%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 57.37 ± 2.63%, 31.63 ± 1.90%, 10.67 ± 1.04% and 42.63 ± 2.63% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Pakpatan district while lowest from Hafizabad district.
In the lucern average CP percentage was 21.34 ± 0.84% while the value for ash content was 11.65 ± 1.69%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 45.60 ± 2.04%, 37.73 ± 0.63%, 11.87 ±1.05% and 54.40 ± 2.04% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Sahiwal district
.
In the sugarcane fodder average CP percentage was 5.60 ± 0.31% while the value for ash content was 11.78 ± 0.92%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 72.30 ± 3.88%, 38.20 ± 1.76%, 12.94 ± 1.13% and 27.20 ± 3.00% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Sheikhupura district while lowest from Lahore district.
In the grasses average CP percentage was 9.91 ± 0.48% while the value for ash content was 11.74 ± 0.94%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 72.71 ± 5.20%, 36.25 ± 1.96%, 6.29 ± 0.99% and 27.29 ± 5.20% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the maize fodder average CP percentage was 8.10 ± 0.75% while the value for ash content was 11.39 ± 1.58%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 70.88 ± 1.94%, 32.88 ± 1.42%, 7.15 ± 1.87% and 29.12 ± 1.94% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Kasur district while lowest from Okara district.
In the sorghum fodder average CP percentage was 6.62 ± 0.44% while the value for ash content was 8.96 ± 1.41%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 67.75 ± 2.79%, 42.11 ± 2.64%, 7.52 ± 0.96% and 32.25 ± 2.79% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Okara and Khushab district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the millet fodder average CP percentage was 7.76 ± 0.34% while the value for ash content was 14.80 ± 0.88%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 69.90 ± 1.39%, 40.59 ± 4.54%, 9.74 ± 1.24% and 30.10 ± 1.39% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Sahiwal district while lowest from Khushab district.
In the corn grain average CP percentage was 9.47 ± 0.22% while the value for CSC content was 75.54 ± 1.39%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 24.46 ± 1.39% and 5.88 ± 8.47%. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Okara district.
In the wheat grain average CP percentage was 12.66 ± 0.89% while the value for CSC content was 59.75 ± 3.64%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 40.25 ± 3.64% and 4.86 ± 0.80%. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Gujranwala district.
In the Sorghum grain average CP percentage was 9.96 ± 0.42% while the value for CSC content was 49.11 ± 3.10%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 50.89 ± 3.10% and 22.06 ± 0.72%. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Muzafargarh district.
In the wheat bran average CP percentage was 12.53 ± 1.07% while the value for CSC content was 36.63 ± 2.24%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 63.37 ± 2.24% and 17.25 ± 2.63%. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Gujranwala district.
In the rice polish average CP percentage was 16.12 ± 0.69% while the value for CSC content was 47.58 ± 2.34%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 52.42 ± 2.34% and 18.28 ± 0.80%. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the cotton seed cake average CP percentage was 24.16 ± 0.36% while the value for CSC content was 40.91 ± 2.27%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 59.09 ± 2.27% and 27.65 ± 2.13%. Higher value for protein was reported from Khushab district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the rape seed cake average CP percentage was 35.77 ± 0.42% while the value for CSC content was 57.42 ± 2.41%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 42.49 ± 2.59% and 24.61 ± 2.08%. Higher value for protein was reported from Sheikhupura district while lowest from Pakpatan district.
On the basis of the results of this study it is concluded that this study has generated compositional data of dry roughages, fodders and concentrates. This has lead to the preparation of dry roughages, fodders and concentrates composition tables for better feeding of livestock. The students, farmers and research workers may benefit from these tables.
It is suggested that further trials on palatability, feed intake and digestibility should be conducted to visualize practically the extent of digested nutrients in these dry roughages, fodders and concentrates.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1320,T] (1).
43.
Influence Of Early Weaning On Growth Performance, Plasma Metabolites And Rumen Fermentation Indices In Neonatal
by Muhammad Afzal Rashid | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Rearing of young calves is a labor intensive and costly segment of livestock production. From birth to weaning, young calf undergoes a transition from monogastric to adult ruminant. The concept of weaning from milk at an early age is based on early development of functional rumen enabling calves to utilize low quality roughages. In current study, a series of experiments were conducted to refine the more effective weaning regime for buffalo calves and use of by-products of the ethanol production industry in early weaned cattle calves.
Conventionally, buffalo calves are kept with the dam, allowed to suckle a little amount of milk along with seasonal green forages, and weaned around the age of one year. To date, limited published work was available on growth performance and economics of buffalo calves weaned from milk at an early age. Therefore, the experiment was conducted to reduce the weaning age and evaluate the growth performance of male Nili-Ravi buffalo calves. Twenty-four male buffalo calves were assigned to one of the three treatments: continuous milk feeding (CMF), limited milk feeding (LMF), and early weaning (EW). After colostrum feeding, calves were individually fed whole milk at 10% of their BW, adjusted weekly until 6 wk of age. Thereafter, milk allowance was gradually tapered to zero in CMF, LMF and EW treatments at 12, 10 and 8 wk of age, respectively. Calf starter feed was provided ad libitum from wk 2 through wk 12 and individual intakes were recorded daily. Blood sampling was carried out form wk 6 through 12, on a weekly basis. The BW and structural measurements (HG, WH, and HW) were carried out at the start of experiment and later on a weekly basis. In young buffalo calves, the regimen of weaning at 8 weeks of age was more effective. The early weaned calves showed similar growth rate to those in the CMF and LMF by consuming more calf starter and saving a substantial amount of high priced milk. On the basis of the results of this experiment, buffalo calves successfully adapted to early weaning that might help to mitigate issues like poor growth and low returns associated with traditional calf rearing practices. Furthermore, this study effectively reduced the weaning age from 1 year to 8 weeks of age. Hence, reducing weaning age did not affect the growth performance of Nili-Ravi buffalo calves by 12 weeks of age.
