151.
Development Of Ration For Increasing Milk Fat Percentage In Nili-Ravi Buffaloees
by Shiraz Nasim | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof.Dr.Muham | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The present study was designed to see the effect of different rations on the milk production as well as milk fat percentage. For this purpose 20 Nili-Ravi early lactating buffaloes were selected from the existing herd and randomly divided in to five groups A, B, C, D and E. The animals were selected on the basis of their age and stage of lactation. The group A was treated with conventional ration (control group) while group B and C were supplemented with oil @ 3 % and oil + niacin @ 15 g / day / animal respectively. While group D and E were supplemented with megalac @ 3 % and megalac + niacin (1 5g/day/animal). Green fodder was given for the maintenance requirement of the animals, while the production requirements were met through experimental rations. The research trial was continued for three months at BRI, Patokki.
Milk production was recorded daily. Milk composition was analyzed on weekly basis. The milk production among the different groups was 7.13 ± 0.59, 7.70 ± 1.30, 7.31 ± 1.02, 7.31 ± 0.81 and 7.46 ± 0.61 liters. Statistical analysis showed that the milk production in groups was similar and not significant between the groups but significant among the weeks.
Milk composition in terms of fat and its fractions (Solid Non Fat, Total Solids) protein and lactose percentage will be determined on weekly basis. The economics of milk production on various rations was estimated. The milk fat contents of groups were 5.29 ± 0.35%, 6.23 ± 0.37%, 6.31 ± 0.21%, 6.67 ± 0.33% and 7.41 ± 0.3 1%, for control (A), vegetable oil (B), vegetable oil + niacin (C), megalac (D) (rumen bypass fat), and megalac + niacin (E) groups respectively. The SNF contents of milk were 9.31±0.23, 9.27±0.10, 9.20±0.14, 9.50±0.30 and 9.24±0.16 for groups A, B, C, D and E respectively, while the TS contents were 13.81 ± 0.49, 14.78 ± 0.34, 14.88 ± 0.15, 15.49 ± 0.59 and 15.84 ± 0.40for groups A, B, C, D and E respectively. The milk protein contents of different groups were 3.24 ± 0.07, 3.27 ± 0.07, 3.32 ± 0.08, 3.27 ± 0.10 and 3.32 ± 0.19 respectively for control, vegetable oil, vegetable oil + niacin, megalac (rumen bypass fat), and megalac + niacin groups respectively. The lactose contents of milk were 4.20 ± 0.05, 4.30 ± 0.08, 4.39 ± 0.12, 4.32 ± 0.08 and 4.46 ± 0.14 for groups A, B, C, D and E respectively
Blood samples were collected on fortnightly basis. The blood samples were analyzed for the total proteins, urea, cholesterol and glucose level. Blood samples were collected from all animals of the groups. The serum total protein for different groups were 3.41±26.4, 3.14±42.47, 3.71±39.05, 3.36±35.02 and 3.17±38.07 g/l in buffaloes in groups A, B, C, D and E. The blood urea contents were 15.47±1.62, 22.03±2.26, 18.71±2.19, 19.65±1.34 and 16.60±4.59 mg/dl in buffaloes in groups A, B, C, D and E. The blood cholesterol contents were 139.79±41.47, 180.21±8.52, 164.77±7.79, 168.45±4.89 and 137.90±9.88 mg/dl in buffaloes in groups A, B, C, D and E, while the blood glucose contents were 44.96±2.66, 35.18±9.65, 43.57±3.24, 37.66±18.94 and 35.73±1.12 mg/dl in buffaloes in groups A, B, C, D and E.
Body weight gain of the animals was recorded on fortnightly basis. The weight of the animals was recorded early in the morning.
CONCLUSION
Dairy animals of high genetic merit require nutrients in addition to those produced from ruminal fermentation to achieve their potential and maintain milk quality. Fat and proteinaceous feed supplements should be designed to achieve optimal microbial efficiency in the rumen and to maximize digestibility and absorption fats and proteins from the small intestine. The degree of protection of fat supplements from ruminal metabolism should be as high as possible in order to minimize their deleterious impact on microbial metabolic activities. Fat supplements should also contain a fatty acid profile that allows the composition of milk fat to satisfy the nutritional demands of consumers and to provide the special physicochemical properties that are required for manufacturing
Buffaloes would be expected to exceed cattie in fat test by 1 to 3%, depending on breed and environmental conditions, but fat percentage of buffaloes appears to be influenced by environmental factors such as age and season of calving in about the same proportions as for cattle. The buffalo is less efficient as a milk producer, slower in reaching maturity, and subject to longer calving intervals than Sahiwal cattle in Pakistan. The high fat content of buffalo milk, coupled with larger fat globules, results in buffalo milk having higher utility on small farms than cattle milk because of ease in removal of the fat.
It is concluded that as the animals were fed concentrate ration, there is milk fat depression in the milk of dairy animals. So to maintain the milk fat for most dairy producers, the most effective method of maintaining an adequate milk fat percentage in the milk is:
o ensure that adequate fiber is in the ration, and
o include buffers in the concentrate mix or total mixed ration of the dairy animal.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1076,T] (1).
152.
Nutritional Evaluation Of Processed Hatchery Waste Meal And Its Utilization In Layer Diet
by Athar Mahmud | Dr.Saima | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Abdul.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Due to ever increasing human population, more area is being used for cash crop and there is shortage of traditional feed items such as maize, wheat and soybean meal for poultry. This situation has necessitated using non-conventional feedstuffs as replacement for the conventional ones. Hatchery waste, when processed appropriately, has the potential to increase the viable economic profitability of the poultry production. To determine the feeding value of processed HWM, present study was conducted in four phases. In experiment I, the HWM prepared by using different processing techniques i.e., simple cooking, autoclaving and extrusion cooking was chemically and microbiologically analyzed. Proximate composition showed that the protein contents of the cooked, autoclaved and extruded HW meals were 43.67, 44.10, and 41.64%, while ash contents of meal prepared by above mentioned techniques were 25.81, 26.94 and 27.90, respectively. The high ash contents were due to presence of shell moiety. Microbial analysis of the raw HW depicted high total viable count (TVC) i.e. 8.3x107 and total coliform count (TCC) as l.9x105. Different processing techniques reduced the microbial count of HW up to a safe level. Autoclaving reduced both the TVC (4.7x103) and TCC (3.0x102) level while extrusion reduced the TVC and TCC to a level of 3.7x103 and 2.9x102, which were significantly less (P<0.05) as compared to other processing treatments.
In experiment II, protein quality of cooked, autoclaved and extruded HWM was measured in terms of protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU). For this purpose, ten days feeding trial was conducted and five poultry rations were formulated for broiler chicks. Twenty five straight run 14-days old broiler (Hubbard) chicks were divided randomly into five groups in such a way that there were five chicks in each group. Each group was divided randomly into five experimental units in such a way that each chick represented as single replicate. The weight gain in group consuming reference diet with casein as sole source of protein showed significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain (86.5 g) as compared to the other experimental groups. The PER values of cooked (1.46), autoclaved (1.50) and extruded HWM (1.38) were significantly less (P<0.05) than that of casein diet (1.63). The statistical analysis of data revealed that PER values of all protein sources tested, differed significantly (P<0 .05) among all groups. The minimum (1.38) PER value was observed in group fed on extruded HWM.
The NPU values of cooked (45.71), autoclaved (45.22) and extruded HWM (40.63) were also significantly less (P<0.05) than that of casein based diet (74.22). It was also observed that groups fed autoclaved and cooked HWM showed significant (P<0.05) difference with that of extruded HWM. However, there was non- significant (P>0.05) difference between autoclaved and cooked HWM with regard to NPU. The less NPU value in extruded meal was attributed to low protein contents in this meal. But overall values of PER and NPU revealed that processing of HWM can generate nutrient rich, palatable ingredients that can replace the traditional ingredients for better broiler performance.
The processed meals are rich in fat contents (18-21%) due to presence of yolk which tends to spoil the quality of NW by creating rancidity. This problem can be counter acted by addition of an appropriate antioxidant. In experiment III, cooked, autoclaved and extruded meals were stored with three different level of antioxidant. This was done to determine the optimum level of antioxidant for proper storage of meals. For this purpose, four different levels of antioxidant (Oxygun) at 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg were added to the ground HWM prepared from the above mentioned processing techniques and stored for 50 days. After every 10 days, the representative samples were analyzed for peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid value (TBA) and free fatty acids (FFA) contents. Variable values of oxidation were observed when the values of PV, FFA and TBA of HW treated with different processing techniques were compared at different storage periods. There was a linear increase in PV, FFA and TBA values of all the treatments. Comparison within the raw hatchery waste (RHW), cooked hatchery waste (CHW), autoclaved hatchery waste (AHW) and extruded hatchery waste (EHW) with different levels of antioxidant for PV generally showed significant differences (P<0.05) within the treatments. The PV decreased with higher level of antioxidant. This trend was observed during 50 days storage. The lowest PV was found in extruded HW with 300 mg/kg of antioxidant at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days storage compared to their correspondent treatments, while highest PV was at cooked HW with 100 mg/kg of antioxidant with the same storage periods.
When different levels of antioxidant in extrusion techniques were analyzed, it revealed that extruded HW with 300 mg/kg of antioxidant was significantly (P<0.05) lower in PV as compared to extruded HW with 100 mg/kg of antioxidant. It was noted that when antioxidant level was increased in all treatments it subsequently checked the PV i.e. higher the level of antioxidant, lower was the PV. When FFA % and TBA value was analyzed it showed the same pattern as in PV.
In general, all the processing techniques as well as antioxidant addition checked the fat rancidity throughout the storage period as compared to raw samples without antioxidant addition, however synergistic effect of extrusion cooking and 300 mg/Kg of antioxidant addition was found to be most appropriate to keep the samples highly acceptable for 50 days storage period.
HW was subjected to different processing techniques and analyzed and in fourth experiment, optimum inclusion level of each type of processed HWM was determined in layer's diet. For this purpose, three hundred white leghorn hens were randomly distributed to 10 experimental diets containing 4, 8 and 12 % of cooked, autoclaved and extruded HWM respectively. Results showed that maximum egg production (79.56%) was achieved with 4 % HWM processed by autoclaving. Processing of 11W with extrusion significantly (P<0.05) reduced egg production and more pronounced decrease was found with 12 % of extruded HWM (69.48%). Egg mass and feed conversion followed the same trend, observed for egg production. Average egg weight due to different treatments fell within very narrow range and showed no difference (P>0.05) among them. Yolk, albumen and shell weights as a percentage of egg weight were not significantly affected with the use of different levels and processing of HWM. Maximum value of albumen height as well as Haugh units were obtained with the feeding of 4% autoclaved HWM. Other egg quality parameters like shell thickness, yolk index and color were independent of the dietary treatments. The findings of this study suggest that autoclaving of hatchery waste is better than extrusion and cooking techniques and 4 % of autoclaved HWM may be included in layers ration to get more production than diets without NW. Nevertheless, layer diets up to 8% HWM could be used to feed the laying hens to maintain reasonably good production without detrimental effects on egg quality.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1093,T] (1).
153.
Nutritional Evaluation Processing Ang Utilization Of Rumen Contents For Livestock Feed
by Azmat hayat Khan | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Saima | Mr.Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The cost of feed, as percentage of total production costs, accounts for about 5 0-60% of ruminant feeding systems. According to estimates, Pakistan is deficient by 40 and 80 percent in forage and concentrate feeds. For economical production of balanced feed for livestock, poultry, fish and pet animal, non-conventional feed resources need to be explored to find solution to the existing gaps. For this purpose the present study was conducted to determine the nutritional profile, processing and utilization of rumen contents in buffalo feed. The study was conducted in three phases. In phase one, bovine rumen contents were collected from the slaughter house near Bakar Mandi and were analyzed at Nutrition laboratory, UVAS, Lahore. In phase two, rumen contents were ensiled with wheat straw, with and without addition of 5% molasses for a period of 60 days at Ravi Campus, Pattoki. Proportion of rumen contents and wheat straw were 1:1 on DM basis. Wheat straw was also treated alone by reducing its DM to 43% with water and by addition of 5% molasses. The pH of silages of rumen contents and wheat straw, with and without molasses were 4.8 and 4.92, respectively. The silage containing rumen contents and wheat straw showed a little increase in C.P. In phase three, a metabolic trial was conducted at Buffalo Reaearch Institute, Pattoki, in which 15 male buffalo calves were fed the diets having total mixed ration (TMR) (Ti), TMR with 43% DM in wheat straw (T2), 50% TMR plus 50% ensued wheat straw and rumen contents (T3), TMR with 5% molasses in wheat straw (T4), and 50% TMR plus 50% ensued wheat straw with rumen contents and molasses (T5). The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The significant differences between means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range test. Among the treatments containing ensued rumen contents, DM intake, DM and nutrient digestibility as well as N retention were significantly (P<O.05) higher for silage without molasses treatment. However, the digestible energy (D.E) was significantly (P<O.05) higher for silage treated with molasses. When means were compared there were significant differences among all treatments for DM intake, DM, CP, CF, cellulose and hemicellulose digestibility, D.E and N retention but not for T5 and T3, T4 and T2 and T2 and Ti in case of DM intake and EE, NDF and ADF in case of digestibility. It was concluded that rumen contents could replace 50% of conventional TMR without any adverse effects on digestibility and health of buffalo calves.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1096,T] (1).
154.
To Study Of Commercially Available Probiotics And Prebiotics On The Performance And Nutrient Availablity In Japanese Quail
by Agha Shehzad Shaukst | Dr.Saima | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof.Dr.Muham.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Poultry feed accounts for 60 to 70% of total cost of production. To increase the efficiency of feed, different types of growth promoter likes enzymes and antibiotics have been used. But long term use of these antibiotics has side effects like antibiotic resistance and drug residues in meat. Many countries are regulating the use of antibiotics in feed and setting up programs to reduce the overall use of antibiotics. The impending ban on antibiotics in animal feed, the current concern over the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, the failure to identify new antibiotics make a compelling cause for developing alternative prophylactics. The use of probiotics and prebiotics is recommended as an alternative to antibiotics as prophylactic, therapeutic and growth-promoting agents in poultry production.
Keeping this thing in view a 28 day long feeding trial was planned. A total of 420 day old Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments each having 3 replicates of 20 birds. Seven diets were formulated in such a way that they contained similar levels of CP and ME (24% & 2900 kcal/kg) but different in Probiotics and Prebiotics levels. Diet A was ,in accordance with the nutritional requirements of Japanese quail as specified in NRC (1994) whereas, diets B, C and D contained probiotics 50mg, 75mg and 100mg respectively. Diets E, F and G contained Prebiotics ig, 2g and 3g respectively. Feed consumption, body weight gain, FCR, dressing percentage, giblet weight, plasma calcium magnesium and phosphorus, zinc retention, plasma cholesterol, economics of all experimental rations were the parameters considered. Data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Technique. The difference among the treatment means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The results of the experiment revealed that body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, were significantly (p<O.O5) higher in probiotic and prebiotic added groups. Whereas plasma calcium was significantly (p<O.O5) higher in brebiotics added groups than control and prohiotics added groups. Plasma cholesterol was significantly lower in probiotic added groups. Plasma magnesium, phosphorus, zinc concentration, giblet weight and dressing percentage showed nonsignificant (p>O.O5) difference among all the groups.
Data pertaining to economics of the experiment revealed a considerably low cost of feed/kg of the group B and C. While the group D and prebiotic added groups did not decreased the feed cost.
Conclusion:
o Use of probiotics & prebiotics increased the weight gain but the effect of prohiolics was more pronounced
o Prebiotics increased the Ca absorption
o Probiotics decreased the plasma cholesterol
o Use of probiotics proved to be economical although prebiotics also improved the weight gain and FCR but it is not economical to use it as growth promoter
From the results of above experiment it is concluded that inclusion of prehiotics have no considerable benefits but the use of probiotics at low concentration is useful. This consequently results in considerably improved performance and ultimately higher profitability of the farm.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1101,T] (1).
155.
Effect Of Form Of Feed And Dietary Supplementation Of Phytase And Vitamin D3 On Phytase Utilization In Broilers
by Muhammad Farooq | Dr.Saima | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Farina Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: AThe purpose of this research trial was to study the effect of form of feed and dietary supplementation of phytase and vitamin 1)3 on phytate utihzation. growth performance, minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and nitrogen retention in broilers. I he findings of this study on the above mentioned parameters have been discussed as under in the light of the available literature.
One hundred and eighty day-old broiler chicks were purchased from local market. The
chicks were weighed on the first day and then randomly divided into 6 groups of 18 replicates. [here were ten chicks in each replicate. Six isocaloric (M[ 2750 Real/kg) and isonitroginous
(CP% 19) broiler starter rations (A, B, C, 1), E and F) were formulated. Similarly six isocaloric (ME 2850 kcal/kg) and isonitroginous (CP% 18) broiler finisher rations (A, B, C, D, E and F)
were formulated. Ration A and ration B was control but ration A was in mash form and ration B in the Form of pellets. Rations C and I) were Formulated in mash form with phytase (Phyzyme XP 10000 LV!) 500 FlU/Kg along with 1, 25(OH) 2 1)3 a' 2000 and 3000 lU/Kg
respectively. Rations E and F were formulated in pellets form with phytase (Phyzyme XP 10000 TPT) @ 500 FTU/Kg along with 2000 and 3000 lU/Kg of 1, 25(OH) 2 D3 respectively. Starter diets were fed I to day 28 and finisher diets were led from day 29 th to 42 Ui day. All the birds were provided ICed and water ud-/ibiluin and were provided with 24 hours light. The parameters defined for study were feed intake, weight, FCR, dressing percentage, toe ash percentage, calcium and phosphorus in toe ash and excreta, nitrogen retention and economics. The data was subjected to statistical analysis and differences among treatment means were analyzed through l)MRl lest.
