101.
Effectr Of Different Physical & Chemical Treatments On The Protein Quality Of Defatted Rice Polishing
by Iftikhar Ahmad Saleemi | Anjum Khalique | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to improve the nutritional value of defatted rice polishing by treating it with certain chemicals and physical methods. 108 male broiler chicks of approximately similar weight were selected out of 220-day-old male broiler chicks priory fed on commercial diets for 7 days settlement period. Seven experimental diets viz, commercial diet; 1-Id treated DFRP; HCI treated and extruded; 1-1202 treated; 11202 treated and extruded; raw DFRP and protein free diet were incorporated into 7 major groups i.e. A, B, C, D, B, F, and 0. The groups 13 to F were having 18 chicks each. Each group was further divided into 2 sub-groups having 9 chicks each and each sub group was dispersed into three replicates having three chicks each. The group A and G having 9 chicks each and divided into three replicate of 3 chicks each. All sub-groups of groups fed on different experimental diets included differently treated rice polishing at 10% and 20% levels respectively.
Over all results showed that weight gain (282g), Feed consumed (387), FCR (1.37), Protein efficiency ratio (3.64), Protein digestibility percentage (93.5), Net protein utilization (59.5), biological value (63.6) were significantly higher than other treatments. It might be due to the fact that 1-1202 treatment proved better to eliminate anti-nutritional factors i.e. phytate, hemoglutinin etc., from DFRP and convert indigestible fiber into digestible form by breaking ligno-cellulose bond.
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102.
Comparative Effect Of Raw & Stabilized Rice Polising On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Dawood Ahmad | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Owing to cheap and abundant availability of rice polishing in Pakistan, researchers are attempting to enhance its inclusion level in poultry ratio. It also compares well with cereal grains in chemical composition. But the prevalence of rancidity due to high fat and other toxic factors limiting its use in poultry. Hence rice polishing was subjected to extrusion cooking for stabilizing the fat and improving its quality. The extrusion cooking of rice polishing was done at National Feed Mill, Sheikhupura.
Present experiment was conducted to observe the comparative effect of Raw and stabilized rice polishing on the performance of broiler chicks. Seven experimental rations (Starter and Finisher) were prepared designated as A, B, C, D, E, F and 0. All rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Starter and Finisher ration "A" was kept as control containing no rice polishing. In rations B, C, and D raw rice polishing was used at levels 20, 25 and 30% respectively while in rations E, F and 0 stabilized rice polishing was used at the same levels. Starter rations were fed for 28 days and finisher ration from 29 days to 42 days.
Two hundred and ten (210), one day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into 7-groups having thirty chicks in each groups and which were further sub-divided into three replicates comprising ten chicks in each.
Results of present study indicated that maximum weight gain was observed in birds fed on ration "E" whereas second best was observed in chicks fed on ration "B". The birds fad on rations E, F and 0 (extruded rice polishing) gained better weight than those fed on rations B, C and D (raw rice polishing) at same levels and of control ration.
Best feed utilization per unit gain was observed in chicks fed on ration "E" and it began to decline as level of rice polishing (raw and extruded) raised to 30%. Overall feed efficiency of birds fed on rations containing (extruded rice polishing) was better than those fed on ration containing raw rice polishing and at the same levels.
During the whole experimental period, 4% mortality was observed In birds fed on different rations. This was due to heat stress .e. due to high ambient temperature (June, July months). The average dressing percentage was 55.20, 56.00, 54.5, 54.40, 54.77, 56.07 and 54.34 respectively. A non-significant difference was observed regarding dressing percentage. The average pancrease weight also showed a non-significant difference among treatments. However, a slight increase in pancrease weight was observed in birds fed on rations containing raw rice polishing. This might be due to secretion of bile (Lipase Enzyme). With respect of cost per kg live weight gain, the rations containing extruded rice polishing were observed slightly economical as compared to ration containing raw rice polishing.
RECOMMENDATIONS
As extrusion processing holds great promise as a mean to improve efficiency of nutrient utilization, it is therefore recommended that the use of extruded feedstuff, especially for non-traditional, feed ingredients should be promoted in poultry ration. The level of extruded rice polishing can be raised safely upto 25%.
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103.
Influence Of Varying Levels Of Energy With Constant Levels Of Protein On The Performance Of Japanese Quails
by Shahid Siddique | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Dr.Javed Ahmad Qureshi | Dr.Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Present experiment was conducted to study the influence of varying level of energy with constant level of protein on the performance of Japanese quail. For this purpose 300 day old Japanese quail were reared upto 42 days. Quails were randomly divided into five groups, each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 20 quails each . Starter rations Al, Bi, Cl, Dl and El were given to each group for first 21 days and from 22 - 42 days finisher rations A2, B2, C2, D2 and E2 were given. Starter rations contained 24.5% protein and 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 Kcal/Kg Metabolizable Energy respectively. Finisher rations contained 19.5% protein and 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 Kcal/Kg Metabolizable Energy respectively. On starter rations quail chicks gained weight 66.77, 63.54, 69.28, 62.36 and 61.50 grams respectively. The highest weight gain of 69.28 grams was obtained with chicks fed on ration Cl containing Metabolizable Energy 3000 Kcal/Kg with calorie-protein ratio 122. Feed consumed by the quail chicks was 133.73, 128.38, 126.71, 122.60 and 119.50 grams respectively. Chicks fed on ration Al consumed maximum feed having 2800 Kcal/Kg Metabolizable Energy, while minimum feed consumption was on ration El having 3200 Kcal/Kg Metabolizable Energy. The average feed efficiency was 2.00, 2.02, 1.82, 1.96 and 1.94 respectively. The chicks fed on ration C1 containing Metabolizable Energy of 3000 Kcal/Kg with calorie-protein ratio 122 was more efficient in feed utilization.
On finisher rations A2, B2, C2, D2 and/ E2 weight gained was 67.62, 72.03, 74.25, 70.46 and 68.05 grams respectively. The highest weight gain 74.25 grams was obtained with chicks, fed on ration C2 containing Metabolizable Energy 3000 KcaI/Kg with calorie-protein ratio 153. Feed consumed by quail chicks on finisher rations was 311.33, 293.93, 299.9, 287.4 and 276.17 grams. Highest amount o feed i.e. 311.33 grams was consumed by chicks fed on ration A2 having Metabolizable Energy 2800 Kcal/Kg , while the lowest amount of feed consumed by quail chicks on ration E2 containing Metabolizable Energy 3200 Kcal/Kg. Similarly the feed conversion ratio was 4.60, 4.08, 4.04, 4.07 and 4.05 to the quail chicks fed on finisher rations. The chicks fed on ration C2 containing Metabolizable Energy 3000 Kcal/Kg with calorie-protein ratio 153 was more efficient in feed utilization.
The results indicated that ration containing Metabolizable Energy 3000 Kcal/Kg with calorie-protein ratio 122 in starter rations and ration containing Metabolizable Energy 3000 KcalIKg with calorie-protein ratio 153 in finisher ration were economical, showed better weight gain and comparatively more efficient in feed utilization in quail chicks. It was observed that the rate of weight gain was decreased when energy levels were increased or decreased from 3000 Kcal/Kg in starter and finisher rations respectively. It was noticed that as the level of energy with constant level of protein in ration increased, the feed consumption was decreased. Feed efficiency was poor at high and low energy rations with constant level of protein.
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104.
Effects Of Different Commercially Available Antifungal Compounds On Feed Quality & Broiler Performance
by Abdul Hamid | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr . Masood | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the effects of different commercially available antifungal compounds on feed quality and broiler performance. Six experimental rations i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F were prepared for this trial. Ration A was positive control (containing no antifungal compounds), ration B (containing 0.5 kg Mycostat / ton), ration C (containing 0.5 kg Mycocurb\ ton), ration D (containing 15% moisture without any antifungal compounds), ration E (containing 1 .0 kg Mycostat / ton with 1 5% moisture) and ration F (containing 1 .0 kg Mycocurh/ ton with 15% moisture).
These experimental rations were stored for one month. During storage period the representative feed samples were collected from all the rations and were analysed for mould growth and aflatoxins level.
A total of 240 day-old-broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 groups having 40 birds in each group and which were further subdivided into 4 replicates comprising of 10 birds in each. The body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of each two weeks. Mortality percentage and comparative economic study of antifungal compounds were determined at the end of experiment. The experiment was completed in six weeks.
The results of feed consumption indicated that birds led on different cxperimen(af rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 3173, 3230, 3215, 2310, 1972 and 2243 gnis respectively. However, apparently the birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat consumed more Iced as compared to other groups.
The weight gain of the birds fed on various experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 1710, 1770, 1 760, 965, 845 and 980 gms respectively. However, apparently more weight gain was observed in the birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat.
The data on feed efficiency indicated that birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 1.855, 1.82, 1.83, 2.392, 2.34 and 2.283, respectively. However, better feed utilization was observed in birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat as compared to chicks fed on other rations.
The feed mould count values for groups D, E and F were 4.0 10E4, 1.1 10E4 and 1.0 10E4 respectively, and the Aflatoxins levels for groups D, E and F were (G1<0.1, G2<0.1, B1-33.5 B2-2.4), (GI<0.l, G2<O.1, B1-26.5, B2-1.9) and (G1<0.1, G2<0.l, B1-35.5, B2-2.5) respectively.
It is concluded that Mycostat is comparatively better antifungal compound commercially available as compared to Mycocurb in terms of improving the performance of the broiler birds.
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105.
Comparative Nutritional Evaluation On Canola Meal With Soybean Meal For Use In Broiler Diets
by Zulfikar Ali | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr . Jaweed Ahmed Qureshi | Dr . Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: To study the effect of different levels of Canola meal on the performance of broiler chicks, an experiment containing 240, day-old broiler chicks was conducted. The chicks were divided into 6 main groups, having 40 chicks each and were further divided in four subgroups of 10 birds each. Each sub-group was reared separately in cages, 6 experimental rations with varying levels of Canola meal having CP 21% and 19% and ME 3000 and 3100 Kcal/kg for starter and finisher respectively were provided to the birds -libitum upto six weeks. Canola meal was added in the rations at 25., 22.5, 20, 15, 10 and 0 percent levels with soybean meal. These rations were designated as A, B, C, D, E and F. Starter rations were fed to the birds for 4 weeks and finisher rations for last 2 weeks of the study. Average live weight gain per chick fed rations A, B, C, D, E and F were 1568, 1685, 1633, 1572 and 1677 grams, respectively. There was a significant (P <0.05) difference among the different levels of canola meal. Maximum weight gain was observed in group "B" fed canola meal 22.5% level. Average feed consumption on rations A, B, C, D, E and F were 3248, 3175, 3153, 3157, 3103 and 2935 grams, respectively. A significant (P<0.05) difference was observed among different groups regarding feeding consumption. In case of feed efficiency a non significant difference was observed. The average dressing percentage were 64.41, 64.00, 63.00, 61.75, 62.5, 63.52 percent for rations A, B, C, D, E and F, respectively. A non significant difference was observed regarding dressing percentage. The average heart weight of chicks fed rations A, B, C, D, E and F showed a non significant difference. Flowever, a significant difference was observed in case of gizzard weight. A decrease in gizzard weight with increasing levels of canola meal was observed. Likewise spleen and pancreas weight also showed a non significant (P<0.05) difference among the treatments. However, the liver and thyroid weights of chicks fed rations A, B, C, D, E and F showed a significant (P <0.05) different among the treatments. There was a proportionate increase in the liver weight with increasing levels of canola meal. Increased liver weight in high canola meal based rations may be due to hydrolytic products of glucosinolates which are hepatoxic in nature and cause hyperplasia of liver. Increased thyroid weight is attributed to goitrogenic effect of ailyl-isothiocynates causing thyroid hypertrophy.
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106.
Influence Of Varying Levels Of Protein And Energy On The Performnace Of Japanese Quails
by Dr . Aamir Mahmood, Rana | Dr . Jaweed Ahmad Qureshi | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The project was designed to find out the efficacy of ivermectin and Coumaphos against ectoparasites in cattle and buffaloes. Thirty buffaloes infested for ectoparasites were selected for the treatn,ent trials and divided into three groups i.e. Bi, B2 and B3 having ten animals in each group and thirty cattle infested for ectoparasites were selected for the treatment trials and also were divided into Cl, C2 and C3 groups.
The comparative acaricidal drug trials were conducted on 20 infested animals against ectoparasites of group Bi and Cl having ten animal in each were medicated with Ivermectin (Ivomec: MSD) injected once by s/c route at dose rate of 200 pg/kg body weight. Observation were made on 7th and 14th day post-medication. Skin scrapping examination was done. The overall efficacy of invermectin on 7th and 14th day in buffaloes was 40% and 80% and in cattle 50% and 90% respectively.
The comparative acaricidal drug trials were conducted on 20 infested animals for ectoparasites of B2 and C2 having ten animals in each were treated with Coumaphos (Asuntol: Bayer) at the dose rate of 30-50 gm/animal. On the 7th and 14th day post medication skin scraping examination was done. The efficacy of Coumaphos on 7th and 14th day in buffaloes was 50%, 50% and in cattle 70%, 70% respectively.
Animals were also observed for any side effect of both medicine. No side effects were observed during the period from treatment to last observation in any group i.e. groups Bi, Cl and B2, C2 groups. On last observation no spontaneous recovery was noted. In B3 and C3 in untreated and control groups.
From the results of present study it is concluded that lvermectin (Ivomec MSD) is the drug of choice for the treatment of ectoparasites in cattle and buffaloes when it is given at the dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg body weight by subcutaneous injection.
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107.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Lysine In Vegetable Protein Based Rations On The Performance Of Japanese Qualils
by Khalid Siddique | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Besides the protein levels, amino acid profile is considered to be more important at the time of ration formulation. The plant protein sources have been proved to be better source of protein because there is no danger of adulteration and also they have appropriate prices but at the same time most of the cereal are deficient in essential amino acids including lysine, methionine, therionine and tryptophane. under practical conditions these limitations may be rectified by judicious use of suitable protein rich ingredients and pure amino acids supplementation. The present study was planed to check the effect of different levels of lysine in vegetable protein based diets on the performance of Japanese quails (courtnix courtnix Japonica).
Three hundred quail chicks were randomly divided into five groups of 60 quails each and each group was further subdivided into 20 quails each. five experimental rations A, B, C, D, and E having lysine levels 1.10%, 1.20%, 1.30%, 1.40% and 1.50% were prepared.
The average total weight gain of chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D and E was 154.53, 148.13, 148.37, 145.73 and 139.86 gms respectively. The chicks fed on ration A having lysine level 1.10% gained more weight than all the other groups. The total feed consumption per chick on experimental rations A, B, C, D and E was 486.23, 503.66, 519.33, 521.00 and 502.60 gms respectively. The total feed consumed by chicks fed on ration D with lysine leveLi.40%was highest. When the data was subjected to statistical analysis, a non-significant difference was observed among the chicks fed on various experimental rations. The average commutative FCR of groups A, B, C, D and E was 3.26, 3.38, 3.40, 3.44 and 3.48 respectively. Best FCR was observed in chicks fed on ration A with lysine level 1.10%. The difference in FCR of ration A was also found to be more significant than all the other groups. The average values of dressing percentage of birds fed on rations A, B, C, D and E was 69.03, 69.65, 69.71, 68.29 and 68.61 gms respectively. The dressing percentage of chicks fed on ration C with lysine level 1.30% was best to all the other rations. Non- significant difference was observed in dressing percentage on five levels of lysine.
