1.
Stuies On The Histopathology And Haematology Of Experimentally Induced Avian Leucosis
by Afzal Ch., M | Muhammed Tufail Khan | Not Available | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1970Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0126,T] (1).
2.
Effect Of Two Anticoccidials With And Without Supplementation Of Vitamins On Some Liver And Kidney Functions
by Muti Ur Rehman Khan | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr.Javed Rashid | Dr.Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The project was designed to study the effect of anticoccidials (Ampisol 20% and Esb3 30%) with and without supplementation of vitamins on some liver and kidney functions of broiler chicken. A total of hundred day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into five equal groups designated as A, B, C, D and E. Group A was medicated with Ampisol 20% at the dose rate of 3 gm/10 liters. Group B was given Ampisol 20% alongwith supplementation of Symodek at the dose rate of 1 gmJ2 liters. Group C was medicated with Esb3 30% while group D was Esb3 30% plus Symodek. Group E was non- medicated control. Serum samples were collected randomly from five birds in each group on day 21, 28, 35 and 42 and were stored at -20°C uptil tests. The experimental period was 42 days. Estimation of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, serum creatinine and serum uric acid was made by using commercially available kits in collected serum samples of all groups.
The statistical analysis of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, serum creatinine showed no significant difference among groups A, B, C, D and Eon 21, 28,35,42 day of experiment. Serum uric acid levels showed no significant difference in different groups on 21 and 42 day. On day 28 of the experiment there was no significant difference between mean serum uric acid levels of group C and D but were significantly different from groups A, B and E. The mean uric acid levels of groups A, B and E were significantly different from each other. On day 35 there was significant difference among different groups except between B and C groups. As there were no adverse effects on liver and kidney functions of broiler chickens, the administration of Ampisol 20% and Esb3 30% with and without vitamins is recommended for chemoprophylaxis of coccidiosis in broiler chickens.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0576,T] (1).
3.
Comparative Immunopathological And Immunosuppressive Effects Of Three Different Gumboro Vacine Strains
by Rana Muhammad Ayyub | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: This project was planned to know the comparative immunosuppressive effects of three different Gumboro live vaccine strains on ND vaccination and to choose the least immunosuppressive out of these three vaccine strains.
A total of 100 chicks were divided into 4 groups (A, B, C and D), 25 birds in each group. All the birds of all the groups were vaccinated against Newcastle disease on 5th and 21st day of age. Specific IBD vaccine was given to specific groups at l4t1 day and 28th day of age. Group A was given intermediate plus strain vaccine (228 E strain), group B was given intermediate strain vaccine (Strain D78) and group C was given another intermediate strain vaccine (Bursine-2 strain), on both days of IBD vaccination, as per schedule. While group D was unvaccinated control.
Immune organs including bursa, thymus and spleen were examined for their gross and microscopic pathological changes, before and after IBD vaccination. For this purpose, these organs were collected at 13th j7th and 31st days of age. At j3th day, gross and histopathological examination showed no lesions in any case of any group (as so far no IBD vaccine was given ). At 17th and 31st days, gross and histopathological examination revealed more severe lesions in group A, moderate lesions in group B, mild lesions in group C and no lesion in immune organs of group D.
Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was performed, to study the comparative humoral immunosuppressive effects of these IBD vaccines on antibody titre against ND vaccination, on birds of each group. Statistical analysis showed that 228 E vaccine strain (group A) while, D78 vaccine strain (group B) was less immunosuppressive but, on the other hand Bursine-2 vaccine strain (group C) was least immunosuppressive. No humoral immunosuppression was observed in unvaccinated control group D.
This study suggests the use of Bursine2 strain of IBD vaccine, in a flock at risk of ND infection, as it has least immunosuppressive effect against ND vaccination. Therefore, still the need of the hour is to choose the most proper IBD vaccine strain, among all the available strains in the market, which can provide excellent protection against IBD infection as well as has least immunosuppressive effects on ND vaccination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0775,T] (1).
4.
Pathogenesis Of Salmonellosis With Respect To Carrier States In Poultry And Its Public Health Impact
by Younus, M | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Prof.Dr.Abdul Rauf Shakoori | Prof.Dr.Muham | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: The present research endevour was made to study and investigate the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium from poultry feed, poultry meat and poultry eggs and their role in the chain of transmission of salmonellae to human beings. The objective was to generate data to improve the quality of poultry products and human health awareness.
Salmonellosis is one of the most wide spread food borne zoonoses. The etiological agents Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium not only' produce the disease but during the convalescent phase (after the recovery of disease) remain carriers for indefinite period of time. In this study 400 samples were collected and were distributed and detailed as; poultry feed (n=100), poultry intestines (n100 Small and n=100 Large intestines) and eggs (n=100) were collected for the identification of the organism through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The Positivity percentage as tested through PCR for Salmonella enteritidis in the poultry feed was 20,15,10,15 and 10 for layer starter, layer grower, layer finisher, broiler starter and broiler finisher respectively (P>0.05). The positivity percentage as tested through PCR for Salmonella typhimurium for layer starter, layer grower, layer finisher, broiler starter and broiler finisher feed was 15,10,10, 10, and 10 respectively (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between layers feed and broilers feed as far as identification of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium was concerned (P>0.05) but the prevalence range of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimuilum from poultry feed was 10-20% which was biologically significant. The positivity percentage rate of Salmonella enteritidis for small and large intestine in Desi birds (local breed) was 2 and 16 % respectively. Where as for broilers in small and large intestine it was 4 and 18% respectively. The positivity of Salmonella typhimurium in small and large intestine of Desi birds was 2 and 14% where as in broilers it was 4 and 16% in the small and large intestine respectively. There was a significant difference (P <0.05) between the positivity of percentage of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium as far as identification of Salmonellae from Desi and broiler meat was concerned.