The results indicated average feed intake that highest feed intake was found in group F (D3 3000 lU/kg and phytase 500 units/kg) and E (1)3 2000 lU/kg and phytase 500 units/kg,) which were in pellet form respectively. The statistical analysis showed significant difference (P<0.05) in feed intake of the birds fed diets in pellet and mash form containing varying levels of D3 and phytase level. The lowest feed intake was found in group A (control, 0 phytase and 0 D3 level) which was in mash form. The maximum average weight gain was in the birds fed diets containing phytase 500 units/kg and vitamin D3 containing 2000 and 3000 units/kg in group F and F in pellet form respectively, while minimum weight gain was in the birds fed diets containing no phytase and vitamin D3 ( group A in mash form). The statistical analysis showed significant difference (P<0.05) in weight gain of the birds fed diets containing varying levels of phosphorus. 1)3 and phytase (a) 500 units with pellet and mash form. Ihe poor FCR was found in group F and best ICR was observed in group E. The statistical analysis showed non-significant difference (P<0.05) in feed conversion ratio of the birds of all the groups. The highest dressing percentage was observed in group F (phytase S00units/kg and vitamin D3, 3000 units/kg) in pellet form followed by group 13 (control. pellet) and F (phytase S00units/kg and vitamin 1)3, 2000 units/kg). The lowest dressing percentage was observed group A (control, mash).A significant difference was found between dressing percentage of all the groups (P<0.05).
Statistical analysis showed non-significant difference between all the groups (P<0.05). Highest toe ash percentage was observed in group D (phytase So0units/kg and vitamin D3, 3000 units/kg) in mash form) followed by group A. C and F. The lowest toe ash percentage was found in group F. The statistical analysis showed non-significant difference among all the groups (P<0.05). The highest phosphorus in toe bone was in group D followed by F and F and lowest phosphorus was found in group A. The results showed that non-significant difference was found between all groups (P<O.05). The highest calcium in toe bone was in group A and F and lowest calcium was in group D.
There was non-significant difference between all the groups (P<O.05). Calcium excretion in group B was lowest while calcium excretion in group A was highest. The statistical analysis showed that there was non-significant difference between all the groups (P<O.05). The lowest phosphorus excretion was found in group F and highest phosphorus excreted in group B and E. The highest nitrogen retention was observed in group F. There was significant difference between all the groups (P<O.05). A significant difference was found in all the groups at 6th week (P<O.05). The highest nitrogen retention was observed in group E and F. Net profit was highest in F and F followed by B and D.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1103,T] (1).
156.
Bioavailability Of Macro Minerals (Ca,P,Na,K)In Different Feed Stuffs Commonly Used In Broilers Ration
by Arslan Farooq | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Farina Malik | Dr.Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Many reports have illustrated the limitations of feed stuffs in meeting the mineral needs of poultry and other monogastric species. Many feed millers base their estimates of requirements on the NRC. However, the commercial feed industry has adjusted these levels based on their own 'gut feel' rather than on any scientific basis. So, when poultry feed is formulated on this basis, it may not fulfill the bird's nutritional requirement due to their tabulated values instead of actual, resulting in some nutritional disorder and many other related problems.
Therefore it becomes more imperative that we must have nutrient profile of our local feed stuff. The present study has been designed to ascertain mineral profile of the poultry feedstuffs (cotton seed meal, wheat bran, corn gluten meal 60% and corn gluten meal 30%) locally available to the industry and prepare a document on the basis of data analyzed which will be used as a ready reference through out the country. Evaluation of the minerals (Ca, Na, K, P) bioavailability of these ingredients and commercial broiler starter feed in broiler was also be determined. For this purpose poultry feed ingredients and commercial broiler starter feed were procured from a commercial feed mill. For bioavailability of minerals a total of 200 day old Hubbard broiler chicks were used and allocated to five (5) dietary treatments (A, B, C, D and E) in such a way that each treatment was replicated 4 times with 10 chicks in each replicate. Diet A was of corn- soybean meal. Diet B, C, D and E was contain cotton seed meal, wheat bran, corn gluten meal 60% and corn gluten meal 30 %, respectively. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance Technique. The difference among the treatment means was tested through Duncans's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The maximum Ca bioavailability was observed in group B (61.56±5.51%) which was commercial feed, followed by group C (46.30 ±4.29) containing cotton seed meal, E (41.61±8.05) containing corn gluten meal 60%, A (37.60±5.0) containing control(corn- soybean meal), D (35.12±9.20) which was wheat bran and F (22.3 1±8.04) containing corn gluten meal30%. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of Ca in group A between the groups B and F, respectively.
The maximum P bioavailability was observed in group A (58.48± 3.59) which was control feed, followed by group D (52.32±3.09) containing wheat bran, B (49.06±5.81) containing control feed, E (45.94±7.12) containing corn gluten meal 60%, C (40.45±4.55) which was cotton seed meal and F (38.68±8.3 1) containing corn gluten meal 30%. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of phosphorus in group A among the group B C, E and F, respectively.
The maximum Na bioavailability was observed in group B (77.50± 5.86) which was commercial feed, followed by group C (75.03±3.28) containing cotton seed meal, F (73.62±4.75) containing corn gluten meal 30% feed, D (73.10±4.5 1) containing wheat bran, A (65.05±7.16) which was control diet and E (58.40±7.34) containing corn gluten meal 60% respectively. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of Na in group A among the groups B, C, D, E and F respectively.
The maximum K bioavailability was observed in group A (94.17± 0.85) which was control feed, followed by group B (93.98±0.51) containing commercial feed, E (93.05±1.05) containing corn gluten meal 60% feed, D (91.62±0.84) containing wheat bran, F (90.69±0.69) which was corn gluten meal 60% feed and C (90.26±1.07) containing cotton seed meal respectively. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of K in group A among the groups C, D, E and F, respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1106,T] (1).
157.
Bioavailability Of Macrominerals (Ca,P,K,Na)In Broiler Diets Based On Cereals And Cereal Byproduct
by Muhammad Farooq | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Farina Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the relative bioavailability of minerals in different cereals grain commonly used in broiler ration. For this purpose experiment was conducted in the Poultry Experimental Shed, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 200 day old broiler chicks and were randomly distributed into five equal treatment groups A, B, C, D & E containing commercial control diet, maize, wheat, rice tips, rice polish respectively. Each treatment had 4 replicates having 10 chicks each. Birds were placed on floor for first 10 days then were shifted to cages on ii day with replicate groups were fed on experimental feed. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded weekly and FCR and weight gain was also calculated accordingly.
The experiment was ended at day 21, all birds were weighed and feed consumption was recorded to calculate weight gain and FCR. Two birds per replicate were randomly selected and 5m1 blood was taken from wing vein prior to slaughtering. After slaughter, organ weights, left tibia bone were taken. Blood samples, left tibia bone ash, and excreta samples were collected for analysis of macro minerals (Ca, P, K and Na).
Data when statistically analyzed showed that there was a significant differences (P<0.05) among body weights, Birds fed wheat showed the highest (P<0.05) body weight compared to control diet. Feed consumption & FCR values showed significant difference (P>0.05). Organ weight revealed that liver & heart weights were non-significant (P<0.05) among different treatment groups however significantly (P>0.05) highest weights were observed for birds fed diet containing control diet.
Amount of available Ca in plasma was significantly higher (P>O.05) when rice tips was fed as compared to phosphorus which showed significant (P>O.05) differences among treatments and the amount of available minerals Ca, P, Na and K in bone ash were also significant (P<O.05) among birds fed control, maize, wheat ,rice tips, rice polish. The amount of available macro minerals (Ca, P, Na and K) in feed showed a significant difference (P<O.05) when birds were fed wheat, rice tips and rice polish. The amount of macrominerals (Ca, P, K and Na) in excreta significantly showed (P<O.05) difference among all treatments. The bioavailability of macrominerals (Ca, P, K and Na) showed significant (P<O.05) among treatments groups. However bioavailability of phosphorus showed non-significant (P>O.05) difference of group fed control diet and rice polish. The results showed that among energy sources wheat, rice tips and maize minerals contents are compare with rice polish.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1111,T] (1).
158.
Profile Of Calcium And Phosphorus In Sheep And Goats In Different Ecological Zones Of Punjab Pakistan
by Yasir Allah Ditta | PRof.Dr.Anjum Khalique | Prof.Dr.Muham | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: livestock accounts for 52.2 % of agricultural value added, contributes 11 % to GDP and affects the lives of 30-35 million people in rLlral areas directly or indirectly. The sheep and goats population during 2007-2008 was 27.1 and 56.7 million heads, respectively. In spite of a large population of sheep and goats in Pakistan, a lot of hurdles are ahead regarding the production especially with nutrition. The minerals become more important because the small ruminants are mainly fed on grazing without any proper feed and mineral supplementation except the common salt, so the only source of minerals are the grasses and lorages. Availability and concentration of minerals in crops and forages are influenced by environmental fectors such as climate and seasonal conditions during the growth, the amount of rainfall, the type and the fertility of soil on which the forages grow. the stage of maturity. the genus and the species (variety) of the fbrages. It is important to determine the mineral profile based on animal fluid/tissue concentrations in order to estimate the mineral needs of grazing ruminants, as well as the time of the year when they are most needed. Ca and P represent about 46% and 29% of total body minerals. Both Ca and P are very closely related; a deficiency or an excess of one will interfere with proper utilization of the others. [he main goal of this study was to identify profile of Ca and P in sheep and goats of five canal irrigated districts of Punjab. The samples of blood from sheep and goats, water, soil, crops and feed stuffs were taken in both summer and winter seasons and their concentrations were studied For the purpose of sampling, each district was divided into five sub-locations and these were considered as representative areas of the district. Samples were taken from each sub-location, brought to laboratory tbr analysis and analyzed in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and spectrophotorneter. This study was helpful in providing the information about the status of Ca and P in soil, forages, water and in small ruminants and their seasonal dynamics and variation which will be helpfti I to formulate ratiois and premixes in the future. Mineral concentration data were statistically analyzed by t-Test and One-Way Anova.
Significant difference (p<O.05) was observed in Gujaranala, Ilali, Ahad and Khushab districts and non-significant (p>O.05) difference was observed br Ca. Significant (p<O05) difference was seen for Sheikhupura and non-signilicant (p>O.05) difference for other districts between summer and winter seasons. Significant (p<O.05) difference was observed for among Rice zone. Ihal canal irrigatd zone and D. G. Khan Irrigated zone of Punjab br goat. Significant (pO.O5) difference was found among Gujranala, I-labiz Abaci and Khushah districts in both summer and winter seasons. Non-significant (p>O.05) difference was observed for Sheikhupura and Muzzafargarh districts in both summer and winter seasons. Significant (p<O.O05) difference was seen for Gujranwala. Ilafiz Abad arid MuziaIirgarh districts and non-significant (P>O.05) difference was observed for Sheikhupura and Khushab districts between summer and winter seasons. Significant (p<O.05) difference was found in the Ca level of blood plasma in the ThaI irrigated canal zone for the sheep. The highest value for Ca level in the soil was foLind in Sheikhupura (257.5 ±19.2 ppm) and Gujranwala (2 I 6.5]. 1 7.8 ppm) districts during the winter season and in I-Iafiz Abad (404.3] 14.4 ppm) and Gujranwala (304.2±21 .3 ppm) districts during the summer season. l'he overall value of Ca for summer and winter seasons was highest for Haflz Abad (285.2±16.8 ppm) and Gujranwala (260.36±10.2 ppm) districts. [he highest value for P in the soil was found in the Sheikhupiira (40.3±6.12 ppm) district followed by Haliz Abad (30.0±3.89 ppm) district during the winter season. For summer season, the highest value of P in the soil was found in the Khushab (31.516.54 ppm) district followed by Sheikhupura (30.9±6.19 ppm) district. The average value of P for summer and winter seasons was found highest for Sheikhupura (35.616.49 ppm) district and least For Muzzalhrgarh (20.44.44 ppm). 'Ihe highest For (2a concentration in tube well water was found for Muzzatärgarh (2.006fO.987 ppm) district and the lowest being in Hafiz Abad (1.018± 0.693 ppm) district and for motor pump the highest value was for Muzzafargarh (1 .593-I 0.215 ppm) and the lowest being was For HaFiz Abad (0.7231 0.3 I I ppm) during the winter season (Tab Ic 4. I 3). For summer season, the highest value of Ca was For Muzzafargarh (2.4901 0.772 ppm) district and the lowest valLie was for lIaIiz Abad (1 .0251 0.3 16 ppm) district in tube well water and for motor pump, the highest value was for Khushab (2.160± 0.20 ppm) and the lowest being was for I lafli Ahad (I . 123.1 0. 105 ppm) district (Table 4. I 3). In canal water, the highest value of Ca was found (3.238i 0.765 ppm) arid the lowest being was for Ilafiz Abad (l.768L0.Q23ppm) district (Table 4. 1 5). In hand pump, the highest value being Found was ol Khushab (I .64f0.0 I ppm) district and the lowest was of Sheikhupura (0.94210.0! ppm) district (Table. 4.16).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0992,T] (1).
159.
Studies On Levels Of Calcium And Phosphorous In Sheep And Goats Of Different Eclogical Zones Of Punjab
by Muhammad Ilyas | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: To determine the values of Calcium and Phosphorous in blood of Sheep and Goats of Centeral Mix Zone (Lahore, Kasur and Okara) and Cotton Zone (Sahiwal and Pakpattan), about 1000 blood samples were collected. In addition to blood, samples of feed, fodder, soil and water were also collected from same sites. Species under the study were sheep and goat. Sampling was done in two seasons i.e., summer and winter. For blood collection, animal were subdivided in two groups i.e., adult and young stock. In Sheep and Goats 50% samples were taken from adult animals and 50% from lambs and kids. Heparin was used as anticoagulant in blood samples. By using centrifuge machine blood plasma was separated and preserved in freezer. Feedstuff and soil samples were dried in oven and ground to 1mm particle size by using Willy mill. Water samples were given no treatment except filtration. Plasma samples were digested by using 10% TCA, whereas soil and feedstuff samples were subjected to wet digestion. After dilution all samples were run in atomic absorption spectrophotometer for estimation of Calcium and Phosphorous.
The mean plasma calcium values for Goats in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 9.15±0.5, 8.73±0.45, 10.08±1.23, 10.12±1.3 and 8.99±0.76 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for Goats in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 9.18±1.1, 8.83±0.98, 9.96±1.22, 10.6±1.32 and 8.77±0.76 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for kids in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 9.15±1.21, 8.73±1.12, 10.1±1.67, 10.1±1.78, 8.99±1.13 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for kids in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 9.18±1.13, 8.83±1.11, 9.96±1.23, 10.6±1.76, 8.77±1.45 respectively.
The mean plasma calcium values for Sheep in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 9.24±1.34, 9.26±1.22, 10.1±1.43, 9.74±1.1 and 8.4±0.98 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for Sheep in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 9.09±1.1, 8.80±0.99, 10.1±1.56, 10.2±1.58 and 8.93±0.99 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for Lambs in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 9.24±1.21, 8.88±0.98, 10.0±1.76, 10.2±1.88 and 8.71±1.34 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for lambs in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 8.84±0.98, 8.60±0.89, 9.98±1.13, 10.1±1.88 and 8.81±0.95 respectively.
The mean plasma Phosphorous values for Goats in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 5.19±0.5, 6.10± 0.45, 4.84±0.34, 6.33±0.34 and 6.02±0.65 respectively. The mean plasma phosphorous values for Goats in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 5.3 1±0.45, 6.12±0,56, 4.81±0.34, 6.29±0.75 and 6.00±0.67 respectively. The mean plasma Phosphorous values for Sheep in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 4.95±0.45, 6.16±0.80, 5.07±0.56, 6.4±0.8 and 5.79±0.55 respectively. The mean plasma Phosphorous values for Goats in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 5.56±0.54, 6.19±0.65, 4.72±0.43, 6.38±0.74 and 6.17±0.8 1 respectively.
The Phosphorous is present in normal range in the plasma of goats in the districts of Kasur, Okara and Pakpattan in the winter and summer seasons but the Lahore and Sahiwal districts are deficient in winter and summer seasons. The calcium is present in normal range in the plasma of sheep in the districts of Kasur, Okara and Pakpattan in the winter and summer seasons but the Lahore and Sahiwal districts are deficient in winter and summer seasons. The oat fodder, jantar, maize fodder, sorghum fodder, wheat grains, corn grains, oat grains, rice grains, wheat straw, wheat bran, rice husk and feeding plan like sorghum plus wheat straw are deficient in calcium in all the district of both zones but the grasses, barseem fodder, toria fodder, millet fodder, lucern fodder, sawank, kasni, Cotton seed cake and feeding plans like grazing, barseem plus wheat straw are normal for calcium concentration for all districts in both of the zones. All the districts are in normal range for calcium concentration in soil. Water mean calcium values were found higher in Sahiwal (3.42 ppm) district as compared to Lahore (2.65 ppm) district.
The Phosphorous is present in normal range in the plasma of goats and sheep in all the districts in the winter season and summer season.The grasses, barseem fodder, toria fodder, millet fodder, jantar, lucern, sawank, kasni maize fodder, sorghum fodder, wheat grains, corn grains, oat grains, rice grains, wheat bran cotton seed cake, grazing and feeding plans like barseem plus wheat straw, sorghum plus wheat straw are normal or marginal normal but the oat fodder, wheat straw and rice husk are deficient in phosphorous for all the districts of both zones. The Okara and Sahiwal districts are in normal range for phosphorous concentration but the Kasur, Lahore and Pakpattan are marginal deficient for phosphorous concentration. Water mean phosphorous values recorded in this study were higher in the Pakpattan (123 ppm) district and lower in Lahore (24.2 ppm) district.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1112,T] (1).
160.
Nutritional Evaluation Of Sorghum At Different Stages Of Growth
by Shahid Nadeem | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. David McGill | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Pakistan's economy is mainly based on agriculture and livestock production. Fodder crops cover 16 to 19% of the total cropped area in the country. The country is still deficient in total digestible nutrients (28.62 million tons) and digestible protein (1.76 million tons), which is still not sufficient to meet the feeding requirement of livestock in the country. The shortage of fodder is a major limiting factor for livestock growth. A study was planned to focus on nutritionally improved high yielding sorghum variety (JS2002) on two different topographically sites viz Okara and Bhakar districts. Initially the soils of the selected sowing sites were analyzed for its type and pH before sowing.