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108.
Comparative Evaluation Of Maize Bran, Wheat Bran And Rice Bran In The Fattening Ration Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Zahid Mahmood | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Nisar Ahmed Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: In Pakistan the per capita availability of the proteinous feed especially of animal origin for human consumption is much less than the required levels. So we the animal production professionals have huge task before us in solving this problem of meat shortage. In our country the buffalo is the main dairy animal. The farmers usually prefer to keep the female calves as they can give them good return in the form of milk. The male calves are often considered as a burden and they are weaned at a very early age. As a result most of them die in their early life. Studies conducted in Pakistan and in some other countries have shown that these calves could be fattened by using cheaper sources of agriculture by-products. One way of solving the problem of meat shortage is the fattening of these calves using well- balanced least cost rations.
In Pakistan the farmers normally use wheat bran to feed their animals. As a result of ever increasing demand of wheat bran its price is quite high and also there are complains about adulteration in it. So there is a need to find some alternate products which could replace wheat bran without effecting the performance of the animals. Maize bran is a by-product of starch industry. It is available in Pakistan by the brand name of Buffalo bran. Similarly the rice bran is a by-product of rice industry and is available after the extraction of remaining oil from the rice polishing. Both maize bran and rice bran are cheaper as compared to wheat bran and easily available. The present study was conducted to ascertain the nutritional value of wheat bran, maize bran and rice bran in the fattening ration of buffalo male calves.
A fattening trial was conducted on three groups of buffalo calves with 10 calves each. Three rations namely A, B and C were prepared in which all the ingredients were same except maize bran, wheat bran and rice bran, which were used at the level of 30%. The duration of the experiment was 90 days. The animals were fed in groups and during the experiment the weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency and digestibility of different nutrients in the ration were recorded. Economics of the fattening rations was also determined.
It was found that the weight gain on the rations A, B and C was 555 ± 29.21 kg, 755 ± 34.48 kg, 728 ± 31.85 kg, feed consumption was 4339 ± 75.17 kg, 5386 ± 184.82 kg, 5648.5 ± 221.34 kg and mean values for feed ciliciency were 7.82 ± 2.59, 7.13 ± 1.17 7.76 ± 1.67, respectively. The difference (P<0.05) among the groups regarding weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency was not significant. For the three rations A, B and C the digestibility of dry matter was 66.88 ± 6.52, 67.85 ± 5.31 and 59.53 ± 12.64 %, digestibility of crude protein was 72.07 ± 5.34,76 ± 4.52 and 69.12 ± 7.54%, digestibility of crude fiber was 55.89 ± 7.35, 49.25 ± 8.36 and 42.16 ± 14.13% and digestibility of ether extract was 85.94 ± 3.47, 87.94 ± 8.36 and 82.24 ± 4.84 %, respectively. Digestion trial also revealed that there was a non-significant difference (P<O.05) anong groups in the digestibility of various nutrients.
The results of the study revealed that although wheat bran had shown good results, yet it could be replaced by rice bran. The maize bran had not expressed good results, however more research is required to determine it's suitable level in the diet of the buffalo calves. The results of the groups fed rice bran were almost similar to that of wheat bran. Moreover economics of the ration revealed that the cost of production was much less in the case of rice bran. So the rice bran can be used in the rations of buffalo calves without any effect on their performance.
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109.
Effect Of Phytase On The Low Phosphorus Layer Diets Based On Canola Meal
by Shahid Nadeem, M | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to asertain the effect of Phytase on the low phosphorus layer diets based on .Canola meal and egg production, egg weights, egg specific gravity, eggshell weights, eggshell thickness, feed consumption, feed efficiency, body weight gain, cost per dozen eggs and mortality were recorded.
Phytase enzyme is primarily responsible for the better conversion of minerals i.e. phosphorus, calcium and zinc. Phyase in tern generally results in the reduction of nutrients excreted with the faeces. It is now known to cause the release of phosphorus from phytic acid by catalysing a series of hydrolysis reactions. Phytate has been recognized as a nutrient because it contains phosphorus. It is also considered as anti-nutritional factor, which binds certain essential metals and reduces their availability for absorption from the diet and re-absorption after their secretion in digestive juices by forming insoluble compounds in the intestine. Phytase can hydrolyse the phytic acid present in canola meal. Canola meal is widely accepted and used ingredient in poultry and is a by-product of oil industry, available after extraction of oil from the seeds by solvent extraction.
Thirty weeks old 162 layers of Babcock 13300 strain were housed in cages (two birds in a cage). Birds were dived into 6 groups and offered different experimental rations having different levels of phosphorus i.e. 0.40%, 0.35%, 0.3%, 0.25%, 0.2% and 0.15% and then further each group was subdivided into 3 replicates having 9 birds in each replicate. Each replicate was reared as an experimental unit.
Phytase level was used as 400 FTU/kg of feed in each group having decreasing levels of phosphorus except control group (A). Seven days preliminary period was observed to remove the effects of previous diets. All the inanagemenial conditions like Feeding, watering, lighting, ventilation and temperature were provided according to requirements of strain.
The results of the study revealed that there was nonsignificant difference in egg weight, egg specific gravity, eggshell weights and eggshell thickness. There was a significant difference in egg production, feed efficiency, body weight gain and Feed consumption. For comparison of means of significant differed parameters, leist significant difference (LSD) test was applied. It was further revealed that there was non-significant difference between groups A (control with 0.4% Avl.P), B (with 0.3 5% Avl.P), C (with 0.3% Avl.P) in egg production and feed consumption and there was also improvement in feed efficiency and body weight gain. Economics analysis of different diets showed that phytase may be used in feeding of layers for getting eggs at low price.
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110.
Study Of Combined Effect Of Probiotic And Antibiotic As A Feed Additive On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Major Akhtar, M | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Jaweed Ahmad Qureshi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Fermacto and Flavomycin-80 singly and in combination on the performance of broiler chicks. Two hundred and forty day-old broiler chicks were purchased from Big Bird Hatchary and randomly divided into 4 groups designated as A, B, C and D consisting of 60 birds each. Each group was further sub-divided into 6 replicates of 10 chicks each. Group A was kept as control, group B was fed on ration containing Fermacto at the rate of 2kg/ton feed, group C was given Flavomycin80 at the rate of 0.113 kg/ton of feed whereas group D was given combination of Fermacto and Flavomycin-80 at the same levels. The parameters studied were growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, dressing percentage and mortality. Weekly feed intake and body weight gain were recorded. At the end of the experiment 10 birds from each group were randomly selected and slaughtered to determine the dressing percentage. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the difference between the means was revealed by using least significant different (LSD) test.
It was concluded that the supplementation of Fermacto, Flavomycin-80 and their combination gave significant (P <0.05) improvement in the broiler chicks in terms of weight gain and feed efficiency. However, single use of Fermacto was the most economical as compared to the remaining two treatments.
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111.
Comparative Efficacy Of Different Commercially Available Growth Promoter Antibiotics On The Performance Of Broiler
by Fazal ur Rehman | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Anjum Khalique | Dr.Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of different growth promoter antibiotics on the performance of broiler chicks.
Two hundred and forty day old broiler (Hubbard) chicks were purchased, kept in cages and were reared on six experimental rations designated as T1 (Control), T2 (Albac, Zinc Bacitracin, 50ppm), T3 (Flavornycin, Flavophosphlipol, 3ppm), T4 (Flavomycin, Flavophosphilipol, 6ppm), T5 (Flavomycin, Flavophosphilipol, 9ppm) and T6 (Lincornix, Lincomycin 4.4ppm) upto the age of 42 days. The starter rations were fed upto 28 days of age and the finisher from to 42nd days of age.
The results of the present study indicated significant difference in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, total bacterial count of feed, total bacterial count of intestinal contents of chicks fed on antibiotic incorporated feed than control (un-medicated). The results of dressing percentage were non-significant.
Rations designated as T2 (Zinc bacitracin, 50ppm) and T3 (Flavophospholipol, 3ppm) showed non-significant difference for weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency, whereas the ration T4 (Flavophospholipol, 6ppm), T5 (Flavophospholipol, 9ppm) and T6 (Lincomycin, 4.4 ppm) showed non-significant difference for weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency. But ration T4, T5 and T6 showed significant difference with T2 and T3 for weight gain.
With respect to objective of the study, the economic picture of rations T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 for cost per Kg. of live weight gain (excluding cost of day old chick) were Rs. 17.86, 17.45, 17.39, 17.22, 17.38 and 17.37. Ration T6 was economical by Rs. 0.64, 0.23, 0.17, 0.16 and 0.15 with T1, T2, T3, T4 and T6 respectively. So the Flavomycin 80 at the rate 6ppm (Flavophospholipol) can be used in broiler starter and broiler finisher rations.
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112.
Effect Of Different Physical Form Of Feed And Feeding Systems On The Incidence Of Ascities In Broilers
by Mr.Anjum Khalique | Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Mr.Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Ascites is a serious problem in broiler industry throughout the world. It has been linked to hypoxia, low temperature, quality of chick, quality of feed, feed intake and physical form of the feed. Triggers of ascites are those which increases blood flow in the lungs enough to cause pulmonary hypertension. This leads to right ventricular valve failure, following right valvular insufficiency of oxygen requirement, heat production and metabolic rate are closely linked to blood flow by increasing blood viscosity therefore lack of oxygen also causes ascites.
The diet is an important trigger of the ascites. High protein and energy level, higher feed intake and dense rations (pellets) increase metabolic rate and trigger the ascites syndrome, whereas the effect of reduced feed intake lowers the incidence of ascites in the mash feeding while increased feed intake as well as chemical changes during pelleting may be the cause of ascites.
Present experiment was conducted to ascertain the causes of ascites while using pelleted and mash feed to minimize the loss of poultry sector caused by this syndrome. One hundred and sixty day old chicks were divided into 4 groups fed on four starter and finisher rations designated as Al, A2, Bi and B2. Ration Al was pellet restricted, A2 was mash restricted, Bi was pelleted ad-lib and B2 was mash ad-lib. Starter rations were fed for 35 days and finisher rations for the remaining 21 days to all four (Al, A2, Bi and B2) groups having four replicates of each 10 chicks. Results indicated that maximum weight gain was recorded in bird fed on ration Bi which was pelleted ad-libitum group. While lowest weight gain was recorded in A2 which was mash restricted group. Second last groups in weight gain was recorded in B2 group which was fed mash ad.. libitum. Best feed consumption was also recorded in Bi group whereas poor feed conversion ratio was recorded in B2 group.
Results indicated that incidence of ascites (5%) was only observed in Bi (pelleted ad-I ibiturn) group, that might be due to some factor in pelleting process (chemical change) resulting from the higher density of pelleted. Other 3 groups didnt show any ascites syndrome.
It was concluded that higher feed intake and dense rations increased metabolic rate and triggered ascites syndrome due to fast growth.
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is therefore recommended after the study that more dense rations (pelleted feed) can be more effectively utilized if it is fed under restricted feeding regimes.
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113.
Effects Of Phytase On The Performance Of Broilers Fed On Sorghum Based Diets
by Manzoor Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: In Pakistan, sorghum (jawar) occupies 4th place with a production of 218.6 thousand tons (Economic survey of Pakistan 2000-200 1) after wheat, maize and rice. Its use is limited in poultry feed because it contains antinutritional factor i.e. tannin, phytic acid (68% of Total phosphorus). The low tannin sorghum varieties can replace maize up to 50%, and sorghum high in tannin can replace maize up to 25% in poultry diet.
While considering different nutrients for broiler feed formulation minerals are also very important. Among minerals phosphorus plays an important role for poultry production. Balancing the phosphorus in compound feed is difficult task because less than one third of the phosphorus in the feedstuffs of plant origin is biologically available to monogastric animals (NRC, 1994). The organic phosphorus exists in the bran of grain, consisting mainly of phytic phosphorus,
Phytase is an enzyme that liberates P from vegetable materials, destroys the antinutritional properties of phytate. Phytase was one of the first enzyme to be described in the literature. As early as 1907 the release of phosphorus from an organic phosphorus containing substrate was described by Suzuki and others (Maga 1982). The enzyme "phytase" is now known to cause the release of phosphate from phytic acid by catalyzing a series of hydrolysis reactions.
Keeping in view the above facts an experiment was conducted to study the effects of phytase on the performance of broiler fed on sorghum- based diets.
Two hundred broiler chicks were purchased from Big Bird Poultry Breeders and divided in to five groups. These groups were further subdivided in four replicates, having ten chicks in each. The chicks were kept in starter batteries for the first four weeks and then shifted to grower batteries till the end of experiment (six week). Five starter and five finisher rations (sorghum based) A, B, C, D, and E were prepared. "A" was control having 0.45 and 0.35% AP in starter and finisher rations respectively. While B, C, D and E supplemented with phytase enzyme (600 FTU/kg of feed) having 0.40, 0.35, 0.30 and 0.25% AP in starter and 0.30, 0.25, 0.20 and 0.15% AP in finisher rations respectively. Light, feed and fresh clean water was provided round the clock.
The parameters studied were weight gain, feed consumed, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, mortality, phosphorus availability and economic. The data thus collected was subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that the weight gain of chicks fed on rations B and C were comparable to ration A (control). The chicks fed on rations D & E significantly (P<O.05) showed poor perfonnance as compared to those fed on rations A, B and C. Significantly (P<O.05) more feed was consumed by chicks fed on ration B as compared to those fed on D and E. However, nonsignificant difference was observed between feed consumption of chicks fed on rations A, B and C. Non-significant differences were observed in feed conversion ratio of chicks fed on different experimental rations (Starter & Finisher). However, the feed conversion ratio of chicks fed on ration "C" was comparable to the chicks fed on ration "A"(Control). The dressing percentage of the chicks showed improvement with supplementation of phytase enzyme but the difference were non-significant between chicks fed on different experimental rations. Phytase supplementation significantly (P<O.05) improved the availability of P in chicks fed on rations B, C, D, & E as compare to those fed on ration A (control). The total cost incurred on one kg live weight for chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D and E were Rs. 31.98, 30.58, 31.86, 33.18 and 33.76, respectively. While net profits per one-kg live weights were Rs. 16.02, 17.41, 16.14, 14.82 and 14.24 respectively. Maximum profit was observed in birds fed on ration "B" supplemented with phytase enzyme. Overall it was found that by using phytase enzyme in broiler ration more profit could be earned.
RECOMMENDATION
1. By the use of phytase in poultry feed phosphorus availability could be increased.
2. Use of phytase enzyme is economical.
3. By the use of phytase enzyme 0.1% available phosphorus can be decreased in the broiler ration.
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114.
