1.
Diagnosis And Therapeutic Trials On Cryptosporidium Parvum In Dairy Calves
by Amar Nasir | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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drama
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian agent of diarrhoeal disease affecting many mammals, including dairy calves. Calves infected with this enteropathogen may either be asymptomatic or manifest mild to profuse diarrhoea and dehydration. Keeping in view the importance of Cryptosporidium parvum in dairy calves, the current study was conducted to find out the prevalence in dairy calves, in and around Lahore and also to find out the most effective therapeutic measure to control the infection. For this purpose, 500 faecal samples (n=250 cow calves, n=250 buffalo calves) from different dairy farms and home-bred dairy calves were collected and analyzed by using faecal floatation method and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Overall, 25.6% Calves were shedding C. parvum with a slightly high infection rate in the cow calves 27.2% than buffalo calves 24%. The highest infection rate was recorded in 1-30 days age group of dairy calves as 50.81% and 42.02% in the cow calves and buffalo calves, respectively. The infection rate of C. parvunm in the dairy calves of cow breeds indicated relatively high infection rate in crossbred cow calves (28.18%) than the Sahiwal cow calves (20%) and Nih Ravi buffalo calves (24%). The pattern of oocyst shedding was negatively correlated with increase in age, highest in the 1-30 days age group and lowest in the age group ranging from 9 months to 1 year and above. Diarrhoeac calves were infected significantly higher than the nondiarrhoeac calves indicating a direct relationship of diarrhea with C. parvum infection. Diarrhoea was the highest contributing factor to infection in 1-30 days age group with 58.97% infection rate in both the cow calves and 48.88% in buffalo calves than the nondiarrhoeac calves of the same age group as 36.36% and 29.16%, respectively. The infection rate was not associated with the sex of the dairy calves and the infection rate was almost equal in both the sexes. The cumulative rate of infection was relatively high (30.28%) in the physically healthy calves than weak (21.5%) and emaciated (19%) calves. Milk suckling calves were infected almost two times more than the ones utilizing both milk and fodder and almost 7 times of the fodder eating calves. The calves kept on dirt yards were infected more (28%) than the ones on the paved floor (21 .11%). A significantly high infection rate was observed in the cow calves and buffalo calves having some sort of contact with birds, rodents, dogs and cats (31.3%) and (25.80%) respectively, than the calves having very little or no contact with birds, rodents, dogs and cats as 19.27% and 12.12% in cow calve and buffalo calves, respectively. The results of the comparative efficacy of a.zithromycin and cotrimoxazole and kalvangi showed that azithromycin was the most effective of the three in treatingcryptosporidial infection in dairy calves under field conditions. It resulted in significant reduction in the oocyst shedding and consequently, better weight gain compared with kalvangi and Cotrimoxazole. The efficacy of Kalvangi in weight gain compared with kalvangi and Cotrimoxazole. The efficacy of Kalvangi in weight gain may be due to its vitamins, enzymes and Nigellone and Thmoquinone acting as an immune system booster. The results of Azithromycin in the present study on the overall weight gain of calves was significantly higher than the other two drugs used in the study suggesting it as a drug of highest efficacy.
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2.
Study Of Incidence Rate And Chemotherapy Of Balantidiasis In Donkeys
by Adnan Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Avais.
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Equines have been serving the mankind for many purposes since as early as the human history. In equines parasitic infection is a major problem. Factors such as continuous exposure to parasites, climatic conditions, and lack of knowledge on the part of livestock farmers regarding parasitic transmission play an important role in sustaining parasitic diseases. Balantidium coli causes a protozoal disease known as Balantidiasis. It is normally found in large intestine of pigs (wild and domestic) and also explained in camels, primates including human, rodents, and equines but distinctly found in dogs. Balantidiasis is manifested by diarrhea, dysentery, severe colic pain, tenesmus, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. Balantidium coli may act as opportunistic pathogen in other infectious diseases. There is considerable information on B. coli in cattle and buffalo raising communities in the world. Investigations on Balantidium coli have not been conducted actively in the study area where equine rearing is one of the major occupations. This study will therefore is expected to serve as base line data for further work on this parasite.
The faecal samples of 400 donkeys irrespective of age and sex reared in and around Lahore were examined coprologically out of which 73 were found positive for Balantidium coli yielding the incidence rate of 18.25%. Chemotherapeutic trials of Secnidazole and Nigella sativa were performed on a group of 10 donkeys each (Group A & B) along with keeping 10 donkeys as positive & 10 donkeys as negative control (Group C & D). The animals of group A were treated with secnidazole (Dysen forte) at a dose rate of 10mg/kg orally for one day. The group A Showed the efficacy of 89.51% at day 14th (post treatment). The animals of group B were treated with Nigella sativa (Kalonji) at a dose rate of 200 mg/kg body weight orally for five days. This group showed the efficacy of 40.02% at day 14th after medication.
Similarly the effect of B. coli on various blood parameters (Hemoglobin and Packed cell volume) was studied in these animals. At day zero (pre-medication), the average Hb (g/dl) and PCV (%) values of groups A, B, C and D were 10.61 + 0.076, 10.61 + 0.13, 10.60 + 0.15, 11.01 + 0.068 and 31.47 + 0.27, 31.48 + 0.22, 31.47 + 0.24, 32.14 + 0.243 respectively. On day 14th after medication the average Hb (g/dl) and PCV (%) values of groups A, B, C and D were 10.79 + 0.094, 10.69 + 0.126, 10.60 + 0.15, 11.01 + 0.068 and 31.79 + 0.16, 31.64 + 0.13, 31.47 + 0.24, 32.14 + 0.243 respectively.
On day zero (pre-medication), the hemoglobin and pack cell volume values of groups A, B and C were below the normal (Hb = 11.0 - 11.6 g/dl, PCV (%) = 32 - 33) while of group D were approximately normal. On day 14th (post-medication), there was increase in Hb and PCV values of groups A and B. The Hb and PCV values of group C and D were not changed.
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3.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Coccidioosis In Small Ruminants In Dera Ghazi Khan
by Ghazanfar Rashid | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Prof. Dr.
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Coccidiosis is one of the most economically important parasitic diseases of small ruminants and infection may cause subclinical production losses to sheep and goat industry.Coccidiosiscause a serious threat to livestock productivity, due topoor feed utilization, stunted growth, poor weight gain, associated morbidity, mortality, and cost of treatment and control measures. The disease is worldwide in distribution and is caused by many species of Eimeria which invade cells of intestinal epithelium. To treat and control coccidiosis in sheep and goats, numerous drugs were found to be effective including Amprolium, Toltrazuril, Decoquinate, Diclazuril and Sulphadimidine.
The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of coccidiosis in Dera Ghazi Khan, for this 752 fecal samples (376 from sheep and 376 from goats) were collected and examined through direct smear method and salt flotation method. Overall prevalence of coccidialinfection was 48.67%, with prevalence of 52.92% for sheep and 44.41% for goats. The prevalence of coccidiosis in sheep was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to goats. Eleven Eimeria species were identified 6 from sheepand 5 from goats. In sheep the common Eimeria species wereE. ovinoidalis(56.78%), E. ahsata(47.23%), E. parva(35.67%), E. intricate (30.15%), E. faurei(26.63%) andE. pallid (19.09%). In goats the prevalent species wereE. ninakohlyakimovae(68.86%), E. alijevi(59.88%), E. arloingi(53.29%), E. caprina(46.70%) andE. hirci(22.15%). Eimeria infection was significantly high (P<0.05) in female (54.57%; 310/568) compared to male (30.43%; 56/184).The prevalence of coccidiosis was significantly higher (P<0.05) in ?6 month as compared to above 1 year age.A significant difference was found in three feeding systems (i-e) in stall feeding, grazing and both (grazing + stall) feeding system.Coccidiosis was significantly high (P<0.05) in animals with poor and week body condition compared to medium, good and fat animals. A strong association (P<0.05) was observed between fecal score and prevalence of Eimeria infection. Peak prevalence was observed in month of August (68.08% and 60.63%) while low in October (38.29% and 30.85%) in sheep and goats, respectively.
In present study threeaniticoccidial drugs were used and the percent efficacy of Furazolidon, Sulphadimidine and Amproliun was 96.34, 95.40 and 98.08 percent, respectively at day 7. Whereas 98.58, 98.03 and 99.55 percent,respectively at day 21.It was concluded from the results that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) among the percentage efficacy of Furazolidone, Sulphadimidine and Amproliun used in these trials.
Hematological analysis was performed using Automated Hematological Analyzer. Hematological analysis showed a significant reduction (P<0.05) in total erythrocyte count (TEC) and hemoglobin (HB) content due tococcidiosis. Results show a significantincrease (P<0.05) in TLC, MCV and PCV of infected animals as compared to control negative. Mean lymphocytes, Monocytes, MCHC and MCH counts were also decreased in infected animals. Hematological values of treated animals become normal at day 21stafter treatment.
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4.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Bovine Coccidiosis In River Region
by Muhammad Shoaib Jahanzaib | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Bovine coccidiosis-is an infectious-disease affecting cattle and buffaloes resulting in great economic losses to the beef and dairy sector all over the world. Coccidiosis is an intestinal disease and usually associated with poor growth, bloody diarrhea and sometimes death of young animals. As bovine coccidiosis is commonly found in cattle and buffaloes, therefore it severely affects the production of milk and beef in Pakistan.
500 fecal samples-were collected (250 from-cattle and 250 from buffaloes) randomly to investigate the prevalence of coccidiosis in River Ravi Region Lahore. Overall prevalence of coccidiosis was recorded 57.2 % and 58.8 % in cattle and buffaloes, respectively. Slightly high prevalence was found in female animals. Highest prevalence (66.66% and 70.31%) was observed in animals below 6 months of age, while lowest (44.87% and 48.91%) prevalence was found in animals above 1 year of age in cattle and buffaloes, respectively. The study further revealed that highest prevalence occurs in August, followed by September and October while lowest prevalence was observed in July. The infection rate was a little high in crossbred (59.26 %) and Sahiwal cattle (57.89 %) as compare to imported breeds. Seven Eimeria species were identified from fecal-samples of cattle while Six species were identified from buffaloes, where E.bovis and E.zurnii were found most prevalent among them. Coccidiosis was prevalent significantly higher (P < 0.05)-in animals housed in confined-and dirt yard (72.13 % in cattle, 74.13 % in buffaloes) as compare to animals housed on paved (58.49 % in cattle, 61.22 % in buffaloes) and those having outdoor access. Coccidiosis was most prevalent in stall fed (71.64% and 73.68 %) as compare to grazing (28.58% and 31.91%) cattle and buffaloes. Highest (73.07 % and 72 %) prevalence was found in animals with Poor body condition (score-1), while animals with body condition score 3 (Good) were found with lowest prevalence (37.5% and 47.76%). Highest (82.35 % and 84.21 %) prevalence was found in diarrheic while lowest (36.19 % and 42.85%) prevalence was observed in animals with normal fecal score (1) both in cattle and buffaloes, respectively.
Efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against coccidiosis in buffalo calves was also determined in current study. Non-significant difference-(P > 0.05)-was observed-in percentage efficacy of all three anticoccidial drugs at day 28 onward, i.e. 100 % for Amprolium (Amprovil), 99 % for Furazolidone (Furasym) and 99 % for Trimethoprim+Sulphadiazine (Trisym). All the three drugs showed satisfactory results against coccidiosis in buffalo calves and no toxic effects were found during and after treatment.
The current study also determined the effects of coccidiosis on various blood parameters of buffalo calves. A significant reduction in Total Erythrocytic Count (TEC), Hemoglobin concentration, PCV, MCH, MCHC and statistically significant increase-(P < 0.05) in TLC, DLC (except Lymphocytes) and MCV was observed in infected animals. Also a statistically significant difference-(P<0.05)-was observed in mean hematological-values of infected not-treated and treated animals at day 28, where treated groups showed an improvement to the normal values.
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5.
Prevalence And Molecular Diagnosis Of Staphylococcus Aureus Subclinical Mastitis Innili Ravi Buffaloes At Livestock Experiment Station Bahadurnagar, Okara.
by Muhammad Altaf | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr.
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print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1484,T] (1).
6.
