101.
Yolk And Serum: Detection Of Antibodies To Various Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strains Of Chickens
by Nadeem Ibrahim, M | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: A total of 1318 blood samples and 290 egg samples were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to various strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV). For this purpose broiler breeder, commercial layer, and layer breeder farms located in various geographical regions of the provinces of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province (NWFP) were visited, and flock histories in terms of production performances, growth patterns arid IB disease prevalence, were recorded) Attempts were made to sample only those farms which had experienced high morbidity, low production and mortality in the past growing or laying flocks housed at such farms. Samples from acute phase of illness and convalescent period were collected where ever possible. It was observed that there was a general trend to house and rear multiple age groups at the same time, the poultry farms were located at a very close distances from each other and were either not following any proper vaccination programmes or were not using any IBV vaccines. The seroprevalence of 1BV antibodies in unvaccinated flocks was more in areas where poultry farms were located in clusters or had developed into poultry estates In case of commercial layers, layer breeder and broiler breeder birds their misshapen and normal eggs were also collected for detection of antibodies to various strains/types of IBV. The serum and egg-yolk samples were analyzed using haernagglutination and haemagglutination-inhibition tests.This study indicated the presence of antibodies to various AIBV types such as Massachusettes-41 (M41), D-274 and D-1466. It was further observed that the breeder and commercial flocks which did not receive any killed or live IBV vaccination had significant levels of humoral and yolk antibodies indicating that various types of IBV were circulating in the poultry flocks in various areas of the Punjab and NWFP. The flocks indicating low egg production and quality; respiratory distress, and poor feed conversion ratios did suffer from the attack of some IBV strain(s) as they also had quite significant levels of humoral/yolk IBV antibodies)
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0477,T] (1).
102.
Role Of Maternally Derived Antibodies In Protection Against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus.
by Sameera Akhtar | Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Haji Ahmed | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the role of maternally derived antibody in protection against IBD and efficacy of immunization with live and killed IBDV vaccines. A total of 250 day old chicks were divided into five groups i.e. groups A, B, C, D and E, each group having equal number of chicks. Group A was non-treated control for the study of the decay rate of maternal antibodies. The chickens of groups, B, C and D were vaccinated with live, killed and combination of live and killed IBDV vaccines. All the chicks were vaccinated with NDV vaccines except group E which was kept as negative control. There was no interference in the IBDV and NDV in the development of immunity.
The birds showed the presence of passive immunity, both through AGPT and IHA tests. Maternal antibody was detectable only through AGPT. The IHA indicated the presence of immunity in all the birds upto day 14th.
It was further observed that the birds having maternal Ab titres against IBDV (upto a titre of 5.27) also resisted the experimental challenged with the CVS-6).
All the vaccinated groups indicated the immune responses post vaccination. Both the AGP and IHA tests detected decline in immunity on 7th day post-vaccination and then a gradual increase in titres at 14th day. The titres were at the peak after day 28 post booster vaccination.
The results of challenge indicated that the birds having antibody titre (GMT=68.39) against IBDV resisted the IBDV challenge. Typical clinical signs of IBD were noted. The bursa was odematous and double in size. The spleen and thymus were slightly enlarged. Statistical analysis of lymphoid organ body weight ratio's of spleen, bursa and thymus indicated a significant differences in the vaccinated and control chickens.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0480,T] (1).
103.
Characterization And Antibiotic Sensitivity Of Pasteurella Multocida Isolates From The Field Cases Of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia In Buffloes Of Punjab
by Puran Das | Dr. Muhammed Amin Sheikh | Dr. Syed Ata-Ur-Rehman Rizvi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The research project accomplished was primarily concerned with the isolation and characterization of P. multocida strains involved in field outbreaks of HS in buffaloes of Punjab Province of Pakistan. In addition, isolates were also examined for their sensitivity to various antibiotics and suipha drugs. Isolation attempts, made both on blood samples of live diseased animals and long bones of the dead/slaughtered animals, yielded 10 strains of the organism, solely from the long bones.
All the strains of P. inultocida isolated were uniform in their sugar fermentation and other biochemical reactions, giving a positive reaction for glucose, fructose, mannose, mannitol, sucrose, sorbitol and xylose, producing acid only and no gas. Like wise a positive reaction was also recorded for catalase, oxidase, indole production, nitrate reduction and H2S production tests. All the strains were however, unable to ferment arabinose, inositol, lactose, maltose, salicin, dulcitol and raffinose sugars and were negative for methyl red, voges proskauer, urease activity and gelatin liquefaction tests.
All the isolates of P. multocida were serologically identified as Roberts type I. All the isolates proved highly pathogenic both to rabbits and mice alike.
The antibiotic sensitivity results against 10 field strains and one reference strain of P. inultocida showed amoxicillin to be the most effective antibiotic. The rest of the antibiotics, placed in accordance with their effectivity, in descending order are ampicillin, chloramphenicol, norfloxicin, kanamycin, gentamycin, oxytetracycline and sulphamethaxazole + trimethoprim.
None of the antibiotics except amoxicillin, was able to display equal effectivity against all the 11 strains of P. multocida examined.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0486,T] (1).
104.
Studies On Efficacy Of Alum Precipitated Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Vaccine (Bacterin)
by Saeed ul Hassan Khan | Dr. muhammed Amin Sheikh | Dr. Muhammed Khushi Muhammed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The research project undertaken concerned efficacy of alum precipitated HS vaccine (bacterin). conducted on buffaloes maintained at Livestock Production Research Institute (LPRJ) Bahadurnagar, Okara. Primarily the study was aimed at examining the efficacy of three different dosage levels of the vaccine comprising 1 mg, 1.5 mg and 2mg dry weights of the bacteria, tried on animals of different body weights. In addition, the immunopotentiating effects of levamisole, on HS vaccine, were also studied on one of the groups of experimental animals. The best results were those given by 2mg dry weight of the organism, observed in animals weighing 600 kg or above, with a GMT value of 48.5 observed on day 42nd post-vaccination. The second best result was of the dose carrying 1.5 mg dry weight of the organism. Unfortunately the young animals having a body weight of 60-80kg did not give a response worthy of some concrete conclusion against all three aforesaid doses of the vaccine which was thought to be due to some sort of ill effects of their substandard health status on the immune response.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0487,T] (1).
105.
Physicochemical Factors Effecting The Survival Of Egg Drop Syndrome Virus
by Akif Masood | Atta-ur-Rehman Rizvi | Dr. Muhammed Shakeel akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: About 417 duck eggs were collected from a duck farm. These eggs were incubated at 37oC in automatic incubator for 10 days. At the 11th day the eggs were candled to confirm the fertility of eggs, either they are embryonated or not. Fertile eggs were then be inoculated with the physically and chemically treated EDS-76 virus which have already been treated and stored in plastic vials at -20oC. About 0.1 ml of the sample was inoculated per egg. Four eggs were set for each of the factor i.e physical and chemical.
The physical factors were temperature, pH and U.V light. The current project was conducted to study the survival of EDS virus when it was subject to various physical and chemical factor. As far as the physical factors were concerned it was observed that at different temperatures i,e -2oC, +4C°, 331::0 and 37C°. The virus survived at each temperature far 35 days and the same virus survived at 56C° for 90 minutes. AS far as the pH was concerned it was examined that EDS virus remained viable at pH 1,47,10,13 for 24 hours. Following exposure of virus to WY light it was observed that EDS virus servived for 45 minutes.
Similairly, the results of chemical factors showed that formalin of 0.067. could not inactivate the virus but 0.12% and o.24x formalin solution killed the virus in time from 6 to 24 hours.
Losan with 0.5%., 1.0%. and 1.5%. killed the EDS virus in 15, 30 and 45 minutes respectively.
The results of this endeavor show that the formalin and Losan in other words chemical like these should be one of the options for farmers to disinfect their sheds to prevent the occurrence of infection from EDS virus.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0500,T] (1).
106.
Effect Of Maternal Antibodies On Antigenic Response Of Broiler Birds To Infectious Bursal Disease (228-E strain) Virus Vaccine
by Sajid Afzal, M | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr. Atta-ur Rehman Rizvi | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the effect of maternal antibodies on the antigenic response of birds to infectious bursal disease virus (288-E strain) vaccine and to study the duration of maternal antibody against IBDV in broiler. A total of one hundred forty chicks were randomly divided into eight groups i.e. A, B, C, 1), E, F, G and H. All the birds in groups A, B, C, U, E and F were vaccinated against IBDV. The birds in groups 0 and H were unvaccinated controls. However, the groups were IBDV vaccinated according to different schedules.
The presence of IBDV maternal antibodies was tested through agar gel precipitation test, and the maternal antibodies to IBDV were observable upto day 14 of the life of chicks.
All the IBDV vaccinated birds exhibited immune response to the vaccine and their response was detectable through AGPT. Antibodies were detectable on 7th day post vaccination and the responses increased upto 14th day post vaccination. The antibody titres were at peak in all the groups between 28th to 35th day of age.
These findings indicate that maternal antibody waned away between second and third week of life. The mean±standard error values of groups A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H on day 35, were 28.33±8.56, 41.66±12.99, 43.33±11.70, 31.66±13.21, 41.66±12.56, 45.0±14.29, 26.66±11.94 and 26.66±11.94, respectively. The serologic and challenge infection study indicates that the vaccinated birds were immune against IBDV.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0515,T] (1).
107.