Effect Of Yuca Saponin On Urease Activity And Development Of Ascites In Broiler Chickens
by Muhammad Sajid Nazir | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | mr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the effect of commercially available "Norponin 200 Liquid" on urcase activity and development of ascites in broilers. The active ingredient in the product is saponins. Norponin 200 Liquid was mixed in water and offered to broiler chickens. Two commercial broiler rations were prepared. One was broiler starter ration containing 28 10 K cal/kg metabolizable energy and 20 % crude protein. Second was broiler finisher ration with 2900 K cal/kg metabolizable energy and 18.50 % crude protein. Chicks were divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D, respectively. Bach group offered different concentrations of Norponin 200 Liquid. Group A acted as control group. There was no mixing of Norponin 200 Liquid in it. Group B was offered 2.5 ml Norponin 200 Liquid/100 liter of drinking water. Group C was offered 5.0 ml of Norponin 200 Liquid/100 liter of drinking water. Group D was offered 7.5 ml of Norponin 200 Liquid) 100 ml of drinking water. Feed and water was offered ad libitum to the chicks. A total of 240 day-old-broiler hubbred chicks were purchased from a local commercial hatchery and were randomly divided into 4 groups having 60 birds in each group. Each group was further subdivided into 6 replicates comprising 10 birds each. Initial body weight was recorded on day first just after the arrival of chicks in brooding room. The body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of each week. Urease activity, mortality percentage and economic study of medicine used were determined at the end of experiment. The experiment was completed in 6 weeks. The results of feed consumption indicated that birds fed on same starter and Finisher rations but with different concentrations of Norponin 200 Liquid to different groups i.e. A, B, C and D in drinking water from 0-6 Weeks of age were 3847, 3813, 3831 and 3827 grams, respectively. Rcs.ults showed that birds of group A consumed more feed as compared to other groups.
The weight gain of birds in different groups i.e. A, B, C and D from 0-6 weeks were 1741, 1809, 1857 and 1895 grams, respectively. Results showed that birds in group D gained maximum weight i.e. 1895 grams per bird. The feed conversion ratio from 0-6 weeks of age were 2.20, 2.10, 2.05 and 2.01, respectively. Results showed that better feed conversion ratio was observed in group D, which as offered maximum concentration of Norponin 200 Liquid in drinking water i.e. 7.50 ml/l00 liter of drinking water. Mortality due to ascites was observed only in groups A and B, respectively. In group A, it was 8 % and in group B it was 5 %, respectively.
Urease activity was also observed in all four groups and it was recorded that maximum urease activity was observed in group A (acted as control) and minimum urcase activity was observed in group D (offered maximum concentration of Yucca sapoin)
CONCLUSION:- It was concluded that Norponin 200 Liquid offered at 7.50 ml/100
liter of drinking water gives comparatively bctter results than 2.5 ml! 100 liter, 5.0 ml! 100 liter of drinking water and control groups.
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115.
Effect Of Replacement Of Fed Aditive Antibiotic With Different Levels Of Lactic Acid On Broiler Performance
by Nadira Khalid | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Shakil | Mr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The research study was conducted to find out the effect of replacement of feed additive antibiotic Le. flavomycin with different levels of lactic acid, on broiler performance.
The parameters were growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency mortality and economics. For this Two hundred day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into five groups of forty chicks each.
Two experimental rations (starter and finisher) were prepared and fed to the experimental chicks upto 42 days of age. Lactic acid 1%, 2% and 3% was supplemented in the rations for group B, C and D respectively. Flavomycin was supplemented in feed for group E and group A was a control group. The data thus collected was analyzed statistically.
The results revealed that the ration with 1% lactic acid supplementation resulted in more feed consumption, good FCR and did not prove economical. 2% lactic acid supplementation did not prove beneficial in any aspect, whereas the addition of 3% concentration of lactic acid in feed resulted in more feed consumption, good weight gain but again it was not economical. The feed supplemented with flavomycin also consumed more feed, provided good weight gain and proved to be the only economical supplementation. In terms of feed intake, the control groups served to be the best with minimum feed intake by the birds.
Based on this research, we can conclude that adding organic acids to broiler chicken feed, improves production results, although the positive effect of organic acids is less than that achieved by growth promoting antibiotics. 1-lowever, the use of lactic acid is not economical as compared to feed additive antibiotic, being a natural product of bacterial/fungal fermentation. So the use of lactic acid in broiler ration could be of economical importance, if lactic acid is produced at a low cost.
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116.
Influence Of Varying Levels Of Protein & Energy On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Shafiq-ur-Rehman | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Ehtisham | Dr. Jawad Ahmad Qureshi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: A study was undertaken to investigate the influence of varying levels of protein and energy on the performance of broiler chicks. The performance of chicks were studied under the heading of weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, organs weight, abdominal fat and economics.
Nine experimental rations containing metabolizable energy 2600, 2900 and 3200 Kcal ME/kg with 18, 20 and 22% crude protein were tried on two hundred and seventy day old broiler chicks of both sexes for the period of 50 days.
The results showed that the ration containing 20% C.P. and 2600 KCa1 ME/kg were best in promoting weight gain, feed utilization and were economical as compared to other experimental rations.
Different energy-protein levels did not influenced the dressing percentage and organs weight, but the diet containing high energy resulted siginificantly more deposition of the abdominal fat.
It was concluded that low energy and high protein combination in poultry feed formulation improved the growth rate, feed efficiency, feed conversion ratio and could be economical as compared to the high energy and high protein ration.
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117.
Effect Of Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment Of Defatted Rice Polishing And Its Use In Broiler Diets
by Muhammad Yahya khan | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Mr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Pakistan is occupying the eminent status in the countries; inhabiting the huge bulk of population with considerable growth rate. This situation is causing an extreme strain on food resources. With ever increasing cost offeed ingredients and use of cereal grains in poultry feeds which are also used for human consumption makes it imperative to look for alternative sources for feeding poultry to save grains for human consumption.
Agro industrial by-products or wastes which are cheaper, not utilized for human consumption and are readily available merit consideration for poultry feeding. Defatted rice polishing is one. of the ingredients may serve the desired purpose.
Defatted rice polishing/bran is an important by-product of rice milling industry. It is derived from the outer layer of rice caryopsis during milling and has comparable nutritional profIle as compared to other cereal grains. Its potential as feed ingredient cannot be absolutely exploited due to the presence of certain antinutritional factors. Such as trypsin inhibitor, crude fiber and hemeaglutinin etc. However, various treatments implementation could be resulted in the elimination of antinutritional factors and yielding it into a useful feed ingredient for poultry.
Present study was conducted to observe the impact of defatted rice polishing on the performance of broiler chicks after subjecting it to H202 treatment.
Six starter and six finisher rations were prepared arid designated as A, B, C, D, E and F. All rations were is caloric and is nitrogenous. Starter and finisher ration A contained 15% H202 treated defatted rice polishing. Rations B and C contained 20 and 25% H202 treated defatted rice polishing while rations D, E and F contained 15, 20 and 25% defatted rice polishing respectively. Two hundred and forty day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into twenty four experimental units of 10 chicks each under six groups A, B, C, D, E and F. Starter rations were fed up to 28th day of age while the finisher rations from 29th to 42nd day of age.
Results of the present study indicates that there was no significant difference in weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency and dressing percentage birds feed fed different experimental rations.
It was concluded from the present study that defatted rice polishing can safely be used up to 25% level without subjecting it to treatment. Inclusion of defatted rice polishing up to 25% level had no adverse effect on the performance of broiler chicks.
However, by using defatted rice polishing up to 25% level ration becomes expensive due to addition of oil.
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118.
Comparative Efficacy Of Salinomycin Sodium And Neem Fruit (Adadirachta Indica) As Feed Additive Anticoccidials
by Murtaza Ali tipu | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Mr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The study was designed to compare the anticoccidial efficacy of ionophorus anticoccidial, salinomycin and a herb, neem fruit (Azadirachta indica). A total of 240 day old broiler chicks were purchased and raised for 42 days in good husbandry and hygienic conditions. The birds were randomly divided into six groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F comprising of 40 birds each. Group A was given feed additive anticoccidial Kokcisan (salinomycin 12 %). In group B, C and D, ground neem fruit (Azadirachta indica) was used in the feed. But the dose of neem was different. Group B had 1 kg/ton neem fruit; group C had 2 kg/ton while group D had 3 kg/ton of feedneem fruit. Group E was infected unmedicated control while group F was uninfected unmedicated control. All the groups except that of group F were given challenge dose of infection on day 22m1. The oocyst count was done on 5th, 6th and 7th day infection. The feed consumption and weight gain were recorded weekly. Record of mortality was maintained and postmortem of dead birds were also performed. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using one way Analysis of Variance and least significant Difference (LSD) test, to detect the differences between treatments and means.
It was concluded that Azadirachta indica (neem fruit) 3 kg/ton of feed had excellent activity in terms of oocyst count and reduction in mortality as compared to other groups and especially to Kokcisan (salinomycin sodium 12 %). While Kokcisan (salinomycin Na 12 %) was better in terms of weight gain and feed efficiency over Azadirachta indica 3 kg/ton of feed but this difference was statistically non significant others dosages of neem were also effective.
The results of this study will help to the feed millers in choosing best and economical feed additive anticoccidial.
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119.
Effect Of Enzyme (Kemzyme Hf) Supplementation Of Sunflower Meal On The Performance Of Japanese Quails
by Hammad-ur-Rehman | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The quail has gamed an important place in the poultry farming due to its better growth rate, less space requirement that is 8 or 10 quails occupy the same space on which a broiler can be reared. They mature at an early age and the female birds are usually in full production by about 50 days of age, moreover quail meat has more protein than chicken meat. Its meat is very tasty and tender. It is fortified with nutrients required for human health and has a very low percentage of cholesterol More over quail meat has comparatively more protein percentage as compared to chicken meat and is a good source of certain B. vitamins.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) oil meal is a by-product obtained after the extraction of oil from the decorticated sunflower seed. Being good source of vegetable protein (34% CP) the sunflower meal can be developed as a good vegetable protein supplement for different poultry rations.
Sunflower meal is cheaper than soybean meal. It possesses high fiber content and chiorogenic acid an anti-nutritional factor, which can be reduce with the inclusion of enzymes.
Kemzyme is stabilized multi-enzyme product from Kemin Europa NV, Belgium. It contains alpha - amylase beta - glucanase, lipase, protease, cellulase and hemicellulase complex including pentosanase, xylanase, pectinase and cellubiase. The enzyme mixture is claimed to break down the non-starch polysacchardies (NSP), reduces the viscosity of gut content and improves the utilization of feed nutrients,mainly cellulase and hemicellulase complex of Kemzyme by degrading high amounts of crude fiber in the sunflower meal.
The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation on the nutritive value of diets containing different levels of sunflower meal on the performance of Japanese quails.
Two hundred and seventy (270) day old quail chicks of mixed sexes were purchased from local hatchery and randomly divided into six groups of 45 quails each. Then each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 15 quails each and were kept in battery cages. Six isocaloric and isonitrogenous rations were prepared using three levels of sunflower meal viz., 5, 10, 15% without enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation designated as A, B & C and with enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation (500 g/ton) designated as D, E & F.
The data on the weekly feed consumption and body weight recorded during the experiment. The total weight gain and feed consumption were used to calculate feed conversion ration and economics. At the end of the experiment three birds from each replicate were slaughtered to determine the dressing percentage. Proximate analysis of experimental rations were done according to AOAC (1984).
The data collected was analyzed by applying analysis of variance technique using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test to detect the difference among the treatments and means, were compared by using least significant difference test.
The results showed that the maximum weight gain (190 gm) feed consumption (515 gm), feed conversion efficiency (2.71) and dressing percentage (69%) were observed in the quails fed on ration E, containing 10% sunflower meal with enzyme supplementation. While the minimum weight gain (125 gm), lowest feed consumption (427 gm) poor feed conversion efficiency (3.41) and lowest dressing percentage (60%) were observed by the chicks fed on ration C containing 15% sunflower meal without enzyme supplementation.
Economics of different experimental rations fed to birds with and without enzyme supplementation revealed that enzyme supplementation sunflower meal based diets increased the profit margin by the reduction in feed cost per unit gain.
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of the results of present study the following conclusions may be drawn:
1. The optimum inclusion level of sunflower meal, without dietary modification in quail rations may be below 10 percent.
2. Enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation can improve the weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and dressing percentage and was the economical.
3. Enzyme (Kernzyme HF) supplementation of quail diets can only be feasible when sunflower meal used at 10 percent level.
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120.
Nutritive Value Of Sunflower Meal For Poultry Feeding As Effected By Heat Treatment
by Zia Karim, M | Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr. Ehtisham | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1988Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the effect of heat treatment and lysIne supplementation on the nutritive value of sunflower meal (SFM) , through biological trial, on the broiler chicks. It also included the estimation of lysIne contents of sunflower meal processed at different temperatures.
Two research experiments were conducted on day-old broiler chicks to evaluate the nutritive value of sunflower meal processed at different temperatures and subsequently supplemented with lysine. In the first experiment SFM was subjected to various heat treatments at 90°, 10.0°,110°, and 120° for 30 minutes. The results indicated an improvement in growth rate of the chicks fed ration H containing SFM processed at 90°C, while the chicks fed ration III to V containing SFM processed at 1000,1100 and 120°C showed a proportionate depression in weight gain, which might be due to the damage or unavailability of heat labile essential amino acid lysine. There was a non-significant difference in the feed consumption of chicks fed different experimental rations. The chicks fed ration II containing heat treated SFM at 90°C showed the best cumulative feed efficiency as the processing temperature of SFM was increased. The carcase weight of trie chicks fed different experimental rations showed almost the same trend as observed in "weight gain. However, a non-significant difference was observed in the dressing percentage and weight of internal organs of the chicks.
In the second experiment, chicks fed ration I containing SFM processed at 90°C showed the maximum weight gain while chicks fed rations II, IV and VI containing SFM processed at 100°, 1100 and 120°C showed a proportionate depression in the weight gain as well as feed efficiency. It might be attributed to the damage or unavailability of heat labile essential amino acid lysine. The depression in weight gain and feed efficiency of the chicks due to feeding of heat processed SFM was alleviated when fed rations II, V and VII, containing SFM processed at 1000,1100 and 120°C and supplemented accordingly with the synthetic lysine. The carcase weight of the chicks showed almost the same trend as observed in the weight gain. However, dressing percentage and weight of Internal organs of the chicks showed a non-significant difference. The lysine estimation of sunflower meal processed at 90°, 100°, 110° and 120°C revealed that the lysine content was proportionately decreased by 10,10.9,12.15 and 14.55 percent respectively. The results were substantiated through the biological trail of feeding heat processed sunflower meal to the broiler chicks, which showed that the weight gain and fee efficiency of the chicks were significantly improved when the heat processed SFM was supplemented with the corresponding amounts of synthetic lysine.
CONCLUSION
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of heat treatment at 900, 100°, 110° and 1200 and lysine supplementation of heat processed sunflower meal (SFN) on the growth rate, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage and weight of internal organs of the chicks.