Prevalence And Molecular Genetic Characterization Of Different Isolates Of Hydatid Cyst In Ruminants In Okara
by Ali Abbas | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Cystic hydatid disease has a worldwide distribution. Echinococcusis cause great economic loses in Pakistan and lead to the loss of worth 276.20$ per 100 sheep and goats, as well as 165.72$ per 100 infected buffaloes, cattle and camels. It has zoonotic importance and also have well-recognized zoonosis in Pakistan and numerous cases have been reported in the medical literature. Cystic hydatid disease is caused by Echinococcus granulosus, (E. granulosus), tapeworms. Adult tapeworms of this specie are small in size. Their measurement revealed that they reach upto 2-11 mm in length and contain protoscolex, the cephalic end for attchment and 2-5 proglottids segments. Two rows of keratinized hooks and four number of suckers are present on scolex. The last gravid proglottids segments bear the large number of fertilized eggs, which are shed after every 7-14 days. Eggs are oval in shape, having clearly distinct oncophore and 30-36 micrometer in diameter. There are several different strains of E. granulosus, which are genetically distinct. These strains vary phenotypically and therefore, this feature can be used for the control of this parasite. 10 genotypes of E. granulosus are identified up till now. Therefore, in this study we used PCR technique for prevalence determination and molecular characterization of specific strain of E. granulosus. The primers specific for E. granulosus were used in this study. The E.g.ss1for (5¡Ç-GTA TTT TGT AAA GTT GTT CTA-3¡Ç) worked as forward primer, while E.g.ss1rev (5¡Ç-CTA AAT CAC ATC ATC TTA CAA T-3¡Ç) worked as reverse primer. For this purpose, total 200 numbers of cyst samples (100 from each district) were collected from liver and lungs of cattle, buffaloes, goats and sheep slaughtered at different private and public abattoirs in Okara and Jhang. An antimortem examination was performed on each animal
LIV
and data regarding each animal entered in data capturing form before slaughter. Whole cyst sample was collected without rupturing and preserved in ice packs. Then these isolates were transferred to laboratory and stored at -20 ¢ªC for further processing. For the genetic analysis of E. granuous (Hydatid cyst) DNA was extracted from germinal layer and cystic fluid by using DNA extraction reagent (TRIREAGENT¢ç, Molecular Research Center, Ohio, USA) according to the manufacturer.s instructions. PCR was carried out by using primers specific for G1 strain of E. granulosus. The whole three steps (Denaturation, Anealing, Amplification) of PCR was carried out in PCR thermo cycler under conditions specific for E. granulosus. The final PCR product was electrophoresed in a 1% agarose gel containing 0.5 ug/ml of ethedium bromide. Electrophoresis was completed by applying 90 volts for 40 min. After required time, gel was placed in UV trans-illuminator to visualize the band shown by specific genotype of E. granulosus. Specific bands at 254 bp confirmed the G1 strain of E. granulosus. Results indicated the prevalence of 37% in Okara and 65% in Jhang district of Punjab. While in cattle (58.00%), buffalo (76.00%), sheep (36.00%) and goats (34.00%) prevalence was observed. As well as, (44.7%) prevalence of E. granulosus was calculated in liver and (54.8%) was observed in lungs in both districts. So, this study predicted the prevalence of hydatid cystic disease in ruminants in Okara and Jhang. PCR technique was used for the diagnosis of hydatid cyst in animals. This molecular characterization technique enables us to know the specific strain of E. granulous existing in these two districts. Finally the data gathered from this study help to understand the disease structure and to develop future plan.
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7.
Sero-Prevalence And Zoonotic Potential Of Toxoplasma Godnii In Camels In Cholistan Desert Area Of Bahawalpur.
by Hafiz Zia-ur-Rehman | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan.
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic zoonosis with worldwide distribution caused by Toxoplasma gondii and is demonstrated in domestic livestock, wild life, other animals and humans. Keeping in view the zoonotic importance of the disease, the current study was conducted to find out the epidemiological status of toxoplasmosis in camels and human population in Cholistan desert area of Bahawalpur and to determine the possibility of transmission of toxoplasmosis from camels to their owners.
Serum samples from camels (n=226) and humans (n=113 camel owners and n=113 people having no contact with camels) were collected and analyzed by using Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) to determine the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in camels and humans.
Overall 9.73% camels were seropositive for anti-toxoplasma antibodies. In the month of April camels had the high prevalence of 11.5% (9 out of 78). . The highest prevalence (12%) was determined in the camels having age of 11 years or above. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis was high in the third trimester of pregnancy (27.2%). Although, the difference in prevalence of T. gondii infection was significantly different (P<0.05) at pregnancy of she camel. Overall 27 (12%) humans were seropositive for anti-toxoplasma antibodies. The highest prevalence of toxoplasmosis (15.25%) was detected in the people in 30-40 years or above age group. The highest sero-positivity was observed in camel owners (15.92%) and the lowest sero-positivity (7.96%) was observed in the people having no contact with camels. However, the difference in prevalence of T. gondii infection was significantly different (P<0.05) at the contact of humans with the camels.
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8.
Assessing The Efficacy Of Aqueous Garlic Extract Against Cyanide Toxicity In Mice Using Righting Reflex Recovery
by Sajid Ali | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The KCN intake has been linked to central nervous system (CNS) syndromes and thyroid in animals as well as humans. It is very potent toxin even at very narrow dose ranges. Prolonged KCN exposure has also been associated with reduced growth rate in animals, disturbance in thyroid metabolism, lesions in liver, kidneys, lungs and also CNS pathology.
Male mice weighting about 20-40 grams were purchased from Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Animal house, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore and divided into 30 treatment groups. After acclimatization of mice, carefully, the mice were grouped as follows:
Control group
A group of 6 mice were treated with potassium cyanide (KCN) intra-peritoneally at 5.5mg/kg that induced a knock down state with recovery period of approximately 1 hour. Prior to each experiment, three or more mice were treated with KCN at this dose to verify that the recovery time was close to 1 hour.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 250 mg/kg: Group 1 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was given AGE intraperitoneally (i.p) at 250 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of AGE injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 250 mg/kg: Group 2 (5-min post-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse was treated with AGE at 250 mg/kg i.p. and righting reflex recovery time was noted.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 500 mg/kg: Group 3 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was given AGE intraperitoneally (i.p) at 500 mg/kg BW. After 5 minutes of AGE injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 500 mg/kg: Group 4 (5-min post-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse was treated with AGE at 500 mg/kg i.p. and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 750 mg/kg: Group 5 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was treated with AGE intraperitoneally (i.p) at 750 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of AGE injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 750 mg/kg: Group 6 (5-min post-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse was treated with AGE at 750 mg/kg i.p. and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 250 mg/kg: Group 7 (30-min post-KCN)
One more group of 6 mice was given AGE at 250 mg/kg orally. After 30 minutes of AGE administration, an intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting refelx recovery time was noted.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 500 mg/kg: Group 8 (30-min post-KCN)
A group 6 mice was given AGE at 500 mg/kg orally. After 30 minutes of AGE administration, an intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was noted.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 750 mg/kg: Group 9 (30-min post-KCN)
One more group of 6 mice was given AGE at 750 mg/kg orally. After 30 minutes of AGE administration, an intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Garlic Extract Group: (Group 10-15)
Three groups 10 - 12 each with 6 mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p) with AGE at 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg respectively and righting reflex recovery time of each mouse in respective dose group was noted to observe any effects of AGE on righting reflex recovery time. Three groups 13 - 15 each with 6 mice were treated with AGE orally at 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg respectively and righting reflex recovery time of each mouse in respective dose group was noted to observe any effects of AGE on righting reflex recovery time.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Sodium Nitrite (SN): Group 16 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was given SN at 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p). After 5 minutes of SN injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Sodium Nitrite (SN): Group 17 (5-min post-KCN)
Another group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse was treated with SN at 20 mg/kg i.p. and righting reflex recovery time was noted.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Sodium Thiosulphate (ST): Group 18 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was given ST at 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p). After 5 minutes of ST injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Sodium Thiosulphate (ST): Group 19 (5-min post-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse was treated with ST at 600 mg/kg i.p. and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Sodium Nitrite (SN) & Sodium Thiosulphate (ST): Group 20 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was given SN and ST at 20 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p) respectively. After 5 minutes SN and ST injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Sodium Nitrite (SN) & Sodium Thiosulphate (ST): Group 21 (5-min post-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse was treated with SN and ST at 20 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg i.p. respectively and righting reflex recovery time was noted.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) & Sodium Nitrite (SN): Group 22 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was given AGE at 750 mg/kg and SN at 20mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p). After 5 minutes of AGE and ST injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was noted.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) & Sodium Nitrite (SN): Group 23 (5-min post-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse was treated with AGE at 750 mg/kg and SN at 20 mg/kg i.p. and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) & Sodium Thiosulphate (ST): Group 24 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was given AGE at 750 mg/kg and ST at 600mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p). After 5 minutes of AGE and ST injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) & Sodium Thiosulphate (ST): Group 25 (5-min post-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse will be treated with AGE at 750 mg/kg and ST at 600 mg/kg i.p. and righting reflex recovery time was noted.
Sodium Nitrite (SN) alone (Group 26)
6 mice in this group were treated with SN at 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p) and any effects on righting reflex recovery time were noted.
Sodium Thiosulphate (ST) alone (Group 27)
A group of 6 mice in group 27 were treated with ST at 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p) and any effects on righting reflex recovery time were noted.
Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) + Sodium Nitrite (SN) (Group 28)
The mice in group 28 were treated with AGE + SN at 750 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p) respectively and righting reflex recovery time was noted.
Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) + Sodium Thiosulphate (ST) (Group 29)
A group of 6 mice in this group were treated with AGE at 750 mg/kg and ST at 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p) and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Sodium Nitrite (SN) + Sodium Thiosulphate (ST) (Group 30)
A group of 6 mice in group 30 were treated with SN and ST at 20 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p) respectively and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
The efficacy of the antidote estimated was based upon the reduction in righting reflex recovery time.
The righting reflex recovery time that was close to 1 hour was determined against KCN regimen. AGE was tested as potential antidote against sub-lethal KCN toxicity at dose regimens 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg intraperitoneally as well as orally at dose regimens 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg 5 minutes before and 5 minutes after KCN administration. SN and ST were tested at 20, and 600 mg/kg respectively as antidotes against sub-lethal KCN toxicity, 5 minutes before and 5 minutes after KCN administration. These were also tested in comparison and a dose with minimum recovery time was noted. A comparison was made between the efficacy of AGE and SN or ST or SN + ST as potential antidote against sub-lethal KCN toxicity. After 48 hours 3 mice from each group was sacrificed for postmortem examination.
For this purpose the righting reflex recovery time and survival data was collected for each mouse challenged with KCN. A group of 3 mice was tested with each increasing dose of KCN to create dose response curves for both righting reflex recovery times and percent survival. Increasing doses of KCN increased the recovery time of the righting reflex. The dose 5.5 mg/kg of KCN showed the righting reflex recocery time mean 64.66 ± .333 min and was selected for trials.
AGE (750 mg/kg) showed the most significant results as compared to ST and SN alone as well as in combination. Second most effective drug was ST as it showed better results than SN. Treatment results were more pronounced in 5 min pre-KCN groups as compared to 5 min post-KCN groups.
From this study it was concluded that the aqueous AGE is an effective antidote against sub-lethal KCN toxicity as the recovery times indicated that its effects are more pronounced than SN and ST, secondly, as it is easily available and very much cheaper in Pakistan and due to easy unavailability of SN and ST, it is effective antidote that could be used in the field against sub-lethal KCN toxicity with comparatively better results both orally and intraperitoneally.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1776,T] (1).
9.
Comparative Efficacy Of Selenium Vitamin E And Ocium Sanctum (Tulsi) Leaves On Sub Clinical Mastitis In Cattle
by Syed waqas hameed | Dr. Syed saleem ahmad | Dr. Muhammad avais | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1888,T] (1).
10.
Studies On Risk Factors Pathophysiology And Teeatment Of Udder Edema In Dairy Goats
by Muhammad Atif | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr | Dr. Jawaria ali khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1895,T] (1).
11.
A Study Onthe Correlation Of Serum Electrolytes And Teace Elements In Diarrheic Small Ruminants
by Sobia Mumtaz | Dr. Jawaria Ali khan | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr.Ishtiaq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1904,T] (1).
12.
Prevalence Severity And Treatment Of Balantidiasis In Commercial Dairy Herds
by Fazal karim | Dr. Muhammad avais | Dr. Haroon | Dr. Syed saleem ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1996,T] (1).
13.
Effects Of Chemoimmunotherapy On Recovery Of Brucellosis In Buffaloes
by Muhammad Hasisem -ur- Rehman | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2115,T] (1).
14.
A Clinical Study On The Sonographic Characterization Of Acute And Chronic Hepatitis In Pet Dogs In Lahore
by Imran hussain (2012-VA-591) | Dr. Shehla Gull Bokhari | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Sadaf Imran.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Dogs are amicably kept as a pet all over the world. Diversity in cultural trends in Pakistan is
paving way towards increasing awareness of the society with regards to a promising humananimal
bond. Hence, the tendency of people in metropolitan cities, such as Lahore, in keeping
dogs and cats as pets, has increased dramatically over the years. Not only do people keep pets,
rather also seek expert professional care in treatment of their animals. Liver is a major organ of
body located in the cranial abdomen below diaphragm. It produces major plasma proteins,
clotting factors and metabolizes carbohydrates, proteins and lipid molecules. Besides, it also
detoxifies many toxic metabolites into soluble and extractable products. It also acts as storage for
iron, glycogen and some other compounds. It also plays role in eliminating and excretion of
worn-out blood cells in the form of bile. Due to its major functions it is much prone to damage
and its mutual sickness is reported (Adam, 2003). Hemostatic anomalies in liver diseases are
mostly found in dogs and increased prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin
time (APTT). In hepatic disease 93% dogs had one of the abnormal results of PT and APTT
(Badylak et al. 1983).
Conditions as well as low or incomplete blood supply or shock damage, blockage of bile,
long-lasting liver sickness, portovascular variances, toxin produce inside the bacteria wall, and
resistant dysfunction altogether add toward hepatic defenselessness to infectivity also change the
role of the reticuloendothelial structure (Center et al.2006). In the United Kingdom (UK),
chronic hepatitis (CH) twelve percent was found during postmortem of the dog (Watson et al.
2010). Acute hepatitis (AH) and CH can cause toward lethal liver dysfunction that can lead to
inadequate otherwise weakened liver restoration. Restoration take place through double
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Introduction
2
resources, specifically reproduction of developed hepatocytes and in the case of held back
hepatocytic replication, by production of the native stem cell precursor cell population in liver
diseases (Roskams et al. 2004; Santoni-Rugiu et al. 2005; Katoonizadeh et al. 2006). Liver play
major role in the majority of metabolism, so liver infections can affect the purpose of further
tissues. Most common effect stands going on the brain and excretory system (Wettstein et al.