Early development of the rumen is the main objective of a successful early weaning program which depends upon the amount of starter intake, VFA production, and ruminal papillae development. Studies have shown that grains in starter feed can be replaced by DDGS up to 28% of DM without compromising the growth performance and rumen development. Second experiment was planned to evaluate the effects of replacing grains and soybean with DDGS and ammonia treated DDGS at 25% of DM. Study was conducted in collaboration with dairy science department SDSU (USA). Twenty one neonatal male Holstein calves were assigned to one of the three of dietary treatments: C = 0% DDGS, DDGS = 25% DDGS, CAFEX-DDGS = 25% CAFEX treated DDGS. In a 10 week experiment, calves were fed 680 g MR through 4 week, reduced to half during wk 5, and weaned at the end of wk 5. Starter intakes were conducted daily; whereas, body weights, structural measurements were conducted at the start of experiment and then on a weekly basis. Jugular blood samples were taken on a weekly basis using EDTA and NaFl coated evacuated tubes. Rumen samples were collected from a subset of 15 calves (n=5 calves/ treatment) at wk 5, 7 and 10. At the end of experiment, four calves from each treatment were also slaughtered to determine rumen morphometric measurements (PL, PW, RWT and PC). Experiment illustrated that weight gain, structural measurements, total starter intake, DMI and feed efficiency were not affected by the inclusion of DDGS and CAFEX treated DDGS at 25% of DM in starter feeds. CAFEX treatment of DDGS improved the CP contents of DDGS from 29.5% to 40%; however, inclusion of CAFEX-DDGS in starter reduced feed intake during the pre-weaning period. Whereas, overall starter intake was higher in calves fed DDGS based starter feed indicating the effect of ammonia treatment on palatability. Lower pre-weaning starter intake, slow rumen fermentation of CAFEX-DDGS resulted in lesser BHBA concentration leading to lesser development of rumen papillae growth (PL and PW). However, there was a tendency for higher weight gain in calves fed DDGS based starter due to increase in starter intake. In the light of these results it is concluded CAFEX-DDGS can be included in starter feeds at 25% of DM without affecting the growth performance. However, further research is required to evaluate the digestibility of DDGS after CAFEX treatement. Similar, growth performance indicates that CAFEX-DDGS can replace the corn and soybean meal in starter feeds.
In third experiment, microbial diversity in developing rumen and intestine of young calves fed DDGS and CAFEX treated DDGS at 25% of starter was investigated. Experiement was carried out at SDSU dairy research station (USA). Fifteen calves with n=5 per treatment, fed according to protocols described in Experiment II. Calves were sampled for rumen contents at wk 5, 7 and 10 of age; whereas, intestinal contents were collected at the time of slaughter. The DNA was extracted subjected to PCR-DGGE and dendogram was constructed using cluster analysis software. Results revealed that microbial population was highly different from each other at wk 10 indicating the effect of age and dietary treatment on rumen micro flora. Whereas, intestinal and rumen bacterial diversity at wk 5 and 7 of age was not affected by inclusion of DDGS and CAFEX-DDGS in starter feed. The changes in intestinal microflora of DDGS and CAFEX-DDGS fed calves compared with control group showed that the effect of dietary treatments on post-ruminal availability of nutrients and microbial proteins. In conclusion, rumen bacterial population changes with the advancing age and the type of ingredients used in the diet. Further, research is required to identify the effect of feeding DDGS on growth of particular bacteria like methanogen and their impact on methane production and feed efficiency.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1595,T] (1).
44.
Morphological Structure Of Thalli Sheep Through Principal Component Analysis Of Body Measurements Muhammad
by Muhammad Arslan Akbar (2014-VA-07) | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Dr. Afzal Ali | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Mutton is also very extensively used food and sources of mutton are only sheep and goat.
Sheep have a great genetic potential to fulfill the increasing demand of mutton in our country.
Body conformation and features are very important traits in milch, meat and wool animals. In
developing countries, record keeping is at initial level and the records about pedigree and progeny
of individuals are insufficient and do not provide the estimation about genetic parameters.
Therefore, phenotypic information are necessary for the explanation of relationship among linear
type traits and selection is based on these traits. Principal component analysis technique has been
used to identify the body size, body shape, head size and over all body conformation in Zulu Sheep.
Animal conformation and genetic parameters can be measured by using the technique of
phenotypic characterization.
Data on morphometric traits of Thalli sheep were collected from “Small Ruminant
Research and Development Centre, Rakh Khairewala, District Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan” and
Livestock Experiment Station, Rakh Ghulaman, District Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. Different
phenotypic parameters and twenty one (21) morphometric traits were measured on animals of
Thalli sheep. The traits measured were birth weight, body weight, heart girth, body length, withers
height, head length, head width, ear length, ear width, neck length, neck width, barrel depth, sacral
pelvic width, rump length, rump width, tail length, testes length, testes width, scrotal diameter, teat
length and teat diameter. Different phenotypic characters was recorded as body color, body shape,
eye color, head color, fore head color, face color, face structure, chin color, ear color, ear nature,
appendages color, nostril structure, muzzle structure, neck structure, tail color and tail switch.
Summary
174
Weighing balance (digital) was used for determination of body weight and a flexible
measuring tape (tailor tape) was used to record the different body measurements. To avoid
variations among individuals, measurements were taken by the same person. Animals of different
age groups were reared at these research stations. Animals were divided into different groups (A,
B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I) according to their age as 0-3, 4-6, 7-9, 10-12, 13-15, 16-18, 19-21, 22-
24 and above 24 months. Each group was further divided into two sub-groups of males and females
animals. Normality of data were checked against all animals (overall group and separate groups)
and all animals were fallen in ±3SD but two outliers had been removed. Data on morphometric
traits were analyzed statistically for mean, range, coefficient of variation and standard error.