The weight gain and feed efficiency were proportionately reduced when processing temperature was increased from 100°C onwards. The lysine supplementation improved the depressions significantly as was reflected in better weight gain and feed efficiency of the chicks. It indicated that heat processing made the lysine unavailable, which was confirmed through the analysis of lysine content of SFM.
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121.
Effect Of Commercial Enzyme (Natugrain) Supplementation On The Nutritive Value And Inclusion Rate Of Guar Meal In Broiler
by Kamran, M | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Mr.Athar | Prof.Dr.Nisar Ahmad Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Protein plays an important role in the formation of a balanced diet. The human population is still confronting with the shortage of protein intake due to high production cost of poultry and other meat sources. Higher price of poultry meat is mainly due to higher costs of feed. The guar meal is the by product, which is obtained after the mechanical separation of endosperm from both hu1ls and germs of guar seed. It has a natural toxic substance trypsin inhibitor and residual guar gum. Despite, these deleterious effects, the guar meal is cheaper and is a good source of essential amino acids.
The experiment was designed to study the effect of commercial enzyme (Natugrain) supplementation on the nutritive value and inclusion rate of guar meal in broiler rations. The experiment was conducted at Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. 240, day old chicks were randomly divided into 2 main groups. Each main group was further divided into 4-sub groups of 30-chicks (3 replicates of 10-chicks) in each sub group. One main group was fed rations with enzyme supplementation and other without enzyme supplementation. The chicks were reared under standard environmental conditions. Eight isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental starter rations were formulated and fed to chicks for a period of 4 weeks. Rations A, B, C and D containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% guar meal, respectively supplemented with same level of enzyme (100 gram/ton). Rations F, F, G and H containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% guar meal, respectively without enzyme. Eight isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental finisher rations A, B, C, D, E, F, G & H were formulated in the same manner as starter rations and fed to chicks from 5-6 weeks. All the birds were weighed at the start of experiment (day old) and at weekly intervals, thereafter. Weekly feed consumption of each replicate was recorded and FCR was calculated.
The average feed consumed by the broiler chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D, F, F, G and H were 3631.2, 3797.16, 3601.0, 3086.56, 3664.33, 3736.2, 3604.93 and 3254.83 grams, respectively. The average weight gain of broiler chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H were 1817.77, 1813.6, 1648.77, 1169.0, 1796.1, 1723.9, 1538.44 and 1265.9 grams, respectively. The average feed conversion ratio values for broiler chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H were 1.97, 2.0, 2.17, 2.64, 1.99, 2.14, 2.33 and 2.56 per bird, respectively.
The values for dressing percentage in groups A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H were 67.50%, 64.13%, 64.07%, 61.73%, 66.20%, 63.33%, 63.70% and 61.33%, respectively. Mortality in groups A, D, E, G and H were 1, 4, 1, 1 and 2 birds, respectively. There was no mortality in groups B, C and F.
Data regarding feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and dressing percentage, when subjected to analysis of variance showed that there was non significant difference (P>0.05) among different experimental groups as far as enzyme supplementation was concerned. However, significant (P<0.05) differences were observed among the experimental groups on the basis of different levels of guar meal.
It was observed as the level of guar meal increased in the ration, cost per kg of feed decreased but as the level of guar meal increased, the cost per kg of live weight increased. Profit per Kg of live weight was higher from those groups fed on rations with enzyme supplementation as compared to those groups fed on rations without enzyme supplementation.
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122.
Effect Of Suplementation Of Different Levels Of Vitamins On The Production Performance Of Broilers
by Mateen Ahmad | Mr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhamad | prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Vitamin means vital amines. They are organic regulators of metabolism that are required in the daily diet of bird for normal growth and maintenance of the body. They are mediators of synthetic and degenerative processes and exercise catalytic functions in the body because many of them function as co-enzymes. The present study was conducted in 200 day-old Hubbard broiler chicks to knew the effect of supplementation of different levels of vitamins in broiler starter and broiler finisher ration. The supplemented ration tested were ration A (NRC), ration B (NRC+l0%) ration C (NRC+20%), and ration D (NRC+30%). The experiment had a completely randomized design.
The chicks were randomly divided into 4 major groups comprising 50 chicks each. Each major group was further sub-divided into 5 replicates containing 10 chicks each. The supplemental rations were prepared according to NRC (Nutrient Requirement of domestic animals, 1994) requirement and with the addition of 10%, 20% and 30% vitamin. The four treatments were allotted to different groups of birds at random. The chicks were housed in a room compartment provided with battery cages-Experimental room temperature was 95F(35C) in the first week and then it was reduced SF each week. The birds were offered experimental rations and fresh clean water at ad libitum. The overall results showed that weight gain, FCR, weight gain per unit protein intake, liver and gizzard showed significant difference among the treatments. However feed consumption, protein intake and heart weight showed non-significant difference. The incidence of deficiency diseases was observed to be 8, 2, 0 and 0 percent fed on ration A, B, C and D respectively. However there was no mortality in any group. Net profit gain was higher for ration "D".
These results might be on account that supplementation improved the digestibility of dietary organic matter, protein fed and nitrogen free extract, thereby resulting in better utilization of these nutrients that ended to better performance. So in conclusion dietary vitamin inadequacy suppressed broiler performance and impaired the cellular mediated immunity. The recommendations for vitamin requirements and vitamins supplementation practices vary considerably throughout the world. So the updates of vitamin requirements extensively used in NRC journals are not always based on recent experiments. There is therefore a danger, that requirements stated for some vitamins might not reflect the need of modern poultry.
CONCLUSION
1. Experimental diet consistently showed better performance so vitamins in control diet are not optimal.
2. Normal needs of the birds and the recommended levels of the vitamins vary considerably.
3. The Official recommendations of the NRC cover only the lowerst possible needs so we will have to add substantional safety margins in the ration.
4. Improved performance in this experiment enable us to consider that further research is required to discover more efficient modalities of vitamin supplementation.
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123.
Effect Of Formaldehyde Treated Sunflower Meal As A Soruce Of Rumen Undegradable Protein On The Milk
by Tariq Hameed | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Mr. Jalees | Prof. Nisar Ahmed Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The rumen has unique ability to degrade dietary protein on the one hand and synthesize microbial protein on the other. However rumen microorganism cannot synthesize enough protein to support high levels of growth and milk production by lactating animals. When protein requirements for milk production and maintenances exceeds the amount of protein synthesized by rumen microbes, there is need to protect some of dietary protein from ruminal degradation and be digested by enzymes in small intestine. Some protein sources are naturally protected from rumen degradation and other requires artificial protection. Among different methods to protect the protein, treatment with formaldehyde is an efficient and inexpensive method to protect the proteins from rumen degradation.
Vegetable protein source such as oil seed cakes and meals are major component of livestock feed. Sunflower meal is a good and relatively cheaper source of vegetable protein and is commonly available. Present study was planned to study the effect of HCHO treated sunflower meal on milk production performance of lactating buffaloes.
Twelve lactating buffaloes were divided into 2 groups A and B based on the milk production (9.1) lactation no (II) and days after calving (38). Individual feeding practice was adopted to fulfill the requirement of each animal. Group A was fed control ration with untreated sunflower meal and Group B was fed experimental ration containing the HCHO treated sunflower meal. About 45 kg of chopped green fodder (according to availability) was offered daily to each animal in both groups. Concentrate mixture was given to satisfy production requirement4 Animals were kept under proper managemental conditions. Hand milking of the animals was done twice a day. An insitu trial was conducted to see the effectiveness of HCHO treatment against the rurninal degradation of sunflower meal used in the experimental rations. Present study was conducted to ascertain milk production of Nih Ravi buffaloes by undegradable intake protein of sunflower meal.
Insitu study showed that formaldehyde treatment significantly reduced the degradation of pro tein in the rurnen. Average values for undegradable protein from O.5% HCHO treated sunflower meal was 75.52 percent as compared to 14.22 percent value of control after 24 hours of incubation. Average daily milk production for group A and B was 8.66 ± 0.70 and 8.94 ± 0.55 kg respectively. The difference was statistically non-significant. Similarly a non-significant response of formaldehyde treated sunflower meal to milk fat percentage and fat corrected milk was observed. The average values for fat contents and FCM were 5.52% ± 0.12 for group A and 5.72% + 0.23 for group B and 10.6+0.76 kg for group A and 11.2+0.50 kg for B group respectively. It was concluded, that formaldehyde treatment of SFM effectively reduced the protein degratdation in the rumen but treated sunflower meal could not improve the milk yield and fat content significantly when fed to lactating buffaloes
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124.
Effect Of Varying Levels Of Threonine In The Vegetable Protein Based Diets On The Performance Of Brilers
by Mujahid Farooq | Dr.Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Mr.Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Two major components of rations are energy and protein. Protein is the second major part of a ration. It is mainly supplied by vegetable and animal protein sources. Animal protein sources are of superior quality due to its more balance profile of essential amino acids. High cost and mal-practice of adultering the animal protein sources compelled the nutritionists to use vegetable protein sources. Vegetable protein sources are cheaper and available in more quantity but deficient in certain critical amino acids. Threonine is an important amino acid in nutrition of both mammals and birds. Practically, in diets threonine is usually either second, third or fourth limiting amino acid depending on the types of diets (Radke and Lewis, 1992). Vegetable protein sources can efficiently be incorporated in poultry ration by supplementing with synthetic sources of amino acids to bring them at par or near to that of animal protein sources.
Two hundred day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into five groups. Each group was further sub-divided into four replicates containing 10 chicks each and were reared in battery cages. Starter rations A, B, C, D and E containing 20% crude protein, 2900 k.cal ME/kg and threonine 1eve1s 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85 and 0.90 per cent, respectively were fed upto 28th day of age. Similarly finisher rations A, B, C, D and E containing crude protein 18.5%, 3000 k.cal ME/kg and 0.66, 0.70, 0.74, 0.78 and 0.82 per cent threonine levels were fed from 29th to 35th day of age, respectively. The chicks were weighed individually at day old and also at weekly intervals upto the end of the experiment. Weekly feed consumption was recorded for each experimental units separately. At the end of the experiment, three birds from each experimental units were picked up randomly and slaughtered to record he slaughtered data.
The weight gain of the birds fed on various experimental rations A, B, C, D and E from 0-5 weeks of age were 810.50, 1935.00, 1861.25, 1802.49 and 1748.00 gms, respectively. Significantly more weight gain was observed in birds fed on ration B, C, D and E containing various levels of threonine as compared to chicks fed on ration A. However, the result revealed non-significant difference between B&C and D&E.
The results of feed consumption indicated that birds on different experimental rations A, B, C, D and E were 1423.12, 2970.22, 2924.72, 3011.22 and 3015.07 gms, respectively. Significantly more feed was consumed by the chicks fed on rations B, C, D and E as compared to chicks fed on ration A.
Feed efficiency of the birds on different experimental rations A, B, C, D and E were 1.76, 1.54, 1.57, 1.67 and 1.72, respectively. Significantly better feed utilization was noticed in birds fed on ration B, while the birds fed on ration A was less efficient in feed utilization. However, non-significant difference in feed efficiency was observed between the chicks fed on ration A&E, B&C, E&D.
The abdominal fat percentage of the birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D and E were 2.25, 2.15, 2.10, 2.05 and 2.08 per cent, respectively. The birds fed on ration D deposited less, while birds on ration A was high in abdominal fat. However, nonsignificant difference were observed among the chicks fed on ration A&B, B, C, D & E.
Statistical analysis of the data revealed non-significant effect of treatment on dressing percentage and weight of giblets i.e. gizzard, heart, spleen and liver.
The data regarding economical aspect of ration revealed that the average feed cost per kg of live weight of chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D and E were 15.47, 14.00, 14.42, 15.44 and 16.00 rupees, respectively. Apparently ration B was most economical in comparison with other rations.
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125.
Studies On The Effect Of Ammoniation On The Nutritive Value Of Different Roughages In The Fattening Of Lambs
by Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr . Manzoor | Dr.Saghir Ahmad Jafri.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: Sufficient quantity of agricultural by-products in the form of dry roughages are available in the Country for livestock feeding. The nutritive improvement of these roughages could be accomplished by proper chemical treatments. Ammoniation is one of the methods employed to improve the nutritive value of dry roughages for feeding of livestock.
A fattening trial was conducted on four groups of 64 male of Lohi lambs breed to study the effect of ammoniatin on the nutritive value of wheat straw and sugarcane pith. The roughages were treated with ammonia at 3.5 % level for 15 days and used at 22.5 % level of the four experimental rations having untreated and ammonia treated wheat straw and sugarcane pith. The experiment lasted for 84 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency and digestibility of the animals were recorded.
There was a significant (PLO.05) improvement in the weight gain and feed efficiency of the lambs fed ammonia treated roughages as compared with the non-treated roughages. However, there was no significant difference in the feed consumption of the animals fed different experimental rations. The digestibility trial revealed that the differences with regard to the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein,crude fibre, ether extract and nitrogen free extract between treated and untreated sugarcane pith and wheat straw were F; non-significant. But when both the roughages whether ammonia treated or untreated were compared with each other, wheat straw had significantly higher values of nutrients digestibility as compared with sugarcane pith.
The study indicated that ammoniation of wheat straw and sugarcane pith improve their nutritive value at a significant level (PLO.05) for the fattening of lambs.
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126.
The Chick Growth Inhibition Of Soybean Meal (Sbm) As Affected By Autoclaving Under Varying Conditions
by Hafiz Anwar Ahmad | Dr Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr Nisar Ahmad | Dr Tufail Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1987Dissertation note: Soybean meal (SBM) is the by-product left after extraction of oil from the seeds either by solvent extracton or mechanical expeller. After animal protein sources, SBM is the best vegetable protein supplement for feeding of poultry. It is now commercially available in the country, but its use in different poultry feeds is limited due to its growth inhibitory factor(s).
The present study was planned to find, out suitable methods of heat treatments to reduce/remove the growth inhibitory factor(s) present in indigenous SBM. Effect of different levels of supplementation of methionine, the limiting amino acid was also studied. Two experiments were conducted using day old 'Hubbard" broiler chicks as experimental birds. In the first experiment effect of different levels of moisture and autociaving time on the nutritional value of SBM was studied. Growth rate, feed consumption and efficiency of feed utilization of the chicks were recorded. Effect of the heat-treatments of SBM on the dressing percentage and internal organs of the chicks was also studied.
Heat treatments of SBM involving different levels of moisture andautocalving time significantly (P< 0.01) improved its nutritional value as was reflected by better growth rate of the chicks. The improved quality of the treated SBM was sub stantiated by the reduced urease activity of the meal. Both moisture and autoclaving had linear effect in improving the nutritional value of SBM. Higher moisture levels with lower heating time was equally effective as lower moisture level with higher heating time in improving the nutritional value of SBM. The chicks fed rations containing SBM with 10 percent moisture and autoclaved for 45 minutes or 20 percent moisture and autoclaved for 30 minutes showed the best growth rate of the chicks; fed ration containing raw SBM might be due to the presence of growth inhibitory factor(s) which was partially/completely removed by heat treatment of the meal.