2003; Hilgard and Gerken, 2004). Hyperfibrinolysis can be seen in cases of later hepatic liver
infection and cirrhosis because of reduced thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI)
(Van Thiel et al. 2001; Colucci et al. 2003).
The major reasons of sickness and death in dogs are cirrhosis and long-lasting liver
problem (Klein et al. 2010). The liver size is measured by a simple method through the
ultrasonography. The measurements were taken in both planes transverse and longitudinal
scanned. There was good relation in both measurements. Through this study it was concluded
that liver size has no relationship in breed or size of the dog. This study also showed that liver
size easily measure through ultrasonography (Barr, 2008). Infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) is a
universal viral disease caused by canine adenovirus-1 (CAd V-1) (Decaro et al. 2007). Young
dogs under the age of 2 years have more mortality rate (Akerstedt et al., 2010; Thompson et al.
2010). ICH has three clinical forms that are Mild, acute and per acute (Stalker and Hayes, 2007).
Canine adenovirus-1 has resemblance for vascular endothelium, mesothelium and hepatic
parenchyma and the main pathological characters of ICH are edema, hemorrhages and focal
necrosis (Chouinard et al. 1998). There is variation in the incubation period of hepatitis. The
incubation period of infectious canine hepatitis is 4-7 days. Infectious canine hepatitis can
increase temperature, despair, loss of starvation, sneezing, edema, excretory problem. But in
severe cases animal has pale mucous membrane increase liver size and vomiting. Severe cases
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Introduction
3
will develop bleeding disorders, which can cause hematomas to form in the mouth (Sanchez-
Cordon et al., 2002; Greene, 2006). Clinical diagnosis may be based on the clinical and
pathological findings, which may include moderate to severe leukopenia, neutropenia,
lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia. Serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase
activities may be increased. Coagulation parameters, PT and PTT are variably affected.
Proteinuria (albuminuria) as a reflection of the renal damage caused by the virus can usually be
detected (Sellon, 2005; Greene, 2006).
Clinical signs in pets vary from ill to asymptomatic. These may include anorexia,
vomiting, weakness, depression and poor hair coat. Production of albumin in the body takes
place only in liver, so liver problems cause low albumin production in body. It leads to
hypoalbuminemia (Bunch, 2003). During chronic liver disease liver enzymes value may be
normal or decrease. For example in cirrhosis the hepatocytes start to die and cannot make liver
enzyme. The liver has capacity up to 30 times the usual level for the processing of bilirubin. At
two to three times normal total bilirubin levels Jaundice can be noted. At 0.6 to 1.0 mg/dl icteric
serum and bilirubinuria can be identified (Richter, 2004). In chronic hepatitis the liver enzymes
ALT/AST with change ALP/GGT rises. With progressing disease bilirubin rises and albumin
levels will drop. Chronic hepatitis causes the serum bile acids abnormal level. In this study dogs
with chronic hepatitis all cases assessed had atypical bile acid concentrations. Acquired shunting
or advanced liver insufficiency leads to increased blood ammonia concentrations (Strombeck,
1988). In study it was confirmed that coagulation anomalies are more common in dogs in case of
chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis that indicated significantly lesser platelet counts (Prins et al.2010).
In a study radiograph and ultrasonography was performed that reveal increase the liver
size parenchymal heterogeneity hyperechoic parenchyma. Renal parenchyma looked normal in
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Introduction
4
both radiograph and ultrasonography (Langlois et al. 2013). Sonographic finding in acute
hepatitis liver size was increased and parenchymal echogenicity was decrease. Liver margin
were rounded due to hepatomegaly (Resende et al.2011; Hughes et al. 1995; Barr F. 1992; Lamb
et al. 1995). Sonographic finding in chronic hepatitis seen that increased hepatic parenchyma
echogenicity and liver size decreased. Gall bladder size was increased and irregular contour also
seen. In chronic hepatitis portal liver margin less distinct and reduced distal visualization
(Stowater et al. 1990; Diaz Espineira et al 1999; Hill et al. 2000; Partington et al.1995; Yeager
1991; Johnson 1987). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2187,T] (1).
15.
Study Of Molecular Diagnosis, Associated Risk Factors And Treatment Of Anaplasmosis In Bovines
by Muhammah Hassan Haider (2008-VA-252) | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: According to the economic survey of Pakistan 2013-14, livestock sector contributed about 55.9 and 11.8% to the agriculture and national GDP, respectively.Total cattle population in the year 2013-14 is 39.7 million. Total milk and meat production contributed by cattle is 18,027000 tons and 18,87000 tons respectively (Anonymous 2013-14) . In Pakistan, the chiefhindrance in performance and health of animals are parasitic diseases including tick born. Ticks have been easily grown and reproduce in the optimal climate of tropical weather in Pakistan. In Pakistan, there are huge number of species and genera of tick fauna (Durrani and Shakoori, 2009).
Tick-borne diseases include babesiosis, theileriosis, anaplasmosis, lymedisease . Among these tick-borne diseases anaplasmosis is one of the vital diseases which is responsible for the substantial economic losses in term of high morbidity, mortality and production losses that are decreased in milk, meat and other important livestock productions. Throughout the world, the “tick-borne diseases” are extensivelyspread in sub-tropic and tropicareasand Pakistan also includes in these areas(Khan et al. 2004). Moreover, anaplsamosis is non-contagious disease but also known to be infectious, transmission of which occur through mechanical means that includes the flies or tick bites. As well as different equipment that are using during tattooing or castration, in dehorning and needles also causes transmission (Aubry & Geale. 2011).
Anaplasma marginale (A. marginale) is the major cause of Bovine anaplasmosis and this speciesbelongs to the genus Anaplasma (“Rickettsiales, Anaplasmataceae”). The most important 20 ticks species which cause transmission are Argaspersicus, Boophiludecoloratus, B. microplus, B. annulatus, Dermacentoroccidentalis, D. andersoni, D. variabilis, D.albipictus, Hyalommaexcavatum, Ixodesricinus, Ornithodoroslahorensis, Rhipicephalussimus, R. saniguineus, and R. bursa(Marchette & Stiller. 1982), on the other hand, Boophilusmicroplus found as a major contributor in cause of anaplasmosis (Tick Fever Research Centre, 1996).
The family anaplasmatacease was classified in 1957 of the order Rickettsiale. In the genera Anaplasma, Aegyptianella, Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon, this family was rationalized (Ristic&Kreier. 1984), and projected a combination based on analysis of genes sequences for protein on surface and ribosomal RNA (16S)(Dumler et al. 2001; Walker & Dumler. 1996). Anaplasma is a rickettsial, obligate intracellular bacteria found in red blood cells. Disease is characterized by fever, anemia and jaundice. Infection is transmitted by ticks or mechanically by biting insects or contaminated hypodermic needles or surgical instruments (Tylor et al. 2007).The most significant parasite is Anaplasma speciesthat is transmitted by at least twenty different species of ticks. But among those all mostly Bmicroplus causes Anaplasmosis (Rajput et al.2005).
A. marginale is etiological agent of bovine anaplasmosis (Bram, 1957; Dumler et al., 2001; Kocan et al., 2000). A. marginale persistently infect both cattle and ticks and help as infection reservoirs(Kocan et al. 2003). Bovine erythrocyte membrane bound parasitophorous vacuoles is the site for replication of this obligate intracellular organisms. Dogs, humans, wild and domesticated ruminants are the species effected by A. marginale. This anaplasma genus is an obligate intracellular parasite of vertebrate hosts. In cattle, theA. marginal, A. phagocytophilum, A. central, and A. bovisare major pathogenic species producing diseases (Inokuma et al. 2007). Researchers suggestedthat in cattle, some unidentified Ehrlichia or Anaplasma species are present (Awadia et al. 2006). For this pathogen, which cause the persistent infection, the reservoirs are generally present in different host like tick or mammalian (Kocan et al. 2004). The wide range of different ruminant can be affected by Anaplasmabecause the species of anaplasma are not considered as strictly specific for any particular host specific(Kuttler. 1984).
The A. marginalecan only be developed inside the RBCs of bovine (Richey et al. 1981). After invading the erythrocyte the tick multiplies and form almost eight initial bodies, they then get enlarge in the outer membrane and give it an appearance of a large dot. The organism gets mature in the outer membrane of RBC and force the infected RBC to get rupture due to infection. By rupturing the outer membrane where it previously multiplied come into the blood stream to infect the other RBCs. On the progression of progresses, more number of erythrocytes is infected by this organism and afterward destruction of erythrocytes occur (Stewart et al. 1981). Upon the clinical signs and symptoms are appear when the 15 percent of the RBCsare affected by the parasite(Radostits et al. 2006). The symptoms of the disease are pyrexia, anemia, icterus, hematuria, anorexia, muscular tremors, dyspnea, depression, lethargy, constipation and yellow colour of mucous membrane (Bram et al. 1983), low milk production, miscarriage and sometime mortality (Alderink and Dietrich. 1981).
The mature RBCs are the site for multiplication after the invading by A.marginale. In the acute case of Anaplasmosis the higher number of RBCs are affected by the parasite for example more the 109 red blood cells per ml and after that the disease is categorized by death, abortion, loss of weight and anemia, and the survival cattle that are infected act as reservoirs for transmission of the disease in the herd level(De Echaide et al. 1998).The haematological profile can be used as useful diagnostic tool in anaplasma infection(Van Wyk et al. 2013).There is significant decrease in packed cell volume (PCV), Hemoglobin (Hb) and erythrocytes count.Serum biochemical analysis showed increased total protein,bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase enzyme (Sharma et al. 2013). A diagnosis ofcattle anaplasmosis may be made tentatively based on geographical location, seasonal variation and presenting clinical signs or necropsy finding in infected animals (Kocan et al. 2010).
A.marginale,can affect throughout the life of cattle but disease severity is dependent on the age of the cattle. The clinical disease is less occurs in the calves and disease is very rare under the age of 6 month. The mild type of the disease can occur in the animal, which are between the ages of six month to one year. The acute type of the disease occurs in the animals between the ages ofone to twoyears but this disease is never fatal for the animal between these age groups.Whereas if the acute type of the disease occur in the adult animal that are more than two year aged can face the serious consequences and this disease can cause the death of the cattle with higher percentage (29 to 49%) of mortality (Kocan et al. 2003; Richey. 1991). Beside the animal age at the infection time, onceA. marginale infect animals, the animals become carrier for the infection throughout of animal life, with or without the clinical signs of the infection (Richey et al. 1991). The animal with the strong immune system are recovered from the acute type of anaplasmosis (Palmer et al. 1989). The regular cycle of ten to fourteen days are present in the carrier animals and in this cycle there are more or less number of RBCs are infected with the pathogen(Kocan et al. 2003;Kieser et al. 1990; Viseshakul et al. 2000).
For the proper diagnosis of the disease and quality control in livestock, the most important aspect is the preciseor correct detection of pathogen that is spread by the tick.In 1990, with the beginning of the diagnosis with the techniques on the molecular bases the researcher produced more accurate and sensitive techniquesfor pathogenic species determination and these techniques are still used till to date (Ahantarig et al. 2008). The Giemsa staining method is used for the diagnosis of anaplasmosis in bovinesthat can be achievedby finding ofA.marginalein smear of blood from animals that are affected clinically. For the carrier animals or pre symptomatic animals thistechnique is not reliable. In these types of conditions, the serological tests are used for general diagnosis of infection by detection of antibodies. This is confirmed by molecular detection methods. A.marginaleappears as “dark staining blue purple bodies” measuring about 0.3 to 1 µm in length. A. centrale inclusion bodies are well differentiated by their location. Serological diagnosis can be done for the identification of infected cattle, DNA based test can be used for the molecular diagnosis(Stuen et al. 2011).
The conventional parasitological technique like Giemsa staining always remained gold standard for diagnosis of Bovine anaplasmosis. Light microscopy of thin blood smears stained with giemsa stain may facilitate demonstration of A. marginale organisms in the erythrocytes (Kocan et al. 2004) .As giemsa staining method is not applicable for the detection of subclinical infection. Therefore PCR can also be used as a diagnostic tool for the detection of A.marginale in this technique primer pairs are used which resulted in the amplification of only their target DNA i.e. A.marginale(Munderloh et al. 2004).
In the United states, for the treatment of anaplasmosis, the specific approved compound is the tetracyclines that include chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline(Kuttler. 1980). Oxytetracycline, Chlortetracycline and Tetracycline can be used to treat anaplasma infection in cattle .Among these Oxytetracycline is the most used drug at the dose rate of 10mg/kg body weight. While single dose of imidocarb dipropionte can be used at the dose rate 3mg/kg body weight (De Waal 2000).Imidocarb dipropionate with the dose of 3 milligram/kilogram body weight repidly treat A. marginale(anaplsmosis), on the other hand, same drug with double dose (6 milligram/kilogram body weight) and each dose has gape of two weeks,fail to cure A. marginalecarrier heifers(McHardy & Simpson. 1974). The animals recovered completely with imidocarb dipropionate (Akhter et al. 2010).The E elephantina and Aloemarlothiileaf extracts demonstrated good activity against rickettsia. These 2 plants along with Usanguineaand Rtridentata in certain concoctions are believed to be effective against anaplasmosis (Naidoo 2004).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2228-T] (1).
16.