The chemical composition of sorghum fodder was determined to assess the nutritive value at different cutting stage of growth in district Okara and Bhakar. Sorghum samples were analyzed for proximate analysis, macro minerals and In-situ digestibility using fistulated animals. The results of present study showed that average dry matter, moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash, NDF and ADF values from all the cuts of sorghum fodder were 24.29%, 75.56%, 8.5 1%, 28.26%, 2.34%, 7.5%, 62.95%, 61.04%, 38.41%, percent respectively from district Okara and were 23.48%, 76.53%, 7.95%, 27.5 1%, 2.23%, 8.25%, 61.04%, 37.04 percent respectively from district Bhakar. The dry matter, crude fiber, NDF and ADF also increase as plant gets maturity.
The average In-situ digestibility at 24 hrs and 48 hrs from all the cuts of sorghum fodder were 67.53%, 78.5 1% and 67.16%, 77.90% from Okara and Bhakar respectively. In-situ digestibility decreases as fiber increases.
The average Ca, P. Na, K values from all the cuts of sorghum were 0.40%, 0.11%, 0.05%, 1.86% in Okara district and were 0.32%, 0.14%, 0.03%, 2.02% for Bhakar district. The average yield of sorghum fodder was 21.73 t/ha in Okara and was 18.41% in Bhakar districts.
A significant difference was seen in nutritive value of sorghum fodder from all the cuts from Okara and Bhakar districts. This differenc3e might be due to the temperature fluctuations, water availability and soil fertility.
It was concluded that topographically the Okara district is better for growing sorghum fodder.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1113,T] (1).
161.
Studies On The Use Of Cowpea As A Vegetable Protein Supplement On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Muhammad Zahid | Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Mr. Ehtisham.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to find out nutritive value of cowpea (Vina sinensis) and to develop certain treatments to improve the nutritive value of cowpea. For this purpose two experiments were conducted on broiler chicks "Hubbard". In the first experiment, different levels of raw cowpea were fed to the chicks for L weeks, while in the second experiment cowpea were given with different treatments i.e. soaking, autoclaving, oil and methionine supplementation were included in the poultry ration for 6 weeks. During both experiments effect on growth rate, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage and weight of internal organs were studied.
Feeding different levels of raw cowpea in ration during first experiment showed a linear decrease in weight gain and feed utilization efficiency with increasing level of raw cowpea. The decrease in dressing percentage was highly significant (P/ 0.01) when raw cowpea level was 66 per cent. It was also observed that feeding of raw cowpea significantly (PL 0.01) increased the weight of pancreas of the chicks. The same was the case with gizzard weight. The poor chick performance (weight gain and feed utilization efficiency) on account of feeding higher levels of raw cowpea might be attributed due to the higher contents of enzyme inhibitor(s), low digest- ability and deficiency of sulfur containing amino acids.
To investigate these possible limiting factors, second experiment was conducted. For this purpose soaked (1:1 moisture treatment) and autoclaved (15 psi for 30 mm.) cowpea were incorporated at 51 % level in the ration, while the methionine was supplemented at the level of 0.14/-f per cent and oil at the level of 6.7 per cent. Autoclaving improved weight gain of the chicks during first 4 weeks period, however, methionine supplementation improved the weight gain after 4 weeks (total period is 6 weeks). The feed utilization efficiency was improved through autoclaving, methionine supplementation and oil supplementation in the descending order. Soaking did not improve the nutritive value of cowpea with respect to weight gain, feed efficiency and dressing percentage. The pancreas weight did not increase when autoclaved cowpea were fed as compared to ration I (corn soya ration). However, soaking increased the gizzard weight significantly (PC0.01)
CONCLUS ION
The results of experiments indicated a linear depression in growth rate and feed efficiency with increasing level of raw cowpea in the rations. The weights of internal organs i.e. gizzard and pancreas were increased with increasing level of raw cowpea.
Autoclaving of cowpea improved its nutritive value in terms of weight gain and feed efficiency. Methionine supplementation did improve the weight gain and feed conversion ratio to a significant level. However soaking had adverse effects with respect to pancreas and gizzard weight and no effect regarding weight gain, feed efficiency and dressing percentage.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1119,T] (1).
162.
The Effect Of Feeding Different Vegatbale Protein Supplements As The Cause Or A Predisposing Factor Of Hydropericardium
by Muhammad Shoib Noor | Dr. Mohammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr. Ehtesham | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1989Dissertation note: Since last two years broiler industry in Pakistan is facing a devastating disease named "Hydropericardium Sncirome". The disease causes 30 to 7 mortality. Many possible causes of this disease like Ascites, Oedema, Round heart disease, Fat toxicity, Excess of Sodium and also in Bacterial and Viral infections have been reported, in which nutritional cause is one of these. The present work has been conducted to study the effect of different indigenous vegetable protein supplements as the causitive or predisposing factor for "Hydropericardium" in broiler chicks.
Two experiments were conducted and five experimental rations were prepared containing different indigenous vegetable protein supplements (Corn gluten meal, Rice polishing, Rape seed meal, Cotton seed meal and Sunflower meal) as a major source of protein and were fed to both the experimental chicks throughout the experimental period.
In both the experiments chicks were
divided into five groups. In the first experiment, at 18th day each group was further divided into three subgroups i.e. control, treatment-I and treatment-II (inocculated with 105 and 107 dilutions of freez dried Hydropericardiuin inocculum respectively). Similarly in the second experiment, at 18th day each group was further divided into two subgroups i.e. control and treatment ( some chicks were inocculated with 102dilution of the fresh Hydropericardium inocculum and rest of them were kept as incontact). During the conduct of the experiment the weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, mortality, postmortem changes, histopathological changes and immunity of the experimental chicks were studied.
In the first experiment non-significant differencewith respect of weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks amongst control and treatment-I (inocculated. with 10-5 dilution of freez dried Hydropericardium inocculum) and treatment-II (inocculated with 10-7 dilution of freez dried Hydropericardium inocculum) subgroups were recorded. There was no mortality due to itllydropericardiumit in any of the five experimental groups of chicks. This indicated that 10-5and 10-7 dilutions of freez dried Hydropericardium inocculum were ineffective in causing any change in weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency. As such these findings could not help in establishing any of the five egetab1e protein supplements (Corn gluten meal, Rape
seed meal, Rice polishing, Cotton seed meal and
Sunflower meal) as a predisposing or causitive factor for"Hydropericardium"in the chicks.
Similarly in the second experiment, non-significant difference with respect of weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks between control and treatment ( some chicks were inocculated with i02 dilution of the fresh Hydropericardium inocculum and rest of them were kept as incontact) subgroups of the five experimental groups were recorded. This indicated that 1o2 dilution of fresh Hydropericardium inocculum was ineffective in causing any change in weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks. These results also could not establish the nutrition as a predisposing or causitive factor for "Hydropericardium" in the chicks. Only three mortalities of the chicks in different experimental groups after the inocculation of io_2 dilution of fresh Hydropericardium'inocculum were recorded. Postmortem examination of the dead birds showed watery fluid in pericardial sac, swollen liver and kidneys and enlarged heart. Ilistopathological study of the liver and heart collected from the dead birds revealed intranuclear inclusion bodies in the liver and degenerative changes in the heart. Although the postmortem changes were almost similar to the "Hydropericardium" but only three mortalities could
not be attributed to nutrition as a predisposing or causitive factor for "Hydropericardium" in the chicks. Similarly the results of indirect haemagglutination test showed haemagglutination of erythrocytes at 1:128 serum dilution and even at very weak dilution i.e. 1:1024 serum dilution, which indicated that the chicks were alreadr immuned and the immunity of the chicks increased after the inocculation of the fresh Hyd.ropericardium inocculum.
In the light of the findings of the first experiment, which were non-significant with regard to weight gain, feed. consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks amongst control, treatment-I (inocculated with 1O dilutionof freez dried Hydropericardium inocculum) and treatment-Il (inocculated with 10' dilution of freez dried Hydropericardium inocculum) subgroups of each of the five experimental groups fed on five different experimental rations, it might be concluded that the freez dried Hydropericardium inocculum had lost its virulency during freezing process or during its long i.e. six months, of storage or was not the causitive agent in producing the "Hydropericardium" in the broiler chicks. Similarly in the second experiment, non-significant results of weight gain, feed
consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks between control and treatment (some chicks were inocculated. with io_2 dilution of fresh Hydropericardiun inocculum and rest of them were kept as incontact) subgroups and the results of indirect haemagglutination test, indicated that the chicks were already iinmuned. The findings of both the experiments could not help to establish the nutrition as a predisposing or causitive factor for "HydropericRrdium" in the chicks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1124,T] (1).
163.
Effect Of Differend Leavels Of Poultry By Product Meal On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Sardar ud Din Lodhi | Nisar Ahmad | Dr. M Yqoob Malik | M. Aslam Bhatti.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1989Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of poultry by-product meal (PBPI.) 0!? the performance of broiler chicks. The PBM used in the experiment contained feathers, blood, digestive tract, head and legs collected from the local slaughtering points and was procured from Quadria Feeds Ltd. o Lahore.
One hundred and fifty day old (male and female) Jfubbard broiler chicks were reared on five experimental rations upto 50 days of age. The control ration contained 12% fish meal. In the experimental rations (starter and finisher) fish meal in the control ration was replaced by the poultry by-product meal at 3, 6, 9 and 12% levels. The starter rations were fed (upto 28 days of age) and remaining 22 days the finisher rations were fed.
The crude protein (2') and metabolizable energy (Kcal,/kg) content of the starter rations A, B, C. B and F were 22. 16, 3076; 22. 14, 3079; 22. 10, 3080; 22. 06, 3082 and 22. 92, 3083. While for finisher rations were 20. 08, 3210; 20.04, 3211; 20.04, 3211; 20.00. 3212; 19.97, 3214 and 19.93, 3215 respectively.
The results showed that growth of chicks was influenced by the level of poultry by-product used. The rations containing P.BI1 at the level of 3%, 6% and 9% were the best for growth as compared to 12Z level. The birds fed at the level of 12Z consumed highly significantly lesser feed than those fed on 3 6 and 9% levels. There was statistically non-significant difference in feed efficiency amongst different rations. The varying level of PBPI used in ration did not influence the dressing percentage of broiler chicks. The results further indicated that PBN CCI? he incorporated economically in broiler rations upto 9% of the total diet.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1125,T] (1).
164.
Studies On The Chick Growth Inhibitory Factor In Sunflowr Oil Meal
by Muhammad Zubair | Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr. Mohammad | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: The cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and total particulate matter ('1PM) of cigarette smoke is sternly toxic to health and may produce several pathologies. In our study, we have focused on the toxicological effects of CSC and '1PM on different events of angiogenesis using chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM). CSC and 1PM from four different commercial filtered cigarettes were applied to the CAMs on day 4 of incubation. Macroscopic vascular transformations were evidently observed among all treated CAMs. Applications of CSC disk caused sturdy obliteration of main blood vessels, while whole architecture of the secondary and tertiary vasculalure was completely destroyed. Likewise, application of '1PM from all brands of cigarette caused disproportionate thinning of all primary and secondary blood vessels. Reduction in the total area and diameter of primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels were observed after treatment with CSC and TPM. 1-listological evaluations revealed loss of ectodermal and mesodermal integrity in botl'i types of treatments. Scanty capillary plexuses formation, deterioration of extracellular matrix and delayed migration of blood vessels were prominent findings among all treated groups. Results obtained from CSC treated groups were more localized, while generalized results were prominently recorded in 1PM treated groups. Special considerations of CSC and 1PM should he given while smoking during pregnancy and after surgery because it may severely affect the process of angiogenesis, which is vital in maintenance of pregnancy and wound healing.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1137,T] (1).
165.
Comparative Nutritive Value Of Corn Gluten Meal And Meat Meal In Broiler Rations
by Syed Tayyab Waqar Bokhari | Dr. SAghir Ahmad Jafri | Dr. Mohammad Yaqoob Malik | Mrt. Mubasher.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: The experiment was conducted in the Animal Nutrition Section, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore on completely randomized design. One hundred and twenty, day-old broiler chicks were reared for eight weeks period, These were divided into four groups of 30, and each group was further divided into three replicate of 10 birds. Four experimental rations A, B, C and D were fed to the four different groups. There rations contained 0, 10,15 & 20% levels of corn gluten meal with 18, 9. 5,5 & 0% levels of meat meal as sole source of protein. Watering and feeding was done a libitum.
At the end of experiment, the results showed that average body weight gain of individual bird fed on rations A, B, C and D was 322.2, 263.8, 352.7 and 252.8 grams with F.C.R. of 2.35, 2.61,2.30 & 3.04 respectively. The data regarding the body weight gain and F. C. R. was subjected to statistical analysis - using the analysis of variance and further more to find out the difference in treatment means. Student Newman Keul's Technique was applied. The results showed the highest gain in body weight in birds of group C (15% corn gluten, 5% meat meal and 0. 5% L-Lysine) and the least gain in weight in group D (20% corn gluten and 0.5% L-Lysine. Similar results in case of F. C. R. were obtained as well.
The data on dressing percentage of birds fed rations A, B, C and D were 74.5, 72.1, 71.6 and 72.4 percent. Statistically these results found to be significant and the maximum dressed body weight was observed in group A. The gizzard weight of the birds kept on rations A, B, C and D was 126. 0, 08.3, 120.7 and 105.7 grams with 123.7, 92.7, 100.0 and 94.3 grams of liver weight respectively were observed. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference. Improved weight of gizzard and liver were gained by the birds maintained on ration A. The data on heart, spleen and pancrease weights on analysis revealed a non- significant difference.
The data on economics of the experimental rations indicated that the cost per Kg. of gain in body weight was Rupees 10. 52, 8.73, 8.57 and 11.16 respectively. The ration C was comparative by more economical, ration B being second the best. It is evident from the data that 15% corn gluten with 5% meat meal helped in making the ration most economical.
Based on the observations cited above it was inferred that corn gluten meal could be successfully incorporated in broilers ration without any deteriorating effect o growth rate, feed consumption or feed efficiency, provided it is supplemented with animal protein source to make up the limiting amino-acids.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1140,T] (1).
166.
Effects Of Different Pre-Starter Diets On Broiler Performance, Organs Development, Gastro Intestinal Tract Development And Body Composition
by Muhammad Sami Ullah | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Farina M Khatak | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: We examined the effects of feeding pre-starter crumble diets for a period of 1 to 10 days. One hundred and fifty day-old broiler chicks (Hubbard Classic) were purchased and the birds were divided into five groups (A, B, C, D & E) with three replicates having ten chicks each. Diets were fed with different metabolizable energy (varied from 2750 to 2850 kcal of ME/kg) but same crude protein level (21%) with different lysine levels (varied from 1.3 to 1.5%). After 10 days single starter and finisher crumble diets were fed to the birds up to 28 and 35 days of age respectively. A linear effect of ME from 2750 to 2850 was found on body weight in Treatments A (ME=2750kcal/kg; CP=21%; lysine=1.4%), B (ME=28000kcal/kg; CP=21%; lysine=1.4%) and D (ME=2850kcal/kg; CP=21%; lysine=1.4%) after 35 days of age. Minimum growth was observed in Treatment E (ME=2850kcal/kg; CP=21%; lysine=1.5%) after 35 days of age. There was linear improvement in feed intake in groups C, D and E with higher ME i.e 2850 and varying lysine from 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5% respectively and this trend remained same from 0-35 days of age. Better FCR with good body weight were observed in treatments B and D with FCR 1.78 and 1.75 respectively at the end of experiment. Statistical analysis of body weight after first week revealed significant difference (P<0.05) among the treatments B and C. Statistical analysis of body weight after 35 days revealed significant difference (P<0.05) among A, C, D and E. Statistical analysis for Body composition, organs weights, G I tract and Intestinal weights revealed non-significant differences (P>0.05). This study indicates that it is better to increase energy up to 2850kcal/kg with lysine 1.4 % in pre-starter diets for better performance, gut development, dressing percentage and above all a good start for good overall performance at 35 days of age.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1156,T] (1).
167.
The Nutritive Value Of Corn Steep Liqour (Dried) As A Substitute For Soyabean Meal In Broiler Ration
by Khurshid Mazhar | Dr. Javed Qureshi | Dr. Ihtisham | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 502,T] (1).
168.
Seasonal Variations In Zinc Status Of Livestock Of Okara And Hafizabad Districts Of Punjab
by Ahsan Farid | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Livestock doles out 51.8% of agricultural value added and it shares 11.3% to national GDP. Livestock supports the lives of 30-35 million people in rural areas. The total population of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat in the Pakistan is 33.0, 29.9, 27.4 and 58.3 millions, respectively. The beef and mutton production is 1,601 and 509 thousand tons respectively. The milk production from cow, buffalo, sheep and goat is 14,982, 27,028, 36 and 719 (000 tons) (Anonymous, 2009). The livestock sector of Pakistan is very important. It is the rich source of food items like milk, meat etc. and also provides raw material to industry like leather, wool, bones, hair etc. Livestock production mainly depends on two factors; management and nutrition. The provision of feed stuffs of adequate balanced nutrition is likely to be the most limiting factor in increasing livestock production. One of the vital components of nutrition is minerals which play important role in various body functions and body structures of animals. Minerals' deficiency is the major problem of livestock and its estimation in blood, soil, forages will be helpful for providing balance nutrition to livestock. The basic aim of the study was to identify the imbalance and deficiencies of micro mineral (Zinc) in livestock of two districts of Punjab province. For this purpose, samples of blood, water, soil, crops and feed stuffs were taken. For the purpose of sampling, each district was divided into five sub-locations and these were considered as representative area of the district. Samples were taken from each sub-location.
These samples were brought to laboratory for analysis. For analysis of minerals, Atomic Absorption Spectrometer was used. Samples were analyzed for Zinc. The maps were developed on basis of geographical distribution of the Zn in soil, water, forages and animals' status with the help of GIS technology based on Global Positioning System. This study was helpful in providing the information about the present Zinc status in livestock of two districts to formulate rations and premixes. The data thus collected was subjected to one-way anova and t-test (Steel etal, 1997).