Pearson’s coefficient of correlation among different biometric traits was estimated and data were
generated for principal component analysis (PCA) from the correlation matrix. Regression
equations were developed for the estimation of body weight.
Descriptive statistics (mean, range, standard deviation and coefficient of variation) of body
measurements of overall female were showed coefficient of variations of overall female animals
of Thalli sheep for mostly variables were ranged from 10-20% and coefficient of variations of birth
weight and body weight were 22.38% and 25.75% respectively. Coefficient of variations of male
animals of Thalli sheep for linear body measurements were ranged 08-25% and tail length had
high coefficient of variations as 26.89%. Male animals of all age groups are heavier than females.
Correlation coefficients of morphometric traits of overall females and males of Thalli sheep
were highly positive and significant (P≤0.01) among withers height, body length, heart girth, head
length, head width, ear length, neck length, neck width, rump length, rump width, barrel depth,
sacral pelvic width and body weight. Withers height, heart girth and body length were observed to
be significantly correlated with each other as well as with live body weight of all age groups.
Summary
175
For overall female animals, two principal components were extracted with eigenvalues
9.005 and 1.558 and 56.279% and 9.740% variances for PC1 and PC2 respectively and their
cumulative variance was 66.020%. For overall male animals, three principal components were
extracted with eigenvalues greater than 1 and PC1 showed high variance 57.516% and PC2 and
PC3 had variances as 12.184% and 7.022% respectively and their cumulative was components
76.721%. In all age groups which has been studied, withers height, body length and heart girth
have high values in commonalities as well as in component matrix. PC1, PC2 and PC3 showed
maximum variations in almost all age group studied.
Regression equations developed to estimate of live weight of all age groups were indicated
that almost all equations had variables withers height, body length and heart girth.
Conclusion:
From findings of present study, it was concluded that body measurements (Withers height,
body length and heart girth) had high correlations with each other and with body weight in almost
all age groups. Principal component analysis of morphometric traits was showed that most of
variation explained by PC1 and in some groups, PC2 and PC3 had also more effects.
Commonalities were higher which showed that all the variables were important but PC1 had high
values for withers height, body length and heart girth and maximum variance. This indicated that
morphometric traits are very important for selection of genetically elite animals. Morphometric
traits can be used to estimate the body weight in the field conditions, where weighing balance is
not usually available. However, further research is needed to investigate the relationship among
different morphometric traits in other breeds of goats, sheep and other livestock breeds like cattle,
buffalo, camel and horse of the country. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2471-T] (1).
45.
Effect of Super Doses of Phytase from Two Different Sources on Growth Performance, Phosphorus Utilization and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers
by Faisal Mushtaq (2009-VA-369) | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Cereal grains contain almost two-third of the P that is present in phytate form. Phytate possesses anti-nutritive properties as it binds other nutrients like amino acids and carbohydrates. Birds are unable to use P bound with phytate complex. The phytate P is excreted into the environment causing pollution. To compensate requirements expensive inorganic P sources like DCP and rock phosphate are used in poultry diets, which ultimately increase the ration cost. Exogenous phytase is capable of degrading phytate into lower esters having less chelating capacity. Commercially phytase enzymes are being added in the poultry diets to hydrolyze the phytate P that can replace the expensive inorganic P addition. In the industry, phytase is being added in the poultry diets at 500 FTU/kg. Use of phytase at this rate still leaves some gap. Keeping this thing in view present study was planned to use the super dose of phytase from two different sources (Buttiauxella and E.coli) to minimize the anti-nutritive aspects of phytate and use the phytate P at maximum. For this purpose 35 day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of super dosing of phytate from two different origins on growth performance, phosphorus utilization and carcass characteristics of broilers. For this in total, 672 one-day old broiler chicks were randomly selected& assigned to 8 dietary treatments, each having 3 replicates of 28 birds. One group was reared on positive control diet formulated according to the Hubbard strain recommended guides with adequate P without any phytase addition. Second group was offered NC diet (deficient in Av.P). While other six diets were formulated with three levels (500, 1000, 1500 FTU/kg) of E.coli and Buttiauxella origin supplemented in NC diet. The FI, BWG and FCR were recorded at the end of each week. At the end of experiment n=3 birds per replicate were selected randomly, weighed and slaughtered to estimate plasma P, ileal digestibility of P, tibia ash, organ weight and dressing percentage. The data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA)
SUMMARY
41
technique in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and means were be compared through Duncan’s multiple range test (DMR) (Duncan 1955) by using SAS (version 9.1; SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC).
Results of the experiment revealed that FI, BWG and FCR was higher 48%, 11% and 64.5% respectively in phytase supplemented diet best treatment T8, when compared to the NC. Phytase supplementation had no effect on organ weights. Organ weight was higher in diet low in NPP. Phytase supplementation had no effect on gizzard weight even at higher doses. Similarly phytase supplementation had positive effects on bone mineralization. Phytase addition in the diets improved tibia ash, Ca and P% at all levels (P <0.01). Plasma P level was significantly increased at higher level of phytase. The AIDC of P was linearly increased by phytase supplementation. Considering the economics phytase supplemented diets at higher level 1500 FTU/kg were most economical when cost of feed calculated to attain 1kg of live weight.
From this experiment it can be concluded that phytase supplementation at higher dose than the standard ensures the maximum break down of phytate P and reduce its anti-nutritive aspects apart from the source of phytase used in the experiment. Dietary inclusion of phytase at super dose economically generates the bio-available P and reduces the P load in the environment improve growth performance, and bone mineralization.
To replace the highly expensive phosphorus sources super dose of phytase can be used instead of standard dose. It can replace the expensive source of inorganic P and economically can generate more profit. Optimum level of phytase in the diet need to be reevaluated to replace inorganic P to some extent, minimize the anti-nutritive aspects of phytate and reduce P load in the environment. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2607-T] (1).