It was found that 16%, 8%, 16'Y0 and 16% egg albumin was found positive for Salmonella enteritidis in layer egg albumin, Desi (local breed) eggj albumin, double yolk albumin and broken egg albumin respectively. In each case 25 egg albumin were collected and tested for the detection of Salmonellae. Similarly the egg yolk from layers, Desi (local breed) double yolk and broken eggs was taken and positivity rate for Salmonella enteritidis was found 12%, 4%, 12% and 12% respectively. It was found that 12%, 4%, 12% and 12% egg albumin was found positive for Salmonella lyphimurium in layer egg albumin, Desi egg albumin, double yolk albumin and broken egg albumin respectively. In each case 25 egg albumin were collected and tested for the' detection of Salmonella. Similarly the egg yolk from layers, desi double yolk and broken eggs was taken and positivity rate for Salmonella enteritidis was found 8%, 4%, 8% and 4% respectively. The positively rate for Salmonella typhimurium in both albumin and yolk was relatively less in both albumin and yolk of layers, desi double yolk and broken eggs. Statistically there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) but the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium from different eggs ranged between 4-16% and 4-12% respectively which was biologically significant.
The Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium were isolated, identified and grown on the artificial and selective media. The virulence of the organisms of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium were estimated through calculation of LD50. It was found as 10358/mI and 103/ml for Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium respectively, having significant difference (P< 0.05). In order to understand the pathogenesis and carrier states of salmonella organisms in poultry, a group of 300 broiler birds were procured and divided into three groups were studied upto the age of 3 months. The infection was orally given on the 7th day of their age. As an average 86.74% of the birds were maintaining the organism of the Salmonella enteritidis in the large intestine during the entire experimental period in contrast to the small intestine in which 0% were found positive (P< 0.05). Similarly an average 94.94% of the birds were maintaining the organism of the Salmonella typhimurium in the large intestine during the entire experimental period in contrast to the small intestine in which 0% were found positive (P< 0.05) but non of the samples of Small and Large intestine of control group (Group-C) were found positive for Salmonella enleritidis and Salmonella typhimurium. There was a significant difference between Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in large intestine of poultry (P< 0.05). The histopathology of different organs of broiler chickens i.e liver, lung, spleen, kidney, small intestine, large intestine, bursa of fabracious and lean muscles at different phases of disease was also conducted for the better understanding of pathogenesis due to salmonellosis. The principal lesions in the liver at the age of 14 to 28 days in groups A and B were leukocytic infiltration, necrosis and haemmorrhage. No lesions were recorded in liver after 28 days of age in groups A and B. No lesions were recorded in group C. The principal lesions of the lungs at the age of 14 to 28 days in groups A and B were leukocytic infiltration,' mild necrosis, vascular congestion and haemrnorrhages. No lesions were recorded in lungs after 28 days of age in groups A and B. No lesions were recorded in group C. The principal lesions of the spleen were mild leukocytic infiltration, necrosis and congestion at the age of 14 to 28 days in groups A and B. No lesions were recorded in spleen after 28 days of age in groups A and B. No lesions were found in group C. The principal lesions of the kidneys were marked tubutar necrosis with glomerular degeneration and Ieukocytic infiltration and haemmorrhages at the age of 14 to 28 in groups A and B. No lesions were1 recorded in kidneys after 28 days of age in groups A and B. No lesions were found in group C. The principal lesions of the small intestine were degeneration of mucosa with inflammatory cells, necrosis, inflammation, superficial ulceration on mucosal lining of intestine at the age of 14 to 21 days. No lesions were recorded in small intestine after 21 days of age in group A and B. No lesions were recorded in control group C. The principal lesions of the large intestine were leukocytic infiltration with necrosis and inflammation at the age of 14 to 91 days. The lesions were recorded up to 91 days of age in group A and B. No lesions were recorded in control group C. The principal lesions of Bursa of1, fabricious were atrophy & necrosis of bursal follicles and leukocytic infiltration at the age of 14 to 21 in groups A and B. No lesions were recorded in Bursa of fabricious after 21 days of age in groups A and B. No lesions were found in group C. The principal lesions of lean muscle were muscular degeneration and necrotic areas at the age of 14 to 21 days in groups A and B. No lesions were recorded in lean muscles after 21 days of age in groups A and B. No lesions were found in group C.
The carrier state was not only the source of spread of disease with in the poultry but also caused typhoid fever and food poisoning in humans. The chain of transmission started fron poultry feed to poultry meat and ultimately to humans as dead end host. Finally, the 400 samples of stool and blood from 200 human patients (100 suspected of typhoid fever and 100 suspected of food poisoning) were also collected from four different hospitals from urban area of Lahore for the identification of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium through PCR method in order to see the public health impact of Salmonellosis through consuming the meat and eggs of the carrier birds. A total of 14% and 10% stool samples were found positive for Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in case of suspected typhoid fever patients respectively. Similarly 6% and 2% blood samples were found positive for Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium. There was a significant difference (P< 0.05) in the sero positivity of stool and blood samples of suspected typhoid fever patients and also as for as Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium was concerned. However there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the hospitals On the average 14 and 10 stool samples were found positive against Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium from each of the 25 patients of each hospital respectively in case of suspected food poisoning patients. Similarly on an average 5% and 6% blood samples were found positive from 25 patients of each hospital respectively. There was a significant difference (P< 0.05) in the sero positivity of stool and blood samples of suspected food poisoning patients as far as Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium was concerned. However there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the hospitals.