Significant (p<0.05) difference was observed between summer and winter seasons for Zn in plasma of goats and Kids in Hafizabad and Okara districts. Significant (p<0.05) difference was seen in Zn status of plasma of sheep, buffalo and cattle during all physiological stages between summer and winter seasons in Hafizabad and Okara districts. Significant (p<0.05) difference was found in Zn status of plasma of lambs during winter and summer seasons between Hafizabad and Okara districts. Non significant (p>0.05) was observed for Zn value in plasma of goat, kids and sheep during summer and winter season between Hafizabad and Okara districts. Significant (p<0.05) difference was seen in lactating cattle and young stock buffalo during both seasons and in young stock cattle during winter season between Hafizabad and Okara districts. Non significant (p>0.05) difference was observed in lactating, dry/pregnant buffalo and dry/pregnant cattle during summer and winter seasons between both districts. The highest value of Zn was seen in young stock buffalo (1.43 ± 0.15 ppm) in Hafizabad district during winter season and the lowest value was found in sheep plasma (0.70 ± 0.01 ppm) during summer season in Okara district. The highest value for Zn level in the soil is found in Hafizabad district (4.10 ± 0.02 ppm) during winter season and in Okara district (3.16±0.07 ppm), during summer season. The overall value of Zn for summer and winter seasons was highest for Hafizabad (3.47 ± 0.05 ppm) district. In wheat fodder, the highest value of Zn was seen in Hafizabad district (0.0228 ± 0.005 mg/kg) and for Sorghum fodder highest value was observed in Okara district (374.0 ± 177.4 mg/kg). In corn grain, the highest value of Zn was seen in Okara district (0.0288 ± 0.002mg/kg). The highest value for wheat grain was observed in Hafizabad district (680 ± 216.2 mg/kg) and for rice grain in Okara district (55.2 ± 24.9 mg/kg). In wanda, significant (p<0.05) difference was observed between both districts.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1209,T] (1).
169.
Implications Of Varying Electrolytes (Sodium Potassium And Chloride And Their Balance On Growth Performance and Physiologcal Responses of Broilers
by Mirza Muhammad Haroon | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad | FAPT.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A series of experiments were envisaged to evaluate the effect of supplementation of dietary electrolytes with applicability of dietary electrolyte balance by using different salts on growth and carcass responses, body physiological responses and litter condition of modern day broiler chickens under phase feeding system.
Day-old straight-run Hubbard broiler chicks were randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments replicated four times in such a way that a floor space of 0.09 m2 was provided to each bird. Birds were housed in environmental control system. Continuous light was provided 24 hours for the first 3 day and thereafter a light pattern of 23L:ID was adopted for the entire experimental. In each experiment, a basal diet was formulated having lowest level of each electrolyte. In experiment 1, Na and DEB in the basal diet were maintained at 0.08% and 160 mEq/kg, respectively. This basal diet was then supplemented with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and disodium sulphate (Na2SO4) to maintain four levels of Na (0.17, 0.26, 0.35, and 0.44%) by fixing K and Cl with DEB 200, 240, 280 and 320 mEq/kg, respectively. In experiment 2, a basal diet was prepared to contain the lowest level of K and DEB i.e. 0.70% and 160 mEq/kg, respectively. This basal diet was supplemented with potassium sulphate (K2S04) and potassium carbonate (K2C04) by fixing Na and Cl. So, four levels of K (0.86, 1.02, 1.18, and 1.34%) were maintained in eight dietary treatments. In experiment 3, a basal diet was prepared to contain the lowest level of Cl and DEI3 i.e. 0.17% and 320 rnEq/kg, respectively. This basal diet was supplemented with ammonium chloride (NH4CI) or calcium chloride (CaCl2), so that, in each diet, we can have the increase of 40 mEq/kg DEB at 0.3 I, 0.45, 0.59 and 0.73% of Cl at DEB 280, 240, 200 and 160 mEq/kg, respectively, by fixing Na and K.
At the end of each phase (pre-starter, starter, grower and finisher); data of feed intake, weight gain, feed to gain ratio, mortality, water intake, water intake-to-feed intake ratio and litter quality were collected and evaluated. At the end of each experiment, two birds were slaughtered for their carcass and body physiological responses. Blood was also collected from these same birds for blood pH. glucose and serum mineral analyses. For statistical analyses, four (4) levels of electrolyte were used with two (2) sources of salt in a factorial arrangement of 4 x 2 under completely randomized design using GLM.
In experiment 1, highest weight gain and feed intake were found in birds consuming 0.17% (NaHCO3) and 0.44% (Na2SO4) dNa, respectively during d 1-10. However during d 11-20, weight gain and feed:gain were reduced with same levels of dNa. Maximum weight gain was found in diets containing 0.17 and 0.24% dNa during d 21-33 and 34-42, respectively. Improved FG was the result of diets containing 0.20% (NaHCO3) and 0.37% (Na2SO4) dNa during d 2 1-33. Linear rise in water intake was observed in birds with increasing dNa during d 1-42. Minimum litter dampness was seen at 0.37% (NaHCO3) and 0.2 1% (Na2SO4) during d 1-10. Minimum and maximum mortality were observed at 0.37% level of dNa in case of supplementation of NaHCO3 and Na2SO4, respectively. Significantly increased pH and kidney weight while reduced dressing percentage were observed by amount and salt of dNa. Increased breast, thigh and gizzard weights were observed with increasing sodium. Weights of pancreas, gall bladder, bursa, and lungs, and shank length were affected by interaction of amount and salt of dNa.
In experiment 2, BWG (P0.03) and feed:gain (P0.05) was improved at 1.20% dK during 32 to 42 d of age. K2S04 supplemented diets increased feed intake during I to 10 d (P<0.05), water intake during 34 to 42 d (P0.04) and mortality during 1 to 42 d (PE0.02). Water intake was increased linearly with increasing dK when supplemented by K2C03 whereas this was decreased linearly with increasing dK with that of K2S04 during 11 to 20 d (P0.002). The K2S04 supplemented diets lowered the blood pH (P0.00l), dressing (P0.04), abdominal fat (P0.03) weights and shank length (P0.02). A significant salt x dK effect was observed where low levels of dK with K2C03 and high levels with K2504 exhibited lower litter moisture during all phases. Increasing concentration of serum cations was observed by increasing dK, by balancing of increasing serum HCO3 with decreasing Cl at the end of the experiment.
In experiment 3, body weight gain and water consumption were optimized at 0.73%, and 0.73% (CaCI2) and 0.45% (NH4CI), respectively, during d 1-10. During d 2 1-33, maximum weight gain and feed intake were observed at 0.42%, and 0.63% (CaCI2) and 0.63% (NH4CI), respectively. Highest weight gain (0.60% dcl), feed intake (0.61% CaCI2 0.42% NH4CI) and mortality (0.73%) while improved feed:gain (FG; 0.38% dCl) were obtained by interaction effects of amount and source of dCl during d 34-42. Fl (0.60%), feed:gain (0.3 8%) and litter moisture (0.31% NH4CI; 0.35 CaCl2) was affected during I -42d by amount of dcl. Increased blood pH, serum glucose and dressing percentage were found by dCl and replacing CaCI, with NH4C1. Improved breast meat, thigh meat and shank length while reduced abdominal fat were observed by replacing salts (CaCI2 withNH4Cl).
It is concluded that birds showed better growth performance and reduced mortality against high levels of dietary sodium in Na2SO4 than NaHCO3 supplemented diets, while significant rise in pH, breast and thigh meat yield while reduced dressing percentage were observed with increasing dietary sodium. The importance of high concentration of dK for better weight gain and feed efficiency was depicted in later stages of production. K2C03 increased survivability and dressing responses but both dK levels and salts played important role for water intake, litter condition, carcass characteristics and serum mineral concentration. Birds were also suggested to be more sensitive to amount and source of dC1 in later part of their life.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1212,T] (1).
170.
Processing, Nutritional Evaluation And Utlilization Of Rumen Content For Fattening Of Nili-Ravi Male Calves
by Muhammad Waqar Khan | Prof. Dr. Arata Koga | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The cost of feed, as percentage of total production costs, accounts for about 50-60% of ruminant feeding systems. According to estimates, Pakistan is deficient by 40 and 80 percent in forage and concentrate feeds. For economical production of balanced feed for livestock, poultry, fish and pet animal, non-conventional feed resources need to be explored to find solution to the existing gaps. For this purpose the present study was conducted to determine the nutritional profile, processing and utilization of rumen contents in buffalo feed. The study was conducted in three phases. In phase one, bovine rurnen contents were collected from the slaughter house near Bakar Mandi and were analyzed at Nutrition laboratory. UVAS, Lahore. In phase two, rumen contents were ensued with wheat straw. with and without addition of 6% molasses for a period of 90 days at Ravi Campus, Pattoki. Proportion of'rumen contents and wheat straw were 1:1 on DM basis. Wheat straw was also treated alone by reducing its DM to 44% with water and by addition of 6% molasses. In two types of silages the wheat straw was urea treated @ 4% on DM basis of wheat straw by making 25% solution. The pH of silagesi (containing rumen contents and wheat straw 50:50 on DM basis) of ruinen contents is 4.78 and of silage2 (containing rumen content, wheat straw and molasses. 47:47:6 on DM basis respectively) is 4.70. The pH of silage3 (containing rumen contents and wheat straw (urea treated), 50:46:4 respectively) is 4.92 and pH of silage4 (containing rumen contents and wheat straw (urea treated) and molasses, 47:43:4:6 respectively) is 5.1 Irespectively. The silage containing rumen contents and wheat straw showed a increase in CJ' as compare to simple rumen content and silage which were urea treated have significant (p<O.05) increase in CF. In phase three, a metabolic trial was conducted at Buffalo Reaearch Institute, Pattoki, in which 25 male buffalo calves were fed the diets having tOtal mixed ration (100%TMR) (Tc), 70%TMR with 30% silagel ('I'I), 70% 1'MR plus 30% silage2 (T2), 70%TMR with 30% silage3 ('13), and70% TMR plus 30% silage4 (T4). The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The significant differences between means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range test. Among the treatments containing ensued rumen contents without molasses, feed efficiency was significantly (P<0.05) more efficient than those silages which were ensiled along with molasses. I lowever, the I)M intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in control group and silage treated with noIasses and urea. When means were compared there were significant differences among all treatments for DM intake and feed efficiency. Comparatively efficient TMR (I &3) are those which formulated with those silages (silagel&3) which do not contain molasses. TMR1 is the most economical and the best efficient TMR which is formulated with silagel (containing just rumen content and wheat straw 50:50 without any treatment of urea and molasses). Even TMR formulated with silage I is more efficient than control 'l'MR and it also economical as compare to control TMR. It was concluded that rumen contents could replace 50% of conventional TMR without any adverse effects on health of buffalo calves.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1214,T] (1).
171.
Impact Of Various Feeding Regimes On Growth Performance Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Rashid Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline in per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animal origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem is to increase the production of meat. The potential of buffalo as a food animal to meet present and future demands of rapidly growing population deserves special attention because of its capacity to economically convert course roughages and other cereal by products into meat.
Pakistan is second largest buffalo holding country in the world having 29 million buffalo. Traditional system of buffalo meat production is inefficient; animals destined for slaughter are mostly culled and old stock. Male calves are not reared specifically for producing meat but they are kept only for milk let down in villages and are slaughtered even at 6-7 days of age in pen-urban areas. So far very little work has been done to evaluate the tremendous meat production potential of buffalo calves with a particular plan of nutrition.
Present study consisted of a feeding trial of about three months in duration. Fifteen Nih Ravi calves of approximately the same age and weight were selected for the subject study. The animals were randomly divided into three equal groups which were reared on three different feeding regimes. Group I was fed TMR ad-libitum and 2 kg of green fodder. Group II was fed available green fodder ad-libitum and concentrate ration
@ 1% of body weight. Group III was fed Lucerne hay ad-libitum and concentrate ration @ 1% of body weight. . Weighed quantity of feed was offer to every animal on individual feeding basis in a group and refusal was also recorded individually.
The results of study revealed that animals fed on TMBR performed better as compared to other feeding regimes. Among three feeding groups, highest (124.60 ± 7.82 kg) weight gain was observed in TMBR group while, lowest (108.20 + 5.80 kg) weight gain was found in Hay group. As far as feed intake is concerned, highest (777.42 + 8.87 kg) feed intake was observed in fodder group while, lowest (755.10 ± 16.61 kg) feed intake was found in TMBR group. Out of three feeding groups, calves fed on TMBR showed best feed conversion ratio (6.07 ± 0.47) while, the feed conversion ratio in calves fed on hay and fodder was 7.04 ± 0.39 and 7.01 ± 0.32 respectively. Economic analysis per kg weight gain revealed that TMBR group had the lowest cost of production in rupees (101.43 ± 7.92) per kg weight gain, where as highest cost of production (130.40± 7.40) was found in hay group. Analysis of variance of serum chemistry means revealed that no significant differences were found in total protein, urea, glucose, and creatinine values for all three feeding regimes.
On the basis of results of this study it is concluded that TMBR can be utilized as an alternate for our conventional feeding practices as it can meet all nutritional requirements of the animal. It is easy to handle, transport and store besides having a longer shelf life.
It is suggested that further trials with TMBR be carried out on different age and sex groups of buffalo and cattle in order to evaluate its effects on the performance of the animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1227,T] (1).
172.
Comparative Study Of Differenr Treatment Methods For Improving The Nutritive Value Of Rice Husk
by kausar zeb | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof.Dr.Anjum Khalique | Prof.Dr.Muham.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010-2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1255,T] (1).
173.
Effect Of Different Energy Sources On The Fattening Potential Of Buffalo Calves
by Mujahid Jamal Jami | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Abdul | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Buffalo is an important animal which contributes approximately 50% meat in Pakistan. Traditional system of meat production is inefficient. About 50 % of the male calves die during the first week of their life. Some calves are raised to 60-80 kg on extremely poor and unbalanced diets and only a few are raised to about 200 kg of live weight with very low average daily gains. Most of the meat produced in the country comes from end of career, or emergency slaughtered animals. To improve meat production in country calves are required to be fattened through feed lot system. Energy-rich sources available in Pakistan include cereal grains (wheat, maize, barley, oats, sorghum, and rice), wheat bran, rice polishing and molasses etc. At the same time fats and oils are also rich source of energy and infrequently used in animal feeding. Molasses, a by product of sugar industry, is an excellent and cheaper source of energy. An objective of the study was to compare efficiency of energy sources for meat production. For this purpose, a fattening trial was conducted on 15 Nili-Ravi buffalo calves of approximately the same age and weight to study the comparative efficacy of three different energy rations. Animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 calves each. Animals were offered three different rations. The experiment was carried out for 90 days. Group A was fed TMR having molasses as energy source, group B was fed TMR having com grain as energy source and group C was fed TMR with rumen protected fat as energy source. Daily feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, economics and blood parameters (blood glucose, total protein, urea and creatinin) were studied. The Data obtained was analyzed under CRD through ANOV A and the difference among treatment means were tested with LSD. The average weekly growth rate of group A, B and C was 6.23±0.187, 6.l85±O.l87 and 6.08±0.187 respectively. The average daily growth rate of group A, Band C was 0.89, 0.88 and 0.87 kg respectively. Total Mixed Ration taken by group A, B and C was 2064.5 kg, 2546.01 and 1993.7 kg respectively. The average daily feed intake was 4.59 ±O.l06, 5.66±0.106 and 4.43±0.106 kg per day of group A, B and C respectively. Group A, C had non significant difference (P>0.05) from each other while group B was significantly different from group A and C. The feed conversion ratio of group A, B and C was 5.16 ±0.25, 6.40±0.25 and 5.10±0.25 respectively. The results showed that calves fed ration C has highest FCR than ration A and B. The results of the study revealed non significant difference in the concentration of serum urea, creatinine, glucose and serum total protein among the experimental animals. The cost of one kg live weight for group A was Rs 78.73 while Rs 102.78 and Rs 129.1 for group Band C. The results showed th~t ration A was more economical than ration Band C. The findings of this study showed the benefit of utilization of different energy sources in the fattening ration of calves. Due to higher prices and demand of cereal grains, other cheaper sources such as molasses can be used for fattening as energy source. If there is unavailability of molasses and cereal grains then bypass fat (Berga fat) can be used for fattening purpose. The study revealed that each energy sources is equally effective.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1268,T] (1).
174.
Efficacy Of Commercially Available Natural Enzyme Complex On Performance And Nutrient Availability In Broiler Rations
by Asim Munawar | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Saima | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Poultry feed is mainly composed of cereals and vegetable proteins, which cannot be fully digested and utilized by poultry due to lack of endogenous enzymes. As feed costs 70% of total poultry operation, so there is need reconsider enzyme supplementation in such feeds. For this purpose, a total of 800 day old Hubbard broiler chicks will be randomly selected, weighed, and assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 8 replicates per treatment. Feed was procured from a commercial feed mill, comprising of a control diet (2750 Kcal/kg energy with no Allzyme SSF), two negative control diets (Negative Control Diet-I and II having 2700 Kcal/kg and 2675 Kcal/kg energy having no Allzyme SSF) and two positive control diets (2700 Kcal/kg and 2675 Kcal/kg energy having Allzyme SSF @ 200gms/ton).
The average body weights of broilers at different ages showed that broilers of group A attained maximum weight, which was followed by group D, B, E and C, respectively, revealed that the weights of group B, C and E were significantly different from group A, whereas, the differences of group A and D were found non significant that maximum feed consumption was exhibited by group B followed by group C, E, D and A. The data of feed consumption when subjected to analysis of variance showed significant difference (p<0.05) of group B and C with groups A, D, E, while the feed consumption of group B and C was found insignificantly different from each other. The overall FCR of group A was found to be the best among all groups. Next to this was group D, followed by group E, B and C. It is evident from the results that FCR of broilers in group D was very near to control group A, showing activity of enzyme complex in terms of performance.
The highest toe ash percentage (10.83%) was recorded in broilers of group D which was fed diet with 0.1% less available phosphorus and 0.1% calcium but added 200gm/ton enzyme complex, lowest toe ash percentage (9.98%) was recorded in group C which was fed with diet having 0.1% less available phosphorus and 0.1% calcium than control group A with no enzyme complex supplementation. The highest Ca content in plasma was observed in group A, whereas the lowest Ca plasma content was recorded in group B. Phosphorous content in plasma of group D was found to be highest among all the groups followed by E, A, B and C.
No bird had showed any kind of leg weakness/deformity. Critical analysis of the data indicated that birds of group D were reared at lowest feed cost and this diet was found most economical.
Cost of production of feed and per kg live weight can be decreased by use of enzyme complex in feed.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1286,T] (1).
175.