The second experiment was designed to study the effect of supplementation of different levels of methionine, on the nutritive value of heat treated soybean cake (SBC). For the purpose, methionine was supplemented at 0.05, 0. 15, 0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 percent of the rations containing heat treated SBC as the sole source of protein.
Methionine supplementation of heat treated SBC significantly (P <0.01) improved the growth rate and feed efficiency of the chicks as compared to the control ration, without methionine supplementation. Best weight gain and feed efficiency was found in the chicks fed ration containing 0. 35 percent methionine supplementation. This indicated that methionine was the most limiting amino acid in SBC and 0. 35 percent supplementation of methionine was enough to compensate the deficiency of the amino acid.
CONCLUSION
i) Results of the experiments indicated a significant chick growth depression along with poor utilization of feed by chicks fed ration containing raw SBM.
ii) Heat treatment involving additional moisture and autoclaving significantly improved the nutritive value of SBM, as indicated by better growth rate and feed utilization of the chicks. Lower moisture level (10% along with higher autoclaving time (45 minutes) was equally effective as the higher moisture (20%) along with lower autoclaving time (30 minutes) in improving the nutritive value of raw SBM. The improvement in the nutritive value of heat treated SBM was substantiated by the reduced urease activity of the meal.
iii) Methionine supplementation of heat treated SBC further significantly improved its nutritive value. The best level of methionine supplementation was 0. 35% of the ration containing heat treated SBC as the sole source of protein.
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127.
Comparative Efficacy Of Salinomycin, Meduramycin, Urisool And Coxigon As Feed Additive Coccidiostat In Broiler
by Rashid Ghafoor | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Anjum Khalique | Dr.Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The present study was designed to compare the efficacy of different anticoccidials available in market. Coccidiosis is a disease of universal importance in poultry production. A total of one hundred and eighty, day old broiler chicks were purchased and raised for 42 days in a healthy and good hygienic environment. The birds were then divided into 6 groups viz A, B, C, D, E and F having 30 birds each. Group C and D was given feed additive anticoccidial Kokcisan (salinomycin 12%) and Decocci (meduramycin 1%), while in group E and F was given a herbal drugs i.e. Urisool and Coxigon respectively. All the groups except group E were given challenge of infection on day 22. The oocyst count was done on 5th, 6th and 7th day after infection.
During the experimental period feed intake, weight gain, FCR, mortality rate, oocyst count, clinical findings and postmortem findings were recorded on weekly basis. Results showed that average feed intake was higher in group E i.e. infected and treated with Urisool (herbal coccidiostate). The result showed there is no statistical difference between herbal coccidiostates and other chemotherapeutic drugs. Average weight gain was higher in group E i.e. infected medicated with Urisol a herbal product gave better result.
The results of present study showed that salinomycin treated group is better among all groups regarding FCR. The herbal groups showed less percentage of mortality. The results are also in agreement with many scientists who reported that herbal anticoccidials are safe and has no side effects and tissue destruction. No toxicity and poisoning is observed even at higher doses as in ionophores and no resistance is developed towards any species of Eimeria. Oocyst count was also lower in both herbal treated groups. Almost all the birds receiving infection showed the clinical symptoms of coccidiosis, symptoms were more pronounced in birds of group (uninfected and unmedicated), salinomycin and meduramycin treated group. However, in groups treated with Urisol and Coxigon the signs were not much pronounced, which shows effectiveness of herbal preparations. On account of all these results, it is summarized that herbal anticoccidials are equal in efficacy as compare to other anticoccidials.
The results of this study will help to the feed millers in choosing best and economical feed additive anticoccidial.
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128.
Comparative Efficacy Of Diclazuril Syntheric And Coxigon Herbal As Feed Additive Anticoccidials In Broilers
by Inam-ul-Haq | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. Kamran.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The anticoccidial efficacy of a herb Coxigon compared with a chemical synthetic diclazurial against coccidiosis in broilers. Two hundred and forty one-day-old broilers chicks were raised for forty two days these birds were divided in to six groups i.e. A. B. C. D. E. F, comprising of forty birds each these were sis treatments, non infected non medicated (A), infected non medicated (B), infected and medicated with Coxigon as 150 gm / 50 kg of feed (C) infected and medicated with Diclazuril as 10gm / 50 kg of feed (D), non infected but treated with Coxigon as 150 gm /50kg of feed (E), and non infected but treated with Diclazuril as 10 gm /50 kg of feed. Groups B,C, & D, were given a challenge dose of coccidial oocysts at the age of 22 days. Weight gain, feed consumption, oocysts in the faeces, clinical findings and mortality were recorded. The results revealed that the birds of non infected and medicated with coxigon group had better (P< 0.05) weight gain as compare to other groups. Moreover Coxigon at 150 gm / 50 kg of feed had excellent performance in terms of oocyst count and lower mortality as compare to Diclazuril.
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129.
Production Of Aflatoxin On Rice And Its Detoxification By Yeast Sludge (Sacchromyces Cerevisiae) In Dairy
by Muhammad Amjad | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof.Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The study was conducted to produce aflatoxin on rice and see its detoxification effects by yeast sludge in dairy cattle feed. For this purpose twelve animals of sahiwal breed were selected. They were divided into three groups; A (control) B (500ppb aflatoxin) and C (500 ppb aflatoxin and 1% yeast sludge). The animals were fed for fourteen days and the milk samples were collected after alternate days for aflatoxin M1 estimation and milk components. Feed intake was recorded on alternate days. The milk production was recorded daily. The means of aflatoxin M1 residues showed significant results which were 2.870 0.76, 15.515 2.634 and 12.747 1.0214 respectively (P<0.05). The means of feed intake of groups A, B and C also showed significant differences which were 170.14 1.98, 163.37 2.27 and 177.00 1.99 respectively (P<0.05). The means of milk production however showed non-significant results which were 7.583 1.321, 7.104 0.797 and 8.375 0.478 respectively (P>0.05).for groups A, B and C. The means of milk components for groups A, B and C showed non-significant differences which were 4.0964 .0.431, 4.0607 0.4302 and 4.2964 0.3473 respectively for fat; 8.8964 .0492, 8.5821 0.1527 and 8.7429 .0.2119 respectively for solids not fat and 12.943 0.479, 12.646 0.461 and 13.036 0.553 respectively for total solids. The results of the above study show that yeast sludge is capable to detoxify aflatoxin and it also improve the feed intake of animals but doesn't have any effect on the milk production and milk composition of the animals.
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130.
Effect Of Locally Produced Phytase Enzyme On Growth Of Layer Chicks
by Farhan Ahmad | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Azhar | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The objectives of this study were, to produce phytase on large scale and to make sure its effectiveness in utilization of phytate P in diet of growing pullets. The fungal species Aspergilus niger was used as fermentation organism, for the production of extra cellular high active phytase enzyme on defatted rice bran through solid state fermentation (SSF). Cultivation conditions for phytase production including substrate; water ratio, temperature, were optimized. Phytase production was found maximum after 96 hrs of incubation, at 40% moisture level. The developed conditions were then utilized for production of phytase on large scale basis. After production, the activity of enzyme was measured. Then this phytase was supplemented to layer grower negative control diet (NPP 0.3 1%) in different proportions i.e., 0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 tg/kg of diet to increase the bioavailability of phosphorus. Rice polishing was used as a major ingredient, as it contains high phytate contents. During experiment, feed intake, weight gain and FCR of birds were measured on weekly basis. Excreta were collected at the end of experiment to determine the effect of phytase on P availability. Also samples of toes were collected and percentage toe ash was measured.
The total feed consumption from 9-18 wk of pullets fed on diet A, B, C and D was 2919.7, 2861.9, 2913.6 and 2930.9g respectively. Weigh gain was 743.15, 718.37, 749.70 and 768.OOg respectively and FCR was 3.93, 3.99, 3.89 and 3.81 respectively.
The results showed that when low P diet (0.31% NPP) was supplemented with different levels of phytase, there was slight improvement in the performance of birds with the addition of phytase in respect of feed consumption, weight gain and FCR. Group "D", fed with diet containing 0.31% non phytate phosphorus (NPP) plus phytase (2000 igfKg of diet) showed best performance than all other groups. Group "B", fed with diet containing 0.3 1% NPP plus phytase (1000 j.tg/Kg of diet), showed poorest performance. While the performance of group "C", fed with diet containing 0.3% NPP plus phytase (l500.ig/Kg of diet) was almost similar to control group (A) fed with diet containing 0.4% NPP without phytase. The data was subjected to statistical analysis, using completely randomized design (CRD). The statistical analysis revealed non-significant difference (P> 0.05) among all treatments in respect of feed consumption, weight gain and FCR. The results were non-significant; it indicates that even lowest level of phytase (1OO0tg/Kg of diet) with 50% DCP was sufficient to maintain optimum performance of pullets. It also indicates that further investigations are required to decrease the DCP level below 50% with addition of different levels of phytase.
Phosphorus availability percentage of groups A, B, C and D was 42.67, 50.00, 54.68 and 60.67% respectively. While percentage of toe ash was 11.9, 11.2, 12.1 and 12.7% respectively. The results of P availability measured from the P intake through feed and P voided through feces showed that there was significant linear increase (P < 0.05) in percentage of P availability with increase in level of phytase. In group D (2000ig phytase 1Kg of diet) there was highest availability of P while in control group there was lowest availability of P.
In respect of toe ash there was significant difference (P < 0.05) among different experimental pullet groups. Highest toe ash percentage was in D (2000.tg phytase /Kg of diet) group while lowest in group B (l000.tg phytase /Kg of diet). Toe ash percentage of group C (1 500.tg phytase 1Kg of diet) was slightly better than group A (control). Statistically groups A and C were better then group B, but non-significant among each other. Toe ash was higher (P < 0.05) in group D than all other groups except group C.
Conclusion
- We can reduce 50% of inorganic source of phosphorus i.e. DCP with the addition of phytase, in the diet of growing pullets, with out any adverse effect on the performance of pullets.
- Other benefit of phytase supplementation is that we can improve availability of P and ultimately can reduce P in feces of birds and thus can reduce the environmental pollution.
- Further investigations are required to reduce DCP level more than 50% or even up to 0 levels with the addition of phytase.
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131.
Determination Of Metabolizable Energy And Dry Matter Digestibility Of Indigenous Feed Staffs Used In Poultry Rations
by Rana Mudassar Riaz | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Farina M | Mr. Muhammad Kamran.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The project was conducted to determine the AME, TME and dry matter digestibility. Five feedstuffs were used for this purpose. Thirty 16- week-old cockerels were used in such a way that five birds were force fed 30g of each feedstuff. Five birds were kept fasted to serve as negative control for determination of metabolic feacal and urinary endogenous excretions. The prefeeding fasting period was 21 hr and excreta were collected over a period of 24 hr. Proximate analysis for moisture, crude protein, ash, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract was carried out. The gross energy of the ingredients and the excreta was measured by using adiabatic bomb calorimeter and AME and TME were worked out.
The observed AME values for maize, rice tips, wheat, sorghum and millet were 3612.74, 3661.62, 3296.85, 3514.92 and 3278.46 Kcal/kg respectively. Rice tips have the highest value and on the other hand millet has the lowest value.
The observed TME values for maize, rice tips, wheat, sorghum and millet were 4059.6, 4095.36, 3738.58, 3965.71 and 3730.62 Kcal/kg
respectively. Rice tips have the highest value followed by maize, sorghum, wheat and millet has the lowest value.
Endogenous energy ranged from 11.53 14 to 12.7099 Kcal with the average of 12.02 KcaI.
Dry matter digestibility was highest for rice tips (77.4 1%) followed by maize (75.64%), sorghum (72.13%), millet (71.88%) and lowest value for wheat (67.26%) due to relatively high content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin etc. Rice tips have better digestibility so it should be included at higher percentage in poultry feed.
It was also found that crude fiber has indirect relationship with both AME and TME. While ether extract has direct relationship with gross energy.
While for the comparison with the NRC values it was found that for both AME and TME except wheat, other ingredients have lesser values than reported in NRC and statistically it was found that there was non-significant relationship between the observed and standard mean values.
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132.
Effect Of Autoclaving And Extrausion Of Rice Polishing On Apparent And True Metabolizable Energy In Cockerels
by Muhammad Fayyaz Ahmad | Dr. Anjum Kahliq | Dr. Ishfaq | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The project was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and true metabolizabole energy (TME) of untreated, autoclaved and extended rice polishing in cockerels by force-feeding method. Three feedstuffs commonly used in poultry rations were assayed. Forty birds of uniform weight and size were selected out of 60 birds for experimental purpose. Each rice polishing sample was force fed to 10 cockerels for estimation of AME and TME. Ten birds were kept as control for the estimation of endogenous energy losses. The pre feeding fasting period was 24 hours and excreta were collected over a period of 24 hours. Proximate analysis for Moisture, Crude Protein, Ash, Fiber and Nitrogen free extract were carried out. The gross energy of the ingredients and the excreta were measured by using adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter. AME and TME were worked out; the AME values of untreated and autoclavedrice rice polishing were statistically non significant (P>0.05).
There was no affect of autoclaving on metabolizable energy contents in rice polishing. It might be due to the fact that water soluble nutrient lost during autoclaving. The values of extruded rice polishing were statistically high than untreated and autoclaved rice polishing (3255 kcal/kg). This was due to provision of heat during treatment. This high temperature may be cause of denaturing of complex carbohydrates and thus increase of soluble carbohydrates. The treatments also improve the nutritional value of rp in terms of protein, energy vitamin, minerals etc., it was noted that there was direct relationship between the crude fiber content and AME of feed stuffs. As crude fiber content of feed stuffs increased the AME values decreased and vice versa.
True metabolizable energy values were obtained by the addition of metabolic faecal and endogenous urinary energy (Fe + UE) to AME. True metabolizable energy of untreated rice polishing, autoclaved and extruded were 3532, 3516 and 3650 kcal/kg, respectively.
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133.
Comparative Efficacy Of Conventional (Muduramycin) & Non. Conventional Herbal Feed Additive Anticoccidials In Broilers Feed
by Naeem Tahir | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The study was designed to compare the efficacy of different feed additive anticoccidials. A total of 150 day-old-broiler chicks were purchased and raised for 42 days under good husbandry and hygienic conditions. The birds were randomly divided into five groups i.e. A, B, C, D and E comparising of 30 birds each. Group A was non-infected non-medicated control while group B was infected non medicated control. Group C was given commercial feed having anticoccidial Maduramycin, while the groups D and E were given commercial feed having herbal anticoccidial Coxigon. All the groups except A and E were given challenge of cocci infection on day 22. The oocyst count was done on 5th, 6th and 7th day after infection. The feed consumption and weight gain were recorded weekly. Record of mortality kept and postmortem of dead birds was also performed. The results revealed that (Coxigon) as anticiccidial in feed was better than the other treatment in terms of weight gain, feed efficiency (FCR), oocyst count and reduction in mortality.
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134.
To Study The Adsorption Potential Of Yeast Sludge Against Aflatoxins In Broiler Chicks
by Irfan Hashmi | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Aflatoxins, the flungal toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are potent toxin as natural contaminants ol' lce(l stulis. Aflatoxin effects all species of animal and poultry resulting. depressed growth. production and immunity against diseases. The research study was conducted 0 study the adsorption potential of Yeast sludge against atlatoxins in broiler chicks. For this two hundred and forty day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into twenty four units each containing 1 0 chicks and these twenty lour units erc divided into six treatments.