Seroprevalence And Risk Factors Of Brucellosis In Ruminents In District Skardu Of Gilgit
by Sajid Hussain (2008-VA-77) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Iahtasham Khan | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Shehla Gul Bukhari.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Brucellosis is among the vital zoonotic and transmissible bacterial diseases of most of the animal’s worldwide (Shafee et al. 2011). Various types of brucella species are the causative agents of bovine brucellosis. In bovines, brucellosis is mainly triggered by Brucella abortus, less repeatedly by Brucella melitensis and sometimes by Brucellosis suis. As it is a zoonotic disease so, the public health is near thoughtful risk. According to (Pappas et al. 2006), it is considered to be the collective zoonosis worldwide, moreover 5, 00,000 cases of brucellosis are reported annually in both animals and humans. It is a common problem of under developed countries with poor health programs. This disease has been eradicated from USA, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand however; it is still an uncontrolled hazard in highly endemic regions of Africa, Latin America, Middle East and Asia (Refai, 2002).
According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO) and Office International of Epizootics (OIE), brucellosis is considered the most wide spread zoonosis in the world (Schelling et al. 2003). The infection transfers via contact with the body secretions, aborted fetus, contaminated milk feeding, licking of aborted fetuses and also venereal disease. In animals, reproduction, fertility, reduced survival of newborn, decreased milk production and noticed able mortality of the adult are the main effects of brucellosis. (Al-Sous et al. 2004).
It is characterized by abortion during 3rd trimester of pregnancy, weak calves, still births infertility, placentitis, epididymitis, orchitis and the excretion of organisms in milk and uterine secretions. According to public opinion brucellosis is work-related disease it has more effects on
INTRODUCTION
Page 2
Veterinarians, slaughter house and farm workers likely butchers and shepherds (Yagupsky and Baron 2005).
Brucellosis occurs in cattle, Sheep, goats, swines, camels, dogs and it may also affect the other ruminants and marine mammals. The other names of brucellosis are Enzootic abortion, Contagious abortion, Bangs disease, Undulant, Malta and Mediterranean fever. It also causes significant losses in those animals which are sexually matured (Forbes and Tessaro 1996).
The main causative agent of bovine brucellosis is Brucella abortus (Ali et al. 2014). The animals and persons, who are directly or indirectly in contact with infected animals, its products and by-products, may acquire infection easily. The main source of human infection is the raw milk of the infected animal as it excretes brucella in milk (Shimol et al. 2012). The Serological, Bacteriological and Molecular Methods are used for the diagnosis of brucellosis in the farm animals and humans. Bacteriological method is considered to be the most standard method among all of the above mentioned methods (Sathyanarayanan et al. 2011). However, due to non-availability of ‘BSL-3 laboratory’ for culturing and isolation, time taking nature and because of the safety concerns of the laboratory workers, it is not widely applicable. According to Alton et al. (1998), in Pakistan, at animal and herd level, the molecular tools, like ‘Polymerase Chain Reaction’ (PCR), are not economical for screening due to limited resources. ‘Milk Ring Test’, a serological test, is economical and mostly used for the diagnosis of brucellosis however according to Huber and Nicoletti et al. (1986), its specificity and sensitivity is doubtful even now.
In most of the countries, for the control and eradication of the disease the serological diagnosis is widely used. Although, different techniques are used to detect the brucella antibodies but, different antibody isotopes were detected by each one of the technique to
INTRODUCTION
Page 3
determine seropositive animal to brucellosis (Nielsen et al. 2001). The serological test is more sensitive as compare to the culture techniques but its specificity was quite low (Al-Attas et al. 2000).
Diverse studies have been conducted worldwide to evaluate different brucella diagnostic techniques. ELISA was found more sensitive and specific as compared to other serological techniques and the findings confirmed that standard tests, like Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) and Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) only detect antibodies to the LPS (lipopolysaccharides) antigen of Brucella abortus so, it has low specificity (Al-Attas et al. 2000). The advanced in specificity and sensitivity levels of the ‘Serological Diagnosis’ as compared to the other conventional technique are due to the introduction of the indirect immuno-enzymatic technique (Mousing et al. 1997).
The indirect ELISA uses cytoplasmic proteins to measure the immunoglobulins of classes M, G, and A. The clinical situation can thus be interpreted better further it also overcomes some of the short comings of serum agglutination test. A comparison shows that ELISA is more specific and sensitive than SAT (serum agglutination test) Almuneef and Memish (2003).
According to certain studies conducted worldwide and also in Pakistan, it has been proved that ELISA tests are more accurate and reliable than other tests like Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) and Milk Ring Test (MRT), showing high seropositive samples. Shafee et al. 2011 confirmed by using i-ELISA for the prevalence of brucellosis in Quetta city and the result was found to be 3 and 8.5 percent overall prevalence in cattle using MRT and indirect ELISA respectively.
The Gilgit Baltistan is at developing stages in the livestock sector, small farmers owning 95% of the Gilgit Baltistan’s livestock and are landless, providing an opportunity for improving
INTRODUCTION
Page 4
the quality of their livestock. The areas selected for the study were the villages (Shagaribala, Shagari kalan, Kathpanah, Chunda, Kachura, Hussain abad and Sadpara) of Skardu district, which are very important from livestock point of view. There is a dire need of screening these animals for the zoonotic point of view. It is the first time that effort for the diagnosis of brucellosis in Gilgit Baltistan by using the serological test like Rose Bengal Plate Aggulutination Test (RBPT) and Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) has been made. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2246-T] (1).
17.
Epidemiological Studies And Chemotherapy Of Postparturient Haemoglobinuria In Buffaloes
by Muhammad Ijaz Ul Haq (2008-VA-83) | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The district Gujranwala lies at northern part of the Punjab in Pakistan. It is situated between two main cities, in North is Gujrat and in South, there are Sheikhupura and Lahore. The majority of the population lives in the rural areas and mainly earns their livelihood through agriculture. The source of irrigation is perennial and non-perennial canals supplemented by tube wells. This area is heavily populated with buffaloes rather than cattle. Buffalo is playing a foremost role in the national economy by producing milk, meat and draught power. Out of total milk produced in the country, buffalo contributes about 68 %. Due to high fat contents of buffalo milk, it is the ideal species in Pakistan (Bilal et al. 2006). Buffaloes suffer from many fatal diseases throughout the year causing irretrievable economic losses in the GDP. Among these fatal diseases, Postparturient haemoglobinuria is a frightening problem for the economy of Pakistan and as well as for the whole world.
Postparturient haemoglobinuria is a periodic condition seen worldwide that most frequently affects high-yielding dairy animals at the onset of lactation. It is characterized by development of per acute intravascular hemolysis and anemia with potentially lethal results. Beef and non-lactating cattle are hardly ever affected. The exact cause is unidentified, but phosphorus reduction or hypophosphatemia is known to be a major predisposing factor. Decrease in the Phosphorus level of RBCs is known to raise osmotic tenderness of the RBCs, probably predisposing to intravascular hemolysis. A parallel condition reported in New Zealand was linked with copper depletion, potentially building
RBCs were more prone to oxidative trauma. Other potential causes were hemolytic or oxidative plant toxins (Michael A. Moses and Aiello 2014).
In buffalo rearing countries mainly in India, Pakistan and Egypt, Postparturient haemoglobinuria was a major problem as described by (Pirzada and Hussain 1998). Acute hypo phosphataemia was linked with high producing buffaloes and characterized by intravascular hemolysis (Kurundkar et al. 1981).
Postparturient haemoglobinuria was a disease of high yielding buffaloes in district Attock, Rawalpindi, Jhelum and Faisalabad where soil was deficient in mineral contents. The disease was distinguished by icteric and inflexible constipation in pregnant animal (Hussain et al. 1991). Postparturient haemoglobinuria was mainly disease of buffaloes and found in almost all the districts of Pakistan (Pirzada and Hussain 1998).
In buffaloes, Postparturient haemoglobinuria occurred mostly after 3rd week of parturition during 3rd to 5th lactation having a period of 5 to 6 days of illness (Nagpal et al. 1968). The occurrence of hypophosphatemia was highest in buffaloes in progressive pregnancy or in 3rd to 6th lactation (Gautam et al. 1972).
Multiparous females were mostly affected by Hypo phosphataemia and a range of etiological factors were reported to be related with the disease in unusual parts of the world (Singari et al. 1991). Dietary phosphorus shortage and rations containing cruciferous plants were supposed causes of rigorous hypo phosphataemia and had been associated with hemolytic anemia in cows and buffaloes (Heuer and Bode 1998).
Mucous membranes turned pale or might become icteric with the development of anemia and breathing became rapid and shallow with tachycardia (Spears 2003). During third to sixth lactation of adult dairy buffaloes, this disease was more frequently seen, showing weakness and recumbency (Macwilliams et al. 1982). The occurrence of the disease in the total cattle population was very stumpy with a case fatality rate ranging from 10% to 50% (Madsen and Nielsen 1939). Sporadically, farms with a predominantly elevated incidence might be encountered but typically only one or two cases were clinically evident at one time (Freudenberg 1955). In Australia, about 70% cases were reported within 30 days of calving (Mulijns and Ramsay 1959). Bulls, ante partum cows, heifers less than two years old and beef cows were rarely affected. A disease called as "red water" in Ontario, was allied with numerous predisposing factors which integrated recent parturition, intense milk production, dietetic phosphorus absence, utilization of turnips, rape, kale, green alfalfa and sugar beet pulp (Macwilliams et al. 1982).
Postparturient haemoglobinuria was one of the foremost and economically important diseases of dairy animals in Pakistan, India and elsewhere in the world (Macwilliams et al. 1982; Chugh et al. 1996; Pirzada and Hussain 1998). Diagnosis was done on the basis of clinical signs, urinalysis and hematological reports of the examined animals (Madsen and Nielsen 1939).
In a survey conducted during 1996 in Punjab (Pakistan), mortality rate due to Postparturient haemoglobinuria in buffaloes and cattle was 5% which translated into estimated annual losses of Rs. 490.2 and 153.1 million, respectively (Farooq et al. 2007).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2210-T] (1).
18.
Seroprevalence And Associated Risk Factors Of Leptospirosis In Sheep And Goat In And Around Lahore
by Muhammad Awais Akram (2008-VA-230) | Dr.Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Sheep and goats, although representing an important source of animal protein in third world countries such as Pakistan, seem to have benefited little from veterinary care and production improvement. Sheep and goats are often the main source of daily meat and are used in ceremonial festivities throughout the country. Small ruminants (sheep and goats) are ubiquitous, with important contributions to the subsistence, economic, and social livelihoods of many humans, particularly in developing countries. According to FAO, (2010), approximately 95.7% of all goats and 63.3%of all ewes worldwide are located in developing countries and represent more than 70% of total animal production. Among the various factors that may lead to low productivity in tropical countries, infectious diseases may be very prevalent, impairing milk and meat production.
Leptospirosis is an outstanding neglected disease, and since it is usually silent, its effects on livestock are often underestimated. As an example that may be considered for other tropical areas of the world, it was recently described as the most frequent and potentially the major infection impairing productivity in small ruminants. Unfortunately, a definitive diagnosis of leptospirosis is difficult to make. Most of diagnostic laboratories do not attempt to isolate leptospires because of their fragile nature, cost and complexity of the isolation media, and prolonged incubation period. Therefore, recognition of leptospiral infection has been based generally on serological evidence. A wide variety of serological tests, which show varying degrees of serogroups and serovar specificity, have been described. Two tests have a role in veterinary diagnosis: the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
A total of 180 serum samples were examined in this study. The animals were included in this study from various sources representing the diverse livestock production system / management conditions i.e. rural subsistence, peri-urban and semi commercia, sheep and goat farms in and around the Lahore. The blood samples were collected from randomly selected animals as well as on the basis of Leptospirosis- like symptoms or any other indication of the disease. The blood samples were collected in clean sterile vacutainers having no anticoagulant. From each animal 5-10 ml blood sample were collected by phlebotomy. For this purpose the area on jugular vein was sterilized with 70% alcohol and blood was collected in the vacutainer. The blood samples were put in slanted position in the refrigerator for two hours. Upon appearance of serum in the tubes usually after three hours of refrigeration, samples were centrifuged at 4000 revolution per minute (RPM) for five minutes. The sera were separated using a sterile pipette for each sample and clean sterilized vials were stored at -20°C in the freezer till used. The standard hygienic measures were adopted during collection and processing of blood samples. The ELISA is performed by the procedure that is described by the ELISA kit manufacturer.
The sheep were divided into three categories that were healthy, pregnant and aborted, which account for 0, 3.34 and 26.6%, respectively, positive samples. Whereas, The goat were also divided into three categories that were healthy, pregnant and aborted, which account for 0, 6.67 and 30%, respectively, positive samples. The highest percentage were observed in aborted animals that indicated that the leptospirosis had contribution in the abortion of the goat and sheep. The sheep were divided into four categories that were urban, peri urban, semi-commercial and commercial, which account for 13.3, 6.67, 6.67 and 10%, respectively, positive samples. Whereas, the goat were also divided into four categories that were urban, peri urban, semi-commercial and commercial, which account for 16.7, 13.4, 6.67 and 10%, respectively, positive samples. The highest percentage were observed in urban areas where the sheep and goats were raised together that indicated that the leptospirosis can be spread from animal to animal.
Conclusion:
From the finding of the current study suggested that leptospirosis can be difficult to diagnosis properly. The proper diagnosis can helpful for the controlling the leptospirosis. The urban area, and physiological conditions, of sheep and goat, are the major risk factors.