Physicochemical Factors Effecting The Survival Of Newcastle Disease Virus
by Rizwan Qayyum | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Dr. asif Rabbani | Prof. Dr. S.A.R. Rizvi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: For this research project, about 305 fresh fertile hen eggs were obtained from Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore. These eggs after cleaning were incubated at 37°C in automatic incubator for 11 days. At the 11th day, candling was done to confirm the fertility of eggs, either they are embryonated or not,. Eggs found dead at the time of candling were discarded. Fertile eggs 305 in number were inoculated with physically and chemically treated mesogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus which had already been treated and stored in plastic vials at -20°C. Each egg was inoculated with about 0.lnil of the treated viral sample. Four eggs were set for each of the factor for each time period. Four eggs were kept control in each factor in which viral suspension without physical or chemical treatment was inoculated.
The project was designed to study the effect of physical and chemical factors on the survival of Newcastle disease virus. The physical factors were temperature, p11 and UV light and chemical factors included five disinfectants like Formaline, Iosan, Phenol Aldekol and Bromosept (QAC). It was noted that at 56°C temperature virus lost its haemagglutinating activity after 45 minutes, but survived this temperature at 15 and 30 minutes exposure. It was observed that virus survived at pH 4 and 9 for 6, 12, 18 and 24 hrs but was killed at pH 1 and 13 for all the said time periods. After exposing virus to UV light, it was examined that Newcastle disease virus survived at UV light exposure for 45 minutes.
As far as the chemical factors were concerned, the results showed that 0.48% concentration of formalin inactivated virus in 30 minutes but not in 15 minutes. Other two concentrations i.e. 0.12% and 0.24% could not inactivate the virus. Phenol and Bromosept showed good antiviral activity against ND virus. 0.4% and 0.6% concentrations of Phenol inactivated the virus within 15 minutes but virus retained its HA activity at 0.2% phenol concentrations for 15, 30 and 45 minutes. The virus survived at 0.1% Bromosept concentration for 45 minutes and at 0.5% concentration for 15 minutes time but its haemagglutinating property was lost at 0.5% concentration in 30 minutes and at 1% concentration, the virus was killed within 15 minutes time. 0.1% concentration of Aldekol could not inactivate the virus in 15, 30 or 45 minutes. At its 0.5% concentration virus was inactivated after 45 minutes exposure but not at 15 and 30 minutes. However 1% Aldekol inactivated virus after 30 minutes but not within 15 minutes time. losan with 0.5% and 1.0% concentrations killed the mesogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus in 15, 30 and 45 minutes respectively. So the results of this study show that losan shows excellent antiviral activity against ND virus and is the best for disinfection of this virus at the farm. Bromosept (QAC) and Phenol should be the other two options for farmers to disinfect their sheds and hatcheries to minimize the chances of infection from Newcastle disease virus.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0519,T] (1).
108.
A Study On The Effect Of Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticide Talstar (Bifenthrim) On Immune Response In Broiler Chicken
by Fida Hussain | Prof. Dr. A.R. Rizvi | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Prof. Dr. Rashid | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0520,T] (1).
109.
Standardisation Of Indirect Haemagglutination Test For Monitoring Infectious Bursal Disease Virus
by Sajid Mahmood | Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Hajid | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test was standardized and evaluated to moniter antibodies against infectious bursal disease (IBD). It was observed that oil based vaccine prepared from bursae of fäbricius of infected birds, induced a high level of antibody which were detected by agar gel precipitation test (AGPT). It was recorded Chat tannic acid, glutaraldehyde and chromium chloride had 0.0000781, 0.003906 and 0.0001562 per cent subagglutinating dilutions in normal saline solution (pH 7.2) respectively while 0.000001220, 0.0156 and 0.0025 subagglutinating dilution of the coupling agents were found in phasphate buffered saline (pH 7.2), respectively.
Indirect. haemagglutination test is sensitive and specific serological technique to study infectious bursal disease. However, antigen dilution to sensitize erythrocytes, source of erythrocytes, chemical nature of diluent, interaction temperature and time, nature and concentration of coupling agent coated erythrocytes and antiserum against IBD, had influenced the sensitivity of IHA test.
Ten percent antigen for sensitizing sheep erythrocytes, incubation temperature of 37°C for 10 minutes for antigen, tannic acid (0.005%) and erythroéyte interaction, freshly prepared sensitized erythrocytes and normal saline solution (pH 7.2) as diluent were found suitable for detecting maximum titre of anti-IBD antibodies through the IHA. Moreover it was observed that the standardized IHA proportionally showed reduction in the titre on dilution of serum. The antibody titre in the IHA was the well having serum dilution, showing resistance to bleed (flow) on tilting the plate for 5 seconds. The final results of antibody titre were achieved within 120 minutes post processing of the samples.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0529,T] (1).
110.
In Vitro Studies On The Effects Of Physico Chemical Factors On The Survival Of Mycoplasma Capri
by Abid Akbar, M | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The physical factors under study were pH and temperature. It was observed that at p11 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5, although the growth of the organism took placed but the growth was best achieved at pH 6.5 with 30% absorbance measured by turbidometery. As far as the temperature is concerned, growth at different temperatures i.e. at room temperature (30°C), at incubator temperature (37°C), at refrigerator temperature (4°C) with respect to various sources of serum i.e. horse, cattle, buffalo, sheep and allontoic fluid, were tested and it was observed that at room temperature the growth was best in media containing buffalo serum 25% absorbance, respectively. At incubator temperature the growth of ycoplasnja pj was good enough with media containing cattle, buffalo and sheep serum, giving 25%, 32% and 33%, absorbance respectively and even at refrigerator temperatvye the growth of the said organism was available with media containing cattle serum, buffalo serum, sheep serum and allontoic fluid, giving 9%, 12%, 11.5% and 9% absorbance respectively.
The results of chemical factors showed that the survival and growth of Mycoplasma capri was best attained at these serum sources i.e. horse, cattle and buffalo giving 28%, 26% and 29.5% absorbance, respectively. The effect of different concentrtions of horse serum i.e. 5%, 15% and 20% on ithe growth of the organism depicted that 15% concentration level is good for its growth and survival, giving 31.5% absorbance. Various disinfectants i.e. Formaline, Phenol, Beloran-500 (Ciba), Detol (Reckitt & Colman) were tested for disinfection against the said organism revealed that 1% solution of Formaline, 1% solution of Phenol, 0.5% solution of Beloran-500 and 4% solution of Detol effectively killed the bacteria.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0531,T] (1).
111.
Preparation And Evalution Of Oil Based Egg Drop Syndrome Virus Vaccine
by Ghulam Nabi | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munieer | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The egg drop syndrome virus (Pak-CVS-EDSV: collected from Mirobiology Setion, CVS, Lahore) was culturally characterised by inoculating in embryonated duck eggs, and by haemagglutination (HA) potential of only avian RBC and virus neutralization test. The virus was found antigenically related with the imported vaccinal strain of EDS virus. The virus grew well in the embryonated duck eggs. The HA titer of Allanto-Amniotic fluid (AAF) was more than log 211, while its E1D50 was determined to be 10-10.37 per ml.
An oil-based EDSV vaccine was prepared by mixing one part of the AAF with 4 parts of the oil-base. The oil base contained 4% emulsifier (Span-80). The vaccine thus prepared from the local isolate was antigenically comparable with the imported vaccine. The cost of the vaccine production using local strain of the EDS virus was Rs.463/bottle (1000 doses) compared to Rs.1650/bottle of the imported vaccine. The price of the one ml diagnostic antigen was calculated at Rs.20/- compared to Rs.600 per one ml of imported antigen (Market price is Rs.2200/ml of the antigen).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0541,T] (1).
112.
Immunomodulatory Effects Of Chloramphenicol In Broiler Chicks
by Zubair Ulass | Dr. M. Akram Munir | Dr. M. Naeem | Dr. M. Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate effects of chioramphenicol on the inimune response of broiler chickens. The immuno-modulatory effects of chioramphenicol in chicks was evaluated using the following parameters:
a) Morphometric effects of chioramphenicol on immune organs such as Li ursa of Fabricius, Tliymus and Spleen.
b) Effects of cliloramphenicol on the development of antibody titres against Newcastle virus vaccine.
c) Potential of chioramphenicol treated and NDV vaccinated birds to resist virulent NDV challenge.
d) Comparison of body weight gains of chioramphenicol a iid treated and untreated birds.
The untreated control birds had higher mean body weight than chioramphenicol and cyclophosphamide treated birds.
Chioramphenicol treatment adversely affect the weight of bursa of Fabricius , spleen and thymus of birds. The normal dose of chioramphenicol slightly depressed the weight of immune organ than double dosage of chioramphenicol. Cycloposphamide treatment of birds in early life resulted in bursal atrophy and slight depression of splenic weight. The sera of untreated control vaccinated birds had higher antibody titres than chioramphenicol and cyclophospliatnide treated birds. The sera of chioramphenicol treated NDV vaccinated birds had lower antibdoy titres as compared to untreated control birds. The NDV vaccinated choramphenicol treated and NDV vaccinated cyelophosphamide treated birds had high post Nl)V challenge mortality than untreated control NDV vaccinated birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0556,T] (1).
113.