46.
Effect Of Microencapsulated Butyric Acid Supplementation On Growth Performance, Ileal Digestibility Of Protein, Gut Health And Immunity In Broilers
by Muhammad Imran (2009-VA-417) | Dr. Saeed Ahmed | Dr. Yasir Allah Ditta | Dr. shahid Mehmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In Pakistan poultry industry is well established and organized sector of agriculture, with more than 200 billion rupees investment among the largest industries and claimed largest industry in Pakistan . The need of the recent poultry industry are high levels of production and efficient feed conversion ,which to a certain extent could be attained by the consumption of specific feed additives like (OA). One of the effective feed additive in poultry ration is Butyric acid escepecialy encapsulated butyric acid because coated have extended release at target site .Microencapsulated butyric is tool to improve Growth performance and gut health in broilers . TheBA is a readily available energy source for intestinal epithelial cells and stimulates their differentiation and multiplication consequently it improves broilers performance.The biological trial was conducted at Research and development Farm Sharif Feed Mills (Pvt) Ltd, Okara for the duration of 35 days. In total, 336 1-day-old broiler chicks were procured from a commercial hatchery and randomly assigned to 12 floor pens on a concrete floor with rice husk as a bedding material. Four dietary treatments containing microencapsulated butyric acid (0.00, 0.25, 0.35 & 0.45g/kg × three replicate pens each having 28 chicks). There was one feeding trough and six water nipples in each pen. On 7th day of the experiment, feeding troughs were replaced with a round bottom feeder. All standard management practices were followed through the trial. Birds were vaccinated according to prescribed schedule. Weekly body weight and feed intake was recorded to calculate the weekly body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. At the end of experiment, two birds were randomly picked from each pen and slaughtered for the collection of serum in evacuated tube, duodenal samples and ileal digesta. These duodenal samples preserved in 10% formalin for tissue processing and Ileal digesta samples stored at -20C for AIA and CP.The collected data were analyzed through completely randomizes design (CRD) under one way ANOVA technique. Means were separated through Duncan’s Multiple Range test with the help of SAS 9.1.3.in conclusion we can say that Addition of microencapsulated butyric acid in broilers diet improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, gut health and apparent ileal digestibility of protein but no significant effect was observed on antibody titer against Newcastle disease.
Suggestion and recommendation
Further research is needed to evaluate the protected butyric acid on enzyme secretion and starch utilization, along with other nutrient digestibility in broilers
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2763-T] (1).
47.
Comparative Evaluation Of Effect Of Selenium Sources On Growth, Production And Reproduction In Different Varieties Of Indigenous Aseel Chicken
by Muhammad Waseem Zia (2012-VA-652) | Prof. Dr. Anjum khalique | Prof. Dr, Saima | Dr. Jibran Hussain.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Universally, domestic chickens are considered very important due to their better adaptability to the local climatic conditions. Among native poultry breeds of Pakistan, Aseel is a recognized native breed used mostly for backyard poultry production and is famous for its appreciable degree of resistance to various diseases as compared with commercial exotic poultry breeds. In many communities, native chickens are considered very important in breaking the vicious poverty cycle. This breed contains genes and alleles appropriate to their adaptation to the specific environment. On the basis of its characteristic of producing good quality meat, Aseel chicken can be used and further improved as a meat type bird. However, the main limitation in its propagation is its slower growth rate, poorer egg production, smaller egg size, lower fertility and hatchability.Selenium (Se) is an essential micro-mineral for poultry which exists in organic and inorganic forms. Organic Se is reported to be more bio-available which improves the growth performance, productive and reproductive potential of poultry resulting in better egg and meat production as well as the quality. Despite having considerable capabilities, inadequate research work has been so far conducted on Aseel that may be the main bottleneck towards increasing its overall production. In this study, there was a focus on the improvement of growth, productive and reproductive potential of Aseel; also for the development of functional poultry products (eggs and meat, enriched with Se). The present study was planned with the main objectives to investigate the influence of organic (Se-enriched yeast: SY) and inorganic (sodium selenite: SS) Se dietary supplements on growth performance, nutrient utilization, blood biochemical profile, slaughter characteristics, tissue Se concentration, rearing expenditures andmortality as well as the production traits including egg production, egg quality/geometry, hatching traits and egg Se concentration in four recognized varieties namely Lakha, Mushki, Peshaweri and Mianwaliof indigenous Aseel chicken. The study comprised two main experiments conducted at the Indigenous Chicken Genetic Resource Centre (ICGRC), Department of Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Ravi campus, Block-C, Pattoki with the objectives to explore theimpact of dietary Se addition, influence of varieties and their interaction on overall performance of Aseel chickens. For this purpose, in the first experiment, 240 three-week-aged birds (120 males and 120 females) were distributed in a randomized complete block design into four groups, 60/variety (30 males + 30 females). These birds of either sex were further subdivided into three treatment groups A, B and C according to the nature of diet (SY added, SS added and without Se added) with 10 birds/treatment and each treatment was replicated 10 times with one bird in each replicate. Data thus collected were subjected to analysis of variance techniques in a randomized complete block design and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range test. The studies regarding overall response to Se supplementation for growth performance depicted substantial influence. Dietary addition with SY increased the nutrient retention, feed conversion, body weight and decreased the mortality and rearing expenditures, especially in the males of Lakha variety. All body measurementswere improved in the birds received SY supplemented diet, the SY-fed males of Lakha exhibited better response compared to rest of the treatments.SY addition significantly increased the values of glucose, triglyceride, globulin, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in blood serum, while significantly decreased levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol, and thyroxine (T4) in the serum were observed in SY-fed birds, especially in the birds of Lakha and Peshaweri varieties. However, total protein and albumin values in the serumwere foundunaffected by Se supplementation. The significant variations in the slaughtering traits were observed; SY inclusion presented improved live final body weight, dressing weight, dressing percent, eviscerated weight, eviscerated percent and giblet weight. Selenium uptake by the chest and thigh muscles was also enhanced in the male birds of Lakha and Mushki varieties exposed to SY added diet. The rearing cost of the birds in SY-fedgroup was noticed lower than the cost recorded for those got SS supplemented or control diet. The males of Lakha in this regard presented the least rearing cost on receiving SY supplemented diet.