CONCLUSION
A series of five experiments were conducted and carried out to study and explore the project Pathogenesis of Salmonellosis with respect to carrier states in poultry and its public health impact."
For this purpose, in the 1st phase, identification, isolation and characterization of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium was attempted. It was followed by the estimation of LD 50 and carrier states and histopathological study at different phases of disease in broiler chickens experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium to ascertain the nature of carrier states in terms of maintenance of the Salmonellae by different organs leading to histopathological changes and finally to the stage of shedding of the organism through the feces in the environment. Dissemination to human beings and the Public health impact of Salmonellosis was studied in the human subjects who consumed the meat and eggs of the carrier birds which were followed by testing their stool and blood samples through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this way the pathogenesis and chain of Salmonellas enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium infection through poultry feed, meat, eggs and humans beings was transmissible. However, the humans were considered as dead end host. It was concluded that Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium was maintained in the large intestine of the poultry and has transmitted from poultry feed, poultry meat and poultry eggs to human beings and thus, causing typhoid fever and food poisoning.
RECOMMENDATIONS /SUGGESTIONS
Major aim of this research endeavour was to help in understanding the basic principles involved in the chain of infectious cycle of SalmoneUosis. In addition to that the application of the quality control of poultry products with respect to Salmonella infection to broiler chicks and broiler meat available in the market for human consumption is the ultimate goal of this project. The objective was to reduce the risk of Salmonellosis in poultry and humans. The following measures are suggested.
1. PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SALMONELLOSIS IN POULTRY! ANIMALS
A. Monitoring
o The poultry and their environment should be monitored by frequente testing of Salmonellae.
o Bacteriological profile of poultry house environment.
o Serological testing of flock and removal of infected birds.
o Culturing of tissues from selected birds.
o Egg sheils, egg albumin & egg yolk culturing.
B. Hygiene and Sanitation
o Eggs from infected layer flocks should be pasteurized before consumption.
o Salmonella positive breeder flocks should be given pellet feed.
o Hatching sanitation
o Proper disinfection of hatching eggs.
o Proper sanitation and disinfection of farm premises.
o The provision of salmonella-free feed i.e pellet feed is of prime importance for the prevention of salmonella infections of poultry flocks and parent flocks.
o Control of rodent, insects and wild birds
C. Managemental
o For routine treatment of eggs and progeny, only those antibiotics should be used that do not cause microbial resistance against drugs widely used in humans
o Resistance of Campylobacter spp, and Salmonella spp. to fluoroquinolones has become a public health risk. This does not exclude well targeted and transient use of antibiotics as essential measures in salmonellosis control programmes.
o Vaccination of breeder flock is recommended for decrease of the salmonella infection pressure.
7
1. MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SALMONELLOSIS IN HUMANS
A. Meat and Eggs
o Wrap fresh meat in plastic bags at the market to prevent blood from1 dripping on other foods.
o Cook poultry products at temperature of 170°F for breast meat and at 180°F for thigh meat.
o Avoid eating raw or under cooked meat and egg.
o Cook poultry meat and egg thoroughly.
o Purchase only inspected grade AA eggs and animal food products.
o Handle raw eggs carefully:
o Keep eggs refrigerated
o Throw away cracked or dirty eggs.
o Do not eat half fried and half boiled eggs.
o Wash hands immediately after handling raw poultry or raw eggs.
o Full fried and full boiled eggs should be used for eating to prevent food borne Salmonellosis problem.
b. PERSONNEL HYGIENE MEASURES
o Washing of hands with soap and warm water before and after handling foods, after using the bath rooms.
o Refrigerate foods properly.
- Use bleach to wash cutting boards and counters used for preparation immediately after use to avoid cross contamination of other foods.
o People who have Salmonellosis should not prepare food for others.
o Educate the food handlers and persons who prepare food. Educational programmes covering pre- and post harvest food safety procedures, especially salmonella control, should be initiated in the animal and food production sectors for the public awareness.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0938,T] (1).
5.
Differntial Diagnosis Of Malaria And Dengue Fever On The Basis Of Clinical Findings And Laboratory Investigations
by Aqeel Ahmad | Prof. Dr. M. Younus Rana | Dr. Muti ur Rehman | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: I took two hundred (200) patients in total for purpose of my study. I included all cases with pyrexia of unknown origin with chills and rigors with 6-7 days history. These cases were first evaluated for Malaria by making their thin and thick films for malarial parasites.
There were thirty patients out of two hundred who were positive for malarial parasites. There complete blood picture was done that is RBC count, Heamogolobin percentage, platelet count, WBC count and ESR. The cases who were negative from malaria were further evaluated for dengue viral infection by doing capture ELISA 1gM. Before doing ELISA 1gM dengue strip method test was done and the cases who were positive on strip (Paper Chromatography) were included in 1gM ELISA study. The cases that were positive for 1gM ELISA were studied for same blood investigation which was mentioned earlier. It was also found that there had been some incidence of dual dengue infection and malaria and the incidence rate was 2%.
