1.
Effect Of Vitamin E And Selenium Supplementation On The Performance, Carcass Characteristics And Immune Response in Broilers
by Syed Kaleem -Ul- Hassan | Dr.Abdul Waheed Sahota | Prof. Dr.Muhammad Akram.
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Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to examine the effect of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on the performance, carcass characteristics and immune response in broilers. For this purpose, 400 commercial day old broiler chicks of Hubbard strain were purchased from a reputed local hatchery. They were maintained in experimental poultry house, Department of Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore during the month of July & August. The chicks were randomly divided into 4 equal experimental groups viz. without supplementation, selenium supplemented, vitamin E supplemented and vitamin E+selenium supplemented, each comprising 100 chicks. The chicks in each group were further randomly sub-divided into 10 replicates of 10 chicks each. All the experimental chicks were initially weighed and individually tagged for identification and kept in 40 pens (10 birds/pen) on littered floor under optimal managemental conditions. The experimental birds were protected against Newcastle Disease through prophylactic vaccination at the age of 4 days (Intraocular route) and then at 21 days (drinking water). Prophylactic vaccination against Infectious Bursal Disease was also performed at 14 and 28 days through drinking water. The birds were given selenium (3mg/kg feed), vitamin E (200 mg/kg feed) and vitamin E+selenium (lcc/10L drinking water) in selenium supplemented, vitamin E supplemented and vitamin E+selenium supplemented groups, respectively, and those in without supplementation were maintained as non-supplemented group. Body weight gain and feed intake were recorded weekly to calculate the Feed Conversion Ratio. At the end of experiment mortality, carcass characteristics, anti-NDV titre were recorded and economics of the project was calculated.
The results of this study indicated significant (P<0.05) differences in feed intake and feed conversion ratio due to supplementation with selenium and vitamin E, however, a non-significant effect on body weight gain of broilers was observed due to supplementation. The feed intake in group without supplementation was significantly (P<0.05) different from all other groups, however, non-significant difference was observed in feed intake of groups selenium supplemented, vitamin E supplemented and vitamin E+selenium supplemented. FCR in group without supplementation was significantly poor than those of other groups, however, non-significant difference in FCR of groups selenium supplemented, vitamin E supplemented and vitamin E+selenium supplemented was observed.
Results obtained from the study showed significant (P<0.05) differences on carcass characteristics i.e. liver weight and bursa weight, however, non-significant difference in dressing percentage, shank length, keel length, gizzard weight, heart weight, spleen weight and bursa of fabricious diameter due to supplementation of selenium and vitamin E was observed. Statistically significant (P<0.05) difference was found in liver weight of broilers between without supplemented and supplemented groups. The liver weight in group selenium supplemented was significantly greater from group without supplementation, however, non-significant difference was observed in liver weight of groups without supplementation, vitamin E supplemented and vitamin E+selenium supplemented. The bursa weight of the birds in group vitamin E+selenium supplemented was significantly lower from all groups, however, non-significant differences were observed among the birds in groups without supplementation, selenium supplemented and vitamin E supplemented.
The results in respect of antibody titres against New castle disease virus vaccine showed that the groups supplemented either with selenium and vitamin E alone or in combination through feed or drinking water gave higher anti-NDV titre than un-supplemented group. The values obtained were 5.30, 6.77, 7.06 and 7.80 for without supplementation, selenium supplemented, vitamin E supplemented and vitamin E+selenium (D), respectively.
The economics of production of broilers in different experimental groups indicated that average cost of production remained RS 91.86, 88.21,86.84 and 87.61 in groups without supplementation (A), selenium supplemented (B), vitamin E supplemented (C) and vitamin E+selenium supplemented (D), respectively, showing a higher cost of production in groups B, C and D by RS 3.65, 5.02 and 4.25, respectively in comparison to the control group on account of additional cost of supplementation with selenium, vitamin E and vitamin E+selenium, respectively. The average return came out to be RS 102.042, 104.304, 104.034 and 103.20 in groups A, B, C and D, respectively, and this variation was due to difference in cost of feed intake and weight gain of broilers in different groups. The average profit per bird in groups A, B, C and D was found to be RS 10.182, 16.094, 17.195 and RS 15.586, respectively, indicating a higher margin of profit in groups B, C and D by RS 5.912, 7.013 and 5.404, respectively, in comparison to the control group.
CONCLUSION
Based on the findings of this study it may be stated that dietary supplementation of selenium (3 mg/kg feed) in broilers may improve feed conversion efficiency. The dietary supplementation with vitamin E (200 mg/kg feed) may increase anti-NDV titres and may enhance economic returns in broilers.