The second experiment was also conducted with the objectives to compare the influence of organic and inorganic Se inclusion, varieties and their interaction on productive performance, egg geometry/quality traits, reproductive performance and the egg Se contents in Aseel. For this purpose, 96 twenty-one-weeks old birds (84 females and 12 Males) from Lakha, Mushki, Peshaweri and Mianwali varieties of Aseel were selected and distributed under randomized complete block design into three groups, 24/variety (21 females + 3 males); further subdivided into three treatment groups, 7 females and 1 male in each treatment according to Se treatments (SY, SS and control) and each treatment was replicated 7 times with one bird in each replicate. Each bird was regarded as an experimental unit. The data thus collected were subjected to analysis of variance in a randomized complete block design and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range test. The results showed that the females of Mianwali variety fed with SY supplemented ration exhibited higher feed intake, enhanced body weight and gained sexual maturity earlier; furthermore, Mianwali variety exhibited better egg production, showed higher egg weight and egg mass. FCR/dozen eggs, FCR/kg egg mass were as observed to be higher in the females of Peshaweri variety. Egg Se concentration was higher in the SY supplemented group as compared with SS or control groups.Dietary Se supplementation significantly influenced the shape index, yolk index, Haugh Units and eggshell thickness. However, non-significant variations were observed in Haugh Units among the females of all varieties. Interaction results presented the significant differences in egg breadth, egg length, egg volume, egg weight, egg shape index, egg shell thickness, yolk index and Haugh Units in the females of all varieties; with significantly higher values in the females of Mianwali variety exposed to SY added ration.The reproductive performance pertaining to hatching traits depicted that the Se supplements, varieties and their interaction influenced the hatching traitssignificantly. The SY-fed females of Peshaweri presented the decreased dead germ percent, dead in shell percent and clear egg percent compared with the females got SS supplemented ration or unsupplemented control ration. Improved hatchability percent and the hatch of fertile percent were noticed in the females of SY supplemented group than those of SS or control groups and the greatest increase was recorded in the females of Peshaweri variety. Similarly, enhanced body weights by the newly hatched chicks of Peshaweri and Mianwali varieties were observed fed with SY supplemented ration and also in the interaction, significant results were recorded.
9.1 CONCLUSIONS
Based upon the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that all four varieties of indigenous Aseel responded positively to the dietary addition with SY supplements of Se regarding growth performance of Aseel, especially in the male birds of Lakha variety. SY supplementation also showed the better results regarding productive and reproductive performance, especiallyin the females of Mianwali and Peshaweri varieties with more promising results. Moreover, SY addition displayed the substantial results in shape of production of functional foods such as Se-enriched eggs and meat.
9.2 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In future, indigenous Aseel chicken raising programs should be given due emphasis while proceeding for poultry farming by using native breeds of poultry.
9.2.1 Recommendations for the farmers
Keeping in mind the results of this study, here are some recommendations for the poultry farmers.
1. Due to the large body size of Aseel and a good ability to show resistance against a variety of infectious diseases, many poultry farmers want to rear and use Aseel as a parent flock for further breeding but are hesitant to go for that because of its slow growth. Slow growth is due to its low feed nutrient utilization and consequently slow gain in body weight. Lower production performance is mainly due to its late sexual maturity, long pauses and short clutch size.In the current situation,the strategic inclusion of Se in the diets of Aseel, being the effective technology, can help the farmers overcome the problems of slow growth and low productive performance in Aseel by synchronizing and consequently bringing the Aseel birds into better growth and production. It can help the farmers to get the production of the Aseel birds, according to their need and situations.
2. In the current study, SY has been substantiated to improve the reproductive performance of Aseel, hence can be used further to elucidate the very old concern of lower fertility and hatchability in Aseel parent flock consequently improving progeny size.
3. Keeping in view the above, the Aseel can be used as a feasible option for the poultry business by enhancing its sluggish growth rate and lower production potential through Se supplementation as well as to lower fertility and hatchability through the supplementation of organic Se supplement (SY) in the diet. Ultimately, it will be remained supportive towards the revival of open- sided poultry farms that have become closed after the trend to establish the environmentally controlled sheds and are lying vacant from a long time.
9.2.2 Suggestions for the researchers
1. In the current study, the fixed levels ofSe supplements were used for supplementation, whereas future researchers can work on different levels of it.
2. Further trials may be planned to check the subsequent effects of different sources of Se supplements on the biochemical profile of meat and eggs; also the immune response in the chicks from hens reared on Se supplemented diets.
3. The evaluation of semen quality in Aseel males and the impact of artificial insemination in the hens by the semen received from Se treated males of Aseel can also be studied.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2780-T] (1).
48.