Assessment Of Microbicidal Efficacy Of Finvirus Uriach
by Shakil Akhtar | Dr.Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: A total of 84 fresh fertile hen eggs were obtained from the poultry farm near College of Veterinary Sciences (CVS), Lahore and 32 duck fertile eggs were obtained from the villages in the vicinity of Lahore. These eggs were incubated at 37°C in an automatic incubator for 11 days for the embryonic development. At the day 11 post incubation, the eggs were candled to confirm the presence of embryos. Eggs with dead embryos were discarded. The NDV, AIV and EDSV were obtained from Microbiology Section, C.V.S., Lahore and inoculated to the 11 day old embryonated eggs via allantoic sac route. After 72 hours allantoic fluid was collected and 4HA units of NDV, AIV and EDSV were calculated. Toxicity of a newly marketed disinfectant, Finvirus for developing chicken/duck embryos was determined and the efficacy of Finvirus uriach against NDV, AIV and EDSV was evaluated. In addition, phenol coefficient of "Finvirus" was calculated using Staphylococcus aureus. It was established that 0.5% dilution of Finvirus was not toxic to the embryo. From the findings of this investigation it was concluded that Finvirus uriach can inactivate NDV and AIV and EDS virus in minimum duration of 5 minutes at a concentration of 0.5%.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0580,T] (1).
114.
Studies On The Immunosuppresive Role Of Unsatisfactory Managemental Factors In Broilers
by Atta Bukhari | Dr.Muhammah Amin Sheikh | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad Akram Muneer | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The project concerning "Studies on the immuno-suppressive role of unsatisfactory managemental factors in broilers" was primarily planned to know, on scientific basis, the detrimental effects of unfavourable managemental conditions on health and performance of broiler birds. The birds were exposed to the stress of irregular feed and water supply and their maintenance on wet litter. rphe influence of various stress factors was assessed through determining HI tirs of specific antibodies against ND virus, weight gain of body and of lymphoid organs.
Prior to inducing stress, the birds of all the three treatment groups showed GMT of specific antibodies determined on 15th day of their age as 128.0 (Group A, irregular feed), 130.3 (Group B, irregular water), 129.3 (Group C, wet litter), which was quite similar to that of control group D, showing GMT of 128.6. At this stage the immune response of birds in various groups including control was almost uniform. The stress treatment was commenced on day 15 and the GMT values of all the treatment groups became inferior to control group on all the subsequent observation periods that is 22nd day (Group A, GMT 48.5, Group B 36.8, Group C 26.0, Group D 97.0), 38th day (Group A 13.6, Group B 8.0, Group C 5.3, Group D 48.5), 53rd day (Group A 9.2, Group B 5.3, Group C 4.6, Group D 18.4) of the age of birds. Amongst various stresses, wet litter exerted comparatively more harmful effects on immune competence of birds. Among the other two groups which were maintained at irregular water supply and irregular feed supply, the former had greater adverse influence on immune performance of the birds.
The body weight gain determined on periods prior to induction of stress showed negligible variation amongst various groups of birds. However, after induction of stress, there was variation in weight gain in between control group and each treatment group. The wet litter displayed highest .adverse influence on weight gain as compared to other two treatments. Similarly, irregular water supply was more harmful as compared to irregular feed supply. With regard to the influence on weight of lymphoici organs, the birds in all the three treatment groups had lesser values for the mean weights of bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen as compared to control group D, as determined on 56th day of their age. The difference was statistically significant. The mean liver weights of all the three treatment groups were lesser than the control group D. The variation was statistically significant.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0588,T] (1).
115.
Observations On Causative Agent(S) Of Hydropericardium Syndrome (Angara Disease) In Chickens
by Masood Rabbani | Dr. M. Akram Muneer | Dr. Ata-ur-Rehman Rizvi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) an avian adenovirus infection has been identified in poultry flocks all over Pakistan. This project was designed to study various aspects of HPS in terms of its aetiology (virus isolation, purification, and propagation in vitro), route of transmission, clinical picture, and pathology. In addition, identity of the contagium was confirmed through immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, biological titration, serotyping and molecular characterization. Attempts were also made to develop improved vaccines against the FIPS virus.
Investigation on purified HPS agent indicated that this isolate was a new avian adenovirus (AAV) pathotype belonging to serotype-4 of group-I. This isolate was named after Pakistan Agricultural Research Council-I as PARC-I isolates. The results of one-way virus neutralization test with reference AAV antisera (1-1 1) confirmed that the isolate designated as PARC-I isolate belonged to serotype-4. The AAV serotype-4 isolate has the potential to produce the immunoprecipitating and virus neutralizing antibodies.
It was observed that this isolate is capable of causing 1-IPS in broiler chicks. The lesions caused by this virus were identical to those of HPS observed under the field outbreaks. In embryonated chicken eggs, the isolate causes mortality, generalized mu scular congestion, hepatitis and stunted embryonic growth. This virus also causes typical cytopathic effects: rounding, moderate swelling and grape-like clustering upon inoculation onto chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells. The biological characterization indicated that the isolate PARC-I possessed standard properties of other known serotypes of AAV. Although, the new isolate is biologically and serologically identical to serotype-4 of AAV, it is more virulent than the previously known strains of serotype-4. The present work has further indicated that isolates obtained from different TIPS outbreaks over the last 10 years have identical in vitro and in vivo characteristics.
The polypeptide analysis using SDS-PAGE confirmed the identity of i-IPS virus as AAV. The protein pattern of prototype strain of serotype-4 is quite comparable with those of the new isolate. The protein Profile of the isolate PARC-i and eleven other AAV serotypes were also compared. The results indicated that there were seven dense identifiable protein bands on the gel. These virus polypeptides were designated as II, Ill, lIla, IV, IVa, V and VI with molecular weights of 120 Kd, 86 Kd, 65 Kd, 55 Kd, 48 Kd, 42 Kd and 24 Kd, respectively.
Western blotting was also performed to identify common immunogenic antigen (s) amongst the PARC-I isolate and other AAV serotypes of group- I. A total of 7 common bands of the same MW as seen in the gel were detectable in the lane of PARC-i isolate and the lanes of serotypes 1-1 1. In PARC-i lanes, one band above 120 Kd was seen reacting to the hyperimmune serum whereas, 2-3 such bands were detectable in other 1-I I serotypes ol' avian adenoviruses. The western blot studies indicated that at least five of the major proteins are conserved in the eleven AAV serotypes and PARC-i isolate. Although minor antigenic variations among different avian adenovirus serotypes existed no significant differences in the immunogenic proteins, among the eleven adenovirus serotypes, were observed except serotype-9, where 24 Kd band was uniquely present. The sharing of common antigens in various serotypes especially between serotype-9 and PARC-i isolate indicated that this serotype might be useful for developing heterotypic vaccine against HPS, as many field reports indicate failure of currently used vaccines to confer effective resistance in chickens especially 3-4 wks post FIPSV vaccination. One of the reasons of the persistence of HPS might be due to the absence of maternal immunity in broilers, as the breeders are neither properly immunized nor hyperimmunized against HPS.
All the four experimental vaccines provoked almost similar level of protection in the inoculated broiler chicks as they resisted virulent HPSV challenge on 25th day postvaccination. A decrease in protection levels from days 32 postchallenge onwards was evidenced by decrease in the corresponding antibody titre in the vaccinated chicks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0594,T] (1).
116.
Post Vaccinal, Observation In Lymphoidal, Organs (Bursa, Spleen, Thymus) Of Broiler Chicks Inoculated
by Shajeela Irum | Dr.Sameera Akhtar | Dr.Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Dr.Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a viral infection of chickens, causing degeneration of bursa of Fabricius and producing suppression in humoral immune response. Different vaccines are available in the market for mass scale immunization of chickens. Some contain more virulent and invasive strains than the others. Since the primary site of infection and inducement of lesions by IBDV is the hursa of Fabricius, the effect on the immune system may be significantly suppressive. This study compared two intermediate (228-E and BUR 706) and a mild (Gumborol CT) vaccinal strains of IBDV in terms of their ability to induce an antibody response and to cause damage to different lymphoid organs in chickens.
A total of 250 chicks (divided into 4 groups) were vaccinated with different strains of IBDV and the antibody levels were monitored using indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test every week post-vaccination upto 5 weeks. IHA revealed that the vaccinated with 228-E or BUR-706 had significantly higher antibody titers (GMT 8.0, 7.7, respectively) as compared to Gumborol CT vaccinated birds (GMT 3.0) on 35 days post-inoculation, On day 25 post-vaccination, some birds from each group were challenged with a fully virulent field strain of IBDV, to study whether the antibody levels were protective than the unvaccinated ones. Furthermore intermediate strains were found to be more damaging to the bursae and spleens than the milder one since lower bursal and splenic body weight ratios were recorded in them.
The study suggested the use of intermediate strains a vaccine since they induced high antibody titers as compared to that of the milder strain. However, more invasive and pathogenic intermediate strains used in this study caused more damage to the lymphoid organs harbouring B cells. So the need exists for an effective infectious bursal disease vaccine, low in virulence, which could be applied by a mass vaccination in chickens conferring excellent protection against the disease with minimum immunosuppressive effects.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0606,T] (1).
117.
Studies On Duration Of Maternally Derived Antibodies Against Pasteurella Multocida In Cow Calves
by Asim Khalid Mahmood | Dr.Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Dr.Sameera Akhtar | Dr.Shakil Akhtar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Haemorrhagic septicaemia, an important bacterial disease of buffaloes and cattle results due to infection of Pasteurella multocida. Undoubtedly improved management practices and regular vaccination programme has significantly contributed to lowering the incidence of the disease in our country, however, presently the outbreaks are mostly experienced in young animals, especially, calves (Sheikh et at., 1996). The present project was designed to have an idea regarding the actual period for which maternally derived antibodies were able to afford protection against any possible challenge of the infection. The study was conducted on thirty pregnant, randomly selected Sahiwal breed of cattle, maintained at Livestock Production and Research Institute, Okara. The serum samples of the vaccinated pregnant cows were collected before parturition and before the feeding of colostrum to young one. The serum samples of the calves were collected once before taking colostrum immediately after parturition and the subsequent samples were collected six hours, 72 hours, 15 days, 30 days, 45 days and 60 days after consuming colostrum. The processing of the samples for the detection of specific antibodies against P. multocida was carried out through Indirect Haemagglutination. As the dams were vaccinated they showed a high antibody titre.