Six experimental rations (starter and finisher) A (100 ppb allatoxins). AI (100 ppb aflatoxins + 1% yeast sludge). B (200 ppb aflatoxins). B 1 (201) pph aflatoxins + 1% yeast sludge). C (300 ppb afiatoxins). Cl (300 pph aflatoxins 1% yeast sludge) were prepared and 1d to the experimental chicks Iron) six to forty-two days of age. The aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus parsilicus Ii 0111 own laboratory. The data thus collected in terms of weight gain. feed consumption. FCR, serum total protein, serum albumin, alanine transaminase (ALT). aflatoxin concentration in liver and mortality were analyzed statistically. The results of this study showed that weight gain, feed consumption and FCR were not significantly different as compared to groups which were supplemented with yeast sludge, but total serum protein, serum albumin, antibody titer of' ND and aflatoxin concentration in liver were high in groups supplemented with yeast sludge as compared to groups which were fed diets containing only aflatoxins and were not supplemented with yeast sludge.
The results revealed that the ration with 1% yeast sludge supplementation and having 100 ppb aflatoxins showed less mortality, ALT activity and aflatoxins concentration in liver and high serum total protein, serum albumin and antibody titer of ND as compared to groups which were not supplemented with yeast sludge. In case of 200 ppb aflatoxins and 1% yeast sludge results showed less mortality. ALT activity and aflatoxins concentration in liver and high serum total protein. Serum albumin and antibody titer of ND as compared to groups which were not supplemented with yeast sludge.
In case of 300 ppb aflatoxins and 1% yeast sludge results showed less mortality, ALT activity and aflatoxins concentration in liver and high serum total protein, serum albumin and antibody titer of ND as compared to groups which were not supplemented with yeast sludge.
The present research indicates that use of yeast sludge against aflatoxins showed best results, however 1% yeast sludge contains a very limited amount (0.26)% of Mannan oligosaccharide as aflatoxin adsorbent. So, there is a need to use higher levels of yeast sludge or improve its adsorbing ability such as centrifugation and ultrasonication. This research is the first step in this field and it is recommended to launch a full fluged project to reveal the other beneficial characteristics of yeast sludge such as immune boaster, probiotic activity, provision of highly digestible inorganic material, blocking colonization of pathogens, provision of nutrients that cannot be used by pathogens and stabilizes pH in the rumen etc.
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135.
Biocoversion Of Rice Bran With Arachnoitusspp And Candidu Utilis To Protein Biomass And Its Evaluation
by Hussain Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof.Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Rice bran was subjected to proximate analysis to know its nutritive potential. Arachniotus spp and Candida utilis were used as fermentating agents to carry out solid state fermentation of 5 g rice bran after determining the optimum conditions such as incubation period (3 days), water: substrate (1:2 w/v), ionic concentrations. (MgSO4.7H20, 0.05 %; CaCl2, 0.075 % KlIPO4, 0.250 %) carbon to nitrogen ratio(12:1), molasses (1 nil), yeast sludge (0.6 ml) and corn steep liquor (2.0 ml) for i1racli,,iuiu spp while for Candida utilis molasses (2 ml ) and urea (0.25 g) for maximum production of biomass protein. The biomass (fungal and yeast) protein produced under these conditions on large scale in Koji fermenter. It contains crude protein. 30. 13 %: true protein, 23.74 %; ash, 14.71 % and RNA content 3.383 %.1t was observed that on large scale biornass production, there was more need of optimization of conditions like agitation, pH and supply of oxygen.
The fermented biomass protein vas also analyzed for amino acid profile. To evaluate biologically the quality of protein of the biomass a feeding trial was conducted using day old broiler chicks. These chicks were fed rations in which 5 % (B). 10 0/) (C). 15 % (D), and 20 % (E) Soya bean were replaced with biomass protein from a basal diet (A) for 42 days.
The quality of biomass protein was evaluated in terms of feed conversion ratio. weight gain, feed consumption and protein efficiency ratio. It was observed that the difference between the values of feed conversion ratio, and Protein efficiency ratio total weight gain and total feed consumption were statistically significant. It was that group A had better FCR of 2.24, group C had more teed consumption 4131 g / chick, group C had more weight gain which was 1764.5 g / chick while group A had better PER which was 2.30.
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136.
Comparative Efficacy Of Different Feed Additive, Anticoccidials (Chemical, Ionophore And (Herbal) In Broiler
by Asad Abbas Malik | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Kamran.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The study was designed to compare the efficacy of different ionophore, chemical and herbal anticoccidials in broiler ration. A total of 320 day-old broiler chicks were purchased and raised for 42 days in good hygienic and husbandry conditions. The birds were randomly divided into eight groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H having 40 birds in each group. These groups were further subdivided into four replicate of each group comprising of 10 birds per replicate.
Group A was uninfected unmedicated control, while the group B was infected unmedicated control. Group C was given feed additive anticoccidial Kokcisan (salinomycin Na 12%). Group D was given Diclacox (Diclazuril 0.5%) as feed additive. Group E was given Decocci (Meduramycin 1%) in feed. There was Clopidol (10%) mixed in the feed of group F. Group G was given a herbal anticoccidial Coxigon. Group H was given anticoccidial feed additive Avatec (Lasalosid Na 15%) in the ration.
All the groups except group A were given challenge dose of infection on 22nd day of age. The faecal samples were collectd on 5th, 6th arid 7th day post-infection and oocyst count was done. Feed consumption and weight gain were recorded on weekly basis. Clinical signs were noticed, record of mortality was maintained and postmortem of dead birds were also performed. The data collected was statistically analyzed by ANOVA and LSD test, to detect the difference between treatments and mean.
It was concluded that Coxigon 3 kg/ton of feed had excellent activity in term of oocyst count, reduction of lesions, and FCR as compared to all other groups, Kokcisan (salinomycin Na 12%) showed better results than any other ionophore or chemical anticoccidials used and stood second behind coxigon. These results will help the feed manufacturers regarding use of best feed additive anticoccidial in broiler rations.
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137.
Studies On The Incidence Of Iodine Deficiency In Lahore
by Farrukh zahoor | Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr. Nisar | Dr. Saghir Ahmad Jafri.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1983Dissertation note: The iodine which is so necessary for normal thyroid function is obtained from the food we eat, and to a much less extent: , from the water we drink4 Iodine deficiency is the commonest cause of goitre. Deficient dietary intake is the most important single cause of iodine deficiency, and its role is especially important in districts with a high prevalence of simple goitre. The best known areas of high prevalence of iodine deficiency in the world are mountanious, e.g. the Alps, the Himalayas and the Andes, but high prevalence was also found in certain low lying areas. In countries where most of the population receive iodized salt and where iodine-containing foods are widely distributed, this condition is becoming less common.
Pakistan is one of the developing countries of the world which faces malnutrition as a serious public health problem. Trace mineral imbalance and deficiency are one of the causes of malnutrition in people of the country. Surveys carried Out in recent years have shown goitrous areas particularly North-West of Pakistan. Iodine prophylaxis has been introduced in some of such areas with success and the disease has been practically controlled.
The present study was therefore designed to determine the iodine status of the people of Lahore city and collect information of the factors that interfere with the availability and utilization of iodine.
A total number of 1,000 patients of thyroid dysfunction were selected at random at the Atomic Energy Medical Centre, Mayo Hospital Lahore. The observations on the incidence of iodine deficiency and its relation to age, sex, type of thyroid diseases and financial status of the patients were recorded.
The map of Lahore city was divided into five experimental areas and the numbers of patients from each area were counted.
Clinical tests showed a wide variety of thyroid problems including iodine deficiency goitre, simple goitre, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, puberty goitre, thyroid cancer,etc. Some patients were proved to be normal.
Results of the survey showed that there was a highly significant (P/ 0.01) occurrence of thyroid patients in the experimental area II, i.e. North West of Lahore city. It showed the highest frequency of 42.1% of thyroid patients, as compared to other experimental areas I, III, IV and V having 19.3, 18.8, 9.0, 10.8% frequency respectively.
Comparison of different thyroid diseases showed that there was highest profusion of iodine deficiency goitre in the patients. There was highly significant (PLO.01) occurrence of iodine deficiency goitre of 37.0% as compared to simple goitre, hypothyroidism and miscellaneous thyroid diseases, which were 14.2, 13.5, and 4.2% respectively. Prevalence of iodine deficiency goitre was also significantly (PLO.05) higher i.e. 37.0% in occurrence as compared to hyperthyroidism)i.e. 27.0%. Only 4.1% patients were found normal.
It was revealed that there was highly significant (L 0.01) occurrence of iodine deficiency goitre in the patients of the experimental area II as compared to the experimental areas IV,V,III and I.
The survey revealed that there was highly significant (L 0.01) occurrence of the patients having thyroid problems from 30-40 years of age as compared to the patients of thyroid dysfunction from 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 40-50 and 50-above years of age.
It was observed that there was a much higher occurrence,i.e 76.2 % of thyroid complaints in females than in males.i.e 23.8%. The results showed that there was a higher occurrence of iodine deficiency goitre in females, i.e 30.2% as compared to males,i.e 6.8%. )
The survey revealed that thyroid dysfunction was prevalent in the patients belonging to the three categories of incomei.e upper class, middle class and lower class. But there was no significant difference between the three classes.
Out of a total number of 50 samples of drinking water from the five experimental areas 30 samples were found deficient in iodine,i.e having lower than 40 microgram of iodine per liter. 20 Samples were found normal in iodine level having more than 40 microgram of iodine per liter of water. The highest iodine level of 44.0 microgram per litre of water was found in the experimental area V and the lowest iodine level,i.e 20.0 microgram per litre of water was found in the experimental area II, having the highest thyroid dysfunction rate of 40.3% of the patients.
There was highly significant (P/_0.01) occurrence of iodine deficiency in the blood of the patients having thyroid dysfunction. Iodine deficiency in the blood was highly significant (P/_0.01) in the patients of group II as compared to the patients of group III.
The results of water test and blood test were in agreement with the findings of the general survey of the patients suffering from thyroid dysfunction. The experimental area II had the highest number of patients suffering from thyroid dysfunction, i.e 42.1% and the larger number of patients having deficiency of blood iodine was also observed in the same' area,i.e 70%. The lowest iodine level of 20.0 microgram per litre of water was also found in the same experimental area.
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138.
Simplication Of Urea Treatment Method To Improve The Nutritve Value Of Cereal Starw
by Muhammad Haroon Muzaffar | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Kamran.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: In Pakistan about 36 million tones of rice and wheat straw is produced annually which constitutes an important part of livestock feeding. Cereal straws have low protein contents and low digestibility. Hence, inspite of large volume they contribute little towards meeting the nutritional requirement of livestock. In the past, efforts have been made to improve the nutritive value of straws through chemical treatment which included use of NaOH, anhydrous ammonia and hydrogen peroxide with different levels of success. Lately urea has been used for increasing the digestibility and protein contents of straws. However, inspite of significant improvement in the nutritive value by this method the adoption of technology by the farmers always remained low. Reason for low adaptability may be due to relatively tedious technology and involvement of labour.
The conventional method of urea treatment of straw involves preparation of 4% solution of urea in water, sprinkling this solution on wheat straw layer by layer and simultaneously pressing the wheat straw to give it anaerobic condition and finally covering it with mud plaster or plastic sheet and incubation for a period of one month before its use. Limitation of this method is the involvement of labour especially when larger quantities of straw are to be treated.
To overcome this problem a new simple and easier method has been developed. This method involves weighing of urea @ 4% of straw to be treated, mixing it with the double the amount of manure or Acacia leaves, giving some moisture by adding water, putting this mixture in bag, keeping the bag on ground where straw is to be treated, piling the straw on bag, again moistening the straw with water (60% of straw) and incubating this material for one month under the cover of plastic sheet or mud plaster.
The method is slightly less efficient than the conventional one but very simple and involves very little labour as compared with conventional one. In the new method three steps including preparation of urea solution, sprinkling of solution on straw and pressing the straw during treatment process have been deleted which resulted in saving labour and time.
CONCLUSION
As a result of this study a new and easy method has been developed which is simpler and involves much lesser labour than the conventional one. In this method following three main steps have been excluded which are used in the conventional method.
a) Preparation of 4% urea solution.
b) Sprinkling and mixing of urea solution with wheat straw.
c) Pressing the wheat straw to give it anaerobic conditions.
Method is slightly less efficient than the conventional one and demands more research work. The new method may be named as "Bag Method".
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139.
Chemical And Nutritional Evaluation Of Different Treaments Of Rice Polishing For Use In Layer Rations
by Mohammad Mohsin Sehole | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof.Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Pakistan is occupying the eminent status in the countries: inhabiting the huge bulk of population with ëonsiderable growth rate. This situation is causing an extreme strain on food resources. With ever increasing cost of feed ingredients and use of cereal grains in poultry feeds, which are also used for human consumption, makes it imperative to look for alternative.
Agro-industrial by-products or wastes, which are cheaper, not utilized for human consumption and are readily available merit consideration for poultry feeding. Rice polishing is one of the ingredients may scrve the desired purpose.
Rice, polishing is extensively used as an ingredient in animal diets. It represents excellent potential feedstuff for poultry if it is properly processed and stabilized. In spite of all its nutritional merits its utilization has a problem of rancidity & oxidation due to high oil content (12--l3%) & anti-nutritive factor lipase present in the rice. The rice polishing also contains anti- nutritive factors such as phytate, trypsin inhibitor, lectins and high fiber content. These factors can be removed by chemical or physical treatments.
This project is designed to study the eflbct ol' diflerent 1t'eatment on nutritive values of rice polishing and their biological availability for laying hens. Twelve iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous rations at 10, 20, & 30% level of differently treated rice polishing were prepared.
One hundred and eight White -Leghorn layers were used for the biological trial. These were randomly divided in 4 major groups T1-T4. Each group comprised of 27 layers. Each group was further divided into 3 sub-groups having 9 layers, which were divided into 3 replicates of 3 layers each. The three sub-groups of each group were fed on ration containing 10, 20 & 30% level of rice polishing respectively. These experimental units were randomly allotted to the twelve experimental diets in such a way that there were three bird's units on each diet. The experimental diets were offered to birds throughout the experimental period of 56 days and feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg production, egg weight, egg shell weight, egg shell thickness and cost per dozen was recorded.
The results of present study indicates that there was significant difference in, feed conversion ratio, daily egg production, egg weight, egg shell weight of layer birds fed different treatments of rice polishing. The results of present study also indicate that there was significant difference in feed conversion ratio, daily egg production, egg weight and egg shell weight of layers fed on different experimental rations.
It was concluded form the present study that extrusion treatment of rice polishing gave best results out of the four treatments (untreated, autoclaved, extrusion cooked and de-oiled rice polishing. Extrusion cooked rise polishing can safely be included in layer rations without any advrse effect on performance. It was also concluded that among rations, ration 1 (containing 30% extrusion cooked rice polishing) gave best results out of twelve rations (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I J, K and L), it also had no adverse effect on performance of layer chicks
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140.