Studies On Growth Performance And Total Tract Protein Digestibility In As Influenced By Different Dietary Inclusion Levels Of White, Par Boiled And Brown Rice Broken In Broilers
by Omar Javed (2007-VA-154) | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Saima.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Poultry sector is playing substantial role in agriculture sector of Pakistan. In the present era extensive research in poultry sector has brought vital changes which are accelerating growth and lowering feed conversion ratio. Nutritional improvements in the poultry dietsare improving the growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Poultry diets are majorly formulated cost effective for the sustainability of poultry industry and its consumers. For this reason, the main focus is on using nutritionally rich and locally available raw feed ingredients in broiler diets. Cereal grain are main energy sources used in broiler diets and among cereal grains maize is being used as a major energy source in broiler diets, but its availability, price fluctuations, incidence of mycotoxins are the major concerns and hence, a suitable alternate energy source is required. Rice broken may serve as the substitute, but, a little data is available about the efficacy of different types of rice broken at different dietary inclusion levels regarding growth performance and total tract protein digestibility studies. Therefore a study was designed with the objectives to determine the impact of different types of rice broken (white, parboiled and brown) at different dietary inclusion levels (10%, 30% and 50%) in replacement with maize on broiler growth performance and total tract digestibility of protein. An experiment with 1-d-old 600 Cobb-500 broilers was conducted to test the hypothesis that rice broken from different sources may successfully substitute maize in broiler diets. The effects of the energy sources (white broken rice, parboiled broken rice and brown broken rice) and dietary inclusion levels(10%, 30% and 50%) were tested by using one way ANOVA under Completely Randomized Design and red maize as a control diet was used. The broilers fed different energy sources had significant variation in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Better body weight gain and feed conversion ratio was observed in control group followed by white broken rice and lower body weight gain and highest feed conversion ratio was observed in birds fed brown rice broken in diets, similarly total tract digestibility of protein was observed higher in birds fed 50 % maize (control group) and birds fed white rice in diets up to 30% inclusion level and lower total tract digestibility of protein was observed in birds fed brown rice broken in diets. The results of the study showed that red maize is the most beneficial energy source used in broiler diets and white rice broken could be used as good alternative energy source as compared to other types of rice broken i.e. parboiled and brown.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, white rice broken can easily substitute maize up to 30% dietary inclusion level in broiler but other types of rice broken i.e. parboiled and brown give comparatively good results in terms of growth performance and total tract protein digestibility up to 10% dietary inclusion level in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2878-T] (1).
49.
Evaluation Of Different Strategies To Improve The Dietary Nitrogen Efficiency In Lactating Dairy Cows In Pakistan
by Muhammad Imran (2005-VA-09) | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Muhammad Naveed ul Haque | Dr. Muhammad Qamer Shahid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The objectives of this study were to optimize the protein supplies and replacement of SBM with locally available ingredients in the rations of high producing Holstein Friesian cows at mid lactation. On the basis of these objectives, three experiments were conducted. Multiparous cows in mid-lactation received three treatments in a 3×3 Latin square design with a period length of 20 d. Number of animals used were nine in 1st and 3rd experiments and 12 in 2nd experiment (Table 6.1). The trials were conducted at a corporate dairy farm. When we compare the initial and final values of milk yield, milk fat and milk protein contents, there is not a big difference of our diets with that currently being practiced in Pakistan (Table 6.1). This also reveals that the experimental milk production was close to pre-experimental milk production indicating that a successful dietary transition was achieved. Table 6.1: Demonstration of parameters before and during the experiments Exp.
Cows
No.
Initial Parameters During Experiment Parameters
DIM Milk
yield (kg)
Milk
fat (%)
Milk
protein (%)
Milk
yield (kg)
Milk fat
(%)
Milk
protein (%)
1 9 113±25 32±4.1 3.65 3.25 29.7±3.1 3.70 3.27
2 12 153±44 23.3±2.1 3.99 3.34 24.7±1.8 3.98 3.31
3 9 109±19 34±3.7 3.71 3.19 30.7±2.5 3.64 3.21
Exp., experiment; DIM, days in milk In the 1st experiment, three dietary treatments were designed to provide similar energy and increasing supply of MP (g/d)—2371 (low), 2561 (medium), and 2711 (high). Increasing the MP supplies did not modify DMI; however, it increased milk protein, fat, and lactose yield linearly. Similarly, FCM increased (9.3%) linearly due to an increase in both milk yield (5.2%) and milk fat content (7.8%). Milk nitrogen efficiency decreased from 0.26 to 0.20, whereas, the
Summary
102
metabolic efficiency of MP decreased from 0.70 to 0.60 at low to high MP supplies and it average value across the treatments was 0.64 (Table 6.2). In conclusion, increasing the MP supplies resulted in increased milk protein yield; however, a higher BUN and low MNE indicated an efficient utilization of dietary protein in low MP supplies. Milk nitrogen efficiency ranges from 20 to 30% in dairy cows at mid stage of lactation. Milk nitrogen efficiency increases slightly but linearly with the increase of dietary protein up to a certain level of supply of protein. At high protein levels of dietary protein MNE is low and vice versa. In the 2nd experiment, the response of balancing metabolizable Lys to Met ratio (3:1) in low protein diets was investigated. Three experimental diets; 1) LP−: low protein diet (13.6% CP) with imbalanced Lys to Met ratio (3.33), 2) LP+: low protein diet (13.5% CP) with balanced Lys to Met ratio (2.94) through HMBi; and 3) HP−: high protein diet (14.7% CP) without balancing Lys to Met ratio (3.39) in a 3×3 Latin square design were designed. Milk yield of LP- was 0.85 kg/d less as compared with the average milk yield of LP+ and HP-. Dry matter intake decreased by 0.7 kg/d in LP+ compared to HP- treatment whereas milk yield tended to be higher by 0.7 kg/d and protein yield by 23 g/d. Balancing the Lys to Met ratio by supplementing HMBi through feed increased feed, N, and MP conversion efficiencies to milk by 4.4, 1.6, and 13.1% respectively compared to the HP- diet. Similarly, 4% FCM was increased by 4.4% in LP+ diet as compared to HP- diet. Moreover, plasma urea concentration was numerically less in LP+ compared to LP- and HP- treatments whereas no effect was observed on plasma glucose and TG concentrations. In the 3rd experiment, three diets 1) Control: with low protein with SMB as a protein source, 2) SBMD: high protein diet with SBM as a major protein source and 3) CGMD: high
Summary
103
protein diet with CGM as a major protein source. Increasing the protein supplies did not affect DMI, milk fat yield, and milk fat and lactose contents in SBMD and CGMD diets compared to the control diet. Similarly, MP balance and MP/NEL increased by 31.5 and 9.1%, respectively. Increasing the protein supplies tended to increase milk yield. Similarly, milk protein and lactose yield increased by 3.5 and 3.3%, respectively. Milk protein contents tended to increase by 1.5% in SBMD and CGMD treatments compared to the control. Increasing the dietary protein supplies increased FE in SBMD and CGMD treatments compared to control, whereas, MNE decreased by 10.9%. No effect was observed on DM, N and NEL intakes when SBM was partially replaced with CGM. Consequently, milk yield, milk components’ yield, milk composition and feed efficiency remained unaffected. Contrary to this, MNE decreased by 5% in CGM treatment compared to SBM. There were no dietary treatment effects on blood metabolites including BUN, glucose and TG concentrations, which means neither replacement of SBM nor concentration of protein in the diet affected the blood metabolites profile. There was no change in lactation performance of cows by the partial replacement of SBM with CGM. Therefore, SMB could be partially replaced with CGM with urea without affecting animal performance, and saving the feed cost. Table 6.2: Effects of experimental diets on different parameters Exp.