The starting result was the presence of antibodies in the serum of calves without the consumption of colostrums indicating the transfer of antibodies through the placenta from the dam's blood to the calf. The highest titre in the calves was recorded between 15 to 30 days of life and ultimately it dropped to zero at the age of 60 day after the consumption of colostrums.
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118.
Studies On Comparative Immune Response Of Broiler Chicken To Different Imported Live Infectious Bursal Disease
by Tariq Mehmood Shaukat | Dr.Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Dr.Sameer Akhtar | Dr.Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0626,T] (1).
119.
Determination Of Protective Level Of Specific Antibodies Against Pasteurella Multocida In Vaccinated Cattle
by Shahid Nasir | Dr.Muhammad Aamin Sheikh | Dr.Kamran | Dr.Sameera Akhtar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was conducted on cattle to determine the protective level of specific antibodies against Pasteurella multocida. In this experiment a total of 50 animals were used, maintained at Livestock Production Research Institute (LPRI), Bahadarnagar, 0 kara. Fifty animals were vaccinated with alum precipitated formalized broth culture bacterin vaccine procured from Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Lahore with a dose rate of 5 ml subcutaneously per animal.
rrhirty of fifty animals randomly were bled for collection of their serum sample on day 0 i.e. before vaccination and thereafter every two weeks post-vaccination till 16 weeks of vaccination are covered. The serum were processed for knowing the specific antibodies against Pasteurella multocida at various stages post- vaccination by IHA test.
The protective level of the specific antibodies against a challenge inoculum of virulent strain of P. multocida Robert's type-I was determined by passive mouse protection (PMP) test. The sera representing each titre of specific antibodies against P.multocida were used for passive immunization of 30 mice prior to their challenge.
GMT value on day 0 i.e. before vaccination was 22.6. The maximum 104 GMT registered on 42' day post-vaccination. Thereafter a decline in titre commenced and titres recorded for 8th 10th, 12th 14th and 16th week post-vaccination included 97, 64, 32,
21.1 and 14.9, respectively.
The sera with indirect haemagglutination (IHA) titre of 1:16 and above protected 100% of the challenged mice and with IHA titre 1:8, 80% protection and sera with IHA titre of 1:4 and below could not survive and 100% mortality was observed and all control mice died in response to challenge.
The maximum individual titre developed was found to be 1:256 and minimum individual titre was found to be 1:4 . The result of this study indicated a great relationship in IHA and PMP tests.
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120.
Standardization Of Indirect Haemagglutination Test For Surveillance Of Antibodies To Mycoplasma Capri
by Shaukat Ali | Dr.Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Dr.Asif Rabbani | Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The present study was carried out to standardize indirect haemagglutination test for surveillance of antibodies against Mycoplasma capri. The Mvconlasma mvcoides sub species capri strain PG3, procured from Veterinary Research Institute, Quetta was used as antigen in the test. The strain was processed for its optimal growth in brain heart infusion broth and subsequently developed into an oil based vaccine for raising hyperimmune serum in the rabbit. The titre of the latter was made a base for knowing influence of various factors to be studied.
The factors examined included the antigen dilution to sensitize erythrocytes, nature and concentration of coupling agent (Tannic acid, glutaraldehyde), source of erythrocytes, interaction time and temperature.
One percent sheep and human group 'O' erythrocytes sensitized with antigeh through tannic acid concentration of 0.5% in phosphate buffer saline at 37oC for 10 minutes gave a titre respectively of 1:64 and 1:16.
None of the tannic acid concerntrations used (0.5, 0.05, 0.005%) sensitized poultry erythrocytes with antigen at either time interaction.
All the various glutaradehyde concentrations used (0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.5%) were unable to sensitize erythrocytes, with antigen, irrespective of the source concerned i.e. sheep, human or poultry sources.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0637,T] (1).
121.
Preparation And Evaluation Of Inactivated Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccine
by Tajammal Hussain | Dr.Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Dr.Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The Live attenuated infectious bronchitis H-120 vaccinal strain virus (Biotech) was purchased and processed in the Microbiology Laboratory, college of Veterinary Sciences Lahore, for vaccine preparation. For this purpose harvesting of virus, ETD5O, inactivation of fluid. Safety and Sterility testing was done. The virus grow in embryonated chicken eggs with E1D50 was 10 5.16/mi. An oil-based lB vaccine was prepared by mixing one part of the AAF with 4 part of the oil-base. The oil base contained 4 percent emulsifier (Span 80). The vaccine thus prepared from the virus which commonly present in Pakistan in layers and broilers. The cost of the vaccine production was Rs.463/bottle (1000 doses) compared to Rs.2000/bottle of imported vaccine.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0651,T] (1).
122.
Effect Of Myco Ad On Immune Response Of Broiler Chickens Against Newcastle Disease Virus
by Raza Younas, M | Dr. Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present project was aimed at knowing the ability of Mycoad in countering the ill effects on the health of broiler chicken, offered feed possessing acceptable levels of aflatoxins. The study was conducted on 140 birds, divided into two groups designated as A and B each given further sub-division into Al and A2, B1 and B2, all comprising equal number of birds. Groups Al and B1 were given plain feed and groups A2 and B2 were given medicated feed. The aflatoxin level of each feed sample was estimated prior to their use. The feed fed to group A birds had its aflatoxin level as 41.0 PPb, whereas the feed given to group II birds had 37.6 PPb of aflatoxin. The ill effects on the birds were determined on the basis of feed conversion ratio (FCR) values and immune response against ND virus.
The immune response of the birds given plain feed was poorer as compared to those winch were given Myco-ad treated feed. The GMT values of specific antibodies of the group Al birds came to be 36.8, 22.6, 8.6 respectively on 14th, 28th and 42nd day of the age of
birds, whereas group A2 birds had these values as 39.54, 29.69 and
11.64. The same was true for group B birds, where 111 birds gave
GMT values of 37.28, 26.64 and 41.92, respectively on 14th, 28th and
42nd day of the age of birds and B2 birds gave their values as 39.54,
29.69 and 11.64.
The FCR values based findings were also in support of birds given Myco-ad treated feed. The group Al birds gave their values as
1.26, 1.55, 1.77, 1.98, 242 and 2.32, respectively on 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, 35th and 42nd day of the age of birds, whereas group A2 birds gave their values as 1.19, 1.50, 1.73, 1.96, 2.06 and 2.24. Similarly, group [11 birds showed FCR values of 1.29, 1.63, 1.73, 1.94, 2.08 and
2.40, respectively on 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, 35th and 42nd day of their life, whereas group 132 birds gave their values as 1.17, 1.50, 1.68, 1.92, 2.03 and 2.24.
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123.
Comparative Sensitivity Of Agpt, Iha & Elisa In Determing The Antibody Response Against Ibd Virus Using Intermediate Plus (Hot) Strain 228E and Bur706
by Asim, M | Dr . Muhammad Naeem | Dr . Khalid | Dr . Muhammad Akram Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The present project was aimed at determining the comparative sensitivity of AGPT, IHA and ELISA. By determining the maternal antibody titre against IBDV. The protective efficacy of vaccines 228-E, BUR-706 and Gumboral CT was also evaluated by challenging the vaccinated birds with virulent IBD virus. A total of 200 day-old birds were randomly divided into four equal groups designated A, B, C and D. Chicks of group A, B and C were vaccinated with 228-F, BUR-706 and Gumboral CT, respectively. Group B served as un-vaccinated control.
ELISA was found more sensitive than AGPT and IHA in determining maternal antibody titre. Higher antibody titres were produced by 228-F compared to BUR-706 and Gumboral CT, respectively. Maximum mean ELISA titres in group A, B, C and D on day 35 were 10,080, 8539, 7022 and 537, respectively.
Decline in maternal antibody titre was observed weekly. AGPT could detect it up to day 14, while IHA up to day 2] and ELISA up to day 35.
228-F [Intermediate Hot (Plus) strain] provided maximum protection in vaccinated birds when challenged on day 20 and day 35 post-vaccination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0675,T] (1).
124.
Passive Immuniation Of Newcastle Disease Virus Infected Birds
by Raheel Arshad | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Dr . Khalid | Dr . Sa meera Akhtar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Present study was designed to determine the contribution of maternal immunity against the Newcastle disease (ND). In the study two hundred and ten white leghorn cockerels were used. A velogenic ND virus field isolate was used for the challenge. Lethal Dose 50 (LD5O) of the velogenic strain of ND virus was calculated which was 10.727. Maternal antibody levels of the chicks were determined on weekly basis by using the haemaggldtination inhibition (HI) test. The maternal geometric mean HI titre recorded at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of the age of birds were 147, 157.6, 22.6, 13 and 2.6 respectively. The protection offered by maternal immunity in chicks challenged with 100 LD50 at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age was, 100, 100, 70, 10 and 0 percent respectively. It was concluded that birds having maternal hurnoral immunity more than 64 GMT showed 100% protection to challenge infection. The effect of immunized egg yolk to ND infected birds was also studied. The HI titre of immunized yolk was determined and then different HI units of the immunized yolk were prepared with normal saline. It was observed that egg yolk (1 ml, 64 HI units) injected to ND challenged birds showed 100% protection as compared to that of control group (given 1 ml of 0 HI units of the yolk). The cost of the production of immunized yolk was also determined that was Rs.0.35 / dose (1 ml : 64 HI units).