Suggestion and Recommendations:
Proper diagnosis and good management can reduce the risk of leptospirosis in sheep and goat. The infected animal must be isolate and treat with proper medications. The further studies can helpful for more proper disease diagnosis and control. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2274-T] (1).
19.
Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors And Treatment Of Cryptosporidium Parvum In Foals
by Choudhry Usman Rasheed Butter (2008-VA-253) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Shakera Sadiq Gill.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Cryptosporidium parvum is an emerging waterborne zoonotic disease prevalent
throughout the world. There are different strains of cryptosporidium but most important is
C.parvum.It is intestinal protozoon belongs to coccidian family that causes damage to intestinal
epithelium that leads to villous atrophy so decrease absorption sites from intestine. It is not host
specific it can equally infect humans, calves and foals. It is cross transmissible among mammals.
In horses, cryptosporidiosis is most commonly seen in foals (most frequently 1–4 weeks of age)
and is associated with diarrhea and weight loss. Immuno-compromised foals (including foals
with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome) are particularly at risk. The present study
was conducted in different studs farms in and around Lahore keeping in view the importance of
C.parvum in foals because it is gaining attention as a most important cause of diarrhea in foals so
that effective therapeutic measures should be adopted to control infection. There are 323 samples
are collected among different stud farms and veterinary hospitals and analyzed by using fecal
floatation method and modified Ziehl-neelsen technique. Infection rate of C. parvum in foals in
this study recorded was (12.30%) from different stud farms and veterinary hospitals. Infection
rate (27%) is higher in foals of age group range between 1day to 3 months while the least
infection rate (2.46%) was observed in 9-12 months age group. Infection rate is reciprocal to age
as the age increase infection rate decrease. Infection rate is independent of sex. There is no
relationship between sex and infection rate. Diarrhea is an important risk factor related to
infection rate. In diarrheic foals infection rate is (22.5%) while in case of non-diarrheic foal’s
infection rate is (6.5%) which showed that infection rate in diarrheic foals is three time more as
Summary
36
Compared to non-diarrheic foals. A significantly higher infection rate was observed in those
foals having contact with other animals like rodents, ruminants and dogs. Infection rate (15%)
was observed in those foals having contact with other animals and infection rate (6.5%) observed
in foals having no contact with other animals. Purpose seems to very important in this study.
Game horses have more infection rate which was (15.45%) as compared to draught horses
(4.4%). Game horses have three times more infection as compared to draught horses because
game horses remain in close confinement and foals have more prone to infection. Management is
an important factor infection rate was more in those stud farms having poor management as
compared to those have good management. Infection rate is poorly manage farms was (20.97%)
and (5.5%) in properly manage farms. The results of the comparative efficacy of nitazoxanide,
furazolidone and garlic showed that the Nitazoxanide was the most effective of the three in
treating cryptosporidium infection under field conditions. Efficacy of Nitazoxanide in treating
C.parvum in foals was (88%) during the study followed by furazolidone which have comparative
efficacy of (77%) than garlic with the efficacy of (70%).
In conclusion from above discussion reveals that C. parvum is prevalent in stud
farms in and around Lahore. Associated risk for C. parvum in foals are age less than 6 months,
immune-deficiency, contact with other animals like ruminants and poor management. Infection
rate is more in game horses as compared to draught horses because game horses are manage in
close confinement so the chances of infection are more. Treatment of C.parvum has long course
and effective drug for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in foals is Nitaoxanide than
furazolidone. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2300-T] (1).
20.
Prevalence Of Tick Borne Hemoparasites And Identification Of Ticks With Their Treatment In Dogs
by Muhammad Shehriyar Khan (2013-VA-438) | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Dogs are one of the most commonly owned companion pets worldwide. They are kept for various factors such as hunting, guarding, and amusement or for animal assisted therapy. Tick infestation is a common problem in dogs and its transmitted infections usually tick borne hemoparasitic diseases are emerging as a worldwide problem not just for animals but also for humans. Due to this phenomenon, ticks are now recognized as a major cause of various diseases in of urban environments. The current research has been conducted to study the prevalence of tick infestation, associated risk factors and chemotherapeutic trials of topical acaricides were used in order to study comparative efficacy, were conducted in dogs. Furthermore, prevalence of tick borne hemoparasitic diseases was also observed by performing microscopic blood smear examination in dogs of Lahore district.
A total of 300 dogs (n= 200 positive for tick infestation; n= 100 negative for tick infestation) having tick infestation were included in the present study. Dogs of different sex, age and breed were selected for tick collection. The ticks were collected with the help of forceps from the target sites of each dog, while adopting all necessary measures to avoid damage to the mouth parts of the ticks and skin of the host. The collected ticks were preserved in plastic containers containing 70% ethanol, which was separate for each specimen. Ticks were identified under stereoscope by observing morphological characteristics of each tick, according to the key. Blood sample for tick borne hemoparasitic diseases was drawn from cephalic vein of each dog using disposable syringe and was poured into EDTA vacutainer. Thin blood smear slide was then prepared from the blood of the animal, dried in air and was stained using Geimsa’s staining method. The hemoparasites observed in the blood of the dogs were then characterized and
Summary
51
identified by their morphological characteristics. For chemotherapy, a total of 30 tick infested dogs of different breeds viz. Rottweiler, German shepherd and Labrador was used in therapeutic trials. Each breed of dog was divided into 2 subgroups which were then treated with topical ivermectin and fipronil 1500μg/kg b.w and 15mg/kg b.w respectively. Efficacy of the drugs was then measured on the basis of disappearance of clinical signs and reversal of tick infestation at day 2, 4 and 6 of post-medication. Data regarding the prevalence of tick borne hemoparasitic diseases and tick infestation was analyzed by using Non-parametric, Chi-square test whereas data on therapeutic trials was analyzed by Z-test, using statistical package for social science (SPSS). P < 0.05 was considered significant.
The results obtained showed us that the study area is at a risk of tick infestation and tick borne hemoparasitic diseases. In dogs, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick) species was observed and identified as a major tick infesting dogs of the study area during the course of study. Various determinants including tick density and its genus, host age, sex, predilection site host breed and season significantly affected the tick infestation in the study area. The prevalence for tick infestation was found highest in Pastoral dogs as compared to other breed types found in dogs. Among breeds German shepherd showed highest prevalence for tick infestation. Adolescence age group among dogs was more prone to tick infestation. The number of males affected by ticks was highest as compared to females in dog population. Among the dog population, majority of the animals infested by ticks were categorized under mild infestation. The most favorable predilection site for tick infestation in dogs was ear pinnae, followed by head and then neck. Monsoon was the most favorable season for tick infestation in dogs. September was found to be highest favorable month for tick infestation in dogs.
Summary
52
In tick borne hemoparasitic diseases, babesiosis was the highest prevalent disease in dogs (63.33%), followed by trypanosomiasis (0.66%) and mixed infection (0.33%). Age group among dogs showed non-significant factor affecting prevalence for TBHD’s. The number of affected dogs for babesiosis was greater in adolescence age group as compared to other age groups. On the other hand, trypanosomiasis and mixed infection adult age group was found highly susceptible. Males of canine group were slightly more susceptible than females in case of babesiosis. Similarly for trypanosoniasis and mixed infection males were more prone than females. For babesiosis, monsoon was the most favorable season in dogs. Whereas for trypanosomiasis and mixed infection, post monsoon was found to be favorable season in dogs. In breed type of dogs, prevalence for babesiosis was found highest in Pastoral dogs. In dogs the prevalence for babesiosis was found highest in German shepherd breed, whereas for trypanosomiasis and mixed infection Cross breed was the most susceptible breed. For trypanosomiasis and mixed infection Cross breed was the most susceptible breed type. The prevalence for babesiosis was found highest in the month of September. For trypanosomiasis and mixed infection, the month of October was found to be highest susceptible month for dogs.
Chemotherapeutic trial of topical acaricides against tick infestation in dogs revealed that Fipronil was more efficacious drug as compared to Ivermectin.
Such type of epidemiological data of tick infestation, TBHDs and its chemotherapeutic trial will help to control tick infestation and tick borne hemoparasitic diseases to save the life of companion animal. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2303-T] (1).
21.
Status Of Brucellosis And Its Effect On Hemogram And Serum Biochemistry In Indigenous, Cross-Bred And Exotic Dairy Cattle Herds
by Muhammad Hareem Afzal (2008-VA-250) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Brucellosis mainly infects food animals such as cattle, buffalo, goats and sheep. Brucella abortus is the principal cause of brucellosis in cattle and is shed from the infected animal at or around the time of calving or abortion. The present study was conducted on 450 animals on three different strains/breeds of cattle i.e. Exotic (150), Cross-bred (150) and local cattle (150) from 10 different privately owned livestock farms of varying holdings of district Lahore. An epidemiological questionnaire focusing on herd traits as well as husbandry and sanitary practices that could be associated with the risk of Brucellosis infection was completed. Serum samples were collected and analyzed using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT). The serum samples positive for Brucellosis through RBPT further subjected to Serum Agglutination Test (SAT). To check the effect of Brucellosis on hemogram, blood samples from 18 cattle (n=6 indigenous; n=6 cross-bred; n=6 exotic) positive for Brucellosis and 18 animals (n=6 indigenous; n=6 cross-bred; n=6 exotic) negative for brucellosis were collected and processed for TLC, DLC, RBC, Hb, MCV, MCHC MCH and platelets using automated haematology analysed at UDL, UVAS, Lahore. Similarly, to see the effect of Brucellosis on Serum biochemistry, serum samples from 18 cattle (n=6 indigenous; n=6 cross-bred; n=6 exotic) positive for Brucellosis and 18 animals (n=6 indigenous; n=6 cross-bred; n=6 exotic) negative for brucellosis collected and analysed for glucose, total protein, albumin, Creatinine, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotranferase (AST) and Sorbitol Dehydrogenase (SD) using commercially available kits.
Summary
62
RBPT revealed overall prevalence 17.7% higher than SAT 10.6%. Prevalence of brucellosis is higher in Cross-Bred (22.7%) followed by local cattle (18.9%) and exotic (12%).
Hemato-boichemical results showed that increase in TLC, MCV While slight changes in Hb, MCHC, RBC and values of MCV stays within normal range. On the other hand serum biochemistry increase in AST while decrease in ALT and SD found. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2348-T] (1).
22.
Sero-Diagnosis And Associated Exposure Factors Of Brucelosis Among Trade Animals And Abbatoir Workers
by Madiha Ashraf (2008-VA-43) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Ali Ahmed Sheikh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Brucellosis mainly infects food animals such as cattle, buffaloes. Brucella abortus is the principal cause of brucellosis in cattle and is shed from the infected animal at or around the time of calving or abortion. Brucellosis is zoonotic disease transmitted to humans both through Brucella abortus and melletensis.
The present study was conducted on 200 animals privately owned and publically owned abattoir. An epidemiological questionnaire focusing on trade animals as well as husbandry and sanitary practices that could be associated with the risk of Brucellosis infection was completed. Serum samples were collected and analyzed using Rose Bengal Plate Test. The serum samples positive for Brucellosis through RBPT further subjected to enzyme linked Immunosorbent assay. The samples of cattle collected from publically owned abattoir are subjected to the RBPT and the result was 18% and privately owned abattoir have an RBPT result of 10% and samples of the buffaloes are subjected to the test of RBPT as an screening test which was respectively 20% and 8%. The samples are further subjected to the iELISA and the results was shown that through ELISA the result was respectively 12% and 4%. While results for the cattle declared the prevelance of brucella infection through indirect ELISA was 8% and 2% at public and private abattoir respectively. The abattoir workers had a high risk to the exposure to the transmission of the disease as it is world widely more zoonotic the workers found positive for the brucellosis at public abattoir through RBPT shown no positive results. While in private abattoir through RBPT there is 6.66% animals were positive. However we concluded the results through indirect ELISA the results found were 66.66% and 15.62% for the butchers and meat sellers respectively at public abattoir.so the butchers are prone to the infection of the brucella antibodies.in comparison with the private abattoir 33.33% was detected in the abattoir cleaner. Through indirect ELISA.
Summary
50
The data originating from this study was tested thorough Chi square test while Odd ratio was calculated for risk factors. Statistical analysis was done using “SPSS version 20” and probability level <0.05 was considered significantly different. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2387-T] (1).
23.
Anthelmintic Efficacy Of Nicotiana Tabacum Against Haemonchus Placei In Cattle
by Ali Haider (2008-VA-179) | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note:
The gastro- intestinal tract (GIT) of animals contains variety of parasites primarily helminthes, which are responsible for sub clinical and clinical parasitism.Major economic losses in the livestock industry are caused by adverse effect on the health status of animals by these parasites. The effect of these parasitic infections include decreased milk production, edible offals and meat refusal, decrease of hides, late maturity and death mostly in calves and more production cost because of drugs usage. Plants are being used as anthelmintic as the allopathic drugs today which offer alternate to the use of synthetic chemicals.
Aqueous and methanol extracts of Nicotiana tabacum leaves are effective against Haemonchus placei in cattle.
A total number of one hundred (n=100) samples of cattle round worm Haemonchus placei directly brought from slaughter houses were included in this study and for the efficacy of In vitro aqueous extracts of Nicotiana tabacum leaves the abomasal contents were preserved in normal saline containing jars.
In-vitro aqueous extracts were prepared in stock solution and the different dilutions of these extracts were used to calculate the anthelmintic efficacy in three different Petri dishes having various concentrations of Nicotiana tabacum leaves aqueous extracts in the form of percentages besides the positive and negative controls receiving single dose of Levamisole and no treatment respectively.