Now after collecting the data it was analyzed by SPSS. It was inferred afterwards from the data that all the patients +ve for dengue 1gM had been facing with low platelet count increased reticulocyte count, increased hemoglobin, decreased WBC and no significant effect on ESR had been seen. About 83% of dengue 1gM patients were having decrease platelet count. This thrombocytopenia varies from person to person and an inverse relationship has been found between dengue 1gM and platelet of the patients.
The intensity of thromobocytopenia was more in old age patients or in patients with poor health status or in those patients in which tire of anti dengue 1gM was very high. This thromobocytopenia can be used as a diagnostic tool in addition to clinical history in patients who live in periphery where the facility of ELISA is not available. The rise in platelet number indicates recovery of the patients and it should be monitored daily till the complete recovery of patients is achieved.
The rise in hemoglobin concentration has also been noticed due to hemo concentration about 76% of patients with anti dengue 1gM positive were having elevated level of hemoglobin that is ranging from 17-19 gram/dl. The increase in RBC count has also been noticed in association with increased hemoglobin concentration a mild fall in WBC count has also been noticed i-e upto 4000 in 76% of the patients. In those patients who were +ve for malarial parasites and negative for dengue 1gM, such changes in blood pictures were not appreciated although the vector of both diseases is same but AD's mosquitoes which is the carrier of dengue virus (an ARBO virus) causes more severe form of disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1198,T] (1).
6.
Immuo-Pathological Response Of Pigeons To Challenge Infection Of Newcastle Disease Virus (Ndv)
by Yasir Amin | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus Rana.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This study trial was designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two locally available live Newcastle disease vaccines (Medivac ND LaSota and VRI, Mukteshwar ND vaccine), also to compare two routes (Oral and Ocular) of vaccine administration in term of antibody titre and assessment of protection against field (chicken) isolated virulent Newcastle virus challenge (NDV) in pigeons. Study of clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesion in different organ of non-vaccinated and challenged birds was also the part of our present study. For this purpose one hundred and twenty pigeons were purchased from the local market and screened for Newcastle disease antibodies using Hemagglutination inhibition test. Healthy pigeons were randomly divided into six groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F, comprising 20 birds each. Group E and F were kept as positive and negative Control respectively. Group A and C were vaccinated with Medivac ND LaSota vaccine at day 7th and 21st of experiment through oral and ocular route. Similarly Group B and D were immunized with VRI (Mukteshwar) ND vaccine through oral and ocular route respectively. At 28th day of experiment all the groups except group F were challenged with velogenic field isolate of NDV at a dose rate of 0.1 ml through ocular route. Serum samples were collected at day 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 of experiment for the determination of antibody titre. Post-infection clinical signs in control positive group were i.e. anorexia, dullness, depression, decreased feed intake, discharge from mouth, greenish diarrhea, nervous manifestations, leg and wing paralysis. Gross lesions on different organs were hemorrhages in trachea, proventriculus, spleenomegaly and greenish intestinal contents. Medivac ND LaSota vaccine produced higher immune response in term of antibody titre as compared to VRI (Mukteshwar) ND vaccine. It was also observed that ocular route irrespective to vaccine type produced significantly (P<0.05) higher immune response than oral route. Vaccine strains used in this study efficiently induced immune response through ocular route, suggesting that implementation of this vaccination programs in future may prevent ND outbreaks in pigeons, especially in racing pigeons, and may prevent NDV spread to other avian species, mainly poultry.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1228,T] (1).
7.
Prevalence And Biochemical Studies On Cattle Suffering From Babesiosis In District Swabi,Khyber Pukhtoonkha
by Naveed Khan | Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr.Habib-ur-Rehman | Dr.Muhammad Younas Rana.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present study was designed to diagnose Babesiosis in cattle in District Swabi Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, to check its prevalence, determine its effect on the liver, kidney function tests and to check the role of supportive therapy. For this purpose blood sample was collected from 100 animals suspected to be suffering from Babesiosis in 20 different villages in district Swabi. Selection of animals was based on clinical signs like haemoglobinuria, temperature and jaundice of Babesiosis. The infection was confirmed by blood smears using Giemsa staining technique. The blood smears showed Babesia piroplasms, which were like double pear shaped or like signet-ring shaped. On the basis of microscopic examination the overall prevalence of Babesiosis in cattle in District Swabi was recorded as 10%. The blood of animals showing Babesia was analyzed in chemistry analyzer using commercially available kits.The values of SGPT, SGOT, Albumin, Total Bilirubin and Creatinine were increased while the values of Total protein an Albumin were decreased as compared to the normal reference values.
Bebesia positive animals Group A were divided into two Group B and Group C. Group B was only treated with antibabesial drug Imizol and Group C was treated with Imizol along with supportive drug i.e. liver tonic and diuretic (Hepasel+Lasix). After 5 days of treatment the plasma of treated animals was again analyzed for biochemical parameters and was compared before and after treatment (with and without supportive drug). The biochemical analysis showed that the biochemical indicators were normalizing in Group B and coming near to normal in Group C. The study is helpful in better understanding of the pathogenesis, supporting therapy and the effect of disease on the affected animals. This study showed that Babesiosis damaged the kidney and liver and the use of supportive drug along with specific drug was effective to recover the animals from infection.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1267,T] (1).
8.