From the study, it was inferred that the hyper immunized yolk can be used as therapeutic agent to cure the ND infected birds.
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125.
Immuno Prophylaxis Of Entrerotoxaemia In Sheep And Goats
by Shahzad Jawed | Dr . Muhammad Naeem | Dr . Asif | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The present project was designed to study the comparative efficacy of three different adjuvant (Potassium aluminium sulphate, Aluminium hydroxide gel and mineral oil) for enhancing the immune potential of enterotoxaemia (combined) vaccine. T)ifferent standard biological media alongwith the supplementation of amino acids, minerals, plants and animal extracts and special modified formulated media were used for the production of alam precipitated vaccine, aluminium hydroxide gel adsorbed vaccine and oil adjuvant vaccine.
It was concluded that addition of various ingredients, including yeast extracts, trace elements, amino acids, plants and animal extract, and cystine hydrochloride in proper concentration, increased the level of prototoxin and toxin in culture media due to the availability of essential required nutrients. Mouse model was chosen to study the safety and potency test of all the vaccines. The potency of all three vaccines was compared. In this experiment alam precipitated vaccine proved inferior to aluminium hydroxide gel adsorbed and oil adjuvant vaccine. In case of oil based vaccine especially in sheep the IHA antibody was significant in vaccine having potency of 750 HU/ml but on the other hand vaccine have potency 250 and 500 HU/ml were proved non significant, and the day 45 was proved significant in developing the antibody titre than that of 15 and 30 days. Same the picture was observed in case of goals that oil adjuvant vaccine was significant that of aluminized and toxoid adsorbed vaccine. It was observed that the protection afforded to goats by multivalent clostridial vaccine was higher than afforded to sheep.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0683,T] (1).
126.
Passive Immunization Of Infectious Bursal Disease Infected Broiler Chicks
by Fazli Rabbi | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Dr . Khalid | Dr . Muhammad Akram Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a common problem in commercial unvaccinated birds and causing heavy economical losses to the poultry industry. Chicken layers when primed with oil based 113D vaccine at age of 13 weeks and boosted with the same vaccine at 15 weeks of age showed high titre of yolk agar gel precipitating (AGPT) antibodies against IBD virus when tested on 21 and 28 weeks of age. Storage temperature (+4°C and -20°C) had undetectable effects on the physical properties (color and smell) and AGPT titres of the hyperimmunized yolk contnining 0.5% forrnalin (v/v). r[he AGPT antibody titre of the hyperimmunized yolk had good correlation with the enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELTSA) titre of 113D virus antibodies (r: 0.92). The IBD infected broilers (28 days old) when passively immunized with the yolk (one ml: 64 AGPT units of IBD antibody titre) induced 80% recovery as compared to that of untreated (control) birds. It is anticipated that the hyperimmunized yolk may he used as a therapeutic agent to cure the IBD infected birds.
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127.
Preparation & Evaluation Of Alum Precipitated & Oil Based Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Vaccines
by Dr . Khushi Muhammad Zulfiqar Ali | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Dr . Asif | Dr . Lrshad Hussain | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Pasteurcila multocida was isolated and characterised on the basis of cultural biochemical serological and pathogenicitytests.The dense culture of the organism was achieved in a fermenter that was provided sterilized air during incubation. Two types of the formalin inactivated Pastcurclla multocida vaccines (oil-based and alum precipitated) were prepared and their efficacy was evaluated in bovine. It was observed that oil-based haemorrhagic septicacmia (HS) vaccine induced high level of indirect haemalutiiiating (IHA) antibodies in the vaccinated cattle which persisted for more than 6 months. In contrast, alum precipitated HS vaccine induced immunity breakdown in the cattle with high titres of IHA antibodies while induced mw level of IHA antibodies, which persisted for 4 months.
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128.
A Comparative Evaluation Of Sodium Alginate, Potasium Aluminium For Enhancing The Immunogenic Response Of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Vaccine
by Tariq Mahmood Khan, Major | Dr . Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr . Asif | Dr . Sameera Akhtar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present project was designed to study the comparative efficacy of three different adjuvants (Potassium aluminum sulphate, mineral oil and sodium alginate) for enhancing the immune potential of haemorrhagic septicemia vaccines. A special media was prepared for the production of alum precipitated vaccine, sodium alginate vaccine and oil adjuvant vaccine. It was concluded that addition of various ingredients, including yeast extracts, cane sugar, sodium chloride and casein hydrolysate in proper concentration, increased the number of bacterial population in culture media and HS organism developed its full antigenic characteristics due to availability of essential required nutrients. Mouse model was chosen to study the safety and potency test of all the three vaccines. The potency of all three vaccines was compared and calculated by a standard method of Ose and Muenstar (1968). In this experiment APV proved inferior to SAV and OAV with the log protection value of 3.2 and 3.6. Sodium alginate vaccine gave better results with log protection value of 3.9 and 4, but slightly inferior to that of oil adjuvant vaccine. However, a plus point of this vaccine is that it is easy to prepare and simple to administer. The alginate alone is non immunogenic, it forms a stable, colloidal transparent solution in water and is devoid of disadvantages in commonly used chemical oil adjuvant. Oil adjuvant vaccine provides much better results with log protection value of 5.2 and 5.8 as compared to APV and SAV. After storage at room temperature, only 1.2 % separation of oil phase occurred being for less than the tolerable limit of 5%. The final product formed was creamy and whitish in colour and evenly adhered to the surface of glass bottle. Undoubtedly advantages of alginate vaccine lie in the simplicity and easy administration but the immunity conferred by oil adjuvant vaccine is of longer duration.
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129.
Studies On Sodium Alginate And Other Adjuvants For Improving Efficacy Of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Vaccine
by Khalid Mahmood Shad | Dr . Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr . Haji Ahmad | Dr . Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present study was conducted on 80 cow and buffalo calves to determine the effect of incorporation of sodium alginate, potassium aluminum sulphate and liquid paraffin on the immunogenicity of H.S. vaccines. The study was carried out 3 months old cow calves and buffalo calves (40 each). The calves were divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D comprising ten animals of each species. Group B, C and D were innoculated with oil adjuvants vaccine, potassium aluminium sulphate vaccine and sodium alignate vaccine respectively, while group A wa kept unvaccinated control. The blood samples were collected for IHA antibody titre on day one i.e. before vaccination and then fortnightly post vaccination till the end of the project i.e. 90th day.
The IHA antibody titre of all experimental animals on day one was nearly same ranging from GMT 7.20-11.20. After vaccination IHA antibody titre rose, in all groups of vaccinated animals of both species to GMT 192.00-204.80, 128.00-147.00 and 108.00 in groups B, C and D, respectively. The maximum GMT antibody titre was observed in group B followed by D and C. The IHA antibody titre in group A remained nearly the same as on day 1. The antibody titre was significantly higher (P<0.01) in vaccinated groups than non vaccinated group. While in group B (OAV) IHA antibody titre was significantly higher (P<0.05) than group C (PAV) and D (SAV). But the plus point with SAV is that, it is very simple to prepared, easy to stoe and administred, and have a longer shelf life.
From these findings it can be concluded that oil adjuvant vaccine provided better immunity to both buffalo calves and cow calves, as only one shot of this vaccine could protect an animal for one year. However, there is need for further investigation.
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130.
Studies Of The Production And Detection Of Haemolytic Toxin In In Vitro Culture Of Clostridium Perfringens Type D
by Bakht Sultan | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Dr . Haji Ahmad | Dr . Sameera Akhtar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Physicochemical factors modulating the production of haemolysin in culture of Clostridium perfringens (type-D) were evaluated. It was observed that toxin was produced in all the three media. The maximum titer of (4184) was achieved in RCM. The titer in thioglycollate was 2088 and in RCM with K2HPO4 were 1248 after 24 hours incubation. It was observed that pH 6.5, 7.0 and 7.5 of the medium before incubation resulted 1024, 4184 and 1576 haemolytic titers. Anaerobic environment and neutral pH during incubation augmented the haemolysin production in the culture. Trypsin 0.1 percent in the culture filtrate converted the prototoxin into haemolysin which exhibited maximum lytic activity in 60 minutes interaction time. Trypsin solution (1 percent) alone failed to induce haemolysis while the haemolysin showed maximum haemolytic activity at 37°C. The trypsinised culture supernatant (haemolysin) induced lysis of erythrocytes of sheep, goat, horse and chicken.
The resultant high titer of haemolysin unveiled the propects of preparation of combined vaccines for sheep and goats.
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131.
Preparation And Evaluation Of Newcastle Disease Virus (Mesogenic Strain) Oil Based Vaccine
by Shafi Ullah Chand | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Dr . Sameera Akhtar | Dr . Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present work was proposed to prepare oil based Newcastle disease virus vaccine and to compare its efficacy with imported vaccines. An oil based ND vaccine was prepared using moderately virulent strain of NDV. The virus was cultured in chicken embryos. The allanto-amniotic fluid, chorioallantoic membrane and infected embryo (virus suspension) was subjected to titration. The HA titer of allanto-amniotic fluid (AAF), chorloallantoic membrane (CAM) and embryo was upto 512, 1024 and 2048, respectively. The MD50 was calculated to be 1088/0.1ml.