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2.
A Study On Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Of Chicken Growth Hormone Gene In White Cornish ,Lyall Pur Silver Black ,Aseel and Desi Chicken of Pakistan
by Mr.Imran Zahoor | Dr.Muhamad Akram | Dr.Abdul Waheed Sahota | Prof.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The present study was conducted at Molecular Cytogenetics and Genomic Lab, Department of Livestock Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore and School of Biological Sciences, Punjab University, Lahore. For this Purpose twelve chickens, three each of four different breeds (White Cornish, Lyall pur Silver Black, Aseel, Desi,) were selected. LSB birds were collected from Agriculture University, Faisalabad. Where as birds of Desi and Aseel chickens were taken from Mianwali. White Comish birds were obtained from Big Bird Poultry breeders, Lahore.
The pituitary gland of all the twelve birds of the above mentioned four breeds were taken out to extract the mRNA that was then converted into eDNA by using RT-PCR. Then that cDNA was amplified through PCR reaction. After amplification, the PCR products were loaded on agarose gel. Then these PCR products were cloned into vector in three steps. Firstly purified Gg GH mRNA was ligated into linearized pET22b. Then it was transformed into E. coli DH5CL with pTZ57R/GgGHG. Positive clones containing recombinant plasmid (pTZ57R/GgGHG) were screened by "Blue-White screening". Cells from a single colony for each of the W1 -W4 were resuspended separately in 50µl of sterile distilled water. This mixture was then used as template for PCR and the Gg GHG coding sequence cloned in plasmid DNA was then amplified and product was run on gel to study the result. These cloned products were used for the sequencing of growth hormone gene.
Further results were obtained by using the consensus sequences of growth hormone of four breeds of chicken in ClustalW2 and Bioedit software and it was found that three SNPs were detected in Aseel, and one in each of Desi and LSB while comparing with White Comish. Out of three, first, second and third SNP were detected in Aseel at location of 261, 435 and 551 position of nucleotide in the exon portion of growth hormone gene, and C is replaced with G at location 261 and C is replaced with T at position 435 whereas at position 551, T is replaced by A. At these locations codon changes from CTC to CTG and TTC to TTC and TTC to TAC respectively. Only one SNP was detected in Desi and LSB at location 513 where A is replaced with G in both the breeds and codon change from AAA to AAG.
To determine the relationship among all these breed (White Cornish, Aseel, Desi and LSB) a phylogenetic analysis was done. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the presence and absence of restriction site and/or genotypic frequencies in the cGH motif of growth hormone gene. The phylogenetic consensus tree was constructed using the boostrapped data and neighbour-joining method. The Nei's genetic distance (Da) values of Aseel was 0. 00970, while comparing the genetic distances of White Comish with Aseel, it is found that there was a difference of 0 . 00320 and LSB has similar genetic distances and having no genetic difference among themselves. As LSB was evolved by crossing four different breeds Desi and White Leg Horn for female line and White Cornish and New Hampshire for male line so LSB is placed in-between Desi and White Comish as it has the 25% blood of Desi and 25% blood of White Cornish. Where as Aseel is different that's why it is placed far distant from three other breeds but as Aseel and Desi and LSB also are breeds of Asian origin and they were originated from red jungle fowl that's why Aseel, Desi and LSB (a cross of Desi with other three breeds; mentioned above) are placed more close to each other than White Cornish that is the breed of English class.
In the present study, the Amino Acid compositions of the growth hormone of four different breeds of chicken were also studied and it was found that there although there were three mutations in Aseel but out of these three, two showed silent mutation and only one mutation was active. This active mutation cause change in the amino acid composition of the chicken growth hormone of these four breeds of poultry and in this study Phenylalanine is changed into Tyrosine at the location of 184t11 amino acid out of 191 amino acids (full length chicken growth hormone). But one mutation that was found in each of Desi and LSB in their comparison with White Comish were silent as the new sequences does not cause any change in amino acid sequence of growth hormone gene of Desi and LSB.
CONCLUSION:
In the present study, three SNPs were detected in the Exon region of the mRNA and one amino acid Phenylalanine is changed to Tyrosine, this amino acid change is in the conserved domain so it can be used as a marker for the further breeding program.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Present study laid the foundation of molecular techniques in the poultry but still
1. There is need of comprehensive study in which atleast 25 bird should be used in each strain.
2. Along with DNA study, there is need to study the phenotypic characters by rearing these strain upto three generations.
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