MP
efficiencies
Δ MP
efficiencies (%)
Δ MY
(kg)
Δ DMI
(kg)
Δ milk
fat (%)
Δ milk
protein (%)
1 0.64 14.3 5.20 0.10 7.80 5.30
2 0.65 11.6 1.20 0.70 3.93 1.50
3 0.68 9.85 1.10 0.20 2.18 1.10
Exp., experiment; MP, metabolizable protein; MY, milk yield; DMI, dry matter intake
Summary
104
In conclusion, balancing Lys to Met ratio at low protein diets and partial replacement of SMB with CGM is a mean to improve the MNE and reduce feed costs. 6.1 Conclusion and Recommendations Diets with low MP supply result in high MNE and better utilization with low levels of BUN. Although there was less milk yield in low protein diets but utilizing efficiency was high. Low protein corn-soy-based diets supplemented with rumen protected Met (HMBi) result in increased utilization of protein and low levels of BUN. Partial replacement of SBM with CGM plus urea showed no change in DMI, milk yield. Milk nitrogen efficiency was slightly decreased in CGM diet as compared to SBM diet. Feed cost could be saved by replacing 35% SBM with CGM provided that RDP is balanced by using NPN sources. Diets should be given with possible lowest protein levels having balanced AA particularly Lys and Met, which should be 3:1. High levels of protein could result into increased emission of gases to the environment. Soybean meal replacement with CGM along with some NPN source results in similar outcomes. First strategy is the best out of three currently tested and it can save money. 6.2 Future Perspectives Studies must be conducted to investigate the effects of further lowering the dietary protein levels without affecting milk production in Holstein cows. It will help to improve the dietary N utilization for milk synthesis. The above-mentioned strategies can also be tried simultaneously for improved protein/N utilization in dairy cows. Lysine can also be tried along with Met to balance the low protein corn-soy-based diets. On the basis of RDP and RUP values, other ingredients can also be tried to partially replace SMB. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2920-T] (1).
50.
Moringa Oleifera As Feed Additive In Poultry: Influence On Production Efficiency, Meat And Egg Profile
by Shakeel Ahmad (2011-VA-542) | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Shahid Mehmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Phytogenic feed additives gained considerable interest in the strategic replacement of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) after European regulations for animal feed production which imposed a complete ban on antibiotics in animal feed used as growth promoters. Natural phytogenic growth promoters modify animal metabolism and gut microbiota population and positively affect the production and growth performance. Research in the animal feed production has established the basis for better feed efficiency, desired carcass traits and manipulation of bioactive compounds in the poultry eggs and meat, which resulted in the idea of functional foods and phytogenic feeds additives. In response to the above challenges a lot of research on aromatic plants, herbs, and spices was conducted in comparison with conventional antibiotic growth promoters. The data were recorded and analysed regarding gut morphology, gut ecology, feed digestibility, nutrients availability and meat and eggs bioactive compounds index of meat and eggs. Moringa oleifera might be used as phytogenic feed additives on the basis of diverse volatile compounds present in its leaves, pods and roots. Moringa belongs to family Moringaceae and is commercially grown in many tropics and subtropics countries globally. Moringa oleifera leaves and pods are very nutritious and retain their nutrients even when dried and converted to leaf powder. They can be utilized in both fresh as well as dried forms. Moringa leaves contain bioactive compounds like β-carotene, Quercetin and selenium in addition to basic nutrients (crude protein, metabolizable energy, ether extract, and ash). Moringa leaf meal contains 29.7, 22.5, 14.7, 4.3, 2.7, 0.26, 10.6% and 7.86Mj/Kg of CP, CF, Ash, EE, Ca, P, NFE and ME respectively. On the basis of above nutritional and bioactive compounds Moringa oleifera leaves meet the needs of a growth promoter and phytogenic feed additive as lot of studies on antimicrobial, anti-coccidial, AGP replacer and feed ingredient attributes have been conducted. Even then, very limited data was available regarding its phytogenic feed additive attributes. On the basis of above addressed issues the below experiments were designed. For this purpose following experiments were planned and executed. In the first experiment, authors took 200 day old broiler chicks and assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design replicated five times having ten birds each. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated for both the starter as well as finisher phases of production and four levels (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) of Moringa leaf meal (MLM) were used over and above. Data regarding growth performance were collected and subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques under Completely Randomized Design and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMR) test. Growth was monitored by feed intake, body weight, total gain, FCR and liveability. Feed intake was linearly decreased whereas quadratic response was observed in FCR (P≤0.05). Body weight, total gain and liveability remained same among the treatment groups. Dressing percentage showed quadratic response and highest values was observed in the group offered 0.5% of supplementation, whereas all other parameters including live weight, carcass weight, digestive organs (liver, gizzard) and heart size showed no effect. Bioactive compounds β-carotene, Quercetin and selenium in breast meat samples were lineally increased resulting in higher DPPH values (P≤0.05). Cholesterol, SGPT, creatinine and glucose levels in serum and breast meat samples were linearly decreased resulting in improved animal as well as consumer health. Moisture level of breast meat samples was linearly decreased whereas all other nutrients including Crude protein (CP), Ash, Ether extract (EE) and all minerals were linearly increased with the supplementation level (P≤0.05). Newcastle dis□ease titers remained unchanged while linear increase in IBD titers was observed. In second trial Moringa oleifera pods meal was added in the diet (starter and finisher) with same