Effect of temperature on its keeping quality was determined by estimation of its HA potential at various intervals. The AAF was processed for inactivation, sterility and safety tests. Formalin at a rate of 0.12% inactivated the NDV in 48 hours at 37°C. Addition of antibiotic such as gentarnycin and nystatin inhibited common contaminants. An oil based NDV vaccine was prepared by mixing one part of processed AAF in 4 parts of oil base. The oil base contained 4% emulsifier span-80 and 1% tween-80. The vaccine thus prepared from moderately virulent strain was antigenically comparable with the imported ND vaccine. The cost of vaccine production using moderately virulent NDV was Rs.463/bottle (1000 doses) compared to RS.1250/- per bottle of imported vaccine. The price of one ml diagnostic antigen was calculated at Rs.2/ml.
The results of present project encourage to develop an economical and effective oil based ND vaccine and diagnostic HA NDV antigen.
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132.
A Study On Physico Chemical Actors Affecting The Survial Of Avian Influenza (H9 N2) Virus
by Tehmina Sadaf | Dr . Sameera Akhtar | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Dr . Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: A total of 310 chicken embryos (9 day old) were purchased from local market. The embryos were incubated at 37°C. On eleventh day of age avian influenza virus (H9 N2) for its propagation was inoculated in 10 chicken embryos. The four haemagglutination titer (4HA) of the virus was prepared to observe the response to various physical and chemical factors. Physical factors included were temperature, pH and UV (280 nm) light. The virus, exposed to the physical factors for different time intervals was inoculated into embryos through allantoic route. These embryos were kept in an incubator (37°C) for 72 hours. Later on the allantoic amniotic fluid (AAF) from each inoculated embryos subjected to spot haemagglutination test. The virus endured 56 °C temperature for 15 and 30 minutes while got inactivated in 45 minutes. More over virus survived at pH 7 for 15, 30 and 45 minutes but lost its HA activity at pH 5 and 9 in 15, 30 and 45 minutes. It was further examined that virus survived after 60 minutes exposure UV light but inactivated after 90 minutes. The disinfectants formalin, phenol, iodine solution and fin virus were used in 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% concentrations. The 4HA titer of virus was mixed in various concentrations of chemical disinfectants and was inoculated into embryonated eggs. The AAF of these eggs was subjected to spot agglutination test. The results of the test showed that all four chemicals formalin, phenol, iodine and fin virus inactivated the virus in 0.5% concentration in 15 minutes and all have good antiviral activity against avian influenza virus.
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133.
Immune Response Of Chicks To Inactivated Avian Influenza Virus H9N2 Vaccine And Vitamin E Supplementation
by Zahid Munir | Dr.Masood Rabbani | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Miss Sameera Akhtar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken with the objectives to isolate and characterize avian influenza virus (A IV) involved in high morbidity and mortality in chicken flocks in Karachi area. AIV H9N2 type was isolated from the morbid tissue sample. Inactivated alum precipitated and oil adjuvanted vaccines were prepared from local isolate and inoculated to two groups of chicken. One of AIV-H9N2 vaccine inoculated group was also supplemented with vitamin in feed.
This study indicates that AIV-H9N2 was immunogenic and the experimental chicks were immunocompetent as the vaccinated chicks indicated humoral antibodies in their sera. On day 49 the AIV-HI titer range recorded in the serum samples of chicks from group Ai were 64- 256, and titers in sera from group A2 were 64-256. The supplementation of vitamin-E indicated vitamin-E as an anti-stress agent and improved weight gains and FCR in the chicks of group A2. The mean body weights of chicks in group B (control), Ai (vaccinated untreated) and A2 (vaccinated and vitamin-E supplemented) at 63rd day of age were 1750,1750 and 1850 grams respectively. Statistical analysis of the mean thymus body weight, bursal body weight and spleenic body weight indices from treatment groups Ai and A2 and those untreated control B group were significantly different from each other using LSD test (p>0.05).
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134.
Serological Response Of Broilers To Adjuvant Containing Avian Influenza Virus (H9 Type) Vaccine
by Aayesha Riaz Malik | Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Dr.Muhammad Akram Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Avian Influenza due to subtype AIV (H9 N2) caused high mortality in breeder, layer and broilers in different regions of Pakistan, during 1998 and 1999. AIV was obtained from Olympia laboratories, Lahore Road Sheikhupura. The virus was characterized by cultural characteristics in chicken embryos, virus induced death of chicken embryos within 48-72 hours post inoculation. Virus in AAF showed 1-IA titer 1:1024, while its Eli)50 was 1W 84/ml. Virus neutralization test confirmed the virus as AIV (1-19 N2).
Virus was inactivated by 0.12% formalin and then 3 adjuvant containing A1V (119 N2) vaccines were prepared with inactivated virus. The vaccines were (a) Alum precipitated Al vaccine (AP-AIV) (b) Aluminum hydroxide gel Al vaccine (AH-AIV) (c) Oil based Al vaccine (0B-AIV). Oil based vaccine was prepared with hydrophile lipophile balance (HLB) values between 5,8 and 9. The vaccine with HLB value 8 was the most stable.
Four groups of broiler birds were divided as A. B, C and D (10 birds each). 013- AIV was inoculated in birds of group A at 10th day of age and no boosting of it was required. Birds of group A showed high level of Ill antibody titer till 6 weeks of age. When AP-AIV and AHl-AIV were injected in birds of group II and C' respectively at 5' day of age and boosting with AP-A1V and AH-AIV at 14th1 day of age respectively, then birds of group B and C displayed effective antibody level till the 5 week of age
However unvaccinated birds (control group) were negative to HI antibody titer. Cumulative geometric mean titre (CGMT) of 0B-AIV. AH-AIV and AP-AIV were 124.86. 63.56 and 67.74 respectively, while the standard deviation (P>0.05) from the mean of OB-AlV, AH-AIV and AP-AIV was 78.92, 40.56 and 36.13 respectively which showed that AH-AIV and AP-AIV were non significantly different. The result indicated that each of the adjuvant containing vaccine was effective to inchice anti-HI antibody.
The cost of three vaccines was calculated and these were 285.2 Rs. for AP-AIV, 287 Rs. for AH-AIV and 365 Rs. for OB-AIV for 1000 doses of vaccines. The oil-based vaccine was cost effective and quality conscious. It is recommended for all types of commercial birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0723,T] (1).
135.
Prevalence Of Bovine Tuberculosis In Cattle And Buffaloes
by Naveed Akhtar, M | Dr.Masood Rabbani | Dr.Hamid Jalil | Dr.Muhammad Akram Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Bovine tuberculosis is of great zonootic importance. The present project was designed to study the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle and buffaloes. Suspected population of live animals were screened out by intradermal tuberculin (IDT) test. Lungs suspected of tuberculosis were collected from the Lahore Slaughter House, for isolating the TB organism. Dogs brought to the Dog Hospital, C.V.S., Lahore were also checked for the presence of TB.
A total of 344 cattle and buffaloes were tested by IDT test. Twenty five (7%) animals were observed as positive to IDT test and seven (2%) animals were tested as doubtful. Milk and faecal samples were collected from the positive animals however none of the samples was positive for mycobacterium by microscopic or cultural examinations.
On microscopic examination of 20 lung samples only four (20%) lungs indicated the presences of acid-fast bacilli. While on culture examination 14 strains were detected. All the 14 strains were inoculated into rabbits intravenously to study the pathogenicity. Thirteen isolates were found to be pathogenic for rabbits. On postmortem examination there were typical tubercles on the lungs of rabbits.
Twenty five dogs were tested by IDT test. Two dogs i.e. 8% were found to be positive for tuberculosis. From the study it was concluded that tuberculosis is quite common in animals. Strong measures should be taken by Government and private authorities to eradicate disease from animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0724,T] (1).
136.
Studies On Comparative Efficacy Of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Vaccines In Buffalo Calves
by Hassan, M | Dr.Sameera Akhtar | Dr.Masood Rabbani | Dr.Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: A total of eighty buffalo calves maintained at Livestock Production and Research Institute, Bahadurnagar, Okara were immunized againt HS vaccines. Alum precipitated HS vaccines were procured from Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Lahore, Hira Pharmaceuticals (HPL), Lahore and Sindh Poultry Vaccine (SPy), Karachi. The oil based HS vaccine was procured from Nuclear Institute of Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad. The immune status of animals were studied using indirect haemaggluti nation test (lilA) and mouse protection test. The sera of the animals were examined for lilA titres on day zero (before vaccination) and thereafter on 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th, 75th and 90th day post vaccination.
All the test gave zero titre on day 0. A very poor immune response (GMT 2.1, 4.3, 2.8 and 2.1 for vaccines of NIAB, VRI, HPL and SPy, respectively) was observed on 15th day post vaccination. Maximum IHA geometric mean titres alutu precipitated vaccines of VRI, IIPL and SPV GMT 64, 64 and 52, respectively were recorded on 45th day post vaccination. Thereafter a decline in the titre commenced and titre recorded on 90th day for VRI, HPL and SPV were GMT 22.6, 22.6 and 14.9, respectively. The sera of animal vaccinated with oil based HS vaccine of NIAB showed high antibody titer than alum precipitated HS vaccines. The increase in antibody titre was gradual upto 90th day post vaccination. The IHA GMT was 73.3 on 45th day post-vaccination but titer was increased upto 90.5 on 90th day post vaccination. The sera having IHA titre of 1:16 and above protected 100% of challenged mice. The sera having titre 1:8 protected 80% challenged mice, but the scm with lilA titre 1:4 conferred no protection to the passively immunized mice. Furthermore, control animals lost their lives in response to challenge inoculum as 100% mortality was recorded. A strong relationship between IHA Litre and mouse protection test was found. The oil based HS vaccine gave better and long lasting immunity upto a period of 90 days. The alum precipitated vaccines gave a dismal picture and necessitates attempt for its improvement and switching over to other vaccines which may give long lasting immunity.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0725,T] (1).