Studies On Molecular Diagnosis And Pathogenesis Of Canine Parvovirus
by Akbar Ali | Dr.Muti-ur-Rehman Khan | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Younas Rana.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Canine parvovirus, caused by a haemagglutinating CPV, is one of the most important acute viral infectious diseases of pups, had been prevalent in the country. In the present study, 50 faecal samples, from clinically suspected cases of parvovirus diseases dogs were collected from pet center of UVAS, Lahore. All the samples collected from the infected dogs were analyzed for complete blood count. There were decrease in the value of certain blood parameters including TEC, TLC, PCV. ESR ,Hb, Plt, MCV,MCH,MCHC. The samples were diluted and centrifuged to collect the supernatant. Being a haemagglutinating (HA) virus, the pre-filtered supernatant from all suspected samples was checked for HA activity using 1% washed chicken erythrocytes. Out of 50 samples, 35 samples were found HA positive. All the HA positive and negative samples were processed for extraction of viral DNA with Genomic DNA purification kit. The net isolated DNA samples were subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) by using specific primers (developed against the variable genomic region of the capsid protein of the DNA) of the CPV. One of the selected primer pair amplified the genomic region present in the CPV-2b. Optimization of PCR was done for the molecular level daignosis of canine parvovirus and this technique was previously not available or standardized in local conditions of Pakistan. With the use of primer pair, best results were found on following optimizing conditions like annealing temperature 55 0C, primers concentration (reverse and forward) 30 pmoles, Magnesium Chloride concentration 2.5mM, DNA (Template) volume 5 µl, Taq DNA polymerase (12.5U) and 200 µM of each dNTPs. The PCR product was analyzed for the banding pattern of 681 bp amplified by the primer pair against the standard DNA ladder (100bp) by using horizental agarose gel electrophoresis. Four of the HA negative samples were amplified by the PCR reaction. and the presence of CPV 2a and CPV 2b in Pakistan as the prevalent pathogenic strains. This study has been a first step for the molecular diagnosis of canine parvovirus in local conditions of Pakistan. It is hoped that this study will pave the way for further advanced studies on this topic.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1270,T] (1).
9.
Clinicopathological Study Of Theileriosis In Naturally Infected Sheep
by Muhammad Waseem Akhter | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muti ur Rehman Khan | Prof. Dr. Habib.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Theleiriosis in sheep is an important infectious disease of small ruminants characterized by General weakness, weight loss, anorexia, elevated body temperature, petechial hemorrhages on conjunctival mucosa, swollen lymph nodes, anemia and cough. Changes in hematological, serum biochemical and histopathological parameters are good indicators for diagnosis of theileriosis. For this purpose a total of 100 blood samples from infected sheep as well as 50 blood samples from healthy sheep were collected on the basis of clinical examination and peripheral blood smears from different farms in and around Lahore. The collected samples were processed at Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore. Hematological parameters were measured by automatic hematology analyzer & serum biochemical parameters were measured by using commercial kits by colorimetric methods using spectrophotometer. Histopathological changes were observed by making slides of tissue samples, and observed under microscope. Molecular confirmation of Theleria sp. was done by using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Finally the data obtained for hematological and serum biochemical parameters were analyzed by using Student's t test.
Previous studies on serum biochemical parameters and hematological parameters were mostly done in large ruminants. But there is little investigation available on the biochemical and hematological alterations of theileriosis in small ruminants. In this study blood samples taken from sheep were examined under microscope by making thin blood smears using Giemsa stain. Theileria piroplasms were seen in RBCs at 100x. Blood samples were also processed for PCR test. In all Theileria ovis positive samples 520-bp fragment was generated on gel by using primers TSsr 170F and TSsr 670R for sheep. All samples positive on microscopy were also positive by PCR. This study provides the base line data for molecular diagnosis of Theileria ovis in sheep in Pakistan. Hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated in the sheep naturally infected with theileriosis while healthy sheep were selected as control. Hematological findings revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in RBC count, WBC count, Hb Conc. and PCV in infected animals as compared with healthy animals. Serum biochemical findings also revealed alterations in activities of enzymes and plasma proteins. A significant decrease in total proteins, albumin, glucose and creatinin and triglycerides was observed while significant increase (P<0.05) in ALT, AST, bilirubin was observed in affected animals as compared with healthy animals. A non significant increase in urea and cholesterol concentration was also observed in infected animals as compared to healthy animals. Different tissues were examined to study gross and histopathological changes. Liver was large, pale and friable. Prescapular lymph nodes were swollen and spleenomegaly was also seen. Kidney showed hemorrhagic spots and some were mottled. Histological examination of the lymph nodes revealed edema, widened intercellular spaces, parenchyma degeneration, massive lympholysis, widened sinuses at some areas and macrophages. Splenic nodules were sparse, diminished in size and lymphocyte depletion in follicles was prominent.In liver, mild infiltration of leukocytes around blood vessels, vacuolation in hepatocytes, increase in sinusoidal space and atrophy of hepatic cord was seen and hepatic cord was broken. In kidney, degeneration of tubular epithelium cells was seen. This study concluded that theileriosis in sheep was associated with some alterations in blood parameters and histopathological changes which could be useful in the diagnosis of ovine theileriosis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1642,T] (1).
10.