Effect Of Feeding Citrus Pulp Silage On The Growth Performance Of Sahiwal Calves
by Muhammad Iqbal | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Livestock is contributing about 53 per cent of agricultural value added and 11.4 per cent to the national GDP with a total animal heads of 157.3 million but feed availability of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) is deficient by 38.10 and 24.02%, respectively. However, a decline in domestic feed resources and the need for Pakistan's livestock production to become internationally competitive are strong reasons for promoting the use of alternative locally available and cheap sources of feed ingredients, such as citrus pulp from fruit processing industry which do not attract competition in consumption between humans and livestock. The primary objective for the use of these by-products is to reduce the feed cost and consequently cost of producing a unit of the product like milk or meat as well as to fulfill the nutrients demands of animals. Citrus pulp is a by-product widely available in Pakistan and is mainly discarded as waste. Its cost is relatively low compared to its nutritive value but is seldom used as ruminant feed. The large amounts which are available during the harvesting season can be ensiled in combination with dry roughage, to get the required moisture level of it. So in the present study citrus pulp with wheat straw was ensiled and the silage was fed to Sahiwal calves to observe its intake, weight gain as well as economics. Results of the present study revealed that the optimum level of 20% citrus pulp in feed gave good results while intake and weight gain decreased for 30% citrus pulp in feed. Average total weight gain were 27.5, 37.5, 28.75 and 23.75kg for ration A, B, C and D, respectively (containing 10, 20 and 30 citrus pulp, respectively). Average daily gain for group A, B, C and D were 0.44, 0.60, 0.46 and 0.38kg, respectively and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). When average daily feed intake for each calf was calculated on dry matter basis it showed 4.40, 4.50, 3.39 and 3.13kg respectively for group A, B, C and D which was not significantly different between diets. By ascertaining the cost of the feed for ration groups it showed significance difference having average cost of production per animal per kg body weight 37.07, 23.80, 21.68 and 25.58 Rs for group A, B, C and D, respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1284,T] (1).
176.
Effect Of Replacinh Inorhanic With Organic Trace Minerals On Greth Performance Carcass Characteristics And Meat Composition of Broilers
by Zulqarnain | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Poultry is one of the vibrant segments of agriculture sector of Pakistan. Its contribution in agriculture and livestock is 4.81% and 9.84%, respectively. Poultry meat contributes 23% of total meat production of Pakistan. Poultry sector has shown a healthy growth at the rate of 8-10 percent annually. For optimum production and health, animal receive a balance diet that supplies nutrient at desired concentration. Organic trace minerals have been used in broiler feeds, showing promise in improving growth performance, bird health, processing yield and meat quality characteristics. Interest is also building in using organic trace minerals in place of a portion of the feed inorganic mineral supplement in order to get maximum growth and health with lower levels of mineral intake, thus lowering the amount of minerals excreted from the birds.
The average feed consumption based on gram/bird at different ages showed that maximum feed consumption was exhibited by group F followed by group E, D, C, B and A. The data of feed consumption when subjected to analysis of variance showed significant difference (P<0.05) feed intake was during first three weeks but during the last two week non significant difference was observed in feed. The feed intake in group supplemented with organic trace minerals was significantly different from that group supplemented with inorganic trace minerals.
The average body weights of broilers at different ages showed that broilers of group A attained maximum weight, which was followed by group B, C, D, E and F, respectively. . Statistical analysis of the data revealed a significant (P<0.05) difference in weight gain due to treatments. The weight gain in group supplemented with organic trace minerals was significantly different from that group supplemented with inorganic trace minerals.
The overall FCR of group A was found to be the best among all groups. Birds in group B performed better than rest groups i.e., C, D, E and F. The analysis of variance among various experimental groups during 1st three weeks revealed a non significant difference between all groups i.e., A, B, C, D, E and F, however, FCR was significant difference (P<0.05) during last two weeks.
Result obtained showed significant differences in carcass characteristics i.e., shank length, keel length, bursa weight while non significant differences in dressing percentage, liver weight, heart weight, spleen weight and gizzard weight due to supplementation of organic minerals. Statistically significant differences were found in shank and keel length with supplementation of organic minerals, however non significant differences were found in shank and keel length in groups feeding inorganic trace minerals. The bursa weight of the birds in group supplemented with organic trace minerals was significantly lower from all groups, however non significant differences were observed in among birds in group supplemented with inorganic trace minerals.
The economics of production of broilers in different experimental groups A, B, C, D, E, and F showed that average cast of production remained 43.40, 43.50, 46.10, 45.36, 44.91 and 45.66 per kg live weight. Higher cast of production was observed in group C (46.10) and F (45.36) while group A (43.40) was having the lowest cast of production which showed significant differences from all other groups.
As the proximate analysis of broiler thigh and breast meat is concerned, Dry matter, moisture percentage and ash percentage of both breast and thigh portion of broiler meat for group A, B, C, D and E showed non significant differences among all treatments, while the data on crude protein and ether extract in breast and thigh part of meat of broiler when subjected to analysis of variance showed significant difference (P<0.05) among treatment groups A, B, C, D, E and F group.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1317,T] (1).
177.
Nutritional Evaluation Of Locally Availabie Feed Stuffs In Different Agro- Ecological Zones Of Punjab
by Muhammad Arif | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr. Akram | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pakistan's economy is mainly based on agriculture and livestock production. The production per unit animal in terms of meat and milk production is low as compared to developed countries. The major reason behind this truth lies in efficient use of feed resources. In Pakistan, availability of data on indigenous feed resources in different agro-ecological zones is scanty and limited. Present study was planned to analyze the nutritional profile of locally available feed resources in different agro-ecological zones of Punjab. This study was conducted into two phases; first phase consisted of collection of samples from ten districts of Punjab. From each district, sample of fodder, dry roughages and concentrate ingredients were collected randomly from different places. The estimated total number of sample was 1020; fodder (440), dry roughages (250) and concentrate (330) samples were collected in both summer and winter seasons. The second phase of the study consisted of chemical analysis of nutritional profile of collected samples. Samples were analyzed for crude protein, ash, detergent fibres i.e., NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin and cell soluble contents. Data thus collected were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance technique under CR Design.
In wheat straw the average CP percentage was 2.20 ± 0.25% while the value for ash content was 9.79 ± 1.97%. NDF and ADF averaged as 80.33 ± 4.43% and 52.41 ± 2.56% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Kasur and Sahiwal district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the rice straw average CP percentage was 1.71 ± 0.24% while the value for ash content was 13.56 ± 1.91%. NDF and ADF averaged as 78.36 ± 5.40% and 54.11 ± 2.25%. Higher value for protein was reported from Sahiwal district while lowest from Lahore and Pakpatan district.
In the maize stovers average CP percentage was 2.76 ± 0.39% while the value for ash content was 7.81 ± 2.16%. NDF and ADF averaged as 75.03 ± 4.78% and 48.15 ± 3.67% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Kasur district while lowest from Pakpatan district.
In the sorghum stovers average CP percentage was 2.72 ± 0.15% while the value for ash content was 5.81 ± 1.16%. NDF and ADF averaged as 77.74 ± 4.60% and 49.95 ± 2.31% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Sahiwal district while lowest from Hafizabad district.
In the millet stovers average CP percentage was 3.03 ± 0.37% while the value for ash content was 6.45 ± 0.72%. NDF and ADF averaged as 75.80 ± 4.45% and 43.81 ± 0.94% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the rice husk average CP percentage was 2.99 ± 0.22% while the value for ash content was 16.37 ± 0.58%. NDF and ADF averaged as 78.90 ± 2.90% and 69.01 ± 1.17% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Pakpatan district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the oat fodder average CP percentage was 11.89 ± 0.74% while the value for ash content was 10.68 ± 0.57%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 63.09 ± 1.88%, 32.68 ± 2.33%, 4.26 ± 0.81% and 36.91 ± 1.88% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Okara district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the wheat fodder average CP percentage was 11.74 ± 0.51% while the value for ash content was 6.84 ± 0.78%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 66.65 ± 2.70%, 36.31 ± 2.08%, 9.40 ± 1.72% and 33.35 ± 2.70% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Khushab district.
In the mustarad fodder average CP percentage was 13.42 ± 0.39% while the value for ash content was 11.57 ± 0.66%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 56.19 ± 1.94%, 38.49 ± 1.98%, 12.24 ± 0.98% and 43.81 ± 1.94% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Muzafargarh district while lowest from Pakpatan district.
In the berseem average CP percentage was 17.32 ± 0.82% while the value for ash content was 12.94 ± 0.76%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 57.37 ± 2.63%, 31.63 ± 1.90%, 10.67 ± 1.04% and 42.63 ± 2.63% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Pakpatan district while lowest from Hafizabad district.
In the lucern average CP percentage was 21.34 ± 0.84% while the value for ash content was 11.65 ± 1.69%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 45.60 ± 2.04%, 37.73 ± 0.63%, 11.87 ±1.05% and 54.40 ± 2.04% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Sahiwal district
.
In the sugarcane fodder average CP percentage was 5.60 ± 0.31% while the value for ash content was 11.78 ± 0.92%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 72.30 ± 3.88%, 38.20 ± 1.76%, 12.94 ± 1.13% and 27.20 ± 3.00% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Sheikhupura district while lowest from Lahore district.
In the grasses average CP percentage was 9.91 ± 0.48% while the value for ash content was 11.74 ± 0.94%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 72.71 ± 5.20%, 36.25 ± 1.96%, 6.29 ± 0.99% and 27.29 ± 5.20% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the maize fodder average CP percentage was 8.10 ± 0.75% while the value for ash content was 11.39 ± 1.58%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 70.88 ± 1.94%, 32.88 ± 1.42%, 7.15 ± 1.87% and 29.12 ± 1.94% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Kasur district while lowest from Okara district.
In the sorghum fodder average CP percentage was 6.62 ± 0.44% while the value for ash content was 8.96 ± 1.41%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 67.75 ± 2.79%, 42.11 ± 2.64%, 7.52 ± 0.96% and 32.25 ± 2.79% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Okara and Khushab district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the millet fodder average CP percentage was 7.76 ± 0.34% while the value for ash content was 14.80 ± 0.88%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 69.90 ± 1.39%, 40.59 ± 4.54%, 9.74 ± 1.24% and 30.10 ± 1.39% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Sahiwal district while lowest from Khushab district.
In the corn grain average CP percentage was 9.47 ± 0.22% while the value for CSC content was 75.54 ± 1.39%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 24.46 ± 1.39% and 5.88 ± 8.47%. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Okara district.
In the wheat grain average CP percentage was 12.66 ± 0.89% while the value for CSC content was 59.75 ± 3.64%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 40.25 ± 3.64% and 4.86 ± 0.80%. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Gujranwala district.
In the Sorghum grain average CP percentage was 9.96 ± 0.42% while the value for CSC content was 49.11 ± 3.10%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 50.89 ± 3.10% and 22.06 ± 0.72%. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Muzafargarh district.
In the wheat bran average CP percentage was 12.53 ± 1.07% while the value for CSC content was 36.63 ± 2.24%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 63.37 ± 2.24% and 17.25 ± 2.63%. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Gujranwala district.
In the rice polish average CP percentage was 16.12 ± 0.69% while the value for CSC content was 47.58 ± 2.34%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 52.42 ± 2.34% and 18.28 ± 0.80%. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the cotton seed cake average CP percentage was 24.16 ± 0.36% while the value for CSC content was 40.91 ± 2.27%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 59.09 ± 2.27% and 27.65 ± 2.13%. Higher value for protein was reported from Khushab district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the rape seed cake average CP percentage was 35.77 ± 0.42% while the value for CSC content was 57.42 ± 2.41%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 42.49 ± 2.59% and 24.61 ± 2.08%. Higher value for protein was reported from Sheikhupura district while lowest from Pakpatan district.
On the basis of the results of this study it is concluded that this study has generated compositional data of dry roughages, fodders and concentrates. This has lead to the preparation of dry roughages, fodders and concentrates composition tables for better feeding of livestock. The students, farmers and research workers may benefit from these tables.
It is suggested that further trials on palatability, feed intake and digestibility should be conducted to visualize practically the extent of digested nutrients in these dry roughages, fodders and concentrates.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1320,T] (1).
178.
Production Of Single Cell Proteins (Yeast) To Fortify Human Food
by Umar Bacha | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The production of single cell protein on agricultural wastes is amongst the potential non-conventional protein source for humans in protein deficient countries like Pakistan. Microorganisms in single cell protein have high protein contents and short growth times which lead to rapid biomass production. Moreover, microorganisms are able to utilize cheap sources of nitrogen and abundant carbon sources. Thus, the resulting biomass is usually economical having high potential as a supplement as well as protein fortificant to provide balanced nutrition.
The peels used for yeast biomass production study resulted in variable composition. Orange peel contained significantly highest (38.66 %) moisture content as compared to other peels. Regarding dry matter, the maximum DM (80.66 %) was present in potato peels while, crude protein contents were higher (10.13 %) in orange peels. In biomass production, the maximum growth (5.29 %) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was obtained on potato peels while, lowest growth (0.3 %) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was observed on apple peels. Both apple and potato peels nitrogen free extract were statistically non-significant.
Proximate composition of experimentally produced yeast biomass was comparable with commercial yeast. Biological evaluation of single cell protein (SCP) diet in Sprague Dawley rats was conducted and compared with casein diet to determine the SCP protein quality. The values for SCP protein quality for parameters of TD, NPU, BV, NPR, FER and PER were 93.68 %, 67.02 %, 70.56 %, 4.55 %, 3.62 % and 2.19 % respectively, which were significantly lower as compared to casein diet. Although the scores for biological parameters of SCP diet were lower as compared to casein diet, yet the differences in actual values for both the diets was not much which indicates the overall good quality of SCP protein.
SCP also showed excellent water holding capacity (303.40±0.30 %) and oil absorption capacity (196.50±0.20 %). Similarly, foaming capacity, loose bulk density and packed bulk density were observed as 10.60±0.20 %, 0.65±0.01 % and 0.66±0.01 %, respectively. It also showed good gelling capacity as 0.7 g/20mL of yeast biomass resulted in complete gelling of the solution.
Yeast was used to fortify flour at various concentrations to prepare and evaluate protein enriched sugar-snap-cookies. The cookies, thus prepared, were subjected to physical and sensory evaluation to find out the most appropriate level of SCP fortification for cookies development. The spread factor and diameter of cookies decreased while cookie thickness increased with SCP fortification. There was not much difference in most sensory scores attributed to all fortified cookies with the exception of texture and taste which deteriorated with fortification. Although taste and texture scores were less yet the cookies fortified with up to 4% of SCP were well in high acceptable limit.
In a nutshell, potato peels can serve as a good vehicle for production of single cell proteins. Experimentally produced yeast was chemically comparable with that of commercial yeast; however its growth production varies with carbohydrates present in the industrial waste peels. The overall protein quality of SCP protein was found to be very good and thus can be used in various food formulations to enhance protein quantity and quality. Cookies fortified with up to 4% SCP were found to highly acceptable and thus recommended for fortification.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1325,T] (1).
179.
Nutritional Evaluation, Processing And Utilization Of Rumen Contents For Fattening Of Male Lohi Lambs
by Muhammad Shakeel Anwar | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Jalees | Prof. Dr. M. A. Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: At present, 121.1 million heads of animals in Pakistan annually require about 10.9 and 90.36 tons of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), respectively. However the respective availability of these two nutrients is 6.7 and 69.0 million tons and thus, CP and TDN are 38.10 and 24.02% deficient per annum. For economical production of balanced feed for livestock, poultry, fish and pet animal, non-conventional feed resources need to be explored to find solution to the existing gaps. For this purpose the present study was conducted to determine the nutritional profile, processing and utilization of rumen contents for fattening of male Lohi lambs. The study was conducted in three phases. In phase one, bovine rumen contents were collected from the slaughter house near Bakar Mandi and were analyzed at Nutrition laboratory, UVAS, Lahore in triplicates before ensiling. In phase two, ensiling of wheat straw (Urea treated @4% of DM of wheat straw and also another ensiling without urea treatment) along with rumen contents will be done with or without 7% addition of molasses for minimum 60 days at Ravi Campus, Pattoki. pH of silages1,2,3&4 after 60 days was 4.78,4.70,4.92 and 5.11 respectively. The silage containing rumen contents and wheat straw showed a increase in C.P as compare to simple rumen contents and silages which were urea treated have significant (p<0.05) increase in C.P. In phase three, a metabolic trial was conducted at Ravi Campus Pattoki, in which 25 male Lohi lambs were fed the diets having total mixed ration (100%TMR) (Tc), 70%TMR with 30% silage1 (T1), 70% TMR plus 30% silage2 (T2), 70%TMR with 30% silage3 (T3), and70% TMR plus 30% silage4 (T4). The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The significant differences between means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range test. DM intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in control group than other groups offered silages containing rumen contents. There was non significant difference (P>.05) in DM intake between T1.T2 & T3. T4 was non significant to all other treatments. Statistical results showed non significant difference (P>.05) in total weight gain among all the treatments however maximum weight gain was observed in control treatment. Feed efficiency was also non significant (P>.05) among all the treatments. So we can use processed rumen contents as cheap protein source in small Ruminant feed. There were no harmful effects on health of lambs during whole trial. So we can replace 30% of conventional TMR with Rumen Contents safely.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1341,T] (1).
180.
Effect Of Feeding Of Different Non Protein Nitrogen (Npn)Sources On Performance Of Lactating Nili- Ravi Buffaloes
by Muhammad Salman Nadeem | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | (Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar).
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The feed resources in Pakistan are comprised of green fodder / pastures (mostly on canal banks and on road sides), dry roughages (mostly wheat and rice straw) and conventional concentrates. Furthermore, it has been reported that conventional feedstuffs are very low in non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources. These circumstances attracted the attention of nutritionists and farmers towards the use of slow-releasing non-Protein Nitrogen sources in the livestock feed. The experimental study was conducted at LPRI Bahdurnagar Okara. Feed was reformulated by addition of urea and Optigen. Samples in triplicates were analyzed at Nutrition laboratory, UVAS Lahore and LPRI, Bahadurnagar, Okara. The crude protein of the concentrates A, B and C were 17.03, 17.03 and 17.04 respectively. Eighteen lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes were divided in three equal groups using completely randomized design. Each group was fed on isonitrogenous concentrate to find out its effects on performance of lactating buffaloes. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The significant differences between means were tested by least significant difference test. Milk production was higher in group C feeding with reformulated with 1% Optigen. The highest individual milk fat was higher for group C. The average protein percentages of all the buffaloes were non-significant. The milk urea nitrogen level was higher in group B. The blood urea nitrogen level was higher in group C. It was concluded that the use of Optigen in buffalo feed improved the milk production significantly without affecting the milk composition. It can replace the conventional NPN sources without any adverse effects on health of buffaloes. Optigen can be used as economical and affective slow release NPN source.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1342,T] (1).