137.
Effect Of Various Growth Promoting Antibiotics On The Immune And Digestive Systems Of Broiler Chickens
by Shahan Azeem | prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr. Sameera Akhtar | Dr. Talat | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the effects of growth promoting antibiotics on immune and digestive systems of broiler chickens. This study indicated that un-medicated un-vaccinated chickens had the higher body weights than the vaccinated un-medicated or medicated chickens.
Flavomycin, Lincomycin and Zinc bacitracin did not adversely affect the mean weights of spleen, thymus and livers of experimental chickens. However, the use of lincomycin, adversely affected the weight of bursa of' Fabricius. Furthermore, the use of Flavoinycin, Lincomycin and Zinc bacitracin did not have any adverse effects on the development of antibody titers against NDV and AIV. The total viable microflora counts of different treatment groups were not different from each other.
Evaluation of the economics of flocks at the end of the experiment indicated that un-medicated, un-vaccinated groups had higher profit returns and the Lincomycin medicated, vaccinated groups demonstrated lowest profit.
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138.
Passive Immunization Of Avian Influenza Virus Infected Broiler Chicks
by Muhamad Mahmood Mukhtar | Dr. Masood RAbbani | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Present study was conducted to determine the contribution of passive immunization against avian influenza disease. In this study, ten layer birds were vaccinated thrice at 21 days interval, using oil based avian influenza v irus (AIV: H7 type) vaccine. A high titer of anti-Al V-antibodies in blood serum and egg yolk of these birds was determined on 20(11 day post-boosting using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. A virulent avian influenza virus (H7 type) with mean embryo infective dose (E1D50) of l0 was used for challenging the birds. The hyperimmune serum and hyperimmune egg yolk (1ml, 128 HI units) injected to avian influenza virus (H7 type) challenged broiler chicks showed 100% protection as compared to that of virus control group (given I ml of 0 HI units of serum and yolk). Moreover, it was found suitable to passively immunize the birds before exposure or simultaneously with the exposure of avian influenza virus. The cost of the production of hyperimmune egg yolk was calculated as Rs. 0.43 per dose (1ml: 128 HI units), which was quite economical as compared to other chemotherapies. It is concluded that the hyperimmune serum and hyperimmune yolk can therapeutically be used to cure the avian influenza virus (H7 type) infected birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0776,T] (1).
139.
Passive Immunization Against Hydropericardium Syndrome Infected Broilers
by Ghazanfar khalid | Dr. Khushi Muhamad | Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Shakeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: In this project, passive immunization against hydropericardium syndrome virus (HPSV) infected broiler chicks was studied. The hyperimmune yolk and serum were raised in commercial layers by priming and boosting with formaldehyde inactivated HPSV vaccine. It was found that yolk and serum collected from the layers showed high titres of indirect haemagglutination (IHA) antibodies against HPS virus. Lethal dose 50 (LD50) of the HPS virus infected liver homogenate was calculated to be 1O-55/ml.
It was noted that the broiler chicks (26 days old) receiving yolk containing 256, 128, 64 and 32 units of IHA-anti-HPSV antibodies and virulent HPSV, simultaneously showed 100%, 100%, 100% and 60% protection. While the broiler chicks receiving serum containing 128, 64, 32 and 16 units of IHA anti-HPSV antibodies and virulent HPSV, simultaneously showed 100%, 100%, 40% and zero protection. The birds receiving yolk and serum of control group showed zero protection. It was observed that egg yolk (lml, 64 IHA-anti HPSV-antibodies) injected 24 hours before, at the same time and after 24 hours to HPSV challenged broilers showed 100% protection. While the clinically healthy birds 48 hours post challenge infection showed 60% protection and birds showing signs of the disease showed 20% protection.
The cost of the production of hyperimmune yolk was Rs. 0.50/dose (lml: 64 IHA units of anti-HPSV antibodies).
It was concluded that hyperimmune yolk could be used to cure the HPSV infected birds if administered immediately in the affected flocks.
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140.
Comparative Immunogenicity Of Different Hydropericardium Syndrome (Hps) Vaccines In Broiolers
by Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Sameera Akhtar | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Shakeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Formaldehyde inactivated hydro-pericardium syndrome (HPS) vaccine without any adjuvant (F-HPS), an oil based HPS vaccine (0- HPS) and alum precipitated HPS vaccine (A-HPS) were prepared and comparative immunogenicity was evaluated in broilers. These vaccines were injected to each bird of groupG1, 02 and G3 sub-cutaneously on 14t day of their age, respectively while the birds of group G4 were kept non-HPS vaccinated control. Each of the bird of each group was also vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus-NDV (LaSota strain: eye droppings) while birds of group G5 served as ND non vaccinated control.
Each of the vaccine induced detectable level of anti-HPS virus indirect haemagglutination (IHA) antibody titre. The 0-HPS vaccine induced higher titre ofthe anti-HPSV-IHA antibody titre that of F-HPS and A-HPS vaccines. All of the three vaccines induced resistance in the birds that showed 100% protection when were given challenge infection on 14 days post-vaccination while the birds of control group showed zero percent protection. At the time of challenge infection, anti- Newcastle disease virus haemagglutination inhibition (ND V-HI) antibody titres were same in the HPS vaccinated and un-vaccinated broilers.
It is concluded that all the vaccines induced effective immunity in the birds. The 0-HPS vaccine induced higher levels of anti-HPS virus IHA antibody titres than that of F-HPS and A-HPS vaccines. Moreover, non of the vaccine induced detectable level of immuno-modulatory effect on the anti-NDV-HI antibody titre of birds to NDV vaccine.
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141.
Immunomodulatory Effects Of Multistrain Probiotic (Protexin)Tm On Broiler Chickens Vaccinated Against Infectious Bursal Disese Virus
by Shamoon Nseem | Dr.Sameera Akhtar | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram Muneer | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: A project was conducted to study the immunomodulatory effects of multistrain probiotic (ProtexinTM) on broiler chickens vaccinated against infectious bursal disease virus. ProtexinTM was offered in feed to the broiler chickens from day 1 to day 49 of age. The parameters used to evaluate the effects of ProtexinTM on broiler chicks were body weight gain, FOR, weight of lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen and immune response to IBDV vaccination, overall mortality and post virulent IBD challenge mortality and morbidity. The results showed that the ProtexinTM treated groups had high live body weight gain than the ProtexinTM non treated groups. Similarly, the feed conversion ratio of ProtexinTM treated groups was lower than the ProtexinTM non treated groups. The results showed that the ProtexinTM had no significant effect on the bursal body weight ratio, spleenic body weight ratio and thymic body weight ratio. The mean ELISA antibody titers of probiotic treated groups were significantly higher than that of chicken receiving no probiotic. No post challenge morbidity and mortality was recorded in ProtexinTM treated groups but negligible overall morbidity and mortality was recorded in ProtexinTM groups as compared to untreated groups% Furthermore, birds fed on probiotic (ProtexinTM) resulted in maximum profit and were proved economical.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0788,T] (1).
142.
Bacteriological Examination Of Camel (Camelus Dromedarius) Milk With Particular Reference To Public Health
by Muhammad Ishaq | Dr. masood Rabbani | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. M. Akram Muneer | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present research was envisaged to study the bacteriological profile of raw camel's milk. A total of 50 milk samples were collected directly from the udders of healthy she-camels from various areas of Punjab and were examined for total viable counts (TVC), coliform counts (CC), effect of storage period on total viable counts and coliform counts, using milk ring test (MRT) for brucellosis and In-vitro antibiotic sensitivity tests for the isolates.
All the samples were found negative for milk ring test (MRT) and hence for Brucella abortus. Standard plate count was in the range of 1 .39x 10 to 2. 13x107 c.f.u./ml. The mean standard plate count remained 2. 1x106 C. f. u. /ml. The coliform count was in the range of 3 . 2x iO to 5 . 9x104 c . f.u.Iml. The overall mean for coliforms count remained 3 . 9x104 c . f.u . /ml.
The effect of storage period on standard plate count upto 12 hours was zero. At 24 hours, increase was not very high and it remained in the range of 0.008 % to 1.72% organisms per ml of milk. At 36 hours increase was in the range of 0.008% to 4.95%. Similarly the effect of storage period on coliform count was studied and it showed no increase in the number of organisms per ml upto 12 hours of storage. At 24 hours coliform count increase was in the range of 1.75% to 6.06% organisms/mi. At 36 hours, increase was in the range of 2.38 % to 9.09% organisms/mi. It showed that the storage period had no serious effect on the standard plate count and coliform count. Standard plate count (SPC) showed that 48 % samples gave between 1 .01x105 - 9.5x105 organisms per ml. which was not according to international standard of good quality raw milk. Of the total samples, 42 % gave the coliform count between 3 .2x103 - 6.2x103 organisms per ml which fulfilled the international standard of good quality raw milk.