levels 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%. Two hundred broiler birds were purchased from commercial market and assigned to four treatments with five replicates and ten birds per replicate. Feed conversion ratio and feed intake was decreased (P≤0.05) with the increase in the supplementation level, whereas total gain was improved. Dressing percentage was negatively affected (P≤0.05), whereas organs weights (liver, hear & gizzard) were improved with the supplementation levels. β-carotene and Quercetin content of broiler breast meat were respectively 0.08μg/100g and 8μg/100g breast meat samples. Cholesterol level was decreased whereas selenium content was significantly increased (P≤0.05) in the treatment groups. Highest DPPH radicals scavenging activity was recorded in the treatment groups. When proximate analysis of meat was done, the moisture, ether extract, crude protein and ash contents were decreased (P≤0.05). Moreover biochemical indicators SGPT, Creatinine, Glucose and cholesterol were recorded significantly lowest (P≤0.05) in the treatment groups. In the third experiment Moringa oleifera leaf meal was used as feed additive in layers diet to its impact on performance, bioactive compounds and nutrient profile of eggs. For this purpose two hundred, fifty weeks (50) old, HyLine W36 layers were purchased from the commercial market and assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized design with five replicates and ten birds per replicate. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated and Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MLM) was supplemented at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% over and above of basal diet. Results of this experiment significantly affected the production. Egg mass, production percentage and FCR were significantly affected whereas total feed intake and egg weight remained unchanged (P≤0.05). Egg shape and yolk index showed a quadratic response, whereas Haugh units and shell thickness was linearly decreased (P≤0.05). Bioactive compounds like β-carotene, Quercetin and Selenium content were enriched up to the levels 4906 and 241 and 56.82 μg/100g of egg yolk respectively (P≤0.05). Linear decrease in the serum biochemical compounds SGPT, Glucose, Creatinine and cholesterol
SUMMARY
143
levels (serum and eggs) at 4th and 6th week of supplementation was recorded (P≤0.05). Antibody titers against Newcastle disease were also significantly improved
(P≤0.05). Nutrients and minerals profile of egg yolk was also significantly changed (P≤0.05). In experiment No 4, effect of Moringa oleifera pods meal was investigated on 200 HyLine W36 layer birds of 50 weeks age. Diets were formulated having same caloric and protein levels and Moringa oleifera pods meal was added at top with the dose levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of basal diet. The results of this study showed quadratic response on egg mass and FCR per dozen eggs whereas feed intake, egg weight and production percentage remained same. Haugh unit showed a quadratic response whereas shell thickness was decreased linearly in the treatment groups (P≤0.05). Antioxidants like, β-carotene, Quercetin and Selenium showed same trend as in the previous experiment. Serum biochemical profile (SGPT, Glucose, Creatinine and cholesterol) were improved along with lower cholesterol content in egg yolk (P≤0.05). Proximate analysis of egg yolk showed that moisture and ether extract was decreased whereas CP, Ash and minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P) profile was improved with the supplementation (P≤0.05). Results of all these four experiments support our hypothesis that Moringa oleifera can be a good phytogenic functional feed additive and can even perform at these lower supplementation levels. Moreover it can also be stated that eggs and meat produced from Moringa oleifera leaf and pods supplemented birds may serve as a functional food.
Conclusion
SUMMARY
144
On the basis of above experiments, it can be concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf and pods meal could be used to enhance the growth and production performance of broilers and layer bird along with bioactive compounds, like antioxidants, minerals and vitamins index of meat and eggs which could meet the advance concept of phytogenic feed additives.
Suggestions and recommendations
Outcomes of the present study including positive impact on growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemical profile, immunity in broilers, and production percentage, egg geometry, and egg quality in layers in addition to enrichment of β-carotene, Quercetin and selenium in meat eggs suggest that Moringa oleifera can be considered as phytogenic feed additive.
Recommendations for the farmers
Keeping in view the above study following recommendation are given for the poultry producers
1. Moringa oleifera on the basis of its availability and nutrient profile can be a good phytogenic feed additive but there are multiple limitations most important are anti-nutritional compounds like saponins, phytosterols and high fibre and ash content in the leaves and pods meal inclusion in the feed.
2. Moringa pods are available once in a year and its availability is scarce so proper storage should be monitored.
3. Depending on the soil composition and climatic condition and varieties the nutrient especially ash content and bioactive compounds differ in its concentration so proper validation of nutrients is required before supplementation.
4. Supplementation is dependent on the nutrient profile so proper protocol and care must be considered while its use.
SUMMARY
145
5. In present study it is suggested that Moringa oleifera could be an option to be used as phytogenic feed additives to meet the condition including ban on AGP, better growth, production performance and safe and healthy meat and eggs.
Suggestions for the researchers
1. In the present study four levels of supplementation were used but future researchers can explore different levels in their studies.
2. Comparative studies with synthetic antioxidants, carotenoids and organic selenium can be designed.
3. Effect on shelf life can be studied in the animal products can be investigated in future studies.
Subsequent effect on acceptability of consumers regarding effect on the health including cholesterol levels, hypertension and cancer diseases can be studied. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2940-T] (1).