Adult cattle were used for In-vivo trails which were conducted in dairy farms present in Lahore. Animals were conformed for the presence of gastro-intestinal parasites by qualitative and quantitative methods of faecal analysis. Total n=24 were included in the study trials and for treatment trails n=24 cow positive for endo-parasitic infections especially for H. placei weredivided in to Six groups. Four groups were given the single treatment of aqueous extract and methanol extract 1 gm/kg and 3 gm/kg respectively while fifth group received single dose of Levamisole HCl and the sixth group was negative control and received no treatment. Faecal samples from each animal were collected in the morning, starting from day 0 pre-treatment and at days 5 and 10 post-treatment and were evaluated for the presence of worm eggs by salt flotation technique. The eggs were counted by the McMaster method (Zajac et al. 2012). The EPG standard for groups treated with crude aqueous extract was 500-600 eggs per gram and the groups treated with crude methanol extract contained 700-800 EPG. The positive control contained 900-1000 EPG. The negative control contained EPG >1000.
The comparative efficacy data were analyzed by Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using SPSS 20.0. A probability level ˂0.05 was considered statistically significant.
During the In-vitro study the efficacy of aqueous extracts of Nicotiana tabacum at the concentrations of 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml were same against adult Haemonchus placei parasites which was 100 % during In-vitro study. All the wormsexposed to levamisole 0.55 mg/ml, a standard anthelmintic agent were found dead after three hours of incubation at 37 ºC whereas, none of the worms were found dead in Phosphate buffer solution (PBS) which acted as the negative control. These findings indicatedthe anthelmintic activity of extracts of N. tabacum.
During the In-vivo study all the treatment groups showed a significant reduction (P< 0.05) in EPG at day 5 and 10 post-treatment. The maximum reduction showed by Crude Aqueous extract (CAE) at 3 gm/kg dose at day 5 and 10 post treatment were 48.88 % and 51.11 % respectively. The maximum reduction showed by Crude Methanolic extracts at the dose rate of 3 gm/kg body weight were 75.8 % and 79.03 % respectively at 5 and 10 days post treatment. The positive control treated with Levamisole HCl showed the maximum reduction of 98.68 % in eggs per gram (EPG).
The data organized from this study were helpful to know the anthelmintic efficacy of Nicotiana tabacum leaves aqueous and methanol extracts against gastro intestinal nematode H. placei in cattle and the treatment trials provided the most reliable and cost effective treatment for round worms infestation in cattle.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2406-T] (1).
24.
In-Vivo Efficacy Of Aqueous And Alcoholic Extracts Of Hedera Helix Against Fasciolosis In Sheep
by Muhammad Faisal Raza (2008-VA-206) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Imran Rashid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, is a common parasite of ruminants in many countries in the temperate climates and often causes severe economic losses. Infection with both F. hepatica and F. gigantica may also occur in occasionally causing large scale epidemics. These parasites adversely affect the health status of animals and cause enormous economic losses Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is a worldwide, one of the most used drugs for the control of fasciolosis but the efficacy may depend on the susceptibility of the strain involved in the drug. However, resistance of the liver fluke to TCBZ in naturally infected sheep has been reported. Plants are being used as anthelmintic as the allopathic drugs today which offer substitute to the use of synthetic chemicals. This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous and methanolic extracts of H. helix against fasciolosis in sheep. For this purpose, adult sheep was used for In vivo trials. Animals were screened for the presence of liver fluke and 30 sheep positive for liver fluke infestation were used for therapeutic trials. They were divided into 5 groups. Group A and B were given single dose of aqueous extract of Hedera helix at concentrations of 1.13 gm/kg and 2.25 gm/kg body weight respectively. Animals in C and D group were given 1.13 gm/kg and 2.25 gm/kg body weight respectively, while sheep in E group were given Triclabendazole at dose rate of 1 ml/5kg body weight. Fecal samples from each animal was collected in the morning, starting from day 0 pre-treatment and at days 4,7 and 14 post-treatment and were evaluated for the EPG through Modified McMaster method.
The comparative efficacy was analysed by two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 20.0. A probability levels ˂0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
During In vivo experiment all the treatments showed significant reduction in EPG. The maximum reduction in EPG showed by crude aqueous extract (CAE) at day 4 post treatment at 1.13 gm/kg dose rate was 20.0012 %. There were no significant reduction in EPG at day 7 and 14 day for aqueous extract. The maximum reduction by aqueous extract at day 4 at dose
Summary
29
rate of 2.25 gm/kg was 40.47 % and at day 7 it was 45.24 %, whereas there was no significant reduction at day 14 post treatment. The maximum reduction showed by crude Methanolic extract at dose rate of 1.13 gm/kg at day 4 was 29.54 %. At day 7 post treatment the reduction of EPG was 40.09 % and at day 14 the reduction was 43.18 %. The maximum reduction showed by crude Methanolic extract at dose rate of 2.25 gm/kg at day 4 was 56.09 %. At day 7 post treatment the reduction of EPG was 64.85 % and at day 14 the reduction was 68.29 %. The positive control treated with Triclabendazole showed the maximum reduction of 97.5 % in eggs per gram (EPG).
So it is concluded from the study that the extracts of Hedera helix have the anthelmintic efficacy against liver fluke. The increase in dose rate of extracts may give better results. So there is need to conduct further studied and more trials on Hedera helix extracts under field conditions to achieve maximum efficiency levels. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2431-T] (1).
25.
Detection of Albendazole Resistance in Commonly Found Gastrointestinal Tract Nematodes of Sheep
by Muhammad Naeem (2007-VA-168) | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: CD Corrupted. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2491-T] (1).
26.
Molecular Epidemiology, Biochemical and Antibiogram Studies of Staphylococcus Aureus Subclinical Mastitis in Chilistani Cows in District Bahawalpur
by Abdul Qayyum (2012-VA-570) | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Riaz Hussain | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Thesis submitted without CD. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2500-T] (1).
27.
Immunotherapeutictrials Of Newcastle Disease In Domestic Pigeons
by Mohsin Hassan (2009-VA-391) | Dr. Saeed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pigeon belongs to the avian family, Columbidae with in the order Columbiformes.
They are strong kept by the humans for variety of purposes such as food, hobby(racing) and
treatment of various diseases. However, pigeons are susceptible to a variety of diseases, but
viral diseases are more common. Newcastle disease (ND) is an acute, highly contagious viral
disease in birds, which can cause high level (up to 100%) mortality in chickens, the most
important natural host of the disease, but it can also affect a wide variety of avian species,
causing severe disease.
This disease is endemic in Pakistan and has a huge impact on the poultry industry.
Besides vaccination if hyper immune yolk is properly harvested and purified it can be used in
field condition for the treatment of infected birds .Therefore this study had been conducted to
check the effectiveness of hyper immune yolk in treatment of experimentally infected
birds.Suitability in usage of hyperimmune yolk in field condition aginst NewCastle
Disease.In order to get the hyper immune yolk 10 eggs from Big Bird hatchery were
collected.Antibody titer against NDV in egg yolk was determined by Haemagglutination
inhibition test HI their titer was 1:512 which was significant for trial.Birds were separated
into five groups A, B, C, D and E. They were challenged with NDV and treated with hyper
immune yolk in different concentration.Group A was given hyper immune yolk first then
after 24 hour NDV was given, Antibody titers at different days were calculated .Geometric
Mean Titer (GMT) values of Heamagglutination Inhibition (HI) test against NDV at day 0,
10, and 22 were log2
`2.23, log2 3.23, and log2 3.18 respectively.Group B hyper immune yolk
and NDV were given simultaneously in group the GMT values of Heamagglutination
Inhibition (HI) test against NDV at day 0, 10, and 22 were log2 log2 2.35, and log2 3.19 an
log2 3.22 respectively.Group C NDV was given first then after 24 hour hyper immune was
Summary
41
injected intramuscularly. Geometric Mean Titer (GMT) values of Haemagglutination
Inhibition (HI) test against NDV at day 0, 10, and 22were log2, log2 2.47, and log2 2.99 and
log23.16 respectively.In Group D NDV given first then after signs and symptoms hyper
immune yolk was injected.GMT values of Heamagglutination Inhibition (HI) test against
NDV at day 0, 10, and 22 were log2 2.30 log2 2.83, and log2 3.06 respectively was
calculated.Group E was kept as positive control it was infected with NDV only the GMT
values of Heamagglutination Inhibition (HI) test against NDV at day 0, 10, and 22 were
log22.13 log2 0.00, and log2 0.00 respectively was calculated. The hyper immune yolk
containing 32 units against NewCastle Disease virus was injected in group A and B induced
80% protection.The yolk containing 64 units of antibodies was given in the group C resulted
into 60% protection.Hyper immune yolk consisting 128 units of antibodies injected in the
group D,in which clinical sign and symptoms of disease were shown given 60% protection
against the New Castle Disease. From this experiment it is inferred that usage of 128 units of
antibodies can induce protection against NDV infected birds and 32 and 64 units of HIY can
be used as prophylactic measure. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2532-T] (1).
28.
Infestation Rate And Therapeutics Of Scabies In Cats
by Asma Fatima (2008-VA-247) | Dr. Waseem Yaqub | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Khalid Abdul Majeed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Cats are commonly known as friendly companion of man. The cat is domesticated pet animal and has been widely kept as companion. Feline scabies is one of the most common and severe skin diseases of cats, caused by sarcoptic mange. Despite the high prevalence and severity of the disease, many aspects of feline scabies remain poorly understood. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, the study on cat scabies is limited in Pakistan.
A total of 214 cats were examined of these 96 (44.9%) were positive for sorcoptic mange it was observed that mange infestation was highest in cats under 1 year and above 2 year of age. Whereas the lowest in 1.5 year of age cats. As regard the sex wise prevalence of mange infestation it was high in female cats than males.
The samples were taken from the suspected cats having some skin problem irrespective of breed, sex or age, from Pet Center UVAS Lahore and Private clinics. After confirmation of the disease by skin scrapping test and identification through morphological standards, 5 ml blood was collected from the jugular vein of cat in a clean test tube containing a few drops of 1% EDTA as anticoagulant. Then these test tubes were labeled with specific number to each blood sample along with date of collection and hematological and serological studies were undertaken on the samples. The cats were divided into two groups (Group A and B) for treatment trial, each group will consist of further 4 groups, each group containing 4 cats and 16 cats in each group. Group A was treated with the Ivermectin 0.04mg/kg BW s/c on every week for consecutive 4 weeks. Group B was treated with Doramectin s/c 0.6mg/kg BW on every week for consecutive 4 weeks. To evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment, skin
Summary
25
scrapings were collected from each treated cat at 0 day before treatment and at 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day post-treatment. But blood samples were analyzed at 0 day, 14th, 28th day, subjected to hematocrit, Hb, counting of red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs), and differential leukocytes count RFT (blood urea Nitrogen, Creatinine), LFT (ALT, AST, ALP, Total Bilirubin).
Out of 214 the positive cats for the Scabies were 96 so the overall infestation rate was 44.9% in cats. The cat scabies is mostly occur in more than 24month age of cats and on secondly age group was 07-12month. For therapeutic trail 32 cats were brought into clinical trial , each clinical score contains four cats and total 32 cats have been divided into 2 groups viz. Group A(Ivermectin) and Group B(Doramectin). In group A ivermectin 0.4mg/kg B.W S/C weekly for continuous four weeks. In group B Doramectin 0.6mg/kg B.W S/C weekly for continuous four weeks. There was no change in WBCs, significant increase in RBCs, also increase in creatinine, but significant decrease in ALT, ALP, Bilirubin, and BUN. There was no change in AST.
After four weeks of treatment trail ivermectin have better reduction rate of parasite. The ratio of pet animal was very less as compared to stray cats as the stray animal have no barrier to control the spread of disease. The percentage of previously infected and then cured animal or having disease history is less than that of newly infacted cats. This study proposed that the hospital acquired infection were more, the reason may be the contaminated clinical utensils or attendant’s hands. Scabies is the disease which spreads more in those animals which were in grouping as compared to randomly moving cats and very less in individual cats. Scabies is one of the most possible contact diseases. The more the contact more will be the chance of disease occurrence. The number of cats and percentage was very less of primary flea infestation, in the consequence of scabies infection. The fungal infection also existed at the same time of scabies
Summary
26
infection and there were about 33 cats having fungal infection. As this disease is the cause of anemia, so it may be the one of the great source of bacterial infection as the hair loss is the major sign of this disease, the internal and external bacteria may infect likewise. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2529-T] (1).
29.
Epidemiology, Zoonotic Potential, Molecular Characterization And Therapeutic Trial Of Leptospirosis In Horses
by Muhammad Luqman Sohail (2007-VA-94) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Muhammad Yasir Zahoor.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease. It affects a wide range of mammals, fish and even a few reptiles. It is caused by Leptospira interrogans, having more than 250 serovars, distributed geographically throughout the world. In horses, Leptospira interrogans causes liver and renal abnormalities, ERU, and reproductive disorders in mares like abortion, perinatal death and still birth. It is transmitted to human beings, working with live or dead tissue of infected horses and through surfaces contaminated with urine of carrier or infected animals. In humans, it causes influenza like illness and death in severe cases. Serological testing, bacterial culture and molecular techniques are used for the diagnosis of disease. This study was aimed at estimating the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in horses and humans of three climatically distinct regions of Punjab, Pakistan. Furthermore, molecular biology techniques were employed for the confirmed diagnosis of equine leptospirosis and therapeutic efficacy of ampicillin and adhatoda vasica was analyzed against disease. It was the very first study in Pakistan conducted to explore equine leptospirosis in the country.
During this study, 384 horse blood samples and epidemiological data were collected from three climatically distinct regions, viz;Rawalpindi, Lahore and Bahawalpur (128 from each study area) and were subjected to ELISA to determine seroprevalence of Leptospira. Results showed overall prevalence of 33.85% in Punjab with highest prevalence in Rawalpindi (40.62%) which experienced highest rainfall, followed by Lahore (38.28%), and least in Bahawalpur (22.65%). Risk factor analysis showed that age, gender, living area, herd size, water source, exposure to rodents and floods, feeding practices and usage of animals were found significantly associated with the disease. To study the seroprevalence of human leptospira, 360 human blood samples were collected (120 from each study area). Epidemiological data on pre-structured questionnaire
Summary
140
were collected from all the participants of study. All the samples were subjected to ELISA and results showed overall prevalence of 40.83%, with highest seroprevalence in Rawalpindi (50.83%), followed by Lahore (38.28%) and least in Bahawalpur (27.50%). Age, gender, occupational and living area, water recreational activities, occupation, exposure to floods, educational status and history of wound were significantly associated risk factors while use of PPE during work was deterrent.
During this study, 65 ELISA positive horse samples were subjected to molecular biology diagnostic technique PCR for the molecular characterization of equine leptospirosis in country. After DNA extraction, PCR was performed using primer sets specific for 16S rRNA gene, which yielded a fragment of length 306bp after gel electrophoresis. Out of 65 tested samples, 20 samples (30.76%) were PCR positive and was further sequenced and phylogenetic tree was constructed. Dendogram showed the sequenced samples were related to pathogenic Leptospira interrogans, revealing potential of 16S rRNA primer sets for the detection of eqine leptospirosis in country. Dendogram further showed closed resemblance of analyzed samples with serovar Icterohemmorhagae, Australis and Autumunalis which are dominant serovars in India, Iran and China, the neighboring countries of Pakistan. Therapeutic efficacy of ampicillin and AV was studied by analyzing the hematology, liver function test, renal function tests and serum mineral levels at day 0 (pre-treatment), 7, 21 and 35 (post-treatment). Results showed that all the tested parameters were changed significantly during infection and significant improvement was observed after treatment. Ampicillin was instrumental in revealing hematological abnormalities while AV played important role in normalizing the liver and renal insufficiency. After treatment ampicillin treated 58.33% of animals and AV treated 41.66% of animals.
Summary
141
This first ever study of equine leptospirosis in country uncovers the high prevalence rates in horses and humans and raises a need for control strategies to prevent the transmission and spread of the disease. It also highlights the potential of molecular biology techniques for the confirmed diagnosis of equine leptospirosis and explores options for designing better specie specific treatment regimes for the disease. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2660-T] (1).
30.
Prevalence Of Mastitis And In-Vitro Antibiogram Study Of The Mastitogens In Bhag-Nari Cattle
by Shakirullah (2009-VA-089) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Muhammad Shafee | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Mastitis creates detectable changes in mammary gland and causes inflammation of the mammary gland. In terms of economic losses it is most expensive disease. Mastitis is a worldwide issue which affects the milking animals in any stage of life. Mainly it is caused by bacterial organisms. A study was designed to detect the mastitis and its mastitogens in Bhag-nari cows at district Naseerabad, Pakistan. Milk samples were collected from Bhag-nari cows. All information of milk samples (n=323) were collected randomly on the basis of designed performa (Annexure.1). Two to three strips of milk from each quarter were drawn on the floor surface to examine the presence of pus, blood clots, flakes and change in colour. Strip cup test was applied to detect the clinical mastitis. Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT) was used for the detection of subclinical mastitis in Bhag-nari cows. Aseptic techniques were applied by using cotton swabs dipped into 70% ethanol to clean and disinfect teat end. Sterile tubes of 10ml capacity were used to collect the milk samples. The positive milk samples were kept immediately in an icebox cooler and transported to lab (CASVAB) in Quetta. Primarily each milk sample was cultured on Nutrient agar by spread out technique. Mannitol salt agar was used to culture the Staphylococcus aureus. Multiple streaking was applied to isolate the selected bacteria. On the basis of culture characters, microscopic morphology, staining method and biochemical tests bacterial isolates were identified. Prevalence of mastitis in Bhag-nari cattle in Naseerabad, Balochistan was 15.79%. Areas wise the prevalence of mastitis was 18.5%, 16.2%, 14.1% and 12.9% in DM Jamali, Chattar, Baba kot and Tamboo, respectively. Age wise prevalence in the study was 14.29%, 19.63%, 17.58% and 4.88% in age group of 3-5 years old, 6-8 years, 9-11 years and above 11 years, respectively. On the basis of calving number there was significant difference (P<0.05) among the various parity numbers. The animals milked once daily showed 17.06%
SUMMARY
49
mastitis as compared to 3.33% mastitis in animals daily milked more than once. There was significant difference (P<0.05). The prevalence of mastitis in well fed and under fed animals was 5.63% and 18.65%, respectively. Highly significance relation (P<0.05) was observed between the animals of satisfactory and none satisfactory udder hygiene with 6.94% and 33.64% prevalence. The most common bacterial isolates (staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus dysgalactiae) were identified in the study. The most effective drugs against isolated bacteria were Ceftiofur, Oxytetracyclinc, chlortetracycline, Norfloxacin and Cephradine. Other antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin and Amoxicillin) were intermediate to resistive (Penicillin). Bhag-Nari is the only dual purpose cattle breed of Balochistan. The cattle have developed resistance to harsh environmental conditions of its home tract through centuries. The production potential (beef, milk) of the breed may be assessed and practical scientific approaches should be developed to improve the animal and facilitate the farmer. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2671-T] (1).
31.
Study Of Hematological Alterations And Chemotherapeutic Trials Of Camels Naturally Infected With Trypanosomiasis In Cholistan, Bahawalpur
by Zubair Bashir (2014-VA-782) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Khalid Mehmood | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is a flagellated protozoan that is mechanically spread through biting flies like Stomoxys, Tabanus and Lyperosia.T. evansi was first isolated in 1880 from diseased equines and camels of Indian sub-continent. It is the parasite of likewise intravascular as well as extra vascular fluids causing “surra” in the subtropical and tropical regions all over the world, including Africa, Asia, and America. It affects a wide range of mammals. It is mostly observed in camelids and equines but camel is the principal host. Trypanosomiasis in Pakistan is prevalent as a major threat to the camels causing heavy financial losses like causing anemia, weight loss, high fever, anorexia, dullness, depression, pale mucous membranes, facial paralysis, and thin hump dropped to one side, abortion in females and even death of camels.Considering the significance and utilization of camels in our country and the substantial losses rendered by trypanosomiasis, the present study was designed to study incidence, hematological alterations and chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis in camels of Bahawalpur district.
For this purpose, 100 camels were examined for Trypanosoma infection. The blood was collected by ear-tip puncture and from Jugular venipuncture. Then thin blood smear slide was prepared and dried up in air and stained with Geimsa's staining method and examined under microscope. Trypanosomes were identified by their morphological characteristics (Chandler and Read, 1961), as described by standard texts like Taylor et al. (2007). Overall incidence of T. evansi in camels was estimated as 20%.
The effect of trypanosomiasis on various blood parameters (Hb, ESR, TEC, TLC, DLC, and PCV) was determined in 30 camels including 15 apparently healthy and 15 trypanosome infected camels to compare normal blood parameters. The remarkable decrease in Hb, TEC, PCV, platelets and lymphocytes were observed while remarkable increase inESR and TLC was observed.Severe leukocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, eosinophilia and basophilia were also observed in diseased camels.
For chemotherapy, 12 camel’s positive for trypanosomiasis, were divided into three groups (A, B and C). The animals of group A were treated with Imidocarb dipropionate @ 1.2 mg Kg-1 BW I/M, and efficacy of drug was found 50% in camels against trypanosomiasis. The group B was treated with Buparvaquone @ 3 mg/kg BW 1/M and was observed 25% effective. While the group C was treated with Isometamedium chloride(Trypamidium Samorin®, Merial, Pakistan) @ 0.75mg/kg BW I/M, which was found 100% effective. The efficacy of drugs was measured on the basis of disappearance of clinical signs and recovery rate of the animals, and blood smear examination at day 2, 4 and 07 of post-medication.
Finally, the data on hematology were analyzed by Student's T-test using statistical software package SPSS v22 (statistical package for social science), P < 0.05 was considered significant. Considering the significance and utilization of camel in our country and the substantial losses rendered by trypanosomiasis, the present project was designed to record clinical cases and chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis in camels of Bahawalpur districts. The results of this study will help farmers and veterinary practitioners in field.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2668-T] (1).
32.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Dry Cow Mastitis
by Abdul Sattar Saqib (2014-VA-766) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and chemotherapy of dry cow mastitis. Mastitis is responsible for a wide range of health problems and economic losses in cows and is characterized by decrease in milk production, Swelling of the udder, hotness of the udder and anorexia. All lactating animals generally have a period of 6-10 weeks preceding to calving (usually annually) as a dry or resting period, a non-lactating phase. About to calving the cow remains at risk to new intra-mammary infections, especially shortly after the ‘drying off’ or termination of milking. During the dry period the prophylactic benefit of 82% reduction in the rate of intra-mammary infection is the result of the dry cow treatment with antibiotics and higher rate of eliminating infections than treating in lactation.
For this purpose, 250 Pregnant dry cows were examined for subclinical mastitis. The milk samples were collected from Pattoki and adjacent areas and California mastitis test (CMT) was performed and positive samples were furtherly processed for somatic cell count at medicine Laboratory of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore.
For Chemotherapy, 24 animals positive for dry cow mastitis were equally divided into 4 groups viz A, B, C and D. Each group comprising of 6 animals. The animals of group A were treated with intramammary antibiotic Cloxacilline+ Ampicillin (Masticlox ,ICI). Animals in group B were treated by injecting 2 shorts (72 hours interval) of long acting Amoxicilline (amoxy 150 L.A Floris veterinaire produkten B.V Vught the Netherland) intra muscularly. Animals in group C were treated with Cephradine (Velosef, GSK) 1g/quarter through intramammary route once. Cows in group D were served as positive control. Animals in all groups were kept under close observation for clinical mastitis until parturition. After calving, cows in each group were tested for mastitis at days 7, 14 and 21 (post calving) using CMT and
Summary
53
SCC. Effectiveness of a particular treatment was determined on the basis of CMT score and SCC.
The collected samples from Pattoki and adjacent areas were processed at the Medicine laboratory at UVAS, Lahore aseptically for CMT and CMT positive samples were processed by Somatic cell count (SCC).
Overall prevalence determined which was 39.60% (99/250samples) by CMT and SCC.The efficacy of different antibiotics used in chemotherapy of dry cow mastitis was checked. The efficacy of Amoxicilline (Amoxy 150 L.A), Ampicillin+ Cloxacilline (Masticlox) and Cephradine (Velocef 1g) was recorded at day 7,14 and 21days post calving.
Group A was treated with Ampicillin +Cloxacilline (Masticlox) its efficacy was 83.33% and group B was treated with Amoxicilline (Amoxy 150 L.A) and its efficacy was 66.66% effective while the efficacy of Cephradine (Velocef 1g) was 33.33% in group C.
From this study it was concluded that CMT is more reliable test than other tests for the diagnosis of Mastitis in cows. Secondly subclinical mastitis which is an important problem of cows is significantly prevalent in dry cows in Pattoki and adjacent areas. Cloxacilline+ Ampicillin and Amoxicillin is the most effective drug while Cephradine is relatively less effective against mastitis in dry cows. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2669-T] (1).
33.
Development Of A Cost-Effective Serodiagnostic Assay For Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
by Tahira Hanif (2015-VA-1060) | Dr.Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr.Aamer Bin Zahur | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a highly contagious newly developing disease of Small ruminants (sheep and goats). Currently the poor small ruminant’s farmers in Pakistan are facing huge economic losses due to PPR virus. In Pakistan PPR causes economic losses of Rs. 20.5 billion annually. The objectives of present study were to develop a cost effective sero-diagnostic assay for PPR (active haemagglutination inhibition and passive haemagglutination inhibition) and determination of comparative efficacy of active and passive haemagglutination inhibition assay (HI and PHA respectively) for detection of PPR virus infection.
In the present study, n= 300 sera samples were collected from sheep and goats during the (15 Februry 2016 to 2 January 2017).The serum samples were collected from kotli AJK :20(8 goats and 12 sheep),from gilgit:30 serum (20 goats and 10 sheep),from mansehra:22 serum (13 goats and 9 sheep),from mithi:112 (60 goats and 52 sheep) and 116 serum samples (88goats and 28 sheep) from Dhera ghazi khan.None of the animal was known to have been vaccinated against PPR previously or at the time of sampling.
These samples were collected from animals showed symptoms of PPR suggestive of PPR disease as well as from healthy animals. The sera were transferred into sterile tubes and were preserved on ice packs while shifting to the laboratory. PPR virus isolate was originally isolated from an outbreak in Taxila village, district Rawalpindi, the isolate was attenuated serially onto the Vero cell lines up to 20 passages. After, which antigen was titrated using a micotiter haemagglutination (HA) test with chicken RBCs and stored at -70◦c until use as a PPR antigen in a HI test.
In this study Active haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and passive haemagglutination inhibition were developed. The Haemagglutination Assay was standardized by different factors i.e. diluents, Temperature of incubation, Time of Incubation and concentration of Chicken R.B.C̓s. An additional test passive haemagglutination inhibition was performed to check the comparative efficacy of Active and Passive haemagglutination inhibition. In passive haemagglutination inhibition tanned sensitized cells remains effective due to their long effective life when stored at 4̊c and its makes an ideal test for diagnosis of PPR. Newly developed assays were compared against cELISA for PPR using kappa statistics and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were determined.
The results of both assays were compared with results of competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In this study cELISA was considered as golden standard. The relative sensitivity and specificity of Active haemagglutination inhibition is 94.9% and 97.9% respectively. (Kappa 0.9264). However the sensitivity and specificity of Passive haemagglutination inhibition is 91.1% and 95.0% respectively.(kappa 0.8595). This study describes the serological detection of PPR virus by Active haemagglutination and passive haemagglutination inhibition (HI and PHA respectively). It was also concluded the comparative efficacy of (PHA and HI) that Active haemagglutination inhibition is more reliable technique than passive haemagglutination inhibition assay for the diagnosis of PPR disease in small ruminants (sheep and goats). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2816-T] (1).
34.
Effect Of Probiotics On Growth Rate And Occurrence Of Diarrhea In Neonatal Holstein Friesian Calves
by Muhammad Ayaz Ahmad (2010-VA-236) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Dairy sector commercialization is growing in Pakistan. The import of Holstein cows has been dramatically increased from last decade. Calf mortality is the major constraint in the field of livestock. Calves are considered as the future of dairy farm and mainly responsible for the replacement of stock. Certain diseases cause calf mortality among which bacterial infections carry prime importance.Supplementation of probiotics in milk will reduce the occurrence of diarrhea and increase the body weight, growth rate and average daily gain in Holstein Friesian calves.Holstein Friesian calves (n=60) will be taken from their dams at six days of age and all calves on the basis of initial weight and sex will be selected for the trial. There will be (n=40) calves in the probiotic group and (n=20) calves in the control group.Each group will be further sub-divided into two sub-groups i.e. (n=20) in Group B and (n=25) in Group C. The initial average weight of the calves will be determinedin the two groups. The health status of the calves will be monitored daily with particular attention paid to the occurrence of diarrhea. The actual trial period will start at weaning (day 0) when the calves will be six days old and will be stopped 56 days later. All calves in probiotic group will be offered milk containing probiotic (Calf PRE RD, TechMix, LLCTM, USA) at the dose rate of 4gm per calf per day. The health status, body weight, average daily weight gain and occurrence of diarrhea will be monitored on daily basis. All calves will be given a diarrhea score according to the following scale: 0 = firm, no signs of diarrhea, 1 = soft, slightly loose feacal consistency and 2 = liquid, very loose feacal consistency(Jatkauskas et al., 2010). For each calf the daily scores and the number of days with liquid feaces (score 2) will be summed into an index of the severity of the diarrhea.
Data on occurrence of diarrhea will be compared among groups by using Chi-square (χ2) test whereas data on growth rate, body weight and average daily gain will be measured using t-test. All data will be analyzed using SPSS (statistical package for social sciences),P< 0.05 will be considered significant.
The current study will help in reducing the occurrence of diarrheain Holstein Friesian calves. Further, it will also assist in finding out the efficacy of probiotics supplementation in reducing the incidence of calf mortality.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2811-T] (1).
35.
Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors And Treatment Of Toxocariasis In Small Holders’ Buffalo Calves
by Muhammad Qasim Sharif (2007-VA-488) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Aijaz Ali Channa.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Present study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of Toxocariasis in buffalo calves in outskirts of Lahore. For this 5g fecal samples from 369 buffalo calves were collected directly from the rectum to avoid the soil contamination. For this purpose, buffalo calves between 1 to 20 weeks of age were selected. Data regarding each calf and possible associated risk factor was entered in data capture form. The data capture form included information on species, sex, breed, age, physical condition, weaning time, fecal score, feeding, housing and management etc. After collection the fecal samples were immediately transferred to ice box for transportation to Medicine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. The fecal samples were analyzed by Direct Smear Method as described by Souls by (1982).
Positive samples for T. vitulorum were further subjected to McMaster Technique for Egg per gram (EPG) count.
A total of twenty-four (n=24) calves which were detected as positive for Toxocara. Vitulorum, were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups i.e. Group A, B, C and D, with each group having six calves. Calves in group A were treated with Albendazole at the dose rate of 10 mg/ kg of body weight via oral route while the calves in group B were given Levamisole at dose rate of 8 mg/kg of body weight orally. The animals in group C were treated with Doramectin at 0.2 mg/ kg of body weight via sub-cutaneous route whereas calves in group D were given Chenopodium album at the dose rate of 2g/kg of body weight. All the treatments were given once. The fecal samples from calves in each group were collected at days 0 (pre-treatment) and then at day 4, 7, 14, and 21 (post-treatment) for EPG count through modified McMaster technique. Efficacy of particular treatment was calculated on the basis of fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT).
Data on prevalence was analyzed using chi square test while Odd Ratio (OR) was determined for association of T. vitulorum with different risk factors. The data on EPG at various days was analyzed through two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 20, at a significance level of 5%.
Out of total 369 buffalo calves, 87 (23.58%). buffalo calves were found to excrete T. vitulorum eggs in their feces. While 212 (76.42 %) buffalo calves were found normal with no fecal egg excretion. 23 calves (26.44 %) with age of 1-4 weeks, 37 calves (42.53 %) with age of 5-10 weeks and 27 calves (31.03 %) were found positive. Percentages of male and female infected calves were 25.79 % and 21.23 % respectively. Number of non-infected calves in healthy and sick animals were 236 (80.55 %) and 54 (71.05 %) respectively. While infected calves in healthy and sick animals were 57 (19.45 %) and 22 (28.95 %). Numbers of sick and healthy mothers of calves were 54 and 315 respectively. 13 calves (24.07%) were infected with T. vitulorum infestation whom mother was sick, while 67 calves (21.27%) were infected with Toxocaravitulorum whom mother was healthy. 77 calves had diarrhea while remaining 292 calves did not have. 28 calves (36.36%) out of 77 (calves suffered from diarrhea) were found as positive for T. vitulorum infestations, while 62 calves (21.23%) out of 292 calves (did not suffer from diarrhea) were infected with T.vitulorum. 280 calves (75.88%) had normal body coat, while 89 calves (24.12%) had abnormal body coat. Number of calves infected with T. vitulorum were 27 (30.34%) and 58 (20.71%), in calves with abnormal and normal body coat respectively.
While after treatment trial it was concluded that Albendazole and Levamisole had effectively reduced the eggs per gram in effected calves. Albendazole eliminate the fecal eggs up to 100 % till day 14. While, Levamisole, Doramectin did the same on day 21. While oral chenopodium album have no significant effect. So it can be concluded that Albendazole can be used in field where there is chances of outbreak of Toxocariasis in calves especially in buffalo calves.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2738-T] (1).
36.
A Study Of Risk Factors And Chemotherapy Of Patent Stongyloides Westeri Infection In Foals In Lahore
by Saima Batool (2015-VA-837) | Dr. Jawaria Ali khan | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Arfan Ahmed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Data is available on prevalenc of strongyloideswesteri in foals which cause diarrhea and its allopathic treatment is also available but there is no data available on herbal treatment of s. westeri and best protocol of allopathic drugs. So the purpose of the study is to study the incidence of S. westeri in foals. The risk factors associated with S. westeri and to develop the best treatment protocol for S. Westeri. The hypothesis of this study is; Identification of risk factors that was associated with S. westeri and efficacy of Allopathic verse herbal drugs was determined against S. westeri. Fecal samples were collected from foals. Gloves were lubricated with lubricating material before the sampling. Sample will be collected directly from rectum of the foals. The fecal material was collected in the properly labeled plastic jar. The samples were processed and examined in the Medicine Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore. Direct smear examination was carried out for the of S. westerieggs under microscope. For quantitative analysis, Mac Master Technique was used. The positive foals were divided into three groups A, B and C to check the efficacy of drugs on S. westeri. These groups were going through to chemotherapeutic trials with different groups of medicines including herbal and allopathic. Herbal medicine was Ginger (zingiberofficinale) and allopathic were oxibendazoleand ivermectin. Milk samples were also collected from newly parturated mares then evaluation and biometery of larvae was also done just to study the risk factors that transfer larvae from dam to foal through colostrum. Comparison and Identification of eggs and larvae in milk along with treatment effect were analyzed by Chi Square method using the SPSS software 22 version. The data obtained from this study revealed that:
The main source of S. westeri infection was milk of dams. The larva of S. westeri passed through the dam’s milk to foals.
The prevalence of S. westeri was strongly associated with the risk factor such age, colostrum intake, species, breed, dite, environment, water supply and deworming treatments.
Vaccination had no effect on prevalence of S. westeri.
Allopathic drugs are more efficient against S. westeri infection in foals as compared the herbal drugs.
The efficacy of Ivermectin was more as compared to Oxibendazole.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2817-T] (1).
37.
Serological Investigation Of Bovine Viral Diarrhea In Wild Ruminants At Zoological Gardens In Punjab
by Sadam Hussain (2010-VA-223) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Bovine Viral Diarrhea is an infection of bovines that lead to poor reproductive performance, decrease milk yield, ill thrift and immunosuppression. It is caused by BVD virus, a member of the genus pestivirus of the family Flaviridae .The BVD virus is an RNA virus and has two genotypes BVDV1 and BVDV2. Each genotype has further two biotypes, cytopathogenic and non-cytopathogenic on the basis of their effect on cell culture.Environmental and socio-economical changes have led to an increase of interactions between wild and domestic species worldwide, aphenomenon that has received a growing attention during the past decade. It is now largely recognized that wildlife can play important role in the epidemiology of infectious diseases shared between wild and domestic species.In particular, the potential of wild animals as pathogen reservoirs and sources of infection for domestic livestock has been increasing concern of that. Therefore for the successful control program of infectious diseases, it is mandatory to investigate the status of wildlife as a reservoir of infection.
This study was conducted in zoological collection of wild ruminants in different zoos i.e. Lahore Zoo, Safari Wildlife Park, and Lal-Suhanra Wildlife Park and privately owned captive wild ruminants in Punjab province. The Samples were processed at university Diagnostic laboratory (UDL) of UVAS, Lahore.
In this study 150 serum samples of wild ruminants were examined at zoological gardens and privately owned captive wild ruminants at Punjab, Pakistan randomly. Blood samples of 3ml from Deer (n=75), Urial sheep (n=55), Mouflon sheep (n=10) and Ibex (n=10) were collected. The serum samples were screened by competitive ELISA and it was observed that overall seroprevalence was 8% and animal wise was seroprevalence in deer was 5.33%, in Urial sheep was 12.72% while in Ibex was 0% and in Mouflon sheep was 10%. Specie, breed,age, sex physical condition, deworming and colostrum feeding were non-significant associated risk factors.It is concluded that BVD is prevalent among wild ruminants kept at various zoological gardens in Punjab.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2818-T] (1).
38.
Determination Of Multiple Anthelmintic Resistance Against Haemonchus Contortus In Sheep In Azad Jammu And Kashmir
by Shoaib Husnain (2015-VA-1337) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Asim Shamim | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Muhammad Oneeb.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Parasitic problem is a key restriction of ruminant production which leads to reduce production and causes huge financial loss to small ruminant industry by inhibited growth, low production and amplified vulnerability of animals to other infections. The production losses are due to lowered feed intake and reduced efficiency. These economic losses may be due to chronic and subclinical infections in small ruminants. Sheep of different breeds of both sexes from different age groups were included in this study. Fresh fecal samples were collected randomly from sheep and were stored at4°C before microscopic examination. The Eggs per Gram (EPG) was calculated through modified McMaster technique (Coles, 1992). Samples were scanned for the presence of Haemonchus infection and the EPG was done before the administration of anthelmintic. Infected animals having EPG more than 500 were included in the groups for therapeutic trial. 10 animals were added in each group and each group was given different anthelmintics i.e. Albendazole, Oxfendazole, levamisole and ivermectin. A second sampling was done at 7th day post treatment and 3rd sampling was done at 14th day after drug administration to calculate post-treatment EPG to find out the FECR efficiency of the drugs used. The anthelmintics were administered to each group at recommended dose rate as mentioned in table 3.1.Pre-treatment EPG was related to the Post-treatment EPG and the % effectiveness of each anthelmintic was determined by using the efficacy formula. An in vitro egg hatch test was performed by using different preparation of anthelmintic prepared by serial dilutions. Eggs were incubated with these preparations and the percent hatching was determined and the data obtained was analyzed by probit analysis and the LC50 was calculated. The LC50 calculated for albendazole was 0.89ug/ml and that of oxfendazole was 1.09ug/ml which is much higher from the discriminating dose that is 0.1ug/ml which indicated the presence of resistance against these anthelmintics. Low dosing and aggressive use of anthelmintics may have cause the resistance against these anthelmintics. Other factors may include mixed farming and the movement of animals from one place to another which is responsible of dispersal of resistant strains. The present study suggests an alarming situation of anthelmintic resistance in Azad Jammu and Kashmir against common available anthelmintics that is albendazole and oxfendazole. A proper technical knowledge, awareness and alertness is necessary to overcome this problem in order to improve the small ruminants production especially sheep to up raise the livelihood of small livestock farmer. It is the demand of the day to introduce new control strategies by introducing modern anthelmintics and a proper worm control schedule according to the recommendations to avoid such problems in future. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2819-T] (1).