Pathological Investigations Of Theileriosis (T.Annulata) In Cattle In Disteict Lahore Punjab
by Syed Sadeed ud din Shah | Dr. Muti-ur- Rehman Khan | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Theileriosis is very important protozoal disease in crossbred cattle. According to an
assessment, about 250 million cattle are endangered by this disease and millions of high milk
yielding cattle are at risk of exposure to disease. It acts as a bigger restraint on livestock
improvement and production in many developing countries (Nagore et al. 2004). Theileria
annulata is the main specie that causes high morbidity and mortality. It causes heavy economic
and production losses in cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The recorded mortality rates
in cattle reached to 70% (Moor house et al. 2001).
Theileria species are intracellular obligate hemoprotozoan parasites. All Theileria species
are dangerous and cause disease but two of them are important for livestock. Theileria parva and
T. annulata produces diseases named as East Coast fever and tropical theileriosis in cattle
respectively. Genus Theileria has many other species like T. buffeli, T. taurotragi, T. velifera, T.
sergenti and T. mutans. These species cause infections in wild and domesticated ruminants.
Theileria species present in large and small animals show signs like fever, anorexia,
swelling of the superficial lymph nodes, dyspnoea, lethargy, progressive anemia, constipation,
diarrhea, lacrimation and nervous symptoms (Saeed et al. 2010; Irvin and Mawmachi 1983). A
pronounced rise in body temperature, reaching 40-41.5 °C is pursued by lacrimation, depression,
swelling of the superficial lymph node and nasal discharge. The characteristic sign of tropical
theileriosis is anemia and finally haemoglobinuria occur with heavy weight losses. The clinical
course of the disease alter from per acute to acute or sub-acute to chronic (Oliveira- Sequeira et
al. 2005). The disease is lymphoproliferative in its early phases resulting enlargement of lymph
nodes, later on enters lymph destructive phase which is associated with a pronounced
Introduction
2
leukopenia. In the piroplasms phase in erythrocytes, the parasite becomes infective for the tick
(El-Deeb and Younis 2009).
Trans placental Bovine Tropical Theileriosis causing a deadly disease in a 3 day old
neonate cross bred calf and cerebral form of the disease (turning sickness) in a cow were
incriminated to T.annulata infection. It mainly depends upon the harmful effects of the T.
annulata on lymphoid tissues and susceptibility of the host (Sudan et al. 2012).
Theileriosis is prevalent in various regions of the world including Pakistan. It is transmitted by
Hyalomma species ticks. These ticks spread T. annulata which causes tropical theileriosis
(Durrani et al. 2009). The developmental stages of Theileria inside the Hyalomma ticks varies in
different shapes and forms (Hamed et al. 2011). Therefore to increase the milk and meat
production of cattle we can prevent the spread of the disease by controlling ticks
(Hekmatimoghaddam et al. 2012). The sufficient amount of Hyalomma ticks are found in warm,
commonly hard marshland and in central and Southern Europe, south west Asia and Southern
Africa having very long dry season. A toxin is produced in the adult ticks. This toxin produce
clinical signs of mucus membrane hyperemic and moist profuse eczema (Adam et al. 2000).
The sporozoites of Theileria enter into cattle host during tick feeding and they
immediately infect mononuclear leukocytes, these sporozoites develop into macroschizonts and
induce proliferation of the host cells. Macroschizonts constantly mature into microschizonts and
finally into merozoites, which are discharged from leukocytes. These merozoites attack
erythrocytes and mature into piroplasms, become available to ticks. Infective sporozoites,
injected during tick feeding, rapidly enter target cells, escape from the surrounding host-cell
membrane and differentiate to schizonts that interact with different host-cell components
(Dobbelaereand Rottenberg 2003). This interaction includes host cell signaling pathways that
Introduction
3
regulate proliferation and cell survival (Chaussepied and Langsley 2011) and thus cause
blastogenesis and clonal expansion of predominantly T and B cells (Fawcett et al. 1982; Baldwin
et al. 1988; Spooner et al. 1989). Merozoites released from these schizonts subsequently infect
red blood cells and become trophozoites. Lymphocytic stage of Theileria (schizonts) is the cause
of many of the severe disease manifestations like lymphadenopathy, pyrexia, thrombocytopenia,
and panleukopenia (Homer et al. 2000). Marked anemia, anisocytosis, pikilocytosis, and
leucopenia were commonly observed in bovine theileriosis (Ceci et al. 1997). Cattle may survive
the disease, but recovery and convalescence may be protracted and incomplete, this leads to
permanent debilitation, loss of productivity and prolonged carrier state. (Shahnawaz et al. 2011).
Cattle with subclinical infection in endemic regions become carrier of piroplasms and act as a
source of infection for the vectors (Brown 1997; Brown 1990; Uilenberg 1995).
The diagnosis of theileriosis in acute cases is majorly done on clinical signs and Giemsa
stained blood smears of cattle but the detection of agent is not reliable and is almost impossible
in carrier stage. Advances in molecular biological techniques have resulted in the improved
detection, identification, and genetic characterization of many hemoparasites. Species specific
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been developed for the detection and identification of
various Theileria species and has been shown to have higher sensitivity and specificity compared
with serological assays and examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears (Bhoora et al. 2009).
Primers were derived from the gene encoding the 30-kDa major merozoite surface antigen for T.
annulata (Aktas et al. 2006).
Most of the previous studies on haematological parameters in T. annulata infection were
carried out on experimentally infected cattle (Sandhu et al. 1998; Singh et al. 2001). The present
investigation was conducted to study haematological parameters in cattle naturally infected with
Introduction
4
T. annulata. Hematology has been broadly used in attempts to give information about disease
condition, performance problems and health in cattle (Rezaei and Naghadeh. 2006).