Effect Of Storage On Rancidity And Metabolizable Energy Of Rice Polishing In Cockerels
by Daulat rehman khan | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof.Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: Effect of storage on the Rancidity and Metabolizable Energy of Rice Polishing was determined for the period from zero through sixteenth week of storage of rice polishing with and without the addition of antioxidant under normal conditions. A total of fifteen single comb white leg horn cockerels of uniform age and weight were procured and raised in metabolic cages which were used to conduct five trials at 0 and after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of storage of rice polishing. Five force feeding trial were conducted, first trial was conducted by using fresh rice polishing considering 0 week of storage followed by four more force feeding trial after storage of 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of rice polishing using the same birds. The birds were fasted first for the period of 21h followed by force feeding of 20g of rice polishing with antioxidant to one an without antioxidant to an other group, a control/ fasting group was also kept to measure endogenous losses. After the period of 48h feces collection was performed for the determination of Apparent and True Metabolizable energy values. Along with the biological trials, laboratory assay of the rice polishing stored with and without antioxidant was conducted to measure the extent of rancidity in terms of Thiobarbituric Acid Value (Thiobarbituric Acid No.) with the help of spectrophotometer at 531 nm. The data obtained was analyzed by using complete randomized design which revealed that, increasing storage periods increased the TBA no. (P<0.05) in both the groups, while the AME and TME showed non significant (P>0.05) change before and after a specified storage periods. It was concluded that there is no effect of rancidity and storage on the nutritive value, AME and TME of Rice Polishing in poultry but TBA No. increases with the passage of storage time.
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141.
Determination Of Apparent Metabolizable Energy Of Indigenous Vegetable Protein Sources In Poultry
by Hammad Ali | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Muhammad | Mr. Muhammad Kamran.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and true metabolizable energy (TME) of indigenous vegetable protein sources in cockerels by force feeding method. Six indigenous vegetable protein sources viz. soybean meal, canola meal, rapeseed meal, guar meal, sunflower meal and linseed meal were used. Thirty five 18 weeks old broiler breeder cockerels were used in such a way that five birds were force fed 25 gm of each feedstuff for estimation of AME and TME. Five birds were kept fasted to serve as negative control for determination of metabolic faecal and urinary endogenous energy excretions. The pre-feeding fasting period was 24 hours and excreta was collected over a period of 24 hours. The gross energy of test ingredients and the excreta was measured by using adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter. Proximate analysis for moisture, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash and nitrogen free extract were carried out. All had almost similar dry matter and ether extract values. Sunflower meal and canola meal had less CP% because of presence of sulphur containing amino acids. The observed AME values for soybean meal, canola meal, rapeseed meal, guar meal, sunflower meal and linseed meal were 2556, 1920, 1887, 1847, 1629 and 2061 Kcal/Kg, respectively. Soybean meal had the highest value 2556 Kcal/Kg and sunflower meal had the lowest value 1629 Kcal/Kg. The observed TME values for soybean meal, canola meal, rapeseed meal, guar meal, sunflower meal and linseed meal were 2694, 2053, 2022, 1992, 1764 and 2198 Kcal/Kg, respectively. Soybean meal had the highest value 2694 Kcal/Kg and sunflower meal had the lowest value 1764 Kcal/Kg. Endogenous energy ranged from 2.93 Kcal/gm to 2.95 Kcal/gm with the average of 2.94 Kcal/gm. It was also found that crude fiber has indirect relationship with both AME and TME. While, it has also come to notice that ether extract has direct relationship with gross energy of the feedstuff.
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142.
Comparative Nutritional Evaluation Of Conola And Rapessed Meal And The Effect Of Their Inclusion Levels On Broiler Performance
by Muhammad Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof.Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: High feed cost was a big limitation for development of poultry industry. Feed millers were using low cost feed ingredients to combat this problem. Canola is the seed of Brassica napas or Brassica compestris species. The oil component of canola contain 2% eruic acid and have a low level of glucosinolates content 30 mole/g in meal portion. Rapeseed meal is one of the key products of the oil industry. The protein content and metabolizable energy of rapeseed meal and canola meal was 35.5%, 36.5 and 1800 K cal/kg, 2000 Kcal/kg respectively. The amino acid profile of canola and rapeseed meal is comparable with other vegetable protein sources. The project was designed to study the nutritional value of canola and rapeseed meal and effect of their inclusion level on broiler performance. Seven rations were formulated contains 0, 10, 20, 30% of canola and rapeseed meal and designated as A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Two experimental trials were started at the same time but these were conducted separately. In experiment no. 1 which was a general performance trial. A total of 210 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 21 experimental units having 10 chicks of each. The experimental ration were offered to birds with respect to relevant experimental unit for the duration of 6 weeks. During experimental period feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio of chicks were recorded. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) among different levels of canola meal and rapeseed meal with respect to study parameters. In experiment no. 2 which was a metabolic trial. A total of 21 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 7 experimental units having 3 chicks of each. The experimental rations were offered to birds for first 18 days. After 18 days each bird of every replicate from each treatment was shifted to metabolic cages. These birds were offered feed in cages for three days. From day 21 to 22 the feaces to these birds were collected for the estimation of dry matter and gross energy. At the 23rd day the birds were shifted back to their shed. After wards all the experimental units were treated accordingly till the duration of 6 weeks. There was a non-significant difference (P>0.05) among the AME calculated of the canola meal and rapeseed meal based diet.
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143.
Effect Of Different Doses Of Bovine Somatotropin Hormone In-Ravi Buffaloes On Growth, Milk Production and Physiological Parameters
by Hafiz Faisal Majeed | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to see the effect of different doses of bovine sornatotropin hormone (bST) on milk production, milk composition, growth! body weight, and physiological parameters (Hemoglobin, Total protein, 1-lernatocrit values, Cholesterol, Glucose, Urea and ESR level). For this purpose 21 Nili-Ravi lactating buffaloes were involved in this experiment. They were kept at Livestock Experimental Station Bahadur Nagar Okara with similar stage of lactation were selected. They were randomly divided in to three groups A, B and C with 7 animals in each group. The group A was injected with full- recommended dose of bST hormone (250 mg /animal) with trade name of Boostin-250 S/C at an interval of 14 days, while the animals of group B were given S/C injection on alternate days with divided doses of(36 mg/animal). The group C was kept as control. The maintenance requirement of the animals was met through by available green fodder at the rate of 40-50 kg per animal per day while production requirements were met through concentrate ration at the i-ate of half of the milk production. Milk production was recorded daily and milk sarnpes weve coXeeted on weakly basis or analysis. The blood samples were collected on fortnight basis to see the effect of bovine Sornatotropin hormone on physiological parameters. The research trial continued for 6 month till the completion of lactation.
The average (rnean± SD) milk production of groups A, B and C were 7.38±1.30, 7.29±1.20 and 6.66±0.80 litters respectively. The increase in milk production was found to be 11% as compared to group C (control). The average (mean± sd) Fat, SNF and T.S percent in animals of group A were recorded 6.59±0.10, 9.13±0.28 and 15.73±0.34, respectively Where as in group B it was 6.58±0.15, 9.28±0.26 and 16.01±0.30 respectively. The averages (mcan±SD) Fat, SNF and TS percent in control group C were, 6.42±0.111, 8.83±0.47 and 15.45 ±0.245 respectively. There was improvement in Fat, SNF and TS percent of the treated group versus control group. The average (mean±SD) body weight found in subgroups A, B and group C was 528.78±50.64, 561.02±91.35 and 518.06±37.50 kgs respectively. There was slight increase was observed in treated group.
The average values of Hemoglobin, 1-Iaernatocrit, ESR, Cholesterol, Total protein, lipid glucose, and Urea in experimental animals of group A were I 1.44g/dl, 32.84%, 94.15mm/h 173.87mg/lOOrni, 10.99g/dl, 567.57 g/dl, 86.25 mg/dl, and 4.089 rng/dl and respectively. In animals of group B there were 11.96 g/dl, 32.04%, 74.70 mm/h 181.10 mg/lOOm!, 11.10 g/dl, 548.03 g/dl, 84.655 mg/dl and 3.7474 rng/dl respectively. Whereas in-group C (control) the average values of Hemoglobin, Haernatocrit, ESR Cholesterol, Total protein, lipid glucose, Urea were 12.20 g/dl, 33.11%, 83.11 mm/h 190.78, mg/lOOm!, 10.60 g/dl, 557.32 rng/dl, 84.92 rng/dl and 3.8848 g/dl, respectively. It is concluded that the bovine Somatotropin hormone had no desirable effect on physiological parameters. It is concluded that treatment of bovine sornatotropin hormone had no effect on blood composition, milk composition and physiological parameters in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. It is also concluded that dose of bSt of 250mg injected at 14 days interval is beneficial for overall performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloe. To overall bST had positive effect on economic parameters in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
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144.
The Effect Of Gossypol On The Semen Quality Of Buffalo Breeding Bulls
by Muhammad Irfan | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Muhammad Ashique | Prof. Dr. Talat.
Material type: ; Format:
print
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not fiction
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Buffalo breeding, an important form of livestock production, is practiced throughout the world and makes an important contribution to overall global agricultural production. The buffalo is an important provider of milk and meat in our country. Cottonseeds and its by-product, e.g., cottonseed cakes are mostly used as protein source in livestock rations. In the present study gossypol contents of cotton seed cake in the experimental rations was determined. Moreover, the effects of diets containing cotton seed cake on the semen quality in buffalo breeding bulls were investigated. For the determination of free gossypol contents seven samples of cotton seed cake used in the experimental rations were collected. These samples were analyzed for the free gossypol contents using American Oil Chemist's Society Official Method, Ba 7-58.
To study the effects of gossypol on semen quality, fifteen adult buffalo breeding bulls were randomly divided into three equal groups named A,B and C. Bulls in group A were fed control ration "A" (without gossypol). Animals in group B were fed ration "B" which contained 15% cotton seed cake (containing free gossypol contents of 0.525 g/kg of ration), and those in group C were given ration "C" containing 30% cotton seed cake (which contained free gossypol @ 1.05 g/kg of ration). Experimental rations were fed to the buffalo bulls of respective groups according to their requirements as per NRC recommendation. The amount of free gossypol fed to the experimental animals of group B and group C were 5.25 and 10.5 g/bull/day.
In addition, buffalo bulls in all the three groups were given good quality chaffed green fodder and clean water ad-libitum.
Experimental animals in all groups were fed ration "A" for one month (pre-treatment period). The experimental rations were fed to buffalo bulls of respective groups for a period of two months from June to July, (treatment period). Experimental animals in each group (A, B and C) were fed with experimental ration "A" (without gossypol) for another two months period from August to September (post-treatment period). Body weight measurements were taken at monthly interval and semen samples were collected on weekly intervals and evaluated for physical characteristics of semen quality during the course of study.
The amount of free gossypol of cotton seed cake
averaged 0.35 ± 0.0 1345 percent whereas in rations A, B and C, it was 0, 52.5 and 105.0 g/kg respectively.
The gossypol contents of cotton seed cake presenf in the experimental rations did not cause any sign of gossypol toxicity. Moreover, among the groups, the mass motility, individual motility, motility after dilution, motility after freezing, sperm concentration and live% were not affected but volume, p11 and body weight of buffalo bulls was affected significantly. Among the periods, pH, motility after freezing and live spermatozoa percent differed significantly but volume, mass motility, individual motility, motility after dilution did not differed significantly.
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145.
Studies On Imbalances Of Macrominerals In Live Stock Of Okara And Hafizabad Districts
by Muhammad Zafar Ullah Khan | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Shahid Abbas.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: To determine the levels ol macro m inciiils (N a, K, Ca, IVIg, and P) in livestock of (I istrict Okara and Hafizabad, about 1000 blood samples were collected. In addition to blood, samples of feed, fodder, soil and water were also collected from same sites. Other samples included feed and fodder, soil and water. Species under study were bulThlocs, cattle, sheep and goats. Sampling was done in two seasons i.e., summer and winter. For blood collection, animal were subdivided in two groups i.e., small ruminants (sheep and goats) and large ruminants (cattle and buffaloes). In small ruminant 50% samples were taken from adult animals and 50% from lambs and kids. In large ruminants samples were taken in equal numbers from calves, lactating and dry animals. Heparin was used as anticoagulant in blood samples. By using centrifuge machine blood plasma was separated and preserved in freezer. Feedstuff and soil samples were dried in oven and ground to 1mm particle size by using Willy mill. Water samples were given no treatment except filtration.
Plasma samples were digested by using 10% TCA, whereas soil and feedstuff samples were subjected to wet digestion. After dilution all samples were run in atomic absorption spectrophotometer for estimation of Ca and Mg. Potassium and sodium were observed by flame photometer whereas phosphorus estimation was done by using spectrophotometer. The mean plasma phosphorus values foi di1feint groups o± ammals in distiict Okaia as observed were 4.141±0.202 and 4.651±0.321mg / I OOml for small ruminants (sheep and goats) and large ruminants (Buffaloes and cattle), respectively. Whereas in district Hafizabad the mean plasma phosphorus values as observed were 3.601±0.222 and 3.043±0.122 mg / lOOmi in small ruminants (sheep and goats) and for large ruminants (Buffaloes and cattle), respectively. It is evident form the data that animals of the Okara district have adequate levels of phosphorus whereas animals of the district Hafizabad are had lower phosphorus values.
The mean plasma potassium values for different groups of animals in district Okara as observed were 4.454±0.22 1 and 4.458±0.155 mEq/L for small ruminants (sheep and goats) and large ruminants (Buffaloes and cattle), respectively. Whereas in district Hafizabad the mean plasma potassium values as observed were 5.974±0.365 and 5.626±0.236 mEq/L in small ruminants (sheep and goats) and large ruminants (Buffaloes and cattle), respectively. The values were similar for both the districts.
The mean plasma sodium values for different groups of animals in district Okara as observed were 116.7.9±5.19 and 107.04±3.89 mEq/L in small ruminants (sheep and goats) and large ruminants (Buffaloes and cattle), respectively. Whereas in district Hafizabad the mean plasma sodium values as observed were 9 1.93±3.48 and 88.95±2.96 mEq/L small ruminants (sheep and goats) and large ruminants (Buffaloes and cattle), respectively. Both the districts showed sodium deficiency in small and large ruminants. Livestock of Hafizabad district had lower sodium values than district Okara.
The results of the present study indicate that there are higher values of plasma calcium in livestock of Okara and Hafizabad district. The mean plasma calcium values for different groups of animals in district Okara as observed were 14.17±1.60 and 14.05±1.26 mg / lOOml small ruminants (sheep and goats) and large ruminants (buffaloes and cattle), respectively. Whereas in district Hafizabad the mean plasma calcium values as observed were 32.01±0.30 and 28.14±1.42 mg I lOOmI small ruminants (sheep and goats) and large ruminants (buffaloes and cattle), respectively.