Different types of colonies on milk agar, nutrient agar and MacConkey's agar were purified and identified. The species isolated from all the milk samples included; Staphylococcus aureus (14 strains), Staphylococcus epidermidis (8 strains), Escherichia coli (16 strains), Lactobacillusfermentum (4 strains) , Lactobacillus casei (12 strains), Bacillus cereus (10 strains), Bacillus subtilis (6 strains), Enterobacter aerogenes (4 strains) and Neisseria mucosa (4-strains).
In-vitro antibiotic sensitivity of different antibiotics with known concentrations was studied. Results showed that all of the isolated organisms were resistant to oxytetracycline, ampicillin and followed by penicillin while most of the organisms were sensitive to gentamycin, followed by chioramphenicol, kanamycin and streptomycin.
Escherichia coli was resistant to all the antibiotics used while gave intermediate results by gentamycin and penicillin.
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143.
Studies On The Cross Reactivity On Vaccinal Strains Of Infectious Bronchitis Virus
by Bushra Zameer | Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Dr.Masood Rubani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Cross reactivity of four different strains of infectious bronchitis virus (D-274, D-1466, 4/91 and H-120) has been studied. All these strains induced stunting growth and increased volume of allanto-amniotic fluid (AAF). Killed oil based vaccine of each strain was prepared and used to produce hyperimmune serum in chickens. The hyperimmune serum was used in cross haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and cross neutralization tests.
The results of cross HI showed that D-274 and D-1466 shared 7.48% antigenic similarity with each other and H-120 sharedl3% and 8% antigenic similarities with D-274 and D-1466, respectively.
The results of cross Neutralization showed that no cross neutralization present among these virus strains. So vaccine having each strain is required to be used to control the problem.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0801,T] (1).
144.
A Study On Bacteriological Examination Of Raw And Pasteurized Milk Marketed In Lahore Area With Particular Reference To Public Health
by Aman Ullan | Dr.Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Dr.Masood Rubani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to study the bacteriological quality of various types of milk being marketed in Lahore. A total of 120 milk samples consisting of equal number (30 each of raw, pasteurized, UHT and sterilized milk) from various sources were examined for standard plate counts using milk agar, coliform count using EMB agar and using milk ring test (MRT) for brucellosis.
All the samples were negative for MRT. Average standard plate count (SPC) and coliform counts for raw milk were 2.34x107 cfulml and 2.2x105 cfu/ml respectively. Similarly, SPC and coliform counts for pasteurized milk were found as 2.16x105 cfuJml and 3.28x104 cfu/ml respectively. No raw milk sample fulfilled the International Standards for very good quality milk for SPC or coliform count. For pasteurized milk, only 33.33% samples fulfilled the International Standards for very good pasteurized milk. SPC and coliform counts for UHT or sterilized milk was zero thus fulfilling the International Standards.
A total of 162 isolates (88 isolates from raw milk and 74 isolates from the pasteurized milk) were identified. These isolates included Staphylococcus epidermidis, 38 strain (21 from raw milk and 17 from pasteurized milk), Staph. aureus, 30 strains (16 from raw and 14 from pasteurized milk), Escherichia coli, 24 stains (14 and 10), Enterobacter aerogenes, 20 (11, 09), Bacillus cereus, 22 (15, 07), Micrococcus luteus 15, (03, 12) and Klebsiellapneumoniae 13 (08, 05) strains. vitro antibiotic sensitivity tests indicated that all the isolates were resistant to penicillin whereas most of the isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin, Kanamycin and Chloramphenicol. Escherichia coli was resistant to most of the commonly used antibiotics.
Overall hygienic quality of raw and pasteurized milk available in Lahore city was graded as poor.
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145.
Passive Immunistion Of Pasteurella Multocida Infected Rabbits
by Ali Ahmad | Dr. Masood Rabbani, Asso.Prof., CDL | Dr. Khushi Muhammad, Associate Prof | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS), an important bacterial disease of buffaloes and cattle, is caused by Pasteurella multocida. Improved management practices and regular vaccination programme have significantly contributed to lowering the incidence of the HS disease in our country. The outbreaks are mostly experienced in young animals, especially, calves (Sheikh et al., 1996). Present study was conducted to determine the contribution of passive immunization against HS in infected rabbits. In this study, 5 rabbits were vaccinated thrice at 21 days interval, using oil base haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine (OBHSV). A high titre of anti-Pasteurella multocida-antibodies in blood serum was determined on 56th day post boosting using indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test. A virulent Pasteurella multocida with mean lethal dose (LD50) of 10-6.749 was used for challenging the rabbits. The hyperimmune serum (1 ml, 256 IHA units) injected intravenously to Pasteurella multocida challenged rabbit showed 100% protection as compared that of intramuscularly injected serum, which showed 66.66% protection. Similarly the antigen control group showed 0% protection. Moreover, it was found suitable to passively immunize the animals before exposure or simultaneously with the exposure of Pasteurella multocida. It is concluded that the hyperimmune serum can therapeutically be used to cure the Pasteurella multocida infected rabbits.
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146.
Passive Immunization Of Foot And Mouth Disease Virus Infected Bovines
by Sajjad Hussain | Dr.kushi Muhammad | Dr.Masood Rabbani | Dr.Zafar iqbal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: In this study, passive immunization of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) virus infected bovines was studied. One-year-old buffalo calves were primed and boosted with an inactivated aluminized FMDV vaccine. It induced antiFMDV-serotype "0" and "Asia-1"-complement fixing (CF)-antibodies in their blood.
Antibodies against FMD virus serotype "0" (calculated-CF anti-body units) protected the FMD infected animals. It was observed that the animals receiving 1600, 800 and 400 CF-antibody units against FMD virus serotype "0" showed 100%, 100% and 25% protection in 24 hours respectively. The FMD infected animals (control group) receiving serum containing undetectable level of anti-FMDV-type "O"-CF-antibodies showed zero % protection. The serum samples of this group were found positive for antiFMDV-serotype "O"-CF-antibodies while negative for anti-FMDV-serotype "Asia-1"-CF-antibodies, conferring the outbreak of FMD virus serotype "0".
It was inferred from this study that the hyperimmune serum containing more than 800 units of anti-FMD V-type "O"-CF-anti-bodies can be used as therapeutic agent to cure the FMDV-type "0" infected animals.
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147.
Immunocherapy Of Fowl Pox Infected Commerical Layers
by Musarat Ishaq | Dr Kushi Muhammad | Dr.Khald saeed | Dr.Masood Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Present study was conducted to determine the contribution of immunotherapy against fowl pox disease. In this study 10 layer birds were vaccinated thrice at 21 days interval, using oil based fowl pox virus vaccine.
A high titer of anti- FPV- antibodies in egg yolk of these birds was determined on 20th day post2nd boosting using agar gel precipitin test (AGPT). A virulent fowl poxvirus with mean embryo infective dose (EIDso) of 10 8-7 was used for challenging the birds. The hyper immune egg yolk (lml,128 AGPT units) injected to fowl pox virus challenged layer chicks showed 90% protection as compared to that of virus control group (given imI of 0 AGPT units of yolk). Moreover, it was found suitable to passively immunize the bird before exposure or simultaneously with the exposure of fowl poxvirus. The cost of the production of hyper immune egg yolk was calculated as Rs. 0.33 per dose (lml: 128 AGPT units), which was quite economical as compared to other chemotherapies. It is concluded that the hyperimmune yolk can therapeutically be used to cure the fowl poxvirus infected birds.
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148.
Factors Effecting Activity Of Haemagglutinin Of Avian Influenza (H9 Type)Virus
by Asifa Rasool Bhatti | Dr.Sameera Akthar | Dr shakeel | Dr.Kushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Avian influenza virus (AIV) was propagated in 09-day-old chicken embryonated eggs and after 72 hours post incubation the AAF and CAM were harvested and AIV was confirmed by spot agglutination test and agar gel precipitation test.
The AIV (H9 type) agglutinated red blood cells from chicken, dog, horse, parrot, pigeon, guinea pig, buffalo and human blood group O but it did not agglutinate the RBC's from sheep and rabbit. The
virus gave HA titer of 1:512 when RBC's from chicken, human blood group O÷ve and dog were used. Phosphate buffer saline, haemagglutination, inhibition buffer and 0.5% peptone water when used with chicken RBC's (0.5 and 1%) resulted in similar HA titer 1:512. However HA titer of the virus was low (1:256) when normal saline was used as a diluent.
AIV agglutinated 0.5% and 1% chicken RBC's in 35 and 25 minutes respectively and both concentrations of RBC's gave similar HA titer (1:512) in the presence of Phosphate buffer saline, haemagglutination, inhibition buffer and 0.5% peptone water. However AIV with normal saline and 0.5% and 1% chicken RBC's gave a lower HA titer of 1:256 in 35 and 25 minutes.
It was also found that RBC's concentration of 0.1% did not result in any agglutination by the virus, even after 60 minutes.
Storage of AIV at either 4°C or -20°C did not affect its hemaggitination activity in 6 months. However storage at 37°C resulted in loss of hemagglutination activity after 4 months. Storage at room temperature also resulted in loss of HA but at a lower pace as appended to 37°C temperature. However, vaccines prepared from the alliquotes stored at different temperature did not different in terms of antibody response (HI titer of GMT 137.2) indicating that the loss of hemagglutination activity did not corresponds with loss of immunogencity.
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149.
Passive Immunization Against Canine Parvovirus In Dogs
by Umer Ahmad | Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Asim Khalid | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0836,T] (1).
150.
Immune Response Of Broilers Against Newcastle Disease Vaccines
by Amoon Inayat | Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Dr.Khalid | Dr.Muhammad Akram Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0838,T] (1).