Hematological and sero-biochemical alterations are the indicators of severity of disease and are
considered to be good tools for the diagnosis, prognosis for effective therapy (Col and Uslu
2007; Nazifi et al. 2010b).
Lahore is one of the larger district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Different cattle
breeds are reared by the people of the area for meat and milk production. The exact current
situation about the prevalence and pathogenesis of Theileriosis in the selected area is unknown.
The present study was conducted to screen cattle by finding schizonts or piroplasms in Giemsa
stained thin blood smears at slaughter house of district Lahore (Aktas et al. 2006) and later to
confirm through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (Chaisi et al. 2013) in order to implement
efforts and regulation to eradicate the spread of disease in the selected area. Data generated from
this study provided the latest status of Theileriosis, sex wise prevalence and its pathogenesis in
cattle population of Lahore. The study has also provided the necessary information to formulate
strategies for control of disease in the area. An investigation was also undertaken to ascertain the
changes in haematology as a result of Theileria annulata infection. These studies will help better
understanding of the pathogenesis and supportive therapy of this disease. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2186,T] (1).
11.
Toxicopathological Alterations And Tissue Residue Of Colistinsulphate (Polymixin E) In Broilers
by Muhammad Aslam (2012-VA-809) | Dr. Muhammad Raza Hameed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Syed Ehtisham ul Haque.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Poultry industry is the 2nd largest industry in Pakistan playing important role to meet daily protein requirement with an investment of more than 200 billion rupees. It is contributing 6.1% and 10.8% share in total contribution of agriculture and livestock the national GDP, respectively. Total poultry meat production in the last year was 987 thousand tones (Economic survey of Pakistan 2013-2014). Because of high density and lack of biosecurity measures, outbreaks of infectious disease are more common and often occurs. Different antibiotics are used rational and irrational to treat and control these outbreaks. Colistin is among the most widely used antibiotic in intensive poultry farming, it is used to combat gram negative bacterial infections particularly for collibacillosis and gastrointestinal tract infections (Hussain and Khalil 2013).
Colistin belongs to the polymixins group of antibiotics. It is also known as Polymixin E. Polymixins are structurally related substances consisting of a cyclic peptide with a hydrophobic tail, mainly produced from gram positive nitrogen fixing bacteria Bacillus polymyxa. Polymixins are classified into six subtypes namely polymixin A to F and among these polymixin B and E are commonly used for the treatment of gram negative infections in animal and human beings. Colistin is mixture of two subtype’s colistin A (polymixin E1) and colistin B (polymixin E2). Commercially, it is available in two forms colistin sulfate and colistimethate sodium but colistin sulfate is more stable cationic water soluble salt (Landman et al. 2000) and is easily available in markets.
colistin sulphate has lipophilic and lipophobic(hydrophilic) properties, that makes it easier to interact on bacterial cell membrane by displacing counter ions in lipopolysaccharides, influencing Mg efflux that’s why it is effective against gram negative bacteria (Poole and Sheffield 2013). Polymixins also presents antipyretic activity by binding endotoxins, especially lipid A, (the active compound of lipopolysaccharide). Owing to this property it is extensively used to treat gram negative infections in livestock and poultry industries (Hanasawa et al. 1990).
The use of colistin was restricted in the past due to its toxic properties mainly in nephrotoxicity. There are reports available in the literature indicating that the parental use of colistin leads to the alterations of biochemical parameters in chicken i.e. increase in glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, catalase activity, creatinine while, adversely affect total plasma proteins (Ibrahin et al. 2011). In ostriches it leads to the development of neurotoxic signs along with histologically odema formation in pericardium, intestinal serosa and heart was observed (Landman et al. 2000).
Toxic effects of colistin were also reported in humans including nephrotoxicity, increased serum creatinine during the treatment (Falagas et al. 2005). As bioavailability for oral route is minimal and it is used parentally to treat systemic infections. Parenteral route may cause toxopathological effects in birds. Other effects includes change in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase which indicate liver damage. Red blood cells, white blood cells, packed cell volume and hemoglobin estimation were also decreased (Saleemi et al. 2013). The incidence of nephrotoxicity is severe but less common in oral administration as polymixins absorption through gastrointestinal tract is very slow and limited, and cannot be detected in plasma concentrations at ordinary doses (Falagas and Kasiakou 2006). Instead of all these toxic effects, now a days it is frequently used for the treatment against gram negative bacterial infections (Vaara 2010).
The emergence of bacterial resistance has become an important public health hazard throughout the world). Due to irrational use of antimicrobial drugs against different diseases (Naqvi et al.2013. Colistin is one of the most widely used antibiotic in poultry industry against diseases like collibacillosis, salmonellosis and clostridial infections through drinking water, feed additives and parenteral route in developing countries like Pakistan (Tanweer et al.2013). Parenteral use of colistin sulphate may leads to the deposition of residues in different tissues. The presence of its residues in edible parts may lead to the toxicity as well as development of antibacterial resistance in human.
Keeping in view the potential toxic effects and other hazards relating to the extensive use of colistin in poultry birds, present study has been designed to investigate dose dependent patho-morphological alterations and tissue residue in broiler chickens.
Objective
1. To study the toxicopathological effects of parenteral administration of colistin in broilers.
2.Investigation of the tissue deposition of colistin as residues and its withdrawal period.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2221-T] (1).