Plasma magnesium values were found slightly higher in livestock of Okara district. Whereas livestock of district Hafizabad have many folds higher level of plasma magnesium than normal ones. The mean plasma magnesium values for different groups of animals in district Okara as observed were 3.92 1±.449, 3.845±0.346 mg /lOOml for small ruminants (sheep and goats) and large ruminants (buffaloes and cattle), respectively. Whereas in district Hafizabad, the mean plasma magnesium values as determined were 13.075±0.970, 17.16±1.29 mg I I OOml for small ruminants (sheep and goats) and large ruminants (buffaloes and cattle), respectively.
Feedstuff, soil and water analysis has shown nearly similar pattern in macro mineral levels. With few exceptions, the district with higher plasma mineral values showed higher mineral profile in feedstuff, soil and water as compared to other district.
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146.
Effect Of Sodium Bentonite On Growth Performance And Feed Efficiency
by Ghayur Ahmad Khan | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: A trial was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing sodium bentonite, to find the effectiveness of sodium bentonite on the growth performance of Sahiwal male calves. Twelve animals of almost same age and weight were selected from the available stock at Animal Nutrition Centre, Rakh Dera Chahl, Lahore. These animals were divided into three groups and fed a standard ration "A" according to their nutrient requirements. Rations of group B and C were supplemented with sodium bentonite at the rate of 2.5 and 5.0 per cent while group A served as control. The trial was run for a period of 90 days with normal managemental practices. During the experimental period body weight gain and feed consumption of the individual animals was recorded. At the end of the experiment the data were analyzed statistically. The result of the experiment suggested that addition of sodium bentonite had statistically non-significant effect on the body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversation ratio and rate of passage of digesta through the gastro-intestinal tract. Based on the results of this trial it could be inferred that supplementation of sodium bentonite may have some beneficial effect on the performance of calves. However, use of this clay over extended period of time needs to be investigated for any adverse effect in future
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147.
Effect Of Bovine Somatotropin On Meat Production Potential And Meat Quality In Growing Buffalo Calves
by Abdul Ahad | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof.Dr Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to see the effect of Bovine somatotropin on total weight gain, fortnightly weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass composition of buffalo calves. For this purpose, 16 male buffalo calves were involved in this experiment. They were kept at Animal Nutrition Center, Rakh Dera Chal. They were divided into four groups A, B, C and D with 4 animals in each group. The group A was given simple fodder ad libiti urn and the group B was given simple fodder ad libitiurn and was injected with recommended dose of bst hormone (125mg/animal) with trade name of Boostin 250 s/c at an interval of 14 days, while the animals of group C were given simple fodder ad hhitiurn + 1% b. wt. In group D animals were given fodder ad libitiurn + 1% b.wt. Experimental ration + bst injection s/c at the interval of 14 days. Daily fodder and feed intake was recorded. The weight of each animal was recorded after fourteen days. The research trial continued for 3 months. The feed efficiency of group A to D was 8.08, 4.89, 5.91 and 4.79 with an average daily weight gain of 0.3 11, 0.486, 0.619 and 0.711 kg, respectively. The dressing percentage was 47.04, 48.35, 48.59 and 49.76 for group A to D, respectively. The percentage of blood, heart and lungs were 4.66, 4.67, 4.69, 5.16 percent and 0.5, 0.47, 0.56 and 0.57 percent and 1.55, 1.23, 1.31 and 1.38 for group A to D, respectively. The percentage of liver, spleen and kidneys were 1.8, 1.17, 1.61, 1.53 percent and 0.32, 0.44, 0.33, 0.42 percent and 0.33, 0.34, 0.32, 0.35 percent for group A to D respectively. The value for other components like mesenteric fat, feet, head and skin were 1.8, 1.84, 1.87, 2.4 percent for mesenteric fat and 3.04, 3.38,, 2.93 and 2.64 percent for feet and 5.03, 5.13, 4.67 and 4.57 percent for head and 10.5, 9.46, 10.32 and 10.0 percent for skin of group A to D, respectively. The percentage ratio of meat, bone, fat and other tissues were 49.5, 51.6, 50.5 and 49.5 percent, 34.15, 33.0, 34.5 and 35.15 percent, 7.5, 9.25, 8.0 and 9.5 percent 4.20, 3.85, 4.5 and 5.1 percent for group A to D, respectively. The chemical composition of meat revealed 74.37, 73.0, 74.87 and 76.30 percent moisture, 19.75, 20.75, 21.On and 20.50 percent for crude protein, 8.15, 9.0, 9.15 and 9.07 percent for ether extract, 6.08, 6.6,6.15 and 7.0 percent for ash in group A to D respectively. The costs of 1 kg meat production from group A to D were 123.40, 103.40, 98.97 and 107.00 rupees respectively. This revealed that minimum cost of meat production was in group C, where as calves in group A proved most expansive meat producer among the groups. The overall data suggests that use of bST has positive effect on meat production but economic feasibility is still questionable.
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148.
Effect Of Long Term Use Of Bovine Somatotropic Hormone On Milk Production ,Production Nutrient
by Iftikhar Ahmad | Makdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Use of bovine somatotropic hormone (bST) for increased milk production has been widely investigated in dairy cattle, whereas very little work has been done in buffaloes. To observe the effect of bST on buffalo for long term duration study was planned with the objectives to investigate the effects of long term use of bST on milk production, milk composition, reproduction, hematological and biochemical parameters in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. For this study 30 lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes with similar milk production and stage of lactation were selected and randomly divided in to two groups A and B with 15 animals in each group. The group A (0 bST) served as control while animals in group B (+bST) were given injection of bST (250 mg Boostin-250/animal) at 14d interval. Nutritional requirements of experimental animals were met through available green fodder (45-50kg/day) supplemented with concentrate ration @ half of milk production. The milk production was significantly (P<0.05) increased by 18.04 % in treated group compared with control. The results showed that there was no significantly variations in parameters like milk composition, dry period and lactation length, calving interval in both the groups. The postpartum estrous period and service period were significantly (P< 0.05) improved which reflected positive effect of bST on reproductive parameters. However, the difference in services per conception was non-significant. Small variations were found in the prevalence of contagious and non contagious diseases in both experimental groups during the study period. The differences among body weights, hematological and biochemical parameters were also non-significant expect blood urea nitrogen (p< 0.05). The proceeds over a lactation period of 305 days was PKR. 4227.0 with the use of bST.
Second trial was conducted to study the effect of dose interval of bST in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. For the proposed study 21 Nili-Ravi lactating buffaloes with similar milk production and stage of lactation were randomly divided into three groups A, B and C with 7 animals in each group. The group A was injected with full dose of bST hormone (250 mg/animal) with trade name of Boostin-250 at an interval of 14 days, while animals in group B were given injection on alternate days with divided dose of 36 mg/animal. Group C was kept as control. Duration of study was 5 months and the animals were kept on green fodder supplemented with concentrate ration half of milk production. The concentrate ration had 17.2% CP and 72.0% TDN. The milk production increased by 18.35% and 15.27% in-group A and B compared with group C (control) but increase was non-significant (P>0.05) . Similarly data revealed that dose interval had no affect on milk contents, reproductive and hematological parameters in all the experimental groups.
In a third trial feed digestibility and efficiency for milk production was studied. For the study fourteen Nili-Ravi buffaloes at their mid lactation with almost same level of milk production were randomly divided into two groups A and B with seven animals in each group. The group A was kept as control, while group B was injected bST hormone (250 mg/animal) at an interval of 14 days and continued for 60 days. The nutritional requirements of animals in both the groups were met through TMR according to NRC recommendations. The milk production was increased by 7.0% in. treated group (B) as compared with control group (A) and the increase was statistically non-significant (P>0.05). However, the feed efficiency for milk production was significantly improved (P< 0.05) in treated group. The differences in milk composition (Fat, SNF, TS and Protein percent) body weight gain digestibility of dry matter and other nutrients in treated and control groups were found non-significant (P>0.05).
The fourth trial was conducted to determine the effect of energy on milk production and its quality under the influence of bST hormone in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Multiparous (n12) buffaloes with mid lactation and similar level of milk yield were selected and randomly divided in to three groups i.e. A, B and C with four animals in each group. All the experimental animals were injected bST with trade name of Boostin - 250. The dose level was 250 mg per animal and injection was given at fortnightly interval during study period. The nutritional requirements of three groups animals were met through TMR with varying levels of energy (15% low and 15% above the recommendations of NRC). The milk yield was significantly higher (p<O.O5) on medium and high energy ration but the difference of milk yield was non significant (p>O.O5) between medium and low energy diets. The milk components and body weight gain were similar on all rations, while feed efficiency and nutrient intake (except ether extract) in low energy diet was significantly higher (p<O.O5) from two other rations. It may be concluded that 15% higher energy than recommended by NRC favoured milk production in Nih Ravi buffaloes when they were injected bST hormone.
Conclusion
On the over all there was consistency of results for milk production and milk composition with reference to available literature. However, some reproductive parameters including postpartum estrus and service period were significantly improved with the use of bST hormone. This effect has not been reported in the previous literature which needs to be further investigated and verified. Similarly the dose level in buffaloes needs to be further studied.
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149.
Effectis Of Supplementation Of Phytase On Growth Performance And Mineral Utilization (Ca, P & Zn) In Japanese Quail
by Muhammed Arshad Shad | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Two third of phosphorus present in poultry diets is in bound form (Phytate P) and is predominantly not available to poultry, as non ruminant species lack sufficient endogenous phytase activity. Phytate probably compromises the utilization of protein/amino acids, energy and minerals including calcium, ferrous, zinc, magnesium, potassium & many others and can contribute to mineral deficiencies. Dietary inclusion of phytase enzyme economically generates blo-available phosphorus and reduces the Phosphorus load on the environment. Phytase is the requisite enzyme to degrade phytate and notionally phytase has the capacity to hydrolyze the phytate and release inorganic Phosphorus.
Keeping this thing in view a 28 day long feeding trial was planned. A total of 900 day old Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments each having 10 replicates of 15 birds. Six corn soybean based diets (A & B) were formulated in such a way that they contained similar levels of CP and ME (24% & 2900 kcal/kg) but were different in Phosphorus & Calcium levels. Diet A was in accordance with the nutritional requirements of Japanese quail as specified in NRC (1994) whereas, diet B had lower levels of total Phosphorus and Calcium(0.20% and 0.15% less relative to diet A respectively). Five levels of phytase enzyme (250, 500, 750, 1000 FTU/kg of feed) were added to diet B to obtain diets C, D, F and F, respectively. Body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, plasma calcium and phosphorus, zinc retention, keel /shank length, dressing %, tibia ash%, toe ash%, deficiency symptoms, mortality % and economics of all experimental rations were the parameters considered. The data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Technique. The difference among the treatment means were tested by Duncans's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The results of the experiment revealed that body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, plasma calcium and phosphorus, keel /shank length, dressing %, tibia ash% and toe ash% of groups E and F were significantly higher than group B, C and D, (P<0.05).The performance of group E and F was comparable with that of group A (+ve control). No significant difference was observed between these groups.
As far as deficiency symptoms and mortality is concerned, a large number in the groups B (39.30%), C (2 1.33%) and D (16.00%) was found suffering from leg weakness, swollen joints and crippled legs. A higher mortality rate was also recorded in these groups (4.67%, 3.33% and 2.67%, for groups B, C and D, respectively). Very less number of birds showed the above mentioned signs in groups A (0%), E (8.67%) and F (3.33%), similarly mortality percentage in these groups also remained considerably low (1 .33%, 2.67% and 2.00% for groups A, E and F, respectively).
Data pertaining to economics of the experiment revealed a considerably low cost of feed/kg of the group F than all the other treatment groups. The difference between group F and A was calculated as Rs. 1.89. A large amount can be saved as profit if diets are formulated with out DCP and are supplemented with phytase ensuring optimum utilization of phytate.
From the results of above experiment it is concluded that phytase supplementation ensures phytate degradation making available, the minerals and other nutrients chelated to it. Phytase supplementation not only facilitates the feed formulatin but also make possible the inclusion of ingredients which contain anti nutritional factor named, "phytate". This consequently results in considerably improved performance and ultimately higher profitability of the farm.
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150.
Bioavailability Of Macro Minerals In Animal Origin Feed Ingredients Used In Broilers Ration
by Muddassir Attique | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Farina Malik | Mr.Muhammad Kamran.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Minerals are required for growth, bone development, feathering, enzyme structure and function. The present study has been designed to ascertain mineral profile of the poultry feedstuffs (fish meal.z, meat meal, bone meal and poultry by product meal) locally available to the industry. Evaluation of the minerals (Ca, Na, K, P) bioavailability of these ingredients and commercial broiler starter feed in broiler were also determined. For this purpose poultry feed ingredients and commercial broiler starter feed was procured from a commercial feed mill. For bioavailability of minerals a total of 240 day old Hubbard broiler chicks were used and allocated to six (6) dietary treatments(A, B, G, D, E and F) in such a way that each treatment was replicated 4 times with 10 chicks in each replicate. Diet A was of commercial feed mill B was from a corn soybean meal based and diet. Diet C, D, E and F contained meat meal, fish meal, bone meal and poultry byproduct meal respectively. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance Technique. The difference among the treatment means were tested through Duncans's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The maximum Ca bioavailability was observed in group B (61.5665±5.513%) which was control feed, followed by group E (5 8.54±8.694) containing meat meal, D (57.29±2.70) containing bone meal, C (49.94±10.43) containing fish meal, A(37.60± 5.034) which was commercial diet and F (24.23±3.16) containing PBM. Ca bioavailability was found in group F (24.23± 3.16%) which was fed with poultry by product meal, respectively. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of potassium in group A among the group C, B and F, respectively, while group F was also (94.17±0.859%) and the minimum K bioavailability was found in group B (91.45± 2.4 13%) bioavailability was observed in group A which was fed commercial feed and group F which was fed with meat meal , respectively However, bioavailability of sodium group F was significantly (P<0.05) different across the group (A, B, C, D and F). The maximum Na bioavailability was observed in group B (77.50±5.86%) and the minimum Na bioavailability was found in group E (24.69± 23 .95%) bioavailability was observed in group B which was control feed and group F which was fed with meat meal, respectively. The bioavailability of phosphorus in group E differ (P<0.05) significantly to the other groups (A, B, C, D and F) whereas group A also differ (P<0.05) from Group B, D and E significantly. However significance (P<0.05) difference was found in group B with group A and E as well. The maximum P bioavailability was observed in group C (53.40±4.453%) and the minimum P bioavailability was found in group E (41.15± 6.19%) bioavailability was observed in group C which was fed with fish meal feed and group £ which was fed with meat meal respectively. The maximum P bioavailability was observed in group A (58.48± 3.59 ) which was commercial feed, followed by group C ( 53.40±4.453 ) containing fish meal, F ( 52.81±2.18 %) which was fed with poultry by product meal D (4 8.92±6.64 ) containing bone meal B ( 49.06±5.81 ) which was control diet B (41.15±6.19 ) containing meat meal. The maximum FCR was observed in group C (1.40±0.022) and the minimum body weight was found in group A (1.281± 0.028) Body weight was observed in group C which was fed with fish meal feed and group A which was fed commercial diet respectively
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