181.
Nutritional Evaluation, Processing And Utilization Of Rumen Contents In The Diet Of Lactating Nili- Ravi Buffaloes
by Muhammad Naveed Iqbal Khan | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Ahmed Ali | Dr. Umar Farooq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The cost of feed, as percentage of total production costs, accounts for about 50-60% of ruminant feeding systems. According to estimates, Pakistan is deficient by 40 and 80 percent in forage and concentrate feeds. For economical production of balanced feed for livestock, poultry, fish and pet animal, non-conventional feed resources need to be explored to find solution to the existing gaps. For this purpose the present study was conducted to determine the nutritional profile, processing and utilization of rumen contents in buffalo feed. The study was conducted in three phases. In phase one, bovine rumen contents were collected from the slaughter house near Bakar Mandi and were analyzed at Nutrition laboratory, UVAS, Lahore in triplicates befor ensiling. In phase two, rumen contents were ensiled with wheat straw, with and without addition of 6% molasses for a period of 60 days at Ravi Campus, Pattoki. Wheat straw was also treated alone by reducing its DM to 44% with water and by addition of 6% molasses. The pH of silages 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 4.78, 4.70, 4.92 and 5.11 respectively. The silage containing rumen contents and wheat straw showed a increase in C.P as compare to simple rumen content and silage which were urea treated have significant (p<0.05) increase in C.P. In phase three, a production trial was conducted at Buffalo Reaearch Institute, Pattoki, in which 25 lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes were fed the diets having total mixed ration (100%TMR) (Tc), 70%TMR with 30% silage1 (T1), 70% TMR plus 30% silage2 (T2), 70%TMR with 30% silage3 (T3), and70% TMR plus 30% silage4 (T4). The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The significant differences between means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range test. The DM intake was significantly higher in control group and silage without molasses and urea. Milk production was higher in group feeding with silage4 which was treated with urea and molasses. There was also significant increase of milk production in group feeding with silage1. It was concluded that rumen contents could replace the conventional TMR without any adverse effects on health of buffaloes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1343,T] (1).
182.
Nutritional Manipulation To Reduce Blood Cholestrol And Improve Production Performance Of Broiler
by Hafiz Muhammad Mutee Ur | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present experiment was conducted with the purpose to reduce cholesterol level and to improve the production performance of the broilers by offering different levels of the Garlic powder, dried neem leaves and CuSO4.5H2O. For this purpose, 210 day old broiler chicks was procured and divided into 7 treatment groups having 3 replicates containing 10 birds each. Different treatments used were, un-supplemented control group (T-1), Garlic powder (20 g/kg) supplemented group (T-2), Garlic powder (40 g/kg) supplemented group (T-3), dried Neem leaves (5 g/kg) supplemented group (T-4), dried Neem leaves (10 g/kg) supplemented group (T-5), CuSO4.5H2O(100 mg/kg) supplemented group (T-6), CuSO4.5H2O (200 mg/kg) supplemented group (T-7). Different parameters were studied include; average feed consumption, average weekly weight gained, feed conversion ratio (F.C.R), cholesterol level, antibody titre, abdominal fat collection, dressing percentage, copper contents, sensory evaluation of meat and economics of broiler production. The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed by using completely randomized design through ANOVA Technique (Steel et al, 1997). The difference among treatment means was tested through Duncan's Multiple Range Test (Duncan, 1955).
Statistical analysis of data showed significant (P<0.05) difference in the growth performance of different treatments groups and concluded that the addition of Garlic powder, dried neem leaves and CuSO4.5H2O helped to improve the growth performance. Garlic powder was found to be more effective in the growth performance then the Neem leaves and then the CuSO4.5H2O. Anti body titer against ND and IBD diseases showed significant differences among the control and groups fed with dried neem leaves. The titre was found to be more protective in the groups fed with neem leaves. In respect of, abdominal fat pad reduction, the garlic fed groups performed better with respect to other treatment groups. Dressing percentage among different treatments groups were taken in which the dressing percentage of control group was found poorest while the group fed with garlic (40 g/kg) was found the best among all the treatment groups. Copper contents from the liver and the excreta was estimated along with the primary aim to reduce cholesterol level, the copper contents was found more in excreta that was fed to the treatment groups fed with the pharmaceutical dosage of the CuSO4.5H2O. Sensory evaluation of the meat was done by the 10 panelists, the results of the sensory evaluation of the meat was non-significant (P<0.05) which showed that the additional ingredient used have no effects as far as the consumer acceptance was concerned. Different treatment groups showed different economical benefits, the group fed with Garlic powder (20 g/kg) performed best with the profit of Rs 28.78 per kg, while the control group worst among all the treatment groups with the net profit of Rs 16.11 per kg.
It is concluded from the present study that the Garlic powder, dried neem leaves and CuSO4.5H2O helped in the reduction of cholesterol level along with the better production performance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1352,T] (1).
183.
Effects Of Stair-Step Nutrition Regimen On Growth Rate, Nutrien Utilization And Pubertal Development In Nili-Ravi
by Muhammad Iqbal Anjum | Prof. Dr. Mukhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Under this study, effect of stair-step nutritional regimen compared to the standard NRC recommended energy levels on growth rate, nutrient utilization, some selected blood metabolites, pubertal age, conception rate and economic analysis in ili- Ravi buffalo heifers were measured. Study lasted for 18 months during the years 2008- 20 I O. Twenty-two heifers, 6-8 month old, 98.57±5.07 kg average ody weight were divided into two equal groups and randomly assigned either control or stair-step nutritional regimen (SSNR) diets. The SSNR was designed in three phase program each having 6 months duration i.e., postweaning (7 to 13 month age), repubertal (13 to 19 month age) and pubertal/breeding (19 to 25 month age). In each phase, the treatment group during step 1, was fed on low energy diet (80% ME of NRC) for 4 months followed by high energy diet (120% ME ofNRC) for 2 months in step 2. The heifers in ontrol group were fed according to NRC (200 I) requirements of Holstein Friesian heifers continuously for 6 months. For both the groups individual feeding was carried out. Daily feed intake and fortnightly fasting weights were recorded. Nutrients digestibility and N balance trials were conducted during last week of each step during each phase. Blood samples were collected at the end of each low or high energy diets for blood metabolites analysis. Oestrus detection was done with the help of a teaser bull at age of 15-16 months. Transrectal ultrasonography was done to assess uterus and ovarian structures development. Measured blood serum progesterone concentration collected every 10 days interval at 09.00-10.00 hours during 18-20 months age by ELISA using commercial kit. The age and live weight at onset of puberty was recorded when heifer tood to be mounted by the bull first time in her life. The heifers detected in oestrus were bred by natural mating at approximately 12-15 hours of the onset of oestrus activity. Heifers not returning to oestrus were examined for pregnancy diagnosis through rectal alpation of uterus at 70-90 days post breeding. Data of feed onsumption during postweaning, prepubertal and pubertallbreeding phases were used to calculate the feed cost used per kg gain between the SSNR and control heifers.
During postweaning phase, heifers fed SSNR low energy diet (2.03 Meal/kg) ained significantly (P<O.OS) lower daily weights than those fed control diet (2.SS Meal/kg), When heifers fed high energy diet (3.01 Meal/kg), daily weight gain was significantly (P<O.O 1) higher in SSNR compared to control. Average dry matter intake (DMI) was similar (P>O.OS) between the heifers of two groups. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was poorer (P<O.OS) in SSNR heifers fed low energy diet compared to those fed control diet. But on high energy diet FCR was better (P<O.OS) in SSNR compared to control group.
During prepubertal phase, there was no difference (P>O.OS) in weight gain between the heifers fed SSNR low energy diet (1.89 Meal/kg) and control diet (2.3S Meal/kg). But on high energy diet (2.80 Meal/kg) weight gain was higher (P<O.OS) in SSNR compared to control group. Average dry matter intake (DMI) was similar (P>O.OS) between the heifers of two groups. On low energy diet there was no difference (P>O.OS) in FCR between the two groups. But on high energy diet FCR was significantly (P<O.OS) better in SSNR compared to control group. Average DMI in heifers of both groups was similar (P>O.OS). During pubertal/breeding phase, similar trend of weight gain, DMI and FCR was found in SSNR versus control group as reported in prepubertal phase.
Intake of DM, organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) as percent body weight were statistically non-significant (P>O.OS) differet between the SSNR versus ontrol groups during all phases. Metabolizable energy (ME) consumption was significantly P<O.OS) lower in SSNR group fed low energy diet than the heifers fed control diet. But ME consumption was significantly (P<O.O 1) increased in SSNR group fed high energy diet than control group. Similar, trend of ME consumption was observed in heifers fed SSNR (either low or high energy) and control diets during prepubertal and pubertal phases. Water to dry matter intake ratio in heifers during postweaning, prepubertal and pubertal phases were statistically similar (P>O.OS).
In all phases, apparent DM and OM digestibility did not differ (P>0.05) between the heifers fed SSNR (either low or high energy) and control diets. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility was higher (P<0.05) when SSNR heifers fed low energy diet, but on high energy diet NDF digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to control, respectively, during all phases with the exception of step I in the prepubertal phase and step 2 in pubertal phase where the differences were non-significant (P>0.05) between the groups. Acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility with SSNR low energy diet was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the heifers fed control diets during three phases. But on high energy diet, ADF digestibility was not different (P>0.05) between the two groups. Also N intake was not different (P>0.05) between the heifers fed SSNR (either low or high energy) diets and control diets, respectively, with the exception of step 2 in the postweaning phase when the control group showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in intake of N compared to the SSNR group. Faecal N as well as Urinary N losses in heifers fed SSNR (either low or high energy) versus control diets did not differ significantly (P>0.05).
All heifers have shown haematological values which are almost similar in heifers of two groups. Except total cholesterol, concentration of urea N, glucose and macro minerals in serum did not differ between the two groups.
There was no significant (P>0.05) differences in age and weight at onset of puberty and number of services per conception between the two groups. Pregnancy rate in heifers fed on SSNR diet was 50% while on control diet was 57%. Fifty percent of heifer fed SSNR and 60% of heifers fed control diet as per NRC requirement had serum progesterone concentrations> 1.0 ng/ml in two samples collected 10 days apart before reaching puberty.
The overall feed costs incurred (42660.88 vs 44509.96 Rs./animal) on SSNR heifers was significantly (P<0.05) less than the control heifers fed according to NRC recommendations from weaning to breeding age.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1376,T] (1).
184.
Effect Of Different Growth Promoters On Feed Intake And Growth Performance Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Ahtasham Atta | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pakistan is second largest buffalo holding country in the world having 29 million buffalo. Traditional system of buffalo meat production is inefficient; animals destined for slaughter are mostly culled and old stock. Male calves are not reared specifically for producing meat but they are kept only for milk let down in villages and are slaughtered even at 6-7 days of age in peri- urban areas. So far very little work has been done to evaluate the tremendous meat production potential of buffalo calves with a particular plan of nutrition. Present study related to the use of a growth promoters treatment trial of about three months in duration to further accelerate the meat production. Twenty Nili-Ravi calves of approximately the same age and weight were selected for the research purpose. The animals were randomly divided into four equal groups (A, B, C and D), which were given four different treatment, such as, Ralgro, Boostin-250, M2 Hormone and control (non implanted) for group A, B, C and D respectively. The basal diet consisted of concentrate ration @ 1% of body weight along with chaffed green fodder ad lib. In each group, feed offered and refusal was recorded on individual basis. The results of study revealed that animals given M2 Hormone performed better as compared to other treatment groups. Among four treatment groups, highest (43.4 ± 12.00 kg) weight gain was observed in M2 Hormone group while, lowest (35.4 ± 12.5 kg) weight gain was found in control group. As far as feed intake is concerned, highest (429.79 ± 28.22 kg) feed intake was observed in Ralgro group while, lowest (412.83 ± 50.56 kg) feed intake was found in M2 Hormone group. Out of four experimental groups, calves of M2 Hormone group showed best feed conversion ratio (12.40 ± 3.01) while, the feed conversion ratio in calves of Ralgro, Boostin-250 and Control group was 12.79 ± 1.99, 14.14 ± 5.87 and 14.43 ± 2.54 respectively. Economic analysis per kg weight gain revealed that M2 Hormone group had the lowest cost of production in rupees (110.23 ± 3.79) per kg weight gain, where as highest cost of production (136.63 ± 4.72) was found in control group. On the basis of the results of this study it is concluded that M2 Hormone can be utilized as an alternate for our conventional fattening practices as it can increase body weight gain. The additional benefit of this compound is that it can be given in feed and does not have to be injected or implanted in the body. It is suggested that further trials with M2 Hormone be carried out on different age and sex groups of buffalo and cattle in order to evaluate its effects on the performance of the animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1401,T] (1).
185.
Effect Of Acidifiers On The Production Performance And Carcass Traits In Japanese Quail
by Sohail Akbar | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: There are certain growth promoters like antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics and organic
acids etc. which can improve feed efficiency in chickens. The use of antibiotics as growth
promoter creates a huge problem for environmental conditions and health of consumers around the world. The use of organic acids as acidifiers is recommended as an alternative to antibiotics to control certain types of acid intolerance bacteria and growth-promoting agents in poultry production. Many studies have been done to study the effects of organic acids on performance of broilers and layers; however, little research has been conducted to study the impact of these growth promoters on quail growth performance. This study was planned to test the effect of organic acid acidifiers i.e. Salkil®® and Sal Curb Dry® on the quail production performance and their effect on blood calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol and quail carcass traits at Avian Research and Training Centre, Lahore. The analysis of feed, blood and meat was performed in laboratory of Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. One standard (control) quail feed will be prepared (NRC 1994). Two different levels each of Salkil® acidifier i.e. 1 g/kg and 2g/kg of feed and of Sal Curb Dry® acidifier i.e. 1 g/kg and 2g/kg was incorporated in the standard feed to prepare five experimental feeds. A total number of 400 un sexed day old quail chicks were equally divided into five groups having 80 chicks in each group with four replicates having twenty chicks each. The group offered standard feed has served as control. The rest four experimental feeds with two different levels of SaIki!'!!) and with two different levels of Sal Curb Dry® were allotted to four different groups. At the end of
experimental trial which was of 28 days body weight, feed consumption, feed
conversion ratio, giblet weight, serum calcium and phosphorus, carcass traits ( analyzed for
meat moisture %, crude protein % and crude fat %) and blood cholesterol level was analyzed. To test the blood cholesterol level, two birds from each replicate were taken at random and blood samples were collected in heparinzed vacutainers from jugular vein after slaughtering. Dressing percentage was also recorded along with economics value of quail meat. The values of weight gain in group A, B, C, D, E and F was found 140.783 ±6.24,
147.5Sbc ±3.45, 151.56c ±4.84, 143.92ab± 4.98 and 147.88bc ±5.17 respectively .. The group C which was fed Salkil® 2g/kg of feed showed maximum weight gain followed by group E, B, D and A respectively. When the data was statistically analyzed on weekly basis there was non- significant (p>0.05) difference among different treatments groups except at second week. The values of feed conversion ratio in all the five groups were 2.859b ±O.l3. 2.769ab ±O.l90, 2.734a ±O.12, 2.S17ab ±0.093 and 2.772ab ±0.14 respectively. The treatment groups which received the acidifiers significantly (p<0.05) improved the FCR. The values for giblet weight in the above mentioned groups were 9.l7a±0.58, 9.25a ±0.33, 9.44a ±0.26, 9.23a ±0.41 and 9.45a ±0.51 gm respectively. The values for calcium were found to be 10.98a±1.01, 11.33a±0.62, 10.33a±0.S7, lO.95a±1.13 and 11.22a±1.39 mg/dl respectively while for Phosphorous 5.01 a ±0.37, 4.99a ±0.71. 5.2Sa ±0.49, 5.0Sa± O.SI and 5.21 a ±0.21 mg/dl respectively. The values for serum cholesterol
level in the five groups 130c ±5.00, 125bc ±6.00, 113a ±6.00, 127bc ±7.00 and 121 b ±7.27 rng/dl respectively. Serum cholesterol level in group A is significantly higher. The average meat moisture. crude protein did not differ significantly but use acidifiers significantly decreased the fat deposition in meat.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1410,T] (1).
186.
Efficacy Assessment Of Galacto-Oligosaccharide Fortified Cookies For Child Health Management
by Wardha Tahir | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Imran Javed | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Prebiotics (including galacto-oligosaccharides) are regarded as non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improve host health. They impart several important physiological effects depending on the composition and/or balance and activities of beneficial microflora i.e. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Recent findings propose that mal-nutrition and its synergistic relationship with preventable infectious diseases causes 21% deaths around the globe and disability adjusted life years in children's below five years of age. Children who are fed on infant formula are more susceptible to infectious diseases than breast fed children. Keeping in view the need for the improvement of child health through improving the immunity, the present research project was designed. The study was conducted in three different phases. In the first phase, characterization of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) was done. During the second phase blending of oligomate with all-purpose wheat flour at 12, 24, 36 and 48% (w/w) levels were done to prepare prebiotic fortified-wheat-flour cookies at 1, 2, 3 and 4 %. The cookies thus prepared were physically and organoleptically evaluated for the selection of optimum level of prebiotic fortification and the best treatment selected along with control was used for efficacy studies. During third stage, efficacy of GOS fortified cookies were evaluated on selected normal 2-5 years young children. During efficacy study 40 healthy children were recruited and divided into two groups. First group was taken as control and was given unfortified cookies whereas second group was given galacto-oligosaccharides fortified 8 cookies per day. Each individual subject was given GOS for 40 days. Urine and stool samples were collected at 0, 20 and 40 days of study for analysis. Weekly follow-up visits were scheduled and consisted of a detailed physical examination and other health and diet related information through pre-structured interviews and body measurements. The data obtained was statistically analyzed to check statistical significance and to compare means. Significant results were obtained for physical and chemical properties of oligomate. Physical and chemical analysis of cookies also showed significant results however within the treatment non-significant results were observed as well as the storage study also showed non-significant results. The analysis of variance shows the mean squares for colony forming units. The mean squares (2.53) and p-value (0.014*) for groups on various diets showed significant results. However, Mean squares for interval and the interaction between groups and study interval showed non-significant
The means show significant results for groups with respect to study interval. The highest mean value is seen for fortified cookies (8.48a) showing that the colony forming units have been significantly increased and the lowest was seen for control group (7.82c) in which opposite results were seen that is the colony forming units decreased instead of increasing. These results were in line with the study of Piirainen et al. (2008) who evaluated the effects of galacto-oligosaccharide.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1414,T] (1).
187.
Preparation Of Prebiotic Based Functional Beverage And Evaluation Of Its Glycemic Response In Healthy Human Subjects
by Amna Ashraf Bajwa | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Prebiotics are class of functional foods which resist digestion in small bowel and stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Galacto-oligosacchraides (GOS) are class of prebiotics that are naturally present in human milk and impart many health benefits. Prebiotics are class of functional foods which resist digestion in small bowel and stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Galacto-oligosacchraides (GOS) are class of prebiotics that are naturally present in human milk and impart many health benefits. The research was conducted in three phases. During 1st phase characterization of liquid oligomate (galacto-oligosaccharides preparation) was performed. During second phase prebiotic (galacto-oligosaccharides) based functional beverage was developed by adding different concentrations of GOS. Functional beverages was prepared with the addition of GOS @ 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 and 2.50% of final beverage volume. On the basis of sensory evaluation and other analysis, one sample was selected for further use in third phase that is efficacy study by determining its glycemic index. Accordingly the significant outcomes of the present research are summarized hereafter.
Proximate analysis of Galacto-oligosaccharide sample showed that the results for dry matter are (0.832 ±0.009) for crude protein the values are (0.729±0.126) and for crude fat the result shows (1.366±0.321). For NFE is -0.0957±0.0001 and for moisture is 1.1667±0.011547. The lower values for protein, fat and fiber shows that composition of oligomate is solely based on the presence of galacto-oligosaccharides and has no other impurities present in them.
The results for GOS for acidity shows the value of (0.14±0.02) for specific gravity the values are (1.36±0.0001) and for pH the values are (3.51± 0.01)
The results for acidity of beverages indicated that the inclusion of galactooligosaccharides has significantly affected the acidity of the beverage (P?0.001). All the treatments for different beverages and storage and the interaction between the storage treatments showed that statistically they are highly significant (P ?.0.05).
The results indicated that the inclusion of Galacto-oligosaccharides has significantly affected the specific gravity of the beverage (P?0.00). It is evident from the results that the storage of these beverages is also statistically significant but the interaction between the treatments and storage intervals showed non-significant effect on specific gravity of different beverages
The statistical analysis regarding pH of beverages prepared from different levels of galacto-oligosaccharide shows that all the treatments for different beverages and storage and the interaction between the storage treatments are highly significant (p ? 0.01).
The statistical results for total soluble solids indicated that TSS of different beverages were significantly affected by treatments; however, storage intervals showed slightly significant result and interaction between storage and treatments showed highly significant effect on TSS of different beverages(P?0.01)
The results indicated that the addition of Galacto-oligosaccharides has significant effect on color "a", "b", " L" , "chroma" , "hue angle" parameter (P?0.001). The sensory scores for color, flavor, taste and consistency were non significant while scores for overall acceptability showed that they varied significantly with treatments.
After storage of beverages for 60 days prepared with the addition of GOS at various levels the interaction between treatment and storage level showed non-significant effect for the flavour, color, consistency, taste and overall acceptability.
The statistical results regarding blood glucose concentration after consumption of control and functional beverage with time intervals are statistically significant. The interactive effect of intervals and different food types shows that the blood glucose concentration at fasting for glucose and control beverage is non-significant and functional beverage comparatively to glucose is significant. It shows that the response of control is similar to the reference taken as glucose.
The statistical results regarding glycemic index shows that the GI with respect to beverage type and person code is non-significant. The glycemic index for control beverage shows the results (58.63±8.15) and for functional beverage (63.74±4.50). The statistical analysis regarding glycemic load with respect to person code shows that they are non-significant but with beverage type they are slightly significant. The glycemic load of control beverage is 17.08±2.37 and for functional beverage values are 19.38±1.36. Functional beverage showed slightly increased glycemic load as compared with control beverage.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1415,T] (1).
188.
Identification Of Molecular Markers In Bmp15 Gene Of Different Pakistan Sheep And Goat Breeds
by Ahmad Nawaz | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Genetics of prolificacy in sheep and goat emphasize the importance of main genes which have been made known to affect litter size and rate of ovulation through various mechanisms. Natural mutations in prolific sheep and goat breeds have shown that the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-?) super family ligands such as bone morphogenetic protein 15 is crucial for ovulation and as well as for increasing litter size. Keeping in view the importance of prolificacy in sheep and goat, a research project was planed to identify the polymorphism, its association with fecundity and uncovering the nucleotide picture of BMP15 fecundity gene in sheep and goat breeds of Pakistan. In the research finding, various polymorphism, insertion and deletion of nucleotides in goat and sheep breeds of Pakistan were identified and associated with fecundity and secondly, some novel polymorphism in Pakistani goat and sheep breeds were identified which are different from the goat and sheep breeds of the world. This is the first report of the whole nucleotide of BMP15 gene in the sheep. A lot of work has been reported on these genes but total nucleotide picture in the sheep is not reported. Sequences of Bmp15 gene from sheep and goat breeds of Pakistan has been submitted to the NCBI GenBank database libraries,USA under accession numbers JN655669, JN655670, JN655671 and JN655672. It will result in fast vertical expansion of small ruminants to increase the mutton production and uplift the socio economic condition of small ruminant's farmers in the country.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1421,T] (1).
189.
Clincal Cytogenetic Investications In Cattle & Buffalo Population Of Punjab For Chromosomal Abnormalities
by Muhammad Bilal Bin Majeed | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr. Ahmad Ali.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1439,T] (1).
190.
Effect Of Different Dietary Levels Of Lysine During Phase Feeding On The Performance Of Male And Female Broilers
by Rabia Anjum | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom A. Jabbar | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1452,T] (1).
191.
Post-Prandial Glucose Response In Healthy And Type-2 Diabetic Individuals Fed On Various Types Of Leavened
by Khudiaja Tahir Awan | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1461,T] (1).
192.
Effect Of Protein Supplements Of Varying Ruminal Degradability On Milk Production, Composition And Nutrients
by Illahi Bakhsh Marghazani | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The study on "Effect of protein supplements of varying ruminal degradability on milk production, composition and nutrients utilization in early lactating Sahiwal cows and Nili-Ravi buffaloes" was carried out in three phases at three different experimental locations. The in situ study of animal and vegetable protein sources was conducted at the Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animals Sciences, Lahore while the feeding trials with early lactating Sahiwal cows and Nili-Ravi buffaloes were carried out Government Livestock Farm, Kalurkot, Bukkar and Livestock Experimental Station, Khushab, respectively.
Different animal (n = 6) and vegetable origin (n = 15) protein sources were subjected to ruminal protein degradability analyses using the in situ technique. All these test feeds collected from ten different locations were subjected to ruminal incubation (in triplicate) for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h to determine the quickly soluble fraction (a), potentially degradable fraction (b), degradation rate (c) and effective degradability at different (2, 5, 8 %) ruminal passage rates. The degradability characteristics in animal protein sources (part 1, phase 1) showed significant differences in degradation kinetics and effective degradability (ED). In crude protein (CP) degradability, the quickly soluble fraction (a) was higher (P<0.05) in fish meal, PBM and meat meal and lower (P<0.05) in blood meal, feather meal and bone and meat meal. Potentially degradable fraction (b) among test feeds was maximum (P<0.05) in bone and meat meal and PBM and minimum (P<0.05) in blood meal and feather meal. The degradation rate (c) did not differ among the test feeds. Of all the animal protein sources investigated, meat meal showed maximum CP degradability at 0.05 rumen passage rate whilst, minimum (P<0.05) ED of CP was exhibited by blood meal.
Ruminal degradability characteristics in vegetable protein sources (part-2 of phase-1) showed variation in degradation kinetics and ED of CP. The quickly soluble fraction (a) was highest (P<0.05) in sesame cake and lowest (P<0.05) in CGM 60%, coconut meal and PKC. Potentially degradable fraction (b) was maximum (P<0.05) in CGM 60%, PKC, SBM and guar meal while minimum (P<0.05) in sesame cake and CGM 30%. Protein degradation rate (c) was highest (P<0.05) in CSC while lowest (P<0.05) in coconut meal, coconut cake and CGM 60%. Effective degradability of CP at 0.05 rumen passage rate was highest in sesame cake and lowest (P<0.05) in coconut meal.
All vegetable protein sources were treated (part-3 of phase-1) with formaldehyde (1 g/100 g CP) and heat treatment (1 h at 15 lb/100 g CP) to determine their effectiveness in reducing ruminal protein degradability. Both of these treatments decreased (P<0.05) rumen degradability of the vegetable protein sources investigated. Of the formaldehyde treated test feeds, quickly soluble fraction (a) was higher (P<0.05) in sesame cake and lower (P<0.05) in CGM 60%, SBM, CGM 30%, guar meal, canola meal and coconut meal. The highest value of potentially degradable fraction (b) was recorded (P<0.05) in CSC and RSC while CGM 60% had the lowest value (P<0.05). Degradation rate (c) was highest (P<0.05) in RSM, RSC, CSC, CSM coconut cake, PKC, sesame cake, SFM and CGM 60% and lowest (P<0.05) in CGM 30%, guar meal and canola meal. Effective degradability of CP was maximum in sesame cake at all the rumen passage rates. In contrast, CGM 60% had the lowest (P<0.05) ED at all of the rumen passage rates. Among the heat treated vegetable protein sources, quickly soluble fraction (a) was highest (P<0.05) in sesame cake and lowest (P<0.05) in CGM 60% and SBM. Potentially degradable fraction (b) had the highest (P<0.05) value in almond cake, RSM, RSC, CSC and SFM while CGM 60% had the lowest value (P<0.05). Effective CP degradability of the heat treated test feeds showed that almond cake and sesame cake had the highest (P<0.05) ED whilst CGM 60% had the lowest values (P<0.05). In comparing both treatments, similar influence (P>0.05) of increasing RUP level was recorded in CGM 30%, SFM, RSM, CSM, PKC and coconut meal. Formaldehyde treatment was found more effective (P<0.05) in increasing RUP level in guar meal, canola meal, RSC, CSC, coconut cake, almond cake and sesame cake whilst heat treatment increased (P<0.05) RUP level in SBM and CGM 60% at applied rates in this study.
In phase-2, a feeding trial with early lactating Sahiwal cows was conducted to investigate the effect of protein supplements of varying ruminal degradability on milk production, composition and nutrients utilization. Twenty four early lactating Sahiwal cows were selected and randomly divided into four groups. Four iso- caloric and iso- nitrogenous diets i.e., ration A (30% RUP), ration B (40% RUP), ration C (50% RUP) and ration D (60% RUP) were fed in a completely randomized design. Dry matter and CP intakes were significantly affected by ration composition (P<0.01), whereas NDF and ADF intakes did not vary among the four treatment groups (P>0.05). DM intake was higher (P<0.05) in cows receiving rations B and A than the cows fed rations C and D. There were significant differences in DM (P<0.05), CP (P<0.001) and NDF (P<0.05) digestibility due to the ration; however, ADF digestibility did not differ (P>0.05) between the rations. DM digestibility was higher (P<0.05) on ration B than rations C and D, but similar to that for ration A. Crude protein was higher (P<0.05) on rations B and A and lower (P<0.05) on rations C and D. Daily yields of uncorrected milk and protein were highest in early lactating Sahiwal cows fed ration B and lowest when fed ration D. Daily yields of 4% FCM and milk fat were higher (P<0.05) on rations B and A and lower (P<0.05) on ration D. In milk composition, fat, protein and total solids contents were the same across all diets. Nitrogen intake was highest (P<0.01) for rations B and A and lowest for ration D and C. Nitrogen balance (g/d) and as a percentage of N intake varied; with the cows consuming ration B retaining maximum (P<0.001) N. However, N balance did not vary between rations A, C and D. Nitrogen utilization was highest (P<0.001) in cows fed ration B, but there was no difference among cows fed rations A, C and D. Live weight and body condition score in cows were unaffected by the rations. Cost of milk production was least on ration B and highest on ration D.
In phase-3 a feeding trial using early lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes was conducted. Twenty four buffaloes were selected and randomly divided into four groups. These groups were fed four experimental diets i.e., rations A, B, C and D having 30, 40, 50 and 60% RUP proportions, respectively in a completely randomized design. Results showed no differences (P>0.05) in the intakes of DM, CP, NDF and ADF intake between the rations. Likewise, DM, CP and ADF digestibility were the same (P>0.05) in buffaloes fed rations A, B, C and D; however, NDF digestibility was higher (P<0.01) on ration C and B while lowest on rations A and D. Milk yield was highest (P<0.001) on ration C while lowest (P<0.001) on rations D and A. Buffaloes given ration C produced more (P<0.05) FCM than those receiving rations A, B and D. Daily yield of milk fat was greater (P<0.001) on ration C compared to the other three rations. Milk protein yield was highest (P<0.001) on ration C and lowest (P<0.001) on rations A and C. Diet had no effect (P>0.05) on milk fat, SNF, lactose, salts and total solids percentages; whilst milk protein percentage varied among all four diets, viz ration C>ration B>ration D>ration A. Nitrogen, intake, nitrogen balance and nitrogen utilization were similar across all the diets. Live weight and body condition score in buffaloes were unaffected by the diet fed. The cost of milk production was highest (P<0.05) with rations D and B whilst lowest (P<0.05) on ration C.
It is concluded that among animal protein sources rumen CP degradability was least in blood meal and maximum in meat meal. In vegetable protein sources, coconut meal showed least ruminal CP degradability while sesame cake recorded with highest ruminal CP degradability. Both formaldehyde and heat treatments protected protein from ruminal degradability with varied levels of effectiveness in different feeds. Production performance improved with the use of RUP sources in early lactating cows and buffaloes. Sahiwal cows showed better yield performance in diets having 40% un-degradable protein in the diet, while Nili-Ravi buffaloes showed high yield performance in diets with 50% un-degradable protein sources.
The use of latest technology and methods needs to be applied for minimizing variations involved in evaluating CP degradability of feeds through in situ procedure. Influence of RDP and RUP based rations in mid and late lactation of Sahiwal cows and Nili-Ravi buffaloes are also fertile areas of research. The studies on degradability of amino acids for compiling 'internal standards' of feed resources and production performance of lactating cows/buffaloes based on ruminal degradability of amino acids rather than protein degradability would be better approach for future studies.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1470,T] (1).
193.
Effect Of Different Treatments On Tannin Contents Of Two Local Cultivars Of Sorghum Grain
by Muhammad Asad Iqbal | Dr. Saima | Dr. Athar | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Over the last few years, use of cereals in the poultry and livestock feed increased greatly. To meet the requirement of the feed industry, the production and proper utilization of the grains is much more important. Some grains due to presence of some anti nutritional factors limit their use in desired quantity. Similarly, their low amino acid profile and fewer digestibilities also hindered the utilization of these nutrient sources. Sorghum cereal is one of them which provide a considerable amount of protein and energy to the animal. Some other grains, sorghum contain a phenolic compound "Tannin" which is an anti nutritional component for both poultry and livestock. Tannin make a complex with protein, starch and some minerals thus reduce there availability for living beings. The present project has been planned with their objective to reduce tannin contents and increase digestibility of nutrients. The purpose of the study is the nutritional evaluation and up gradation of indigenous feed stuffs for Livestock and Poultry, so we can increase the use of sorghum grain in these industries. For this purpose two varieties of sorghum, red and white were used. Red and white sorghum varieties were treated with sodium hydroxide and formaldehyde of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% solution and were kept at ambient temperature for 8, and 16 hrs. At the end of treatment, samples of each variety were tested for tannin contents and proximate analysis. In the last phase of experiment, all the treated samples of NaOH, formaldehyde and distilled water were monitored for in situ digestibility for 12, 18, 24, and 30 hrs. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed by using completely randomized design through ANOVA Technique. The difference among treatment means were tested through Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results of the present experiments showed that the treatment of high tannin sorghum grain with alkali or simple distilled water is the most effective method for reducing the total tannil contents in sorghum grain. It is further noticed that the alkali treatments also affect the overall nutritive value of grain and enhance the dry matter digestibility of the grain.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1485,T] (1).
194.
Effect Of Different Energy Levels On The Growth Performance Of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica).
by Mubarik Mahmood | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Use of poultry meat in the world is increasing substantially. To meet the requirements of the consumer, increase in meat production is too much imperative. Japanese quail can be used as an alternative to broiler to increase per capita protein availability. Due to short life span, it is also gaining popularity among poultry farmers. But for optimum production, availability of energy and protein sources is cost effective. Moreover, data on energy: protein is scanty.
The present project had been planned with the objectives to examine the growth and production of the highly nutritious quail meat under local environmental conditions. To attain this goal, different energy levels were used in quail feed to examine its carcass quality, production and growth performance. For this purpose, different energy levels of 2700 k cals /kg., 2900 k cals /kg (which was control) and 3100 k cals /kg of feed, were offered to 600 day old quail chicks for 28 days. There were four replicates under each of the three groups; each replicate having 50 chicks. The birds were kept in cages throughout their life and had been offered ad libitum feed in crumbs form.
During the trial, weekly feed consumption, weight gain and FCR were determined. After the trial 5 birds from each replicate were slaughtered to examine the dressing percentage, liver weight and breast meat percentage. The data thus obtained was statistically analysed by using completely randomized design through ANOVA Technique. The difference among treatments means was tested through Least Significant Difference test.
The results of the experiment revealed that the feed consumption and body weight gain were significantly (p<0.05) higher in group containing 3100 k cals of energy per kg following the control group having 2900 k cals energy per kg while group possessing 2700 k cals was at the last in these respects. Feed conversion ratio was best seen again in high energy group following the lowest energy diet while the control group was intermediate in this respect. The higher energy group showed maximum value for dressing percentage and liver weights followed by lower energy diet and lowest energy diet. The characteristic breast meat percentage was, however, showing lowest value for highest energy diet.
Data pertaining to economics of the experiment revealed a considerably high cost of feed per kg of the group C having 3100 k cal energy per kg followed by the group A which possessed 2900 k cals per kg and group B was prepared in less amount as compared to others.
Conclusion
Use of high energy in feed increased the body weight gain.
Higher energy in feed gradually resulted in more feed intake but not up to the pace of body weight gain.
Calories, CP, calcium, methionine and lysine intakes increased with increasing energy levels while phosphorus showed a negative relationship with energy.
Feed conversion ratio was best exhibited by highest energy feed.
Dressing percentage was higher for higher energy feed while breast meat percentage was higher for lower energy feed.
More liver weight was there with increasing energy level was attributed to more burdens on liver in sense of digestion of energy rich compounds.
From the results of above experiment it is concluded that inclusion of high energy ingredients in diet has many benefits which consequently results in improved performance and ultimately higher profitability of the farm.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1486,T] (1).
195.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Yeast (Saccharomyces Cervisiae) Sipplementation On Milk Production And Milk Quality in lactating Buffaloes
by Muhammad Haider | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Absul Jabbar | Dr. Abdul Waheed Sahota | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1567,T] (1).
196.
Effect Of Supplemented Phytase On Phytate Phosphorus From Feed Stuffs Of Vegetable Origin In Broiler Rations.
by Hafiz Rizwan Akram | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1573,T] (1).
197.
Effect Of Inoculatied Corn Silage On Milk Production Performance Of Lactating Sahiwal Cows.
by Zahid Khan | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Fodder and forage production in Pakistan is seasonal and this leads to erratic supply of feedstuffs to the animals. After a rich legume season, a depression period occurs, which is replaced by non-legume forages and followed again by a scarce fodder supply season. These changes in the forage supply have unfavorable effect on livestock performance. The key solution to this problem is the conservation of forages for the time, when there is feed scarcity. Keeping in view the existing availability of green fodders and silage additive products, the methods of developing alternative means to ensure availability of quality feed to animals having high nutritive value.
The Experiment was carried out at Livestock Production Research Institute, (LPRI), Bahadurnagar, Okara. Two types of corn silages were prepared, one was be untreated corn silage (Control as diet-b) and other corn silage was treated with inoculants; a commercial product "Sil-All" by ALL-TECH, (diet-a). Eighteen healthy lactating Sahiwal cows at the same milking stage were randomly distributed to two groups A and B (9 each) and were fed individually. Data was collected during the feeding experiment of 60 days duration on feed intake, daily milk production, milk composition, silage composition and body weight gain. Sahiwal cows belonging to all groups were offered concentrate according to milk production @ 1 Kg for each 3 liter of milk produced. Milk samples were analyzed for Lactose, Fat, SNF and Protein using "Milk-O-Scan" in the Dairy Laboratory of LPRI, Bahadurnagar, Okara. The feed samples were analyzed in the laboratory for Dry Matter, Crude Protein, Ether Extract, Crude Fiber, ADF, NDF and Ash contents. The data thus obtained was analyzed through Paired Sample T-test.
Daily silage intake in Sahiwal cows was 30.12±0.601 and 26.29±0.614 kg fed on inoculated silage and untreated corn silage, respectively. Inoculated silage intake was higher (P < 0.05) in Sahiwal lactating cows than cows on untreated corn silage. Milk production was higher in cows of group A fed with inoculated Silage. The results showed that Sahiwal cows fed on inoculated corn silage and untreated (control) corn silage produced 6.11±0.40 and 5.94±0.28 liters milk daily, respectively. It is also evident from the data that the cows on inoculated silage diet produced milk significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the cows under control.
Mean milk fat contents were 5.65±0.11 and 4.95±0.03 % in the milk of Sahiwal cattle fed on inoculated and untreated corn silage diets, respectively. The results showed that the cows under inoculated silage feeding produced significantly more milk fat than the cows under control. Higher (P < 0.05) milk fat contents were recorded in cows on inoculated silage than on control. Mean milk protein in the milk of Sahiwal cows fed on inoculated and untreated corn silage were 3.11±0.02 and 2.85±0.05 %, respectively. Lactose content were also higher (4.62±0.04 %) in cows on treated corn silage diet as compared to cows on control diet (4.22±0.03 %). Significantly higher (P < 0.05) solids not fat contents were recorded in cows on inoculated silage diet than the cows on untreated corn silage diet (7.72±0.14 %).
Sahiwal cows given inoculated corn silage diet had higher (329.09±5.028 kg) body weight than the cows under control (322.96±5.08 kg). A non-significant difference (P>0.05) was observed among treatment. Sahiwal cows showed a fortnightly weight gain of 01.029±0.017 and 00.712±0.010 Kg per cow fed on inoculated and untreated corn silage, respectively.
Silage pH was also improved in the diet containing inoculated silage (3.90±0.05) than the untreated silage showing a pH level at 4.08±0.35 in the untreated corn silage, showed non-significant difference (P>0.05).Dry matter contents in the inoculated corn silage had higher (30.40±0.60 %) DM % while untreated corn silage had the lowest (28.14± 0.84 %), statistically significant (P < 0.05). Mean crude protein level was 6.27±0.33 and 5.39±0.28 % in the diets having inoculated corn silage and untreated silage, respectively.
Highest value (9.17±0.75 %) of Ether Extract was recorded in inoculated corn silage diet, while untreated silage diet showed lowest (7.69± 0.24 %) value, and significant difference (P <0.05) was observed. Inoculated corn silage diet had highest (25.17±0.35 %) crude fiber level, while untreated corn silage diet showed lowest (24.51±24.51 %) crude fiber level. Inoculated silage diet had the highest (53.41±0.79 %) NDF, while untreated silage diet showed the lowest (49.34± 0.58 %) feed NDF. A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the inoculated diet as compared to untreated silage. The inoculated silage diet had the highest (30.23±1.00 %) ADF, while untreated silage diet had the lowest (28.26± 0.63 %) level showed a significant difference (P<0.05).The diet untreated had the highest (9.16±0.82 %) ash level while the level of Ash contents was lowest (7.69± 0.24 %) in the inoculated diet.
The results of the trial indicated significantly higher daily intake and increased milk production in Sahiwal cows was recorded when fed on inoculated silage diets. Milk constituent (Fat, Protein, Lactose and SNF) were also improved significantly in cows under inoculated corn silage diets. Sahiwal cows given inoculated corn silage diet had higher body weight than the cows under control. The composition of inoculated silage diet (DM, CF, NDF, ADF and Ash %) was also improved significantly as compared to untreated silage diet. On the basis of results presented in the study it is concluded that the use of additive or inoculant like Sill-All can be used to enhance milk production and overall performance of dairy cows.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1574,T] (1).
198.
Effect Of Enzymatic Complex On Growth Performance Of Broilers At Defferent Dietary Levels Of Wheat.
by Irfan Ahmed | Sr. Saima | Dr. Athar | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: This study was conducted at environmentally controlled shed of poultry research and training centre, department of poultry production, UVAS-Ravi campus, Pattoki. The objectives of the study were to see the growth performance of broilers by use of enzymatic complex diet replacing different dietary levels of wheat with corn. Enzymatic complex (allzyme SSF) contained xylanase, beta-glucanase, pectinase, cellulase, phytase, protease and amylase was used to counteract indigestion of fibers and improved utilization. There are some evidences that the inclusion of supplemental phytase, xylanase, and the complex of enzymes might have a positive effect on broilers growth and increased the nutrients. The trial was containing 525 birds, 7 treatments and 35 replicates. Treatment 'A' is controlifor all treatments there were different levels of wheat and same quantity of enzymatic complex added to observe its effects on growth performance. Duration of trial was 35 days. 7itypes of feedsuwith unique formulation were prepared. Feed 'A' was control diet having the profile same as that of commercial feed (crude protein =21%, ME=2900 kcal/kg). The parametersiof thisiexperiment were feed intake,ibody weight gain,ifeed conversion efficiency (FCR),irelative organs weight, immune organs weight and visceral organs weight, length, mortality. The parameters were collected during the trial as well as at the end of trial. Finally,idata wasicollected, analyzedistatistically using ANOVA inicompletelyirandomized design withihelpiofia computerbbasedistatistical package (SAS). In first week the birds being offered feed 'D' were observed more feed intake and significant difference was observed among groups. In 2nd week, feed intake was decreased in birds fed enzyme supplemented feed. In first four weeks, significant difference was found between groups while last group was non-significant difference. Groups supplemented with enzyme than non-supplemented groups. In 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th week, control group weight gain was the best and 5th week was non-significant for all groups. The average body weight in groups supplemented with enzyme recorded was significant difference than non-supplemented with enzymes.
In case of FCR, group 'A' was observed to be the best in all groups. Analysis of variance among all groups in fifth groups found to be non-significant difference. FCR in groups supplemented with enzymes was recorded better than non-supplemented with enzymes.
Mortalities in groups A, B, C and E was the less than D, F and G. More mortality was recorded in group 'F' supplemented with 25% wheat and without enzymes. Dressing percentage was best in A and followed to B, E, F, C, G and D.
Results obtained from immune organs of bursa showed that bursa weight was found to be better in group 'G' supplemented with 25% wheat and enzyme supplemented than rest of groups in following sequence i.e. D, A, E, B, F and C. Pancreas weight of group 'B' was found to be better than result groups. Results were non-significant because weight of non-supplemented was better than supplemented with enzyme groups. While results obtained from thymus weight recorded showed that group 'G' was best supplemented with enzymes than all of other groups as followed D, A, B, C, E and F.
Results of heart weight showed that results were significant between groups except F and G groups. Best weight was observed in group 'A' control diet group. Results of liver weight showed significant difference among groups except D and E. Liver weight of control diet group was lower than other groups. Results of gizzard weight filled showed that groups supplemented with enzymes were significantly lower than groups of non-supplemented with enzyme except in groups G and F respectively. While results of empty gizzard weight of supplemented groups were found to be significantly difference increased as compared to non-supplemented with enzymes. Results of spleen weight were non-significant for all groups. Results of intestinal weight showed significant difference among the groups. Intestinal length of group 'G' found to be more than other. Intestinal length of groups supplemented with enzymes was more than non-supplemented groups. In case of intestinal weight filled and empty, non-significant difference was found among groups except in D and E.
Conclusions:
Based on finding of study, it is stated that effect of dietary supplementation of wheat and enzymatic complex in broilers diets has improved weight gain and decreased feed consumption. Similarly, dietary supplementation of wheat and enzymatic complex performed better in case of survival and less mortality was found. So it is recommended that for fibers' digestion, enzymes showed be used in diets to improve the growth performance in modern day broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1576,T] (1).
199.
Influence Of Early Weaning On Growth Performance, Plasma Metabolites And Rumen Fermentation Indices In Neonatal
by Muhammad Afzal Rashid | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Rearing of young calves is a labor intensive and costly segment of livestock production. From birth to weaning, young calf undergoes a transition from monogastric to adult ruminant. The concept of weaning from milk at an early age is based on early development of functional rumen enabling calves to utilize low quality roughages. In current study, a series of experiments were conducted to refine the more effective weaning regime for buffalo calves and use of by-products of the ethanol production industry in early weaned cattle calves.
Conventionally, buffalo calves are kept with the dam, allowed to suckle a little amount of milk along with seasonal green forages, and weaned around the age of one year. To date, limited published work was available on growth performance and economics of buffalo calves weaned from milk at an early age. Therefore, the experiment was conducted to reduce the weaning age and evaluate the growth performance of male Nili-Ravi buffalo calves. Twenty-four male buffalo calves were assigned to one of the three treatments: continuous milk feeding (CMF), limited milk feeding (LMF), and early weaning (EW). After colostrum feeding, calves were individually fed whole milk at 10% of their BW, adjusted weekly until 6 wk of age. Thereafter, milk allowance was gradually tapered to zero in CMF, LMF and EW treatments at 12, 10 and 8 wk of age, respectively. Calf starter feed was provided ad libitum from wk 2 through wk 12 and individual intakes were recorded daily. Blood sampling was carried out form wk 6 through 12, on a weekly basis. The BW and structural measurements (HG, WH, and HW) were carried out at the start of experiment and later on a weekly basis. In young buffalo calves, the regimen of weaning at 8 weeks of age was more effective. The early weaned calves showed similar growth rate to those in the CMF and LMF by consuming more calf starter and saving a substantial amount of high priced milk. On the basis of the results of this experiment, buffalo calves successfully adapted to early weaning that might help to mitigate issues like poor growth and low returns associated with traditional calf rearing practices. Furthermore, this study effectively reduced the weaning age from 1 year to 8 weeks of age. Hence, reducing weaning age did not affect the growth performance of Nili-Ravi buffalo calves by 12 weeks of age.
Early development of the rumen is the main objective of a successful early weaning program which depends upon the amount of starter intake, VFA production, and ruminal papillae development. Studies have shown that grains in starter feed can be replaced by DDGS up to 28% of DM without compromising the growth performance and rumen development. Second experiment was planned to evaluate the effects of replacing grains and soybean with DDGS and ammonia treated DDGS at 25% of DM. Study was conducted in collaboration with dairy science department SDSU (USA). Twenty one neonatal male Holstein calves were assigned to one of the three of dietary treatments: C = 0% DDGS, DDGS = 25% DDGS, CAFEX-DDGS = 25% CAFEX treated DDGS. In a 10 week experiment, calves were fed 680 g MR through 4 week, reduced to half during wk 5, and weaned at the end of wk 5. Starter intakes were conducted daily; whereas, body weights, structural measurements were conducted at the start of experiment and then on a weekly basis. Jugular blood samples were taken on a weekly basis using EDTA and NaFl coated evacuated tubes. Rumen samples were collected from a subset of 15 calves (n=5 calves/ treatment) at wk 5, 7 and 10. At the end of experiment, four calves from each treatment were also slaughtered to determine rumen morphometric measurements (PL, PW, RWT and PC). Experiment illustrated that weight gain, structural measurements, total starter intake, DMI and feed efficiency were not affected by the inclusion of DDGS and CAFEX treated DDGS at 25% of DM in starter feeds. CAFEX treatment of DDGS improved the CP contents of DDGS from 29.5% to 40%; however, inclusion of CAFEX-DDGS in starter reduced feed intake during the pre-weaning period. Whereas, overall starter intake was higher in calves fed DDGS based starter feed indicating the effect of ammonia treatment on palatability. Lower pre-weaning starter intake, slow rumen fermentation of CAFEX-DDGS resulted in lesser BHBA concentration leading to lesser development of rumen papillae growth (PL and PW). However, there was a tendency for higher weight gain in calves fed DDGS based starter due to increase in starter intake. In the light of these results it is concluded CAFEX-DDGS can be included in starter feeds at 25% of DM without affecting the growth performance. However, further research is required to evaluate the digestibility of DDGS after CAFEX treatement. Similar, growth performance indicates that CAFEX-DDGS can replace the corn and soybean meal in starter feeds.
In third experiment, microbial diversity in developing rumen and intestine of young calves fed DDGS and CAFEX treated DDGS at 25% of starter was investigated. Experiement was carried out at SDSU dairy research station (USA). Fifteen calves with n=5 per treatment, fed according to protocols described in Experiment II. Calves were sampled for rumen contents at wk 5, 7 and 10 of age; whereas, intestinal contents were collected at the time of slaughter. The DNA was extracted subjected to PCR-DGGE and dendogram was constructed using cluster analysis software. Results revealed that microbial population was highly different from each other at wk 10 indicating the effect of age and dietary treatment on rumen micro flora. Whereas, intestinal and rumen bacterial diversity at wk 5 and 7 of age was not affected by inclusion of DDGS and CAFEX-DDGS in starter feed. The changes in intestinal microflora of DDGS and CAFEX-DDGS fed calves compared with control group showed that the effect of dietary treatments on post-ruminal availability of nutrients and microbial proteins. In conclusion, rumen bacterial population changes with the advancing age and the type of ingredients used in the diet. Further, research is required to identify the effect of feeding DDGS on growth of particular bacteria like methanogen and their impact on methane production and feed efficiency.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1595,T] (1).
200.
Detection of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) Gene Polymorphism in Native Aseel, Desi and Naked Neck Chicken Breeds in Pakistan.
by Asad Ali | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Dr. Afzal Ali | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Growth traits in chicken production system have an important role. Molecular analysis is an easier mean to identify desirable genotypes for growth. Candidate gene (s) for growth trait like insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has imperative function for growth, body composition, metabolic and skeletal traits. The polymorphism of Insulin-like growth factor-1 was detected in native Aseel, Desi and Naked Neck chicken breeds of Pakistan. Fifty, fifty birds of Aseel and Naked Neck breed were selected from Indigenous chicken genetic resource center, Department of Poultry Production, UVAS, Lahore, Ravi Campus. While Desi birds were procured from conventional production farm for genetic analysis. Insulin-like growth factor-1 plays very important role in the cell growth, cell differentiation, food intake of cells and have role in overall body growth, this is why it is being used as a marker to study traits like growth. The polymorphism of IGF-I gene was detected by PCR-RFLP-Pst-Iand this revealed two alleles A (364 and 257 bp), B (621 bp),and three genotypes AA, AB, BB.Genotypic data was analyzed with the help of Pop-gene 1.32 software to calculate genotypic and allelic frequencies. GenotypeAB had the highest frequency in all three native breeds. Genotypic frequency of AA, AB and BB in Aseel was 20, 66 and 14% and in Desi it was 12, 64 and 24 % respectively. While in Naked Neck genotypic frequencies of AA, AB and BB were 18, 60 and 22 %. The highest frequency of allele A (0.53) was found in Aseel while highest frequency of Allele B (0.56) was found in Desi. Genotypic frequency of heterozygotes was highest in all three native breeds i.e. 66, 64 and 60 % in Aseel, Desi and Naked Neck respectively. As the frequency of heterozygotes is significantly higher in all three breeds, so all these native breeds have potential to improve through selection.Furtherstudies are needed to link these polymorphisms with performance traits and then using
that information in future breeding plans for high producing individuals would be very helpful for animal breeder in marker assisted selection (MAS). As Aseel carried highest frequency of allele A so, it can be reared for selective breeding program especially for meat type line development in Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1637,T] (1).