12.
Immuno-Modulatory Effects Of Beta-Glucans And Nucleotides Based Commercial Products In Broiler Chicken Experimentally Infected With Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus
by Hafiza Zain ul Fatima (2008-VA-232) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Raheela Akhter | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Immune-potentiation effect of commercially available products containing beta-glucans (betaplex and catalyzer) and nucleotides (electroimmune and avimmune) in the broilers was evaluated. A total of 120 broiler chicks were reared under standard husbandry conditions. The birds were vaccinated by live NDV vaccine at 5, 14 days and killed Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine at 7 days of age. Additionally, live infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease vaccines were also given through water at 5 and 10 days of age, respectively. The birds were randomly divided into six groups each comprising 20 birds. Four groups (treatment groups) were offered four commercial immune-booster products at 7, 14 and 21 days of age for 72 hours. Fifth group (untreated vaccinated) was not offered any drug while sixth group (untreated and unvaccinated) was not given any drug and also remained unvaccinated against NDV. Anti NDV antibodies were measured at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age and heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio was measured at 14, 21 and 28 days. Weight of immune organs and performance of birds was also measured from each group. Finally, 15 birds from each group were inoculated with virulent NDV through intranasal route at 28 days of age to assess the protection against challenge infection.
Mean GMT anti NDV antibody titers in vaccinated groups were 3.65 (±0.59) at one week of age which were raised to the levels of 5.85 (±0.88), 5.50 (±1.00), 6.10 (±0.64), 5.90 (±0.91) and 5.45 (±1.05) in the betaplex, catalyzer, electroimmune, avimmune, and untreated control groups, respectively. Maximum antibody titer was achieved in electroimmune treated group while minimum in the catalyser treated ones. In non-vaccinated control group the antibody titers were minimum in the beginning that reduced to negligible level at four weeks of age. The H:L ratio of
Summary
48
all treatment groups did not significantly vary at 14 days of age while at 21 and 28 days of age, the birds receiving electroimmune have significantly low H:L ratio in comparison to other treatment groups. Weight of liver and spleen in nucleotide treated groups was significantly higher than other treatment and control groups while there was no significant difference in the weight of bursa of fabricious in all treatment groups. Relative weight of all immune organs to the live body weight did not significantly vary in all treatment and control groups. Performance of the birds as a measure of feed conversion ratio (FCR) was highest in electroimmune treated birds. The challenge protection data shows that minimum mortality of 40 % (6/15) was observed in nucleotides treated groups while betaplex and catalyzer treatment groups have 47 % (7/15) and 53 % (8/15) mortality ratios in comparison to 60 % (9/15) mortality in untreated birds. Results of present study suggest that nucleotide or beta glucans supplementation in the diet have beneficial effects to enhance the humoral immune response and better bird performance in broilers. Use of these products not on delay the onset of clinical disease but also helpful in providing better protection against challenge to velogenic NDV. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2516-T] (1).
13.
Amelioration Of Pathological Changes Due To Infectious Bursal Disease By The Administration Of Mentofin And Asi-Mirus In Broiler Chicken
by Muhammad Umair Shah (2011-VA-15) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Ghulam Mustafa | Dr. Ali Ahmed Sheikh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry industry is the second largest industry in Pakistan but despite of its rapid growth rate it is facing huge economic losses due to many infectious diseases. Infectious Bursal Disease is one of them. Huge economic losses in case of infectious bursal disease are due to immunosuppression and high mortality.
In Pakistan, commercially available vaccines are abruptly used to control different viral diseases but unfortunately failure of these products occur from time to time. Hence, current study was designed to determine the immunostimulatory effect of two commercially available products (Mentofin and ASI-MIRUS) against IBD vaccine.
A total 300 broiler chicks were taken, divided into six groups each having 50 birds and were replicated under controlled conditions. A, B and D groups were vaccinated with the IBD live virus vaccine. B and C groups were treated with Mentofin. D and E groups were treated with ASI-MIRUS while F group served negative control. To detect antibody titer against IBDV at every week (0-42 days of age), a commercial ELISA kit, IDEXX Flock Chek standard (IDEXX Corporation, Westbrook, ME, USA) was used. In order to analyze gross and microscopic changes in bursa, postmortem examination and histopathology of bursa was done.
The volatile oils in Mentofin and ASI-MIRUS have effective immunomodulatory effects on humoral immune response in broiler chicks. Eucalyptus and peppermint oils increase bursa to body weight (B/BW) ratio as compared to untreated birds. Results of present study indicated the highest antibody titer in group D supplemented with ASI-MIRUS and vaccinated as compared to group B supplemented with Mentofin and vaccinated. Significantly high bursa to body weight ratio also observed in vaccinated group D (ASI-MIRUS treated) comparing with other
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
35
vaccinated groups A and B. In Group B (Mentofin treated), bursal samples showed necrosis at medullary region of bursal follicle. Group D (ASI-MIRUS treated) showed the active follicle consist of lymphoid cells and shown no obvious histopathological lesion. So present study showed that ASI-MIRUS is reduced the severity of IBDV which has more beneficial effect on immune response against IBD vaccinated Broiler Chicken as compared to Mentofin. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2557-T] (1).
14.
Immunomodulatory Effect Of Hing (Ferula Foetida) Along With Infectious Bursal Disease (Ibd) Vaccine In Broiler
by Muhammad Javed Raza | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: A number of feed additives including antibiotics have been extensively used