701.
Crop Repair Using Different Ingluviotomy Techniques In Pigeon
by Rashid Hussain (2007-VA-138) | Dr. Naveed Hussain | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood | Dr. Waseem Yaqub.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Crop is the pivotal organ of the birds’ body. The primary function of the crop is the storage of food. When the crop is full,it becomes more prominent as well as slight pendulous and more prone to trauma. Such wounds lead to the crop fistula formation in birds. Fortunately crop has a good blood supply and heals well. Ingluviotomy performed by making an incision on left lateral cervical region over the crop to minimize disruption of vasculature and complications associated with tube feeding in recovery period. The present study was conducted to compare the different suturing techniques for Ingluviotomy in pigeons (Columba livia domestica).Thirty Pigeons weighing between 275 gm to 350 gm were managed from nearby area of Lahore and were kept in experimental cages of Surgery Section (CMS) of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. The present study was conducted to compare the different suturing techniques along with glue for Ingluviotomy in pigeons (Columba livia domestica).These pigeons were divided into three experimental groups i.e. Group A, B and C comprising ten pigeons each. In group A comprising of ten (10) pigeons underwent single layer closure with the help of absorbable suture material (Vicryl®) 4-0 using simple continuous suture pattern. Temperature, pulse and respiration were observed at different days from day 1 to day 30 in all groups. The pigeon of group A (single layer closure), showed more variation in temperature, pulse and respiration as compared with the group B ( double layer closure) and C (closure with glue). The bird of group B showed less variation in temperature, pulse and respiration and was normal after few days of surgery. The birds of group C also showed fever and rise in temperature but it was less than the birds of group A and showed more variation in temperature, pulse respiration than birds of group B. Pigeons in Group A (single layer closure) showed poor healing in overall period. At day 30 only 30% of the birds showed complete healing while 40% bird were still in healing phase, the dead percentage was 30. While in term of leakage at day 20, zero percent of the birds
SUMMARY
49
showed leakage while no leakage percentage was 70% and the dead percentage was 30. Pigeons in Group B (double layer closure) showed significant good healing during the research period. At day 30 total of 80% of the birds were completely healed while 20 % bird in healing phase, percentage of no wound healing and the dead was zero. In term of leakage, at day 20 total of 100% of the birds were showed no leakage, leakage percentage was zero percent and the dead percentage was zero. In group C ( closure with glue) At day 30 , 50% of the birds were completely healed, 20% birds were in healing phase, no wound healing percentage was 10% , dead percentage was 20 and wound dehiscence was zero percent. While in term of leakage, at day 20 only 50% of the birds showed no leakage, leakage percentage was 30% and the dead percentage was 20 %. In term of postmortem changes it was noticed that fibrosis and narrowing of crop lumen was less in double layer closure birds it showed good healing. In birds treated with single layer closure showed more fibrosis and narrowing of crop lumen while in group where glue is used less narrowing of crop lumen and more fibrosis was seen which showed poor healing.
Conclusion
The verdict based explanations for better and reliable closure technique for ingluviotomy in pigeons using double layer closure is that this procedure enables proper apposition of crop edges and in addition, there is less tension at apposed site. Besides this, there is more vascular supply in the crop area,that enhances faster and reliable healing of crop repair. As the double layer closure stands to be novel procedure for crop repair, it should be used by avian surgeons worldwide. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2518-T] (1).
702.
Detection of Antibodies For Mycobacterium Avium Sub-Specie Paratuberculosis in Sheep Population Along With Its Associated Risk Factors in District Rahim Yar Khan
by Muhammad Arif Rizwan (2014-VA-228) | Dr. Waseem Yaqub | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Johne’s disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, is a chronic enteric disease of ruminants. The disease manifest itself in sense of trade restrictions production losses. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis(MAP) is manifested by an incubation period of several years. During subclinical stage of infection, paratuberculosis pass out in feces through which the disease get approaches to other animals in herd. It is also shed in the milk of infected animal, cannot be killed even on pasteurization and in human beings cause a disease (Crohn's disease). Johne’s disease is somewhat difficult to detect in animals having sub clinical infection.
Moreover, the animals in the early stages of infection is often has an immune response that is detectable by ELISA which is not elicited by the animal in time. ELISA is affordable, efficient, one-step and in sheep and goats is very sensitive for the detection of antibodies. So, keeping in mind the economic and public health importance of this disease, present study was formulated with the purpose to detect the MAP in sheep in district in Rahim Yar Khan.
5 ml blood samples, total 100 (n=100 sheep) blood sample out of which 50 animals were selected on the basis of clinical signs (shooting diarrhea, decrease in milk production and weight loss in spite of good appetite) and 50 animals were selected from the surrounding exhibiting no clinical signs but on suspicion of being carrier from local animal markets, different slaughtering site of animals and in periphery of District, RahimYar Khan. The data regarding all the animals was collected on a predesigned questionnaire. Serum was separated by centrifugation and was stored in deep freezer having temperature (-400 C) until analyzed by indirect ELISA through commercial ELISA, Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis Antibody Test Kit (IDEXX Paratuberculosis Screening) and results was recorded through ELISA reader. The ELISA positive serum samples was processed further for the estimation of serum protein analysis. Sero-detection of antibodies for Mycobacterium avium sub-specie paratuberculosis (MAP) was estimated based on indirect ELISA results.
In present study the overall prevalence in sheep for mycobacterium avium sub specie paratuberculosis in district Rahim Yar Khan in different marketed and slaughtering animals irrespective of breed age and sex. When the serum samples of the suspected sheep were subjected to the serum biochemistry for analysis of total proteins in the body of sheep, it was overall decrease in the serum proteins of the sheep (p<0.05) which were infected with MAP while using the paired t-test statistics. On the other hand, it was found 92% malnutrition, 77% poor sanitation, 85% combine housing, 87% open grazing and 29% tick infestation they may act as a source of infection for spreading of paratuberculosis.
Sheep than goats is high in the prevalence of the MAP. There is no doubt that Johne’s disease infected herds may suffer severely. However, as a whole, the economic loss to the sheep industry is of questionable significance. Johne's disease is zoonotic potential threat that it represents as a problem. The sheep industry is in an exceptional position, given its low incidence or occurrence of paratuberculosis to set in motion a strategy to confine or control the spread of malady. The national control of MAP will be a huge undertaking because of subtle nature of this disease and relatively poor performance of tests that are currently available.
It is necessary to develop specific best management practices in the sheep industry, taking into account the biology and ecology of the disease. The implementation of the program against Johne's disease is an important proactive step.However, MAP has struck the sheep industry for many years and will probably continue to remain a major challenge for the foreseeable future.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2519-T] (1).
703.
Textbook of Small Animal Surgery:Vol.1
by Slatter, Dougals.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Saunders; 2003Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.0897 Slatter 13527 2nd,Vol.1 1993 CMS] (2).
704.
Evaluation Of Risk Factors And Molecular Diagnosis Of Dermatophytosis In Dogs
by Muhammad Haseeb Saeed (2008-VA-241) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Hassan Saleem | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Dogs are most kept and beloved pets in Pakistani society. Dermatophytosis is among the common disease of the pets. Many predisposing factors are involved in development of clinical cases of dermatophytosis including climatic conditions, housing condition of dogs and physical attributes such as coat hair size. Dermatophytosis is not only of concern as being infection of pets but also of its zoonotic importance hence it is very crucial to diagnose dermatophytic infection well in time. Dermatophytosis is caused by Dermatophytes,Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton, the fungal species. It is difficult to diagnose the Dermatophytosis from other skin infections by routine tests in most of the cases especially subclinical. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is advanced and the most reliable technique to detect genome of Dermatophytes even in minute quantities specifically and can efficiently detect the presence of any Dermatophyte specie on the skin of dog. The current study was planned to develop and validate a diagnostic assay which could be able to detect and distinguish tree important dermatophytes species including Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophytonby a uniplex PCR reaction. Analysis of involvement of certain predisposing factors in dermatophytosis was second goal to be worked on in this study. Samples of suspected pet dogs (n=50) were collected by scraping the skin at affected areas over skin. DNA was extracted from the skin scraping samples by organic Phenol Chloroform Isoamyle Alcohol method. Primers, specific to the 18-S ribosomal RNA region of genomes of the Dermatophytes, were designed after alignment of available sequences of Microsporum,Trichophyton and Epidermophyton at NCBI. Annealing temperature and recipe of PCR reaction was optimized by gradient PCR in BIO-Rad thermal cycler. Amplification reaction of all samples collected was carried out as per optimized reaction conditions, afterwards. Amplified products obtained were subjected to genotyping by agarose gel electrophoresis for size based separation of the amplified products. The specific amplified bands of desired genomic region of dermatophytes were seen in UV light transilluminator. The data of results of predisposing factors involved in dermatophytosis wasanalysedby using Pearson’s chi squared test with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) Program.
Genome specific product sizes of Microsporum and Trichophyton i.e. 366 bp and 351 bp in respective positive samples were observed. Out of 50 suspected samples 46 samples were positive for dermatophytosis out of which 38 samples (82.6%) were positive for Microsporum, 6 samples (13%) for Trichophyton and 2 samples (4.4%) were positive for both Microsporumand Trichophyton.
This study will help to validate a diagnostic technique for Dermatophytosis with greater efficacy and reliability. Moreover, this investigation may become basis for the future research activities in this field in Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2528-T] (1).
705.
Immunotherapeutictrials Of Newcastle Disease In Domestic Pigeons
by Mohsin Hassan (2009-VA-391) | Dr. Saeed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pigeon belongs to the avian family, Columbidae with in the order Columbiformes.
They are strong kept by the humans for variety of purposes such as food, hobby(racing) and
treatment of various diseases. However, pigeons are susceptible to a variety of diseases, but
viral diseases are more common. Newcastle disease (ND) is an acute, highly contagious viral
disease in birds, which can cause high level (up to 100%) mortality in chickens, the most
important natural host of the disease, but it can also affect a wide variety of avian species,
causing severe disease.
This disease is endemic in Pakistan and has a huge impact on the poultry industry.
Besides vaccination if hyper immune yolk is properly harvested and purified it can be used in
field condition for the treatment of infected birds .Therefore this study had been conducted to
check the effectiveness of hyper immune yolk in treatment of experimentally infected
birds.Suitability in usage of hyperimmune yolk in field condition aginst NewCastle
Disease.In order to get the hyper immune yolk 10 eggs from Big Bird hatchery were
collected.Antibody titer against NDV in egg yolk was determined by Haemagglutination
inhibition test HI their titer was 1:512 which was significant for trial.Birds were separated
into five groups A, B, C, D and E. They were challenged with NDV and treated with hyper
immune yolk in different concentration.Group A was given hyper immune yolk first then
after 24 hour NDV was given, Antibody titers at different days were calculated .Geometric
Mean Titer (GMT) values of Heamagglutination Inhibition (HI) test against NDV at day 0,
10, and 22 were log2
`2.23, log2 3.23, and log2 3.18 respectively.Group B hyper immune yolk
and NDV were given simultaneously in group the GMT values of Heamagglutination
Inhibition (HI) test against NDV at day 0, 10, and 22 were log2 log2 2.35, and log2 3.19 an
log2 3.22 respectively.Group C NDV was given first then after 24 hour hyper immune was
Summary
41
injected intramuscularly. Geometric Mean Titer (GMT) values of Haemagglutination
Inhibition (HI) test against NDV at day 0, 10, and 22were log2, log2 2.47, and log2 2.99 and
log23.16 respectively.In Group D NDV given first then after signs and symptoms hyper
immune yolk was injected.GMT values of Heamagglutination Inhibition (HI) test against
NDV at day 0, 10, and 22 were log2 2.30 log2 2.83, and log2 3.06 respectively was
calculated.Group E was kept as positive control it was infected with NDV only the GMT
values of Heamagglutination Inhibition (HI) test against NDV at day 0, 10, and 22 were
log22.13 log2 0.00, and log2 0.00 respectively was calculated. The hyper immune yolk
containing 32 units against NewCastle Disease virus was injected in group A and B induced
80% protection.The yolk containing 64 units of antibodies was given in the group C resulted
into 60% protection.Hyper immune yolk consisting 128 units of antibodies injected in the
group D,in which clinical sign and symptoms of disease were shown given 60% protection
against the New Castle Disease. From this experiment it is inferred that usage of 128 units of
antibodies can induce protection against NDV infected birds and 32 and 64 units of HIY can
be used as prophylactic measure. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2532-T] (1).
706.
Point Prevalence Of Gastrointestinal Helminthes Along With Their Effect On Various Hematological Parameters In Commercial Dairy Herds In District Kasur, Punjab
by Inam Ullah (2007-VA-145) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Parasitic problem is a major constraint of ruminant production and causes great economic
loss to dairy industry by retarded growth, low productivity and increased susceptibility of
animals to other infections. Gastrointestinal helminthes are prevalent in dairy animals in and
around district Kasur and have significant effect on the hematological parameters of the
infected animals (Hypothesis).
Samples were randomly collected from 200 apparently healthy animals (n = 100
cattle; n =100 buffalo). From each animal a hand full of fecal sample was collected directly
from the rectum in a disposable polythene sleeve. Proper dress was adopted during sample
collection. The samples were kept in refrigerator at 4oC for examination on same day or next
day. Each animal sample was identified, labeled and information about age, sex, body
condition, management, current disease, vaccination, deworming. (Performa attached) are
recorded. Samples were brought to Medicine Lab, CMS, UVAS, Lahore, for examination of
helminthes eggs in the fecal samples. For hematological examination samples were refered to
university diagnostic lab (UDL) UVAS, Lahore.
Out of 100 cattle 24 (24%) were found positive and out of 100 buffalo 37 (37%) were
found to be positive for gastrointestinal helminthes. It can be seen that prevalence was more
in buffalo as compared to cattle. The species wise prevalene for cattle was Toxocara 29.16 %,
Haemonchus 12.5%, Fasciola 4.1%, Strongyloids 12.5%, Trichostrongyloids 12.5%,
Ostertagia species 8.33 % and mixed infections were 8.33% and for buffaloes it was
Toxocara 35.13 % , Haemonchus 16.21%,, Fasciola 5.40%, Strongyloids 13.51% ,
Trichostrongyloids 16.21%, Ostertagia species 10.81% and mixed infections was 8.11%.
Female cattle and buffalo (31.72%) were more prone to infection than male animals
(14.28%). The age wise prevalence for less than 6 month, 6-12 month, 1-2 years, 2-3 years
Summary
47
and more than 3 years was 52.5%, 78.26%, 16%, 14.04% and 20% respectively. The
haemotological values for cattle and buffaloes infected with gastrointestinal helminth for
TEC (%), Hb (g/dl), MCV (fl), MCHC (g/dl), Lymphocyte (%), Monocyte (%), Eosinophil
(%) and Basophils( %) are 4.07±0.065, 7.010±0.052, 48.45 ± 0.20, 28.26 ± 0.074, 53.72 ±
0.112, 3.143 ± 0.117, 4.067 ± 0.021, 0.298 ± 0.031 and 5.09 ± 0.76, 8.012 ± 0.058, 50.56 ±
0.21, 30.71 ± 0.085, 55.82 ± 0.114, 4.167 ± 0.236, 5.076 ± 0.023, 0.301 ± 0.034 respectively.
Data regarding the prevalence and associated risk factors were analyzed using
Pearson’s chi-square test. The data regarding hematological study were analyzed by Students
T-test using SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) version 20. P < 0.05 were
considered significant. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2531-T] (1).
707.
Infestation Rate And Therapeutics Of Scabies In Cats
by Asma Fatima (2008-VA-247) | Dr. Waseem Yaqub | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Khalid Abdul Majeed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Cats are commonly known as friendly companion of man. The cat is domesticated pet animal and has been widely kept as companion. Feline scabies is one of the most common and severe skin diseases of cats, caused by sarcoptic mange. Despite the high prevalence and severity of the disease, many aspects of feline scabies remain poorly understood. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, the study on cat scabies is limited in Pakistan.
A total of 214 cats were examined of these 96 (44.9%) were positive for sorcoptic mange it was observed that mange infestation was highest in cats under 1 year and above 2 year of age. Whereas the lowest in 1.5 year of age cats. As regard the sex wise prevalence of mange infestation it was high in female cats than males.
The samples were taken from the suspected cats having some skin problem irrespective of breed, sex or age, from Pet Center UVAS Lahore and Private clinics. After confirmation of the disease by skin scrapping test and identification through morphological standards, 5 ml blood was collected from the jugular vein of cat in a clean test tube containing a few drops of 1% EDTA as anticoagulant. Then these test tubes were labeled with specific number to each blood sample along with date of collection and hematological and serological studies were undertaken on the samples. The cats were divided into two groups (Group A and B) for treatment trial, each group will consist of further 4 groups, each group containing 4 cats and 16 cats in each group. Group A was treated with the Ivermectin 0.04mg/kg BW s/c on every week for consecutive 4 weeks. Group B was treated with Doramectin s/c 0.6mg/kg BW on every week for consecutive 4 weeks. To evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment, skin
Summary
25
scrapings were collected from each treated cat at 0 day before treatment and at 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day post-treatment. But blood samples were analyzed at 0 day, 14th, 28th day, subjected to hematocrit, Hb, counting of red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs), and differential leukocytes count RFT (blood urea Nitrogen, Creatinine), LFT (ALT, AST, ALP, Total Bilirubin).
Out of 214 the positive cats for the Scabies were 96 so the overall infestation rate was 44.9% in cats. The cat scabies is mostly occur in more than 24month age of cats and on secondly age group was 07-12month. For therapeutic trail 32 cats were brought into clinical trial , each clinical score contains four cats and total 32 cats have been divided into 2 groups viz. Group A(Ivermectin) and Group B(Doramectin). In group A ivermectin 0.4mg/kg B.W S/C weekly for continuous four weeks. In group B Doramectin 0.6mg/kg B.W S/C weekly for continuous four weeks. There was no change in WBCs, significant increase in RBCs, also increase in creatinine, but significant decrease in ALT, ALP, Bilirubin, and BUN. There was no change in AST.
After four weeks of treatment trail ivermectin have better reduction rate of parasite. The ratio of pet animal was very less as compared to stray cats as the stray animal have no barrier to control the spread of disease. The percentage of previously infected and then cured animal or having disease history is less than that of newly infacted cats. This study proposed that the hospital acquired infection were more, the reason may be the contaminated clinical utensils or attendant’s hands. Scabies is the disease which spreads more in those animals which were in grouping as compared to randomly moving cats and very less in individual cats. Scabies is one of the most possible contact diseases. The more the contact more will be the chance of disease occurrence. The number of cats and percentage was very less of primary flea infestation, in the consequence of scabies infection. The fungal infection also existed at the same time of scabies
Summary
26
infection and there were about 33 cats having fungal infection. As this disease is the cause of anemia, so it may be the one of the great source of bacterial infection as the hair loss is the major sign of this disease, the internal and external bacteria may infect likewise. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2529-T] (1).
708.
Clinico-Epidemiological And Therapeutical Study On Giardiasis In Sheep And Goat
by Syed Ans Mujtba (2014-VA-233) | Dr. Wasim Yaqub | Dr. Jawairia Ali Khan | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In small ruminants parasitic infestation is one of the major constraints to the livestock industry in developing countries. It adversely affects economic performance, mainly by retarded growth rates, lower FCR, and reduced milk and meat production. Beside this the animal housing is also an issue, as the farmers are mostly of low financial status animals are often kept in houses where the parasites find favourable environment for their survival and propagation. A number of parasitic species and other associated risk factors have been defined in transmitting various protozoan parasites to the sheep and goat. However there is lack of published and explained data regarding the above mentioned risk factors in different zones of Patoki. So in this phase of study risk factors recording and prevalence of giardia were performed for sheep and goat. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of Giardia in small ruminants, its treatment and blood examination before and after treatment.
Giardia species are involved in causing giardiasis, that is ultimately responsible for immense of the economic losses by retarded growth, lowered FCR and reduced milk and meat production under varying housing conditions in sheep and goat (Hypothesis).
This present study was conducted at Pattoki clinic of University of Veterinary and Animal sciences (UVAS) Lahore. Animals from public as well as from private farms were also included in this study. A total of 700 animals (n=350 sheep, n=350 goats) were examined for screening of Giardiasis by faecal sampling. The data regarding animals breed, age of animal, clinical history, feeding, housing and various treatment protocols as well as feedback was entered in the questionnaire. 5 gms of faecal from each animal (N=700) collected. Samples were stored at 4 C for further processing. The affected animals were divided into 3 groups i-e A, B, and C. For the therapeutical study Metronidazole, Albendazole and Ishq Pecha Extract to the group A, B & C respectively. In the haemotological examination CBC was performed followed by the collection of 5 ml of the blood aseptically.
Animals from areas of poor sanitary system and suspected area, having poor BCS, diarrhoea, anorexia, rough hair coat were included in the study.
A total of 64 positive animals were selected, which further divided into 3 groups A, B, and C, Each group having 16 animals and 2 sub group. In Group A, Metronidazol 25 mg/kg orally for 5days, Group B, Albendazol 10 mg/kg bid for 5 days orally were given while Group C, Ishq Pecha Extract (Liquid) was given. Efficacy of the treatment determined on the basis of absence of CPG via Zinc Sulphate faecal flotation method.
After the 5 days consecutive treatment of positive goats, the samples were drawn days from the relative groups to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment for lowering the CPG.
The data thus collected was analyzed statistically by applying one way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
The results of this study that 75 samples were found positive indicating the prevalence of giardia i-e 10.7. And the efficacies of different drugs as Metronidazol 48.67%, 68% and 85.77% on day 3rd, 7th and day 14th respectively, Albendazol , indicated its efficacy was 27.88%, 0% and 69.52% on day 3rd, day 7th and day 14th. While, Ishq Pecha Extract showed an efficacy of 15.6%, 31.54% and 52.95% against Giardiasis.
It is apparent from the above mentioned findings that Metronidazole has highest efficacy than albendazole. Therefore the use of metronidazole against giardiasis in sheep & goats has been preferably recommended.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2537-T] (1).
709.
Comparison Of Suturing And Sutureless Techniques For Gastrotomy Closure In Canines
by Muhammad Atif (2007-VA-133) | Dr. Naveed Hussain | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Gastrotomy is suggested in case of gastric dilatation with volvolus, gastric foreign bodies, gastric retention, out flow obstruction, hypertropicgastropathy, gastric neoplasia, and gastroduodenal ulceration. Gastrotomy closure technique after gastric surgery is very crucial to avoid post-operative complication like peritonitis. Different techniques are considered to close gastric incisions like absorbable suturing material, stapler suture and use of adhesive glue. These techniques give different kind of effects on gastrotomy closure.
The present study was carried out on 12 adult mongrel dogs with an average of 15 to 20 kg body weight. They were divided into three groups, each group having 4 animals and designated as group A, B and C. Standard Gastrotomy procedure was performed in group A B and C. After performing surgery, the dogs of group A were sutured by cushing suture, followed by continuous lambert suture by 2/0 synthetic absorbable suture. While in group B dogs, stapler sutures were used to close gastric incision and in dogs of group C, incision site was closed through use of tissue adhesive glue (cyanoacrylate).
Comparison of all suturing and sutureless techniques was carried out through Physical evaluation, food, water intake and defecation, Weight loss / gain, Complete Blood Count, Leakage evaluation by contrast radiography and postmortem findings. It was concluded that suturing technique (using absorbable suture material in two layers) maybe considered much better than other two methods (adhesive glue and stapling) economically, due to use of ease and least post-operative complication. Although glue may be considered as second option due to easy handling, minimum fibrosis, least stenosis and better healing time. Stapling may be the third one
SUMMARY
55
because it experiences difficulty to fire, greater chances of infection due to staples and more prone to leakage and stenosis.
The results of this study will help veterinarian, field workers and pet practioners to use suturing technique as most effective and appropriate technique for gastrotomy closure in terms of better healing, less blood loss and least chances of post operation complications. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2559-T] (1).
710.
Comparative Efficacy Of Chemical And Surgical Sterilization In Dogs
by Muhammad Ahtisham Qamar (2009-VA-062) | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood | Dr. Uzma Farid Durrani | Dr. Sahar Ijaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Overpopulation of stray dogs poses serious problems found in the community of Pakistan from a public health point of view, since these stray dogs are primarily responsible for the transmission of mortal diseases like rabies, leptospirosis and various others to human beings and animal population in urban and rural areas.
The present study was conducted on 12 mongrel male dogs divided into 3 groups, each with 4 dogs. One group was sterilized through intratesticular administration of 20% CaCl2 solution, second group was sterilized through surgical procedure (orchiectomy) while the third one was kept control group in which intratesticular normal saline was administered. The parameters of this research were studied for the period of 30 days.
The study results were analyzed using Repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) on SPSS version 22.0. The results showed that there was no significant difference in both sterilization techniques.
On these results it was concluded that chemical sterilization is a better procedure than surgical orchiectomy. Chemical sterilization is as good and effective as orchiectomy and is a quick, simple and very economical procedure to achieve sterilization in dogs. Chemical sterilization can easily performed on mass scale level for the sterilization of the stray dogs. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2592-T] (1).
711.
Small Animal Anesthesia and Pain Management
by Ko, Jeff.
Edition: 1st ed. Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Hong Kong: Manson Publishing; 2013Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089796 Ko 31716 1st 2013 CMS] (1).
712.
Pain Management in Animals : Analysis and Management
by Grigorevna, Ekaterina.
Edition: 1st ed. Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: UK: Koros Press; 2015Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08960472 Grigorevna 31718 1st 2015 CMS] (1).
713.
Handbook of Antimicrobial Agents
by Hunt, Leslie.
Edition: 1st ed. Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: China: Callisto Reference; 2015Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.90461 Hunt 31708 1st 2015 CMS] (1).
714.
The Handbook of Antimicrobial Agents
by Baker, Stephen.
Edition: 1st ed. Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA: Delve Publishing; 2016Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.90461 Baker 31709 1st 2016 CMS] (1).
715.
Clinicopathological Features Of Anhidrosis In Equines
by Abdul Wadood Barya (2009-VA-367) | Dr. Jawairia Ali Khan | Dr. Waseem Yaqub | Prof.Dr.Masood Rabani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In a country like Pakistan where the horses are kept for race, show and more specifically draught purposes the disease like Anhidrosis may cause a huge economic loss to owner. Anhidrosis has been described as a physiologic phenomenon that results as consequence of prolonged stimulation of the sweat glands by epinephrine secreted as a response to conditions of hot and humid climate. The sweat glands accommodate to the high epinephrine content of the blood, thus becoming insensitive to it.
From June to August the horses were examined clinically until 15 anhidrotic horses obtained on the basis of clinical signs (marked tachypnea, increased rectal temperature, and limited or absent sweating in response to appropriate stimuli. Dry, flaky skin, alopecia, generalized fatigue, anorexia and decreased water consumption, residual areas of sweating may be noted in the throat latch and mane, under the saddle or halter, and in axillary or groin area) for the estimation of TSH and for treatment trials.
This study describes that there is 12.7% prevelance of Anhidrosis in horses irrespective of age, sex and breed in Lahore and Pattoki regions of Punjab Pakistan. Further it was observed that more Anhidrosis cases were in July and August as there is increased temperature as well as moist enviorment
The normal range of Tsh in horses is from 0.2 to 0.9 ng/ml. The horses under study for anhidrosis all have the Tsh concentration in range so there is no significance difference in normal and diseased horses.
The group comprising of 5 member given Thyroxin tablets 50 mg daily for 3 days and v orally with 0.9% normal saline 2000ml i/v daily recovered completely. Hence this study gave a treatment trial for Anhidrotic horse to recover with less adverse effect.
The use of germinating CicerArietinum (Kala chana) and VernoniaanthelminticaWilld (Kali Zeeri) in anhidrosis may be taken as a supportive therapy to treatment.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2609-T] (1).
716.
Clinico-biochemical Studies on Detomidine Analgesia and Effects of its Combinatios on Animals
by Muhammad Arif Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Khalid Pervez | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the newly introduced imidazole derivative, drug "detomidine" with alpha-2 adr2noceptor binding properties, and its various combinations in animals. A clinico-hiochemical study was carried out to explore the various aspects of a novel sedative and analgesic drug. Analgesia was evaluated by performing castration in small ruminants, rumenal fistulization in large ruminants, skin prick test, electric stimulation, and developing an experimental colic model in donkeys. The parameters used to evaluate analgesia revealed that detomidine has greater potential to lessen the pain during minor and major surgical interventions in different animals. However, its local usage to achieve paravertebral and epidural analgesia proved that detomidine produces general effect after getting into the circulation and very poor local effect. It has been concluded that the drug can be used as preanaesthetic with chloral hydrate and pentothal sodium anaesthesia to perform major surgical exercises in equine and canine respectively. In addition it has an edge over other sedative drugs on account of its undetrimental effect on various physiological parameters of the animals. Clinical trials have proved that detomidine "a novel sedative and analgesic" is a drug of choice for restraining, examination, and minor and major surgical manipulations on equine, bovine, caprine, ovine and canine species without any untoward effects. Availability: No items available Checked out (1).
717.
Effects And Remedial Measures Of Aflatoxin B1 On Bovine Calves In Punjab
by Omer Naseer (2002-VA-65) | Dr. Jawairia Ali Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Aflatoxins B1 are most toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus fungi in/on foods and feeds, probably best known and most intensively researched aflatoxins globally. AFB1 have been associated with several diseases, e.g. aflatoxicosis in livestock, pets including humans throughout the world. Occurrence of AFB1 is influenced by certain environmental factors like geographic location, agro-economic practices and susceptibility of feed commodities to fungal invasion during pre-harvest, storage, and processing periods. AFB1 has grabbed greater attention than any other mycotoxins due to their demonstrated potent carcinogenic effect in susceptible animals and their acute toxicological effects in humans. As the absolute safety will be never achieved, most of the world struggled to limit aflatoxin exposure by imposing regulations on feed commodities.
So, in this study, we had collected 67 concentrated samples, thirty six samples from Gujranwala and thirty one from Kasur to examine the occurrence of aflatoxin B1. The aims of this study were to investigate the aflatoxin B1 in calf feed, effect of different concentrations of aflatoxin B1 on productive performance of calves and determine the comparative efficacy of commercially available mycotoxin binders and liver tonics against AFB1 in bovine calves. Feed samples were obtained from different livestock farms and cattle feed mills, toxin levels in each feed sample were determined by HPLC. AFB1 level was higher at feed mills (40.33±2.21 ppb and 49.0±1.95 ppb) than farms (34.96±2.65 ppb and 44.95±2.41 ppb) both in Gujranwala and Kasur respectively. Fungus was isolated and grown on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar on the basis of microscopic characters and species within genus characterized by colony characters/macroscopic characters, mostly Aspergillus species was present in the feed samples which produce mycotoxins. The second most prevalent species were the Fusarium. Mucor and the Pencillium were respectively third and fourth in number. Our results have shown that Alternaria was not present in Gujranwala and Rhizopus was absent in the feed samples collected from the Kasur. Out of mycotoxin contaminated concentrate feed samples, the highest frequency of Aspergillus (43.3%) was observed, followed by Fusaram (38.8%), Mucor (8.9%), Penicillium(5.9%), Rhizopus (1.5%) and Alternaria species (1.5%).
Our results also indicated that growth of Aspergillus spp. can be minimized by controlling the different factors like pH, temperature, light and humidity, which are essential for the proper growth and development. The antifungal activity of methanolic extract of clove, neem and garlic was also determined in which maximum MIC showed by garlic.
Thirty six bovine calves of 6 to 12 months of age were kept in UVAS, Pattoki campus (Ravi Campus) .in four different replicates having 9 animals each. Different concentrations, i.e. 0.6 mg/kg, 0.8 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg was administered along with concentrated feed and check out productive performance along with physiological profile. The most pathological concentration of aflatoxin B1 in experiment number 3 was given to the two groups of bovine calves along with two different commercially available mycotoxin binders i.e. Yeast based and second one was clay based HSCAS mycotoxin binder at recommended doses. Efficacy of mycotoxin binders on feed samples was analyzed by using HPLC and also evaluates the productive performance of the animals.Efficacy of two liver tonics i.e.silymarin and choline chloride was observed on CBC, LFT and RFT of bovine calves.
Present study has clearly displayed the adverse effect of aflatoxin B1 on feed consumption, hematological and serum biochemical parameters related to liver and kidney in bovine calf. Results indicated that HSCAS mycotoxin adsorbent was able to fully detoxify aflatoxin B1. Silymarin had great impact on the liver to cope the adverse effects of the AFB1 as compared to the choline chloride, which was proved with the help of CBC, LFT and RFT.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2630-T] (1).
718.
Comparative Anthelmintic Efficacy Of Levamisole, Piperazine And Pineapple Leaves Extract(Ananascomosus)Against Ascaridiosis In Captive Java Sparrow (Lonchuraoryzivora)
by Muhammad Zia Ur Rehman Latif (2007-VA-26) | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Ascaradia galli imposes major health problems on pet birds including the java sparrows. It retards growth, decrease body condition, and lowers the clutch size which imparts huge economic losses to breeders and birds owner. Over dosage of frequently used anthelmintic increase the risk of adverse effects and stress on birds. So there arises a need to adapt alternative therapeutic approaches.
The present study was designed to compare the anthelmintic activity of frequently used synthetic drugs levamisole and piperazine and herbal drug pineapple leave extracts against ascariasis in java sparrows.To study the comparative anthelmintic efficacy of levamisole, piperazine and pineapple leave extract against Ascaridia galli in captive java sparrows, fecal sample of (n=200) java sparrows captive for breeding purpose were screened for the Ascaridiagalli by direct fecal smear method. Among the all the infected birds 30 infected and 10 healthy birds were selected to conduct the study and divided into 4 groups and included in therapeutic trial.Birds were treated with levamisole, with piperazine and with pineapple leaves extract according to standard dose rate and route of administration in Group A, B & C respectively, Fourth group D comprising of 10 birds waskept as negative control. To evaluate the comparative efficacy of drugs, EPG will be calculated according to McMaster Technique post treatment at day 0 and after treatment on 7th, 14th and 21s. Results revealed that levimosle was the very effective against Ascaradia galli in java sparrows. Levaimsole decrease the average EPG of treated group to 50 from 600 and show 100 percent efficacy against Ascaradia galli and recovered all the infected birds of the group A. Piperazine was less effective as compare to the levamisole but show more effectiveness as compare to the pineapple leave extract. Piperazine reduced the average EPG of treated group B to 150 from 650 and show 70 percent and recovered 7 infected from 10. Pineapple leave extract showed least effectiveness and reduced the EPG of treated group C to 350. Pineapple showed 40 percent efficacy against Ascaradia galli and recovered only 4 infected birds of group C from Ascariasis.Pineapple leaves extract were effective against ascariasis in captive Java sparrows but least effective as compare to levamisole and piperazine having no adverse effects.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2629-T] (1).
719.
Rosen & Barkin's 5-Minute Emergency Medicine Consult / 5th ed.
by Schaider, Jeffrey | Rosen, Peter | Barkin, Roger M.
Edition: 5th ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: China: Wolters Kluwers; 2015Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.025 Schaider 31802 5th 2015 CMS] (1).
720.
Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery / 5th ed.
by Bojrab, M. Joseph | Slocum, Barclay | Ellison, Gary W.
Edition: 5th edMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA: Teton Newmedia; 2014Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.0897 Bojrab 50508 5th 2014 CMS] (1), UVAS Library [Call number: 636.0897 Bojrab 31744 5th 2014 CMS] (1).
721.
Orthopaedics : Principles of Basic and Clinical Science
by Bronner, Felix.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA: CRC Press; 1999Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.7 Bronner 31746 1st 1999 CMS] (1).
722.
The Merck Veterinary Manual / 11th ed
by Aiello, Susan E | Moses, Michael A.
Edition: 11th ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA : Merck, 2016Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.089 Aiello 32505 11th 2016 CMS] (7), UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089 Aiello 31763 11th 2016 CMS] (1). Checked out (2).
723.
Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult / 6th ed.
by Tilley, Larry P | Jr., Francis W. K. Smith | Tilley, Larry P.
Edition: 6th ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA : Wiley-Blackwell, 2016Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.0896075 Tilley 50406 6th 2016 CMS] (4). Checked out (1).
724.
Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals
by Mohiuddin, S. M.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: India: IBDC; 2007Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089 Mohiuddin 20815 1st 2007 CMS] (1).
725.
Study On The Repair Of Long Oblique Mid-Shaft Femoral Fracture In Domestic Fowl, Using Full Cerclage Wires With Or Without Intra-Medullary Pin
by Muhammad Waqas (2008-VA-224) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Hammad Bin Rashid | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Fracture is a challenging problem in domestic as well as wild birds. Caged birds are
prone to stress and self-injury. Wing and leg fractures in birds are most common problems. The
fracture of bones is common in avian species as a result of impact injuries due to collision with
branches, electric lines or other obstacles, either natural or anthropogenic. The basic principles of
fracture fixation are the same in birds and mammals. Fractures treated with biomechanically
sound fixation and proper attention to soft tissues will be most likely to heal with a functional
outcome. However, osteomyelitis, bone sequestration, and joint ankylosis still continue to be
major factors in inhibiting healing and bone functionality.
This research project was designed with the aim to test the effectiveness and accuracy of
three sets of bone splintage devices in healing long oblique mid-shaft femoral fractures in birds,
with minimal side effects and stress to the patient.
The Study was conducted on 12 adult, domestic fowls of either sex. The birds were
received as clinical cases presented with long oblique femoral fracture at Pet Centre, University
of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Lahore. They were individually marked with coloured plastic
rings for the sake of identification. They were divided into three groups i.e. Group A , Group B
and Group C comprising four birds each, which were designated as I, II, III, and IV respectively.
In the birds of Group A long oblique femoral fracture was reduced and immobilized with
intramedullary pinning, with pin size between 2.5mm to 3.0mm. While in Group B, similar
fracture was treated with 2 – 3 full cerclage wiring. And in the final Group C both of the above
techniques were applied simultaneously i.e. IM pin with 2 – 3 cerclage wires. The birds were
maintained in separate cages post-operatively until the completion of the study.
Subsequent comparative parameters were studied which included physical examination
of wound, lameness grading, radiological scoring for callus formation, fracture line union,
SUMMARY
74
fracture alignment as well as callus remodelling. The collected data regarding study parameters
was illustrated by descriptive statistics and non-parametric analysis of variance (Kruskal Walis
Test) using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20.
Conclusion:
Therefore, as advocated by the results of this study, intramedullary pinning (preferably
threaded) with at least 2 – 3 full cerclage wiring was a better choice for the correction of a long
oblique mid-shaft femoral fracture in domestic fowl. The combination of both these techniques
together give a strong backbone for bone healing to take place with minimum amount of stress to
the bone fragments. Both these techniques were easy, required little soft tissue manipulation,
were cost-effective, required less equipment and could easily be applied by an average
practitioner. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2653-T] (1).
726.
Epidemiology, Zoonotic Potential, Molecular Characterization And Therapeutic Trial Of Leptospirosis In Horses
by Muhammad Luqman Sohail (2007-VA-94) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Muhammad Yasir Zahoor.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease. It affects a wide range of mammals, fish and even a few reptiles. It is caused by Leptospira interrogans, having more than 250 serovars, distributed geographically throughout the world. In horses, Leptospira interrogans causes liver and renal abnormalities, ERU, and reproductive disorders in mares like abortion, perinatal death and still birth. It is transmitted to human beings, working with live or dead tissue of infected horses and through surfaces contaminated with urine of carrier or infected animals. In humans, it causes influenza like illness and death in severe cases. Serological testing, bacterial culture and molecular techniques are used for the diagnosis of disease. This study was aimed at estimating the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in horses and humans of three climatically distinct regions of Punjab, Pakistan. Furthermore, molecular biology techniques were employed for the confirmed diagnosis of equine leptospirosis and therapeutic efficacy of ampicillin and adhatoda vasica was analyzed against disease. It was the very first study in Pakistan conducted to explore equine leptospirosis in the country.
During this study, 384 horse blood samples and epidemiological data were collected from three climatically distinct regions, viz;Rawalpindi, Lahore and Bahawalpur (128 from each study area) and were subjected to ELISA to determine seroprevalence of Leptospira. Results showed overall prevalence of 33.85% in Punjab with highest prevalence in Rawalpindi (40.62%) which experienced highest rainfall, followed by Lahore (38.28%), and least in Bahawalpur (22.65%). Risk factor analysis showed that age, gender, living area, herd size, water source, exposure to rodents and floods, feeding practices and usage of animals were found significantly associated with the disease. To study the seroprevalence of human leptospira, 360 human blood samples were collected (120 from each study area). Epidemiological data on pre-structured questionnaire
Summary
140
were collected from all the participants of study. All the samples were subjected to ELISA and results showed overall prevalence of 40.83%, with highest seroprevalence in Rawalpindi (50.83%), followed by Lahore (38.28%) and least in Bahawalpur (27.50%). Age, gender, occupational and living area, water recreational activities, occupation, exposure to floods, educational status and history of wound were significantly associated risk factors while use of PPE during work was deterrent.
During this study, 65 ELISA positive horse samples were subjected to molecular biology diagnostic technique PCR for the molecular characterization of equine leptospirosis in country. After DNA extraction, PCR was performed using primer sets specific for 16S rRNA gene, which yielded a fragment of length 306bp after gel electrophoresis. Out of 65 tested samples, 20 samples (30.76%) were PCR positive and was further sequenced and phylogenetic tree was constructed. Dendogram showed the sequenced samples were related to pathogenic Leptospira interrogans, revealing potential of 16S rRNA primer sets for the detection of eqine leptospirosis in country. Dendogram further showed closed resemblance of analyzed samples with serovar Icterohemmorhagae, Australis and Autumunalis which are dominant serovars in India, Iran and China, the neighboring countries of Pakistan. Therapeutic efficacy of ampicillin and AV was studied by analyzing the hematology, liver function test, renal function tests and serum mineral levels at day 0 (pre-treatment), 7, 21 and 35 (post-treatment). Results showed that all the tested parameters were changed significantly during infection and significant improvement was observed after treatment. Ampicillin was instrumental in revealing hematological abnormalities while AV played important role in normalizing the liver and renal insufficiency. After treatment ampicillin treated 58.33% of animals and AV treated 41.66% of animals.
Summary
141
This first ever study of equine leptospirosis in country uncovers the high prevalence rates in horses and humans and raises a need for control strategies to prevent the transmission and spread of the disease. It also highlights the potential of molecular biology techniques for the confirmed diagnosis of equine leptospirosis and explores options for designing better specie specific treatment regimes for the disease. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2660-T] (1).
727.
Prevalence Of Mastitis And In-Vitro Antibiogram Study Of The Mastitogens In Bhag-Nari Cattle
by Shakirullah (2009-VA-089) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Muhammad Shafee | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Mastitis creates detectable changes in mammary gland and causes inflammation of the mammary gland. In terms of economic losses it is most expensive disease. Mastitis is a worldwide issue which affects the milking animals in any stage of life. Mainly it is caused by bacterial organisms. A study was designed to detect the mastitis and its mastitogens in Bhag-nari cows at district Naseerabad, Pakistan. Milk samples were collected from Bhag-nari cows. All information of milk samples (n=323) were collected randomly on the basis of designed performa (Annexure.1). Two to three strips of milk from each quarter were drawn on the floor surface to examine the presence of pus, blood clots, flakes and change in colour. Strip cup test was applied to detect the clinical mastitis. Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT) was used for the detection of subclinical mastitis in Bhag-nari cows. Aseptic techniques were applied by using cotton swabs dipped into 70% ethanol to clean and disinfect teat end. Sterile tubes of 10ml capacity were used to collect the milk samples. The positive milk samples were kept immediately in an icebox cooler and transported to lab (CASVAB) in Quetta. Primarily each milk sample was cultured on Nutrient agar by spread out technique. Mannitol salt agar was used to culture the Staphylococcus aureus. Multiple streaking was applied to isolate the selected bacteria. On the basis of culture characters, microscopic morphology, staining method and biochemical tests bacterial isolates were identified. Prevalence of mastitis in Bhag-nari cattle in Naseerabad, Balochistan was 15.79%. Areas wise the prevalence of mastitis was 18.5%, 16.2%, 14.1% and 12.9% in DM Jamali, Chattar, Baba kot and Tamboo, respectively. Age wise prevalence in the study was 14.29%, 19.63%, 17.58% and 4.88% in age group of 3-5 years old, 6-8 years, 9-11 years and above 11 years, respectively. On the basis of calving number there was significant difference (P<0.05) among the various parity numbers. The animals milked once daily showed 17.06%
SUMMARY
49
mastitis as compared to 3.33% mastitis in animals daily milked more than once. There was significant difference (P<0.05). The prevalence of mastitis in well fed and under fed animals was 5.63% and 18.65%, respectively. Highly significance relation (P<0.05) was observed between the animals of satisfactory and none satisfactory udder hygiene with 6.94% and 33.64% prevalence. The most common bacterial isolates (staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus dysgalactiae) were identified in the study. The most effective drugs against isolated bacteria were Ceftiofur, Oxytetracyclinc, chlortetracycline, Norfloxacin and Cephradine. Other antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin and Amoxicillin) were intermediate to resistive (Penicillin). Bhag-Nari is the only dual purpose cattle breed of Balochistan. The cattle have developed resistance to harsh environmental conditions of its home tract through centuries. The production potential (beef, milk) of the breed may be assessed and practical scientific approaches should be developed to improve the animal and facilitate the farmer. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2671-T] (1).
728.
Study Of Hematological Alterations And Chemotherapeutic Trials Of Camels Naturally Infected With Trypanosomiasis In Cholistan, Bahawalpur
by Zubair Bashir (2014-VA-782) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Khalid Mehmood | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is a flagellated protozoan that is mechanically spread through biting flies like Stomoxys, Tabanus and Lyperosia.T. evansi was first isolated in 1880 from diseased equines and camels of Indian sub-continent. It is the parasite of likewise intravascular as well as extra vascular fluids causing “surra” in the subtropical and tropical regions all over the world, including Africa, Asia, and America. It affects a wide range of mammals. It is mostly observed in camelids and equines but camel is the principal host. Trypanosomiasis in Pakistan is prevalent as a major threat to the camels causing heavy financial losses like causing anemia, weight loss, high fever, anorexia, dullness, depression, pale mucous membranes, facial paralysis, and thin hump dropped to one side, abortion in females and even death of camels.Considering the significance and utilization of camels in our country and the substantial losses rendered by trypanosomiasis, the present study was designed to study incidence, hematological alterations and chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis in camels of Bahawalpur district.
For this purpose, 100 camels were examined for Trypanosoma infection. The blood was collected by ear-tip puncture and from Jugular venipuncture. Then thin blood smear slide was prepared and dried up in air and stained with Geimsa's staining method and examined under microscope. Trypanosomes were identified by their morphological characteristics (Chandler and Read, 1961), as described by standard texts like Taylor et al. (2007). Overall incidence of T. evansi in camels was estimated as 20%.
The effect of trypanosomiasis on various blood parameters (Hb, ESR, TEC, TLC, DLC, and PCV) was determined in 30 camels including 15 apparently healthy and 15 trypanosome infected camels to compare normal blood parameters. The remarkable decrease in Hb, TEC, PCV, platelets and lymphocytes were observed while remarkable increase inESR and TLC was observed.Severe leukocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, eosinophilia and basophilia were also observed in diseased camels.
For chemotherapy, 12 camel’s positive for trypanosomiasis, were divided into three groups (A, B and C). The animals of group A were treated with Imidocarb dipropionate @ 1.2 mg Kg-1 BW I/M, and efficacy of drug was found 50% in camels against trypanosomiasis. The group B was treated with Buparvaquone @ 3 mg/kg BW 1/M and was observed 25% effective. While the group C was treated with Isometamedium chloride(Trypamidium Samorin®, Merial, Pakistan) @ 0.75mg/kg BW I/M, which was found 100% effective. The efficacy of drugs was measured on the basis of disappearance of clinical signs and recovery rate of the animals, and blood smear examination at day 2, 4 and 07 of post-medication.
Finally, the data on hematology were analyzed by Student's T-test using statistical software package SPSS v22 (statistical package for social science), P < 0.05 was considered significant. Considering the significance and utilization of camel in our country and the substantial losses rendered by trypanosomiasis, the present project was designed to record clinical cases and chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis in camels of Bahawalpur districts. The results of this study will help farmers and veterinary practitioners in field.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2668-T] (1).
729.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Dry Cow Mastitis
by Abdul Sattar Saqib (2014-VA-766) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and chemotherapy of dry cow mastitis. Mastitis is responsible for a wide range of health problems and economic losses in cows and is characterized by decrease in milk production, Swelling of the udder, hotness of the udder and anorexia. All lactating animals generally have a period of 6-10 weeks preceding to calving (usually annually) as a dry or resting period, a non-lactating phase. About to calving the cow remains at risk to new intra-mammary infections, especially shortly after the ‘drying off’ or termination of milking. During the dry period the prophylactic benefit of 82% reduction in the rate of intra-mammary infection is the result of the dry cow treatment with antibiotics and higher rate of eliminating infections than treating in lactation.
For this purpose, 250 Pregnant dry cows were examined for subclinical mastitis. The milk samples were collected from Pattoki and adjacent areas and California mastitis test (CMT) was performed and positive samples were furtherly processed for somatic cell count at medicine Laboratory of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore.
For Chemotherapy, 24 animals positive for dry cow mastitis were equally divided into 4 groups viz A, B, C and D. Each group comprising of 6 animals. The animals of group A were treated with intramammary antibiotic Cloxacilline+ Ampicillin (Masticlox ,ICI). Animals in group B were treated by injecting 2 shorts (72 hours interval) of long acting Amoxicilline (amoxy 150 L.A Floris veterinaire produkten B.V Vught the Netherland) intra muscularly. Animals in group C were treated with Cephradine (Velosef, GSK) 1g/quarter through intramammary route once. Cows in group D were served as positive control. Animals in all groups were kept under close observation for clinical mastitis until parturition. After calving, cows in each group were tested for mastitis at days 7, 14 and 21 (post calving) using CMT and
Summary
53
SCC. Effectiveness of a particular treatment was determined on the basis of CMT score and SCC.
The collected samples from Pattoki and adjacent areas were processed at the Medicine laboratory at UVAS, Lahore aseptically for CMT and CMT positive samples were processed by Somatic cell count (SCC).
Overall prevalence determined which was 39.60% (99/250samples) by CMT and SCC.The efficacy of different antibiotics used in chemotherapy of dry cow mastitis was checked. The efficacy of Amoxicilline (Amoxy 150 L.A), Ampicillin+ Cloxacilline (Masticlox) and Cephradine (Velocef 1g) was recorded at day 7,14 and 21days post calving.
Group A was treated with Ampicillin +Cloxacilline (Masticlox) its efficacy was 83.33% and group B was treated with Amoxicilline (Amoxy 150 L.A) and its efficacy was 66.66% effective while the efficacy of Cephradine (Velocef 1g) was 33.33% in group C.
From this study it was concluded that CMT is more reliable test than other tests for the diagnosis of Mastitis in cows. Secondly subclinical mastitis which is an important problem of cows is significantly prevalent in dry cows in Pattoki and adjacent areas. Cloxacilline+ Ampicillin and Amoxicillin is the most effective drug while Cephradine is relatively less effective against mastitis in dry cows. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2669-T] (1).
730.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Bovine Anaplasmosis In District Mirpur Azad Jammu And Kashmir
by Ayyaz Shakar (2014-VA-1119) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Imtiaz Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Muhammad Imran Rashid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Anaplasmosis of livestock is mostly confined to tropical and subtropical countries like Pakistan, where climatic conditions are suitable for growth and development of many vectors as ticks. Piroplasms belongs to this complex and affects both large and small ruminants with high morbidity and mortality rates resulting in heavy economic losses and thus poses a serious risk to livestock production. A total of 200 blood samples of bovine, cattle (n=100) and buffalo (n=100) showing the signs of fever, progressive anemia, a marked decline in body weight, depression and debility from district Mirpur AJK were included in the study. The diagnosis was made through thin blood smear examination. The overall prevalence was found 15.00% in both species of animals. The prevalence in cattle and buffaloes revealed 22% and 08% respectively. The results showed significant difference (P<0.05) in prevalence between cattle and buffaloes. The gender wise prevalence of the disease revealed 12.12% in male and 26.87% in female cattle whereas; these values were 6.45% in male and 8.70% in female buffaloes. Chi-square analysis showed significant difference (P<0.05) between male and female animals in the area. The data on breed wise prevalence of anaplasmosis showed highest prevalence in exotic breeds (28.00%) followed by cross breed cattle (24.44%) and native breed (16.67%) of AJK. The prevalence was 5.71% in Kunddi breed of buffalo and 9.23% in Nili Ravi buffaloes. Chi-square analysis showed significant difference (P<0.05) between breeds of animals. Three different age groups of cattle and buffaloes were analyzed for the prevalence percentage of anaplasmosis in the area. The data showed highest prevalence (35.48%) in 1-3 year age group of animals followed by 18.92% in 3-5 year and 12.50% in age group 5-7 year in case of cattle and 14.29%, 6.67% and 5.88% in buffaloes respectively. the analysis of the data revealed a significant difference (P<0.05) among different age groups. The values of hemoglobin percent, packed cell volume and total
Summery
40
erythrocyte count were found increased significantly (P<0.05) in cattle and buffaloes infected with anaplasmosis whereas; total leukocyte count was decreased significantly. The parameters were tested through student’s T-test. The analysis showed significant difference of values of all parameters in normal and infected animals. The chemotherapeutic trials were conducted with two drugs against bovine anaplasmosis in clinically diagnosed cases. Twelve positive cases of each cattle and buffaloes were divided into two main groups A and B comprising of 06 animals in each group. Each group was further divided into two sub groups comprising of 03 animals in each sub groups. The group A was treated with Oxytetracycline @ 20 mg/kg B.W. I/M the efficacy of the drug was evaluated on the basis of disappearance of Anaplasma in the blood smear. The efficacy percentage of Oxytetracycline was 33.3, 33.3, 66.7, and 100 at 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th day respectively post treatment in cattle whereas; 0.00, 33.3, 33.3 and 66.7 respectively in buffaloes. The group B was treated with Calotropis procera (Aak) at the dose rate of 0.3 mg/kg body weight orally. The efficacy percentage of Calotropis procera (Aak) was 0.00, 33.3, 66.7, and 66.7 at 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th day respectively post treatment in cattle whereas; 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 and 33.3 respectively in buffaloes. The efficacy of Oxytetracycline against bovine anaplasmosis on day 08 was found 83.33% whereas; of Calotropis procera was 66.66%. It was concluded that Oxytetracycline is the most effective drug against bovine anaplasmosis. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2665-T] (1).
731.
Therapeutic Study Of Trichomoniasis In Pigeons
by Muhammad Umar Farooq (2002-VA-78) | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Syed Saleem Ahmad | Prof. Dr.Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Trichomoniasis in birds is caused by the flagellated protozoan Trichomonas spp. In pigeons, it causes a condition known as ''canker''. The causative agent is Trichomonas gallinae.
The trichomoniasis is a one of the major protozoal diseases of pigeons and other members of the columbiformes family like doves etc. Common signs include diarrhea, anorexia, ruffled feathers and listlessness. A severe weight loss is one of the characteristic sign accompanied by appearance of cheesy mass in the buccal cavity.
On microscopic examination flagellated protozoan confirm the diagnosis. The transmission is either from parents to the offsprings while feeding or from the drinkers and feeders in colony keeping systems. Sometimes raptors and other birds of prey feeding on pigeons may get infection, after eating the infected prey. Trichomoniasis can occur at any time of the year, in the young squabs so a serious problem to the squab industry.
The prevalence of trichomoniasis can range upto 80% however in the present study it was found to be 19% in total.
In the present study included analysis of Trichomonas gallinae prevalence in pigeons. To evaluate this 125 pigeons were collected from various lofts and pet shops in district Lahore and were examined macroscopically for gross signs and microscopically for parasite prevalence. Prevalence was found to be highest in summer season , and in female pigeons. However certain breeds were found to be relatively more susceptible, than others.
The metronidazole was 100% effective in naturally infected pigeons with Trichomonas gallinae when it is given orally in a dose of 100 mg / pigeon for seven days (Abd El-Motelib and Galal, 1993 and Aydin et al, 2000), and 1gm / liter for five successive days (Shihata, 1978)
For comparing various therapeutic agents 4 groups of 10 birds each were used, first three groups A,B & C included naturally infected birds were treated with medicine while 4th group D included 10 birds remained untreated. In the end the efficacy of the two therapeutic drugs Metronidazole, Secindazole and one herbal agent Garlic was evaluated.
The data of the therapeutic part of the study was analyzed by ANOVA, the treatment groups were divided into 4 groups in which the pigeon were randomly placed.
Pretreatment (0 day) the buccal mucosa were analyzed and Post-treatment twice analysis were performed at 4 days and at 7 days data was analyzed using ANOVA.
Group A was Given Metronidazole at the dose rate of 100mg / day for seven days and showed the 100% recovery among the pigeons at day 4.
Group B was given Secindazole at a dose rate of 50mg single dose at day 01 only and showed 60% of the recovery at 4th day and 100% of bird recovery at 7th day.
Group C was given garlic extract approximately 200 mg / day for seven days and showed 50% of the recovery at 4th day and 70% of bird recovery at 7th day.
Group D was control thought out the study period.
Among all therapeutic groups the group A was the most significant p> 0.05(0.00a) than group B, C & D. group B is significant p< 0.05(0.16b) than group C & D, Group c is significant P<0.05(0.15b) than group D.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2663-T] (1).
732.
Comparative Efficacy Of Advanced Surgical Hemostats In The Canine Hepatotomy
by Syed Waseem Abbas Ali Shah (2009-VA-168) | Dr. Hamid Akbar | Prof. Dr. M.Arif Khan | Dr. Muti -ur- Rehman Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The liver is a very complex and largest organ of the body. It has role in body metabolism, filtration of blood, synthesis of plasma protein, hormone production, and it is most vital organ of body. The liver has an excellent ability to recover from injury and regenerate new tissues. Liver is a highly vascularized organ and chances of bleeding are very high in hepatic surgeries. Liver is directly supplied by hepatic artery and drained by portal vein. We often come across certain problems in liver which require surgery. When an incision is given in liver there is a high risk of bleeding. In severe cases animal can lead to death due to hypovolemic shock. In this study we used latest and most advanced hemostatic agents by using Surgicel Snow and Surgicel Fibrillar to control bleeding during hepatotomy in dogs. These hemostats are affordable, safe, reliable and convenient.
Considering the significance of hemostasis in surgical interventions, this project was designed to compare the advance hemostatic agents e.g. Surgicel Snow, Surgicel Fibrillar and sterile Surgical Gauzes. This study helped us to identify the best method that can be used for future surgical interventions in dogs, with the aim to minimize surgical bleeding in liver surgeries to accentuate early recovery.
Conclusion
On the basis of findings of this study: it was concluded Surgicel Snow is best hemostat than Surgical Fibrillar. It is the best hemostat with minimum blood loss and least effects on liver function.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2658-T] (1).
733.
Effect Of Unilateral And Bilateral Thyroidectomy On Hormonal And Biochemical Parameters In Dogs
by Mehmood Ur Rehman (2009-VA-177) | Dr. Hamid Akbar | Prof. Dr.M.Arif Khan | Dr. Muti ur Rehman Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Thyroid gland is one of the most important endocrine gland of animal body. T3 and T4 are two major hormones secreted by thyroid gland. These hormones have a major role in metabolism of cells and organs. In normal thyroid both these hormones have anabolic effect. Thyroid tumors account for 1.2-3.8 % of all types of tumors in dogs. Unilateral, bilateral or subtotal thyroidectomies are practiced to remove benign or malignant thyroid carcinomas.
The present study was conducted on 12 mongrel dogs. These dogs were rendered to 3 groups with 4 dogs in each group. One group acted as control, in which no surgery was performed, second group underwent unilateral removal of thyroid gland while the third group underwent bilateral removal of thyroid gland. Free thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone level, calcium, W.B.Cs, R.B.Cs and haemoglobin concentration were monitored for 21 days post-operatively.
The data was expressed as mean and standard deviation. Results of the study were analysed by 2 samples T-test, one way ANOVA using multiple comparison test on SPSS version 16.0.
Based on these results it was concluded that bilateral thyroidectomy was effective in relieving hyperthyroidism but there is a need to immediately initiate levothyroxine therapy. Free T4 level drops near to zero by day 21 and TSH level rises by many folds. On the other hand, in unilateral procedure Free T4 level remain in normal range and 75% of dogs require no levothyroxine therapy. Level of calcium in unilateral and bilateral thyroid removal remains within normal range provided parathyroid glands are preserved properly. Haemoglobin concentration in both the procedures is reduced significantly postoperatively. There is a need to monitor blood parameters postoperatively. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2657-T] (1).
734.
Comparative Efficacy Of Albendazole, Pyrantel Pamoate, Ajwain And Kamala Against Toxocara Vitulorum Infestation In Bovine Calves
by Muhammad Zahid IQbal (2007-VA-72) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Arshad Javid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Toxocara vitulorum is a round worm of cattle and buffalo that is common in tropical and subtropical area.Toxocara vitulorum from infected cattle and buffalo transmitted to calves via colostrum and placenta while its transmission was very less though feed and water. Toxocara vitulorum infestation was very high in calves and it caused mortalities in calve ages between 1 to 3 months, while infestation was less in high age groups.Mortality in cattle and buffalo calves reached up to 50% andcause poor growth, colic, constipation, diarrhea, anorexia and ketosis in calves. These worms could cause intestinal strangulation, holes and blockage in intestines of calves.
Resent study was designed to check the prevalence and therapeutic trial of Toxocara vitulorum in cow and buffalo calves. These results were very helpful for the treatment of the Toxocara vitulorum that was a major endo-parasite in the cows and buffalo calves. Fecal samples from 300 cows and buffalo were examined under the compound microscope for ova. Positive cow and buffalo calves were divided in five groups and different treatments were given to each group. Egg per Gram (EPG) counted at day 7and 14th post-treatment.
Overall prevalence Toxocara vitulorum was 49% in cow calves and 59% in buffalo calves. Prevalence was higher in 1-3 month age group calves (78% in cow calves & 91% in buffalo calves) while prevalence was higher in female calves (52% in cow and 61% in buffalo calves) as compare to male calves (44% in cow and 55% in buffalo calves). Prevalence was higher in the summer stress months.
The efficacy of the Albendazole was lowest in both cows and buffalo calves. The efficacy of Albendazole in cow was 25% and 31% at day 7th and 14th, respectively while in buffalo calves the efficacy of Albendazole was 24% and 31% at 7th and 14th days of post treatment, respectively. The efficacy of Pyrantel pamoate was 98% and 100 % in cow calves at day 7th and 14th, respectively while in buffalo calves the efficacy of Pyrantel pamoate was 81% and 100% at day 7th and 14th, respectively. The efficacy of Ajwain in cow calves was 59% and 69% at day 7th and 14th, respectively while in buffalo calves it was 58% and 69% at day 7th and 14th, respectively. The efficacy of Kamala in cow calves was 33% and 39% at day 7th and 14th day of post-treatment, respectively and buffalo calves the efficacy was 34% and 42% at day 7th and 14th of post-treatment.
It is concluded from the present study that both in cow and buffalo calves, Toxocara vitulorum is most prevalent parasitic infestation. This parasite is more prevalent in female calves, 1-6 months of age and during hot and humid season in both cows and buffaloes. Pyrantel pamoate is proved to be better than Ajwain but Albendazole and Kamala was not justified good dewormer against Toxocariasis in bovine calves.
.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2656-T] (1).
735.
Principles and Practice of Veterinary Technology / 4th ed.
by Sirois, Margi.
Edition: 4th ed. Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: China: Elsevier; 2017Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089 Sirois 31908 4th 2017 CMS] (1).
736.
Animal Restraint for Veterinary Professionals / 2nd ed.
by Sheldon, C.C.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: China: Elsevier; 2017Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089 Sheldon 31905 2nd 2017 CMS] (1).
737.
Use Of Xylazine And Detomidine Alone And With Ketamine Anesthesia For Caponization In Pigeons
by Ahtzaz Haider (2009-VA-413) | Prof. Dr. M.Arif Khan | Dr. Hamid Akbar | Dr. Muti -ur- Rehman Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: For this study, (16) sixteen pigeons were selected, the birds were allocated into four treatment groups i.e. Group A, Group B, Group C and Group D, with 4 birds each. In group A, after surgical preparation, birds were given xylazine injection intramuscularly at dose rate of 16mg per kg body weight. In group B, birds were given detomidine injection intramuscularly at dose rate of 1.4mg per kg body weight. In group C, birds were given ketamine-xylazine injection intramuscularly at the dose rate of 30mg and 8mg per kg body weight respectively. In group D, birds were given ketamine-detomidine injection with the dose rate of 30mg and 0.7mg per kg body weight respectively. While regularly checking reflexes after short intervals of time. After achieving of the surgical stage of anesthesia, the surgical operation was beginning. The data was analyzed by One Way ANOVA followed by multiple comparison tests using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. The purpose of designed research was to compare the efficacy of anaesthesia alone and with the combination of the other anaesthesia during the surgery of the pigeons. Different parameters were used to check the efficiency of the anaesthesia. All birds were thoroughly examined to rule out any other anomaly before study. The surgery was performed at Surgery Section, Department of CMS, UVAS, Lahore for 3 months’ duration (including adaptation and postoperative period).
Conclusion
The verdict based explanations for better and reliable anaesthetic combination used in pigeons and to evaluate safe anaesthetic combination and to find ideal pre anaesthetic with minimum effects. We concluded that detomidine alone can be used just for non-surgical
40
procedures because it produces the light sedation but superficial analgesia with smooth induction and recovery but xylazine can also be used if detomidine is not available. Xylazine produces superficial analgesia and light sedation but for the short time comparatively. For major and minor surgeries both combinations of ketamine i.e. (K-Xp) and (K-Dp) are more reliable and safe. Both cocktails produce the deep analgesia and anaesthesia as well, with rapid and smooth induction and recovery. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2684-T] (1).
738.
Molecular Identification And Treatment Of Theileriosis In Small Ruminants Of Northern Balochistan
by Mir Ahmad Khan (2005-VA-214) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Azam Kakar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Ovine and Caprine Theileriosis in Northern Highlands and Suleiman Mountain Region of Balochistan, Six thickly populated /union councils were included in the study area. Samples were collected from 2870 animals Sheep (n= 2200) and Goats (n= 670) for screening of the disease. The samples were collected and processed in Regional Disease Investigation Laboratories, Department of Livestock and Dairy Development Balochistan, T.B. Sanatorium Hospital Quetta and Center for Vaccinology, Bacteriology, The University of Balochistan, Quetta and Medicine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, The University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Data revealed 20.82% disease in sheep and 9.70%. in goats. The regional prevalence of theileriosis revealed 19.19% in Northern Highlands and 17.48% in Suleiman Mountain Region Chi-square analysis showed significant difference in the prevalence of disease in sheep and goats. The regional difference was not significantly different between two regions of Northern Balochistan. The comparison among union councils showed significant difference being highest prevalence (22.71%) in union council Kuchlak district Quetta followed by Aghberg (18.42%) and Hanna Urak (15.53%) in Northern highlands and Union Council Zangiwal Jogezai (19.83%) followed by Kach Amaqzai (16.30%) and Sinjavi (15.92%) in SMR. The disease prevalence when compared among 4 different breeds of sheep showed significant difference being highest in Karakul breed (34.62%) followed by Shinwari (24.54%), Bibrik (19.36%) and Harnai (16.40%). The highest prevalence of theileriosis in sheep and goats were observed in Summer season (30.30%) followed by Autumn 19.07%, Spring 14.52% and Winter
SUMMERY
105
7.61%. Chi-square analysis of the data showed significant difference in the prevalence of the disease in different seasons of the year. The disease was also compared in three age groups of sheep and goats. The data showed 22.17% disease in adult animal group above 2 years of age followed by 15.85% in animals between 1-2 year and 7.99% in age group below one year. Statistically significant difference in all age groups was found in chi-square analysis. The sex wise prevalence of theileriosis revealed non-significant difference between male and female sheep and goats. Two different species of Theileria were reported by many researchers causing disease in sheep and goats. The PCR was carried out for the identification of Theileria species affecting sheep and goats in Balochistan. Two species specific sets of primers were designed using 18SRNA gene sequence to identify these two species of Theileria and the distribution among the two species of animals. The genomic DNA of two species of parasite was successfully amplified in positive samples. The assay was proved successful and we recommend for the prevalence surveys for theileriosis in sheep and goats. The data showed that the prevalence of T. lestoquardi was 73.80% in sheep and 69.23% was in goats in the target regions. It was found the T. lestoquardi was highly prevalent and causing theileriosis in small ruminants. The prevalence of T. ovis was 26.19% in sheep and 30.76% in goats respectively in the investigated animals; it was less than T. lestoquardi. It was concluded that both Theileria species were identified and found circulating in small ruminants in the target region of Balochistan. In the study we determined that PCR method based on 18S RNA gene could detect and differentiate T. ovis and T. lestoquardi.
Effect of theileriosis in sheep and goats on hemeto-biochemical parameters were studied included RBCs, Hb%, PCV, Platelets, WBCs, MCV, MCHC, AST, ALT, BUN, Bilirubin and Creatinine. Blood samples were collected from Theileria confirmed, diseased animals (sheep and
SUMMERY
106
goats) along with equal number of healthy animals for comparison. In sheep RBCs, Hb%, PCV, WBCs, MCHC, AST, ALT and Creatinine values showed significant difference when compared with values of healthy animals. Significant (p<0.05) reduction was noted in measurement of RBCs, Hb%, PCV and MCHC whereas, AST, ALT and Creatinine showed significant increase in diseased animals. In goats affected with theileriosis showed significant decrease in RBCs count and Hb%. The values for AST, ALT and Creatinine were found significantly increased in diseased animals when compared with healthy control group of equal number of animals. In present study it was noted that Butalex intra muscularly at the rate of 2.5 mg/kg body weight is quite effective in eliminating the Theileria parasite from the blood of sheep and goats and treatment at the day 10 post treatment. Imizol was also found an effective treatment of theileriosis but less effective than Butalex. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2690-T] (1).
739.
A Clinico-Biochemical Study On Different Pre-Anesthetic Drugs With Propofol For Neutering In Dogs
by Saba Siddique | Dr. Sadaf Aslam | Prof. Dr.M.Arif Khan | Dr. Raheela Akhtar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The present research project was designed to study the effect of three routinely used
pre anaesthetic (alpha-2 adrenergic agonists) drugs xylazine (xylaz; 20 mg/ml, farvet, Holland)
and medetomidine (doiter, 1 mg/ml ; Orion pharma, finland), diazepam(Valium 0.25 mg/kg) and
propofol (pofol, 10 mg/ml ;Dongkook pharma, korea) anaesthesia in male dogs and castration
surgery was performed using pre scrotal approach. The effect of these sedative and anaesthetic
agents was studied at physical (temperature, pulse, and respiration), sedative (palpebral effect),
analgesic (tail pinch, toe pinch reflex), liver function (ALT, AST, and ALP), renal functions
(serum creatinine, BUN) and haematological (RBC, WBC, Hb) parameters. A total number of
twelve (12) dogs (mix breed) clinical cases were selected. These dogs were subjected into three
groups (A, B , C) each comprising four (4) dogs. Different drugs combination was administered
in each group of dogs. Three different drug combinations are;
Group A .Xylazine-Propofol
Group B. Diazepam-Propofol
Group C. Medetomidine-Propofol
Blood samples were taken at four different intervals like 0 minutes, 30 minutes, 60
minutes and after 24 hours in EDTA coated vacutainer for studying haematological parameters
and in lithium heparin vacutainer for evaluating biochemical parameters.
Results revealed that both sedative and anaesthetic agents produce slight non-significant changes
in liver enzymes but in case of renal function test, medetomidine-propofol produce significant
Summary
42
changes in serum creatinine and xylazine-propofol, and diazepam-propofol produce significant
changes in the values of blood urea nitrogen. Coming towards haematology, white blood cells
increase significantly in diazepam-propofol receiving group. The results of the present research
study were mostly similar with the findings of other scientists. The results of present project
were analysed by ANOVA followed by Turkey honestly significant difference (HSD) test.
Conclusion
The result of present project will prove fruitful for veterinary practioners for selectin
anaesthesia protocol for patients suffering from hepatitis or other liver, renal and haematological
problems and would be productive to solve the problems of anaesthetists who are actively
engaged in canine practice all over the world. On the basis of findings of this study it is
concluded that medetomidine-propofol combination gives better results. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2689-T] (1).
740.
Comparative Efficacy Of Xylocaine Hcl And Bupivacaine Hcl For Ophthalmic Anesthesia In Horses
by Muhammad Asad Islam (2012-VA-576) | Dr. Sadaf Aslam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Ophthalmic procedures can be performed by many clinicians in horses using local nerve blocks by using local anaesthetics for short duration of action for completion of these procedures. These surgical procedures may involve exclusion of third eyelid, suturing of laceration around eye orbit and tumor which can be caused due to any reason with in time period of thirty minutes. Inner chamber centesis can be done easily by using the above mentioned technique in standing horse.
There are numerous benefits of doing standing surgical methods and avoiding general anaesthesia in horses. As hospitalizing horse may get other infectious diseases from surroundings like colitis and laminitis and also injured it when recovering from general anaesthesia. On the other hand standing surgical procedure reduced such complication by using local anaesthetic for short duration.
Bupivacaine Hcl gave an ideal local eye anaesthesia compare to xylocaine Hcl for standing surgical procedures in horses.
The present study was accomplished to assess the effectiveness of two local eye anaesthetics; xylocaine Hcl and bupivacaine Hcl by two different techniques i.e. retrobulbar technique and auriculopalpebral technique in horses. A total of 12 horses from indoor clinic and S.P.C.A were used in this study. These horses were subjected to two groups’ i.e. Group A and B. Each of these groups was further subdivided into two subgroups i.e. Group AI, AII and BI, BII respectively.
SUMMARY
42
Horses in group A were administered xylocaine Hcl through auriculopalpebral technique and retrobulbar technique. While horses of subgroup AI were given xylocaine Hcl by auriculopalpebral technique and horses in subgroup AII were injected xylocaine Hcl by retrobulbar technique.
Likewise horses in subgroup BI were given bupivacaine Hcl by auriculopalpebral technique, while those of subgroup BII were given bupivacaine Hcl through retrobulbar technique. The efficacy of above mentioned local anaesthetics was compared on the basis of Pattern of induction, Duration of anaesthesia and Recovery Pattern. Presence or absence of reflexes was also noted i.e. Pupillary Light Reflex and Blink reflex.
The data were analyzed through one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The difference in group’s means was determined by Least Significant Difference (LSD) post-hoc test. A probability level of (P<0.05) was considered as statistically significantly difference. The statistical analysis was performed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version16. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2679-T] (1).
741.
Infection Rate And Chemotherapy Of Haemonchus Contortus In Mouflon Sheep
by Majeed Ul Zafar Jaidi (2013-VA-890) | Dr. Waseem Yaqub | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Zia Ullah.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Mouflon sheep have lovely brown colored short haired coat. Typically it is not the wild animal found in Pakistan but a little population of Mouflon sheep is present in Pakistan in the captive vicinities like private zoo and wild life parks .Their population is countable, 150-200 Mouflon sheep are present. They can be parasitized by many nematodes, one of the most important is Haemonchuscontortus. Adult Haemonchuscontortus found in the abomasum of the animal.Female parasite can lay up to 1500 eggs in a day in mid-Summer July- August and those eggs produce the infective stage L3, which after infestation causes heavy blood loss resulting anemia, weight loss, emaciation and sudden death in acute cases compromising the production and propagation losses in Mouflon sheep.
The Mouflon sheep of various private and public Zoo and Wild Life Parks located in area of District Lahore were included in this study. A total of 100 Mouflon sheep were examined coprologically for the presence of Haemonchuscontortus for the present study. It is difficult to restrain the wild animal, a Dort was used for this purpose keeping in view of this problem about 3 gram of sample were collected early in the morning from the freshly passed feces, for this purpose disposable gloves was used on hands,the samples were collected carefully to avoid soil contamination the sample was placed in self-sealing polythene bags and were transferred to the laboratory in ice pack cooler. The samples were stored in refrigerator at 4°C till analysis.
The fecal samples were analyzed for Haemonchuscontortus eggs using direct smear method and floatation technique, while the egg count were performed by McMaster technique at medicine Laboratory University of Veterinary Animal Sciences Lahore the identification of Haemonchuscontortus was made by using standard procedures. Infection rate was calculated by using formula
Infection rate (%) = No. of infected animals (n)/ total No. of sampled animals (N) × 100
The infection rates were calculated in this study and total Thirty (33) animals were found positive after qualitative and quantitative analysis of fecal samples. The infection rate of Haemonchuscontortus in Mouflon sheep were calculated out of sampled animals which resulted the significant (P < 0.05) infection rate in females as well as in male Mouflon sheep. The infection rate in female Mouflon sheep was 33.82 % and in males it was 31.25 % in males out of positive animals. Similarly The infection rate of H. contortus in Lahore Zoo, Safari Park Lahore and Jallo Park was 29.72, 32.50, 39.13 respectively, and the infection rate of H. contortus in age group of 1-3, 4-6, 7-9 was 39.58, 27.27, 26.31 respectively.
For therapeutic trails, a total of 30 animals positive for nematodes having egg per gram between 1000---2000 were divided into 3 groups A, B, and C each group were comprised of 10 animals. The animal of group A was treated with Albendazole at the dose rate of 10 mg per kg of body weight PO; group B was treated with Levamisole at the rate of 7.5 mg per kg of body weight PO whereas the group C was treated with Pyrentelpamoate at the dose rate of 25 gram PO.The fecal sample of all groups were collected at day 0 (pre-treatment) and then at 3rd day 5th, 7th and 12th (post-treatment). The efficacies of these drugs were assessed on the bases of reduction in egg per gram and calculated as per formula of (Iqbal at al. 2013).
Drug efficacy = {(pre-treatment EPG - post-treatment EPG / pre - treatment EPG)} × 100
The chemotherapy of Haemonchuscontortusin Mouflon Sheep were studied in different 3 treatment groups. Microscopically screened out Haemonchuscontortus positive Mouflon sheep were divided in Three (3) treatment groups T 1, T 2 and T 3 and each group contained Ten (10) positive animals. Faecal samples of animals were examined at day 0 pre-treatment and at days 3, 5, 7 and 12 post treatment. All the treatment groups showed a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in eggs per gram (EPG) at 3rd, 5th, 7th and 12th days after treatment. The maximum reduction in EPG %age was 96.1 % showed by T 1 group treated with single dose of Albendazole at 10 mg/kg body weight at day 7 post treatment while the groups T 2 and T 3 showed maximum reduction of 95.52 % and 93.26 % at day 12th post treatment. Hence Albendazole was the best group found against Haemonchuscontortus at day 7 post treatment among the other two groups of drug used.
Data on Infection rate of Haemonchuscontortus was estimated by Pearson’s chi-square test. For significance whereas data on chemotherapy was analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS, P< 0.05 were considered significant.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2677-T] (1).
742.
Comparative Efficacy Of Ozone And Gentamicin Sulphate On Uterine Infections In Crossbred Dairy Cows
by Muhammad Usman Raza (2014-VA-914) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Mr. Ghazzanffar Ali Chishti | Dr. Muti ur Rehman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Efficient fertility of lactating dairy cows has always been the doorstep to economically profitable dairy farming. It is mostly agreed that uterine diseases in the cow after parturition have a negative effect on overall reproductive performance. Ozone which is assumed as a very potent oxidant, is one among these alternative techniques. The advantage of using ozone rather than antibiotics is in lowering the incidence of bacterial resistance in consumers of foodstuffs of animal origin, and other advantage is that ozone has no withdrawal period for milk, meat and other products. Ozone breaks through the microorganism (bacteria and germs) cell membrane, and also destroys viruses by diffusing through the protein coat in the nucleic acid core, resulting in damage of the viral nucleic acid.
The study was conducted on 50 animals which were randomly divided in two groups. Both groups were having 25, 25 animals. Group A received Ozone while group B received gentamicin sulphate intra uterine. Uterine lavage was taken twice, once before applying treatment and second after 8 hours of applying treatment. Samples were cultured for bacteriology to detect E.coli, F. necrophorum, A. pyogenes and St. pyogenes. Number of positive cases in Group A was 12, 9, 10 and 7 for E. coli, F. necrophorum, A. pyogenes and St. pyogenes respectively. Number of positive cases in Group B was 10, 8, 11 and 8 for E. coli, F. necrophorum, A. pyogenes and St. pyogenes respectively. After applying certain biochemical tests for each bacteria, bacteria was confirmed.
Difference of the colony forming units of before and after applying treatments for each bacterium in both groups was calculated. This difference was compared with difference of the colony forming units for same bacteria of other group by using Independent 2 samples T-test with the help of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc.) for the windows Version 13.3 (Chicago IL, USA).
Results were interpreted on the basis of level of significance. Differences among the groups were considered significant at P < 0.05. E. coli, F.necrophorum and St. pyogenes were highly significant as the P value for group differences was less than 0.05. Group differences among S.pyogenes showed no significance as the P>0.05.
The results showed that ozone is better in efficacy as compared to gentamicin sulphate on uterine infections in cows.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2685-T] (1).
743.
Molecular Identification And Treatment Of Theileriosis In Small Ruminants Of Northern Balochistan
by Mir Ahmad Khan (2005-VA-214) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Azam Kakar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Ovine and Caprine Theileriosis in Northern Highlands and Suleiman Mountain Region of Balochistan, Six thickly populated /union councils were included in the study area. Samples were collected from 2870 animals Sheep (n= 2200) and Goats (n= 670) for screening of the disease. The samples were collected and processed in Regional Disease Investigation Laboratories, Department of Livestock and Dairy Development Balochistan, T.B. Sanatorium Hospital Quetta and Center for Vaccinology, Bacteriology, The University of Balochistan, Quetta and Medicine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, The University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Data revealed 20.82% disease in sheep and 9.70%. in goats. The regional prevalence of theileriosis revealed 19.19% in Northern Highlands and 17.48% in Suleiman Mountain Region Chi-square analysis showed significant difference in the prevalence of disease in sheep and goats. The regional difference was not significantly different between two regions of Northern Balochistan. The comparison among union councils showed significant difference being highest prevalence (22.71%) in union council Kuchlak district Quetta followed by Aghberg (18.42%) and Hanna Urak (15.53%) in Northern highlands and Union Council Zangiwal Jogezai (19.83%) followed by Kach Amaqzai (16.30%) and Sinjavi (15.92%) in SMR. The disease prevalence when compared among 4 different breeds of sheep showed significant difference being highest in Karakul breed (34.62%) followed by Shinwari (24.54%), Bibrik (19.36%) and Harnai (16.40%). The highest prevalence of theileriosis in sheep and goats were observed in Summer season (30.30%) followed by Autumn 19.07%, Spring 14.52% and Winter
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7.61%. Chi-square analysis of the data showed significant difference in the prevalence of the disease in different seasons of the year. The disease was also compared in three age groups of sheep and goats. The data showed 22.17% disease in adult animal group above 2 years of age followed by 15.85% in animals between 1-2 year and 7.99% in age group below one year. Statistically significant difference in all age groups was found in chi-square analysis. The sex wise prevalence of theileriosis revealed non-significant difference between male and female sheep and goats. Two different species of Theileria were reported by many researchers causing disease in sheep and goats. The PCR was carried out for the identification of Theileria species affecting sheep and goats in Balochistan. Two species specific sets of primers were designed using 18SRNA gene sequence to identify these two species of Theileria and the distribution among the two species of animals. The genomic DNA of two species of parasite was successfully amplified in positive samples. The assay was proved successful and we recommend for the prevalence surveys for theileriosis in sheep and goats. The data showed that the prevalence of T. lestoquardi was 73.80% in sheep and 69.23% was in goats in the target regions. It was found the T. lestoquardi was highly prevalent and causing theileriosis in small ruminants. The prevalence of T. ovis was 26.19% in sheep and 30.76% in goats respectively in the investigated animals; it was less than T. lestoquardi. It was concluded that both Theileria species were identified and found circulating in small ruminants in the target region of Balochistan. In the study we determined that PCR method based on 18S RNA gene could detect and differentiate T. ovis and T. lestoquardi.
Effect of theileriosis in sheep and goats on hemeto-biochemical parameters were studied included RBCs, Hb%, PCV, Platelets, WBCs, MCV, MCHC, AST, ALT, BUN, Bilirubin and Creatinine. Blood samples were collected from Theileria confirmed, diseased animals (sheep and
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goats) along with equal number of healthy animals for comparison. In sheep RBCs, Hb%, PCV, WBCs, MCHC, AST, ALT and Creatinine values showed significant difference when compared with values of healthy animals. Significant (p<0.05) reduction was noted in measurement of RBCs, Hb%, PCV and MCHC whereas, AST, ALT and Creatinine showed significant increase in diseased animals. In goats affected with theileriosis showed significant decrease in RBCs count and Hb%. The values for AST, ALT and Creatinine were found significantly increased in diseased animals when compared with healthy control group of equal number of animals. In present study it was noted that Butalex intra muscularly at the rate of 2.5 mg/kg body weight is quite effective in eliminating the Theileria parasite from the blood of sheep and goats and treatment at the day 10 post treatment. Imizol was also found an effective treatment of theileriosis but less effective than Butalex. Availability: No items available
744.
Estimation And Correlation Of Serum Electrolytes And Minerals Levels During Gastroentritis In Dogs
by Asif Hameed Awan (2008-VA-242) | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In gastroenteritis, there is severe diarrhoea and vomiting occurs, particularly in young dogs, it is a life-threatening condition due to loss of body fluid and vital electrolytes and minerals. Which contributes to high mortality. Fluid therapy in these patients is essential to correct hypovolemia, dehydration, acid-base imbalances and serum electrolyte abnormalities. Diarrhoea means increase in frequency, fluid quantity and volume of faecal excretion. As diarrhoea has different levels of dehydration recognized by their specific signs can lead to abnormal level of serum electrolytes and trace elements (minerals).
Serum concentration of electrolytes and minerals varies during gastroenteritis in dogs and its values change dramatically at different dehydration levels. Which could cause death in dogs.
The present study was designed to check the effect of diarrhea on different electrolyte and mineral. Total 40 dogs was included in this study from different private pet clinics and Pet Centre, UVAS, Lahore suffering from clinical diarrhea and vomiting irrespective of cause, These dogs were divided into four groups A, B, C and Control, comprising of 10 dogs in each group. Group A, B and C will be categorized according to dehydration state i.e. 0 - 5%, 5 -8% and 8 - 10% respectively. These groups were made on basis of clinical signs and Packed Cell Volume, (PCV), whereas Group D was be kept as a control, comprising of normal and healthy dogs. These were further subdivided on the basis of age. 5 dogs were included having less than 1 year age and 5 dogs were included having more than 1 year age with the same dehydration level.
PCV was checked to diagnose the level of dehydration. The PCV value, which comes in desire category, were further proceeded for serum collection to check the concentrations of serum electrolytes and minerals like Na, K, Cl, Cu, Zn and Fe through different methods like Na
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
46
and K were checked by flame photometer, Fe, Zn and Cu were checked by atomic absorption and Cl were determined by titration at WTO Laboratory and the Laboratory of Environmental Science, Department at University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore.
Analysis of variance ANOVA (1 way factorial) technique were used with Random Complete Block Design (RCBD) to compare serum electrolytes and trace elements concentration in gastroenteritis with the concentration of healthy one. Considering the importance and utilization of dogs in our country and substantial losses occur due to deficiency of vital electrolytes and minerals at different dehydration levels due to diarrhea and vomiting irrespective of the cause, the present project were planned to give proper guidance to dog’s owners for their treatment and quick recovery by knowing about the decreasing serum concentration of essential electrolytes and vital minerals during different dehydration levels have different age groups.
From the present study the value of sodium was observed significantly reduced (P<0.05) in all test groups (A, B, C) as compared to control unhydrated group of dogs when serum chemistry was done/ According to result of present study, the concentration of Na in healthy dog was 146.47 ± 3.06 (mmol/l) in infected dogs the concentration was Na= 144.40 ± 3.61 (mmol/l) while normal range of Na= 142-150mmol/l.
Chloride value was observed significantly reduced (P<0.05) in all test groups (A, B, C) as compared to control unhydrated group of dogs when serum chemistry was done. This Chloride value was also significantly reduced (P<0.05) in group A as compared to the groups B and C, while chloride value in group B was significantly reduced (P<0.05) as compared to group C. Potassium is another vital electrolyte that can be affected by dehydration. Potassium is important for muscle contraction and the heart’s rhythm. Small changes in the concentration of K in the bloodstream can have serious health hazards. Potassium value was observed significantly
Summary
47
reduced (P<0.05) in all test groups (A, B, C) as compared to control unhydrated group of dogs when serum chemistry was done. Copper value was observed significantly increased (P<0.05) in all test groups (A, B, C) as compared to control unhydrated group of dogs when serum chemistry was done. This copper value has been increased as the dehydration increases from group A to group C such that Control>A>B>C. Iron value was observed significantly reduced (P<0.05) in all test groups (A, B, C) as compared to control unhydrated group of dogs when serum chemistry was done. This value was also significantly reduced (P<0.05) in group C as compared to the groups A, but the iron value has no significant effect between group A and group B. Zinc value was observed significantly reduced (P<0.05) in all test groups (A, B, C) as compared to control unhydrated group of dogs when serum chemistry was done. Zinc value was also significantly reduced (P<0.05) in group C as compared to the groups A, but the iron value has no significant effect between group A and group B. Electrolytes such as sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), Cupper (Cu), and iron (Fe) are involved in several physiological processes like conduction of electrical impulse through nervous system and muscle contraction and their imbalance could lead a lowering of animal performance.
Dogs having gastroenteritis experienced diarrhea and vomiting due to which fluid loss along with vital electroytes like Na, K, Cl, Fe and Zn in dehydration inspite of Cu which increases as dehydration increases. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2733-T] (1).
745.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Coccidiosis In Camel
by Mosin Ali (2014-VA-1134) | Dr.Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr.Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Camel belongs to Family Camelidae.The camel is species of desert which is adapted to harsh environment of desert. The versatility and suitability of camel to survive in the hot desert of the regions of the world have given the name “Ship of the Desert”.Coccidiosis is responsible for health problem, economic losses in camels and are characterized by impaired milk production, meat process, decrease feed intake, dehydration, decrease working efficiency and even death of the camel. Coccidiosis cause losses through morbidity and hidden effects on feed intake, efficiency of nutrients utilization and also reduce growth rate in young animal, as a result, it leads to reduction in productivity and performance of the infected animal. The present study was designed to study the prevalence and chemotherapy of coccidiosis in camel. For this, fecal samples of 100 camels of both sex and of various aged were examined. For this purpose, 10-15gm fresh fecal sample was collected into a polythene zipper from the rectum of each camel in a container with ice packs and transported to Medicine lab, UVAS Lahore. The fecal sample was examined by using direct smear method and floatation technique and OPG were determined by McMaster technique. By using these techniques the prevalence of coccidiosis in the camel was found to be 13% i.e. 13 animals of variousage of both male and female had coccidiosis. For chemotherapy, 12 animals were used by dividing into 3 groups containing 4 animals in each group randomly.4 positive animals were given amprolium 50 mg/kg BW for 5 days daily PO. 4 positive animals were given toltrazuril20mg/kg BW PO once and neem seed at the dose rate of 100mg/kg BW to 4 positive animals once PO. The fecal sample were again collected from camels to which drug had used at 14 and 21 days and comparison of drug were done to determine the efficacy among these drugs by OPG counts , Toltrazuril was found to had more efficacy measured by OPG count reduction using ANOVA in SPSS.There is coccidiosis in the camel which caused weakness, off-feed and diarrhea in camels. There are both allopathic and herbals drugs used for the treatment but allopathic drugs were found to be had more efficacy. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2708-T] (1).
746.
Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound / 3rd ed.
by Mattoon, John S.
Edition: 3rd ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Canada: Elsevier; 2015Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.7089607543 Mattoon 32190 3rd 2015 CMS] (1).
747.
Feline General and Oncological Surgery
by Demetriou, Jackie.
Edition: 1st ed. Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: China: Elsevier; 2014Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.80897 Demetriou 32138 1st 2014 CMS] (1).
748.
Immunohistochemistry and Immunocytochemistry: Essential Methods / 2nd ed.
by Renshaw, Simon.
Edition: 2nd Edition.Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: Malaysia: Wiley Blackwelll; 2017Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.0756 Renshaw 32286 2nd 2017 CMS] (1).
749.
Manual of Canine and Feline Cardiology
by Smith, JR.
Edition: 5thMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: China: Elsivier; 2016Availability: No items available Checked out (1).
750.
Current Therapy in Avian Medicine and Surgery
by Speer, Brian L.
Edition: 1st ed. Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: China: Elsevier; 2016Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.5089 Speer 32137 1st 2016 CMS] (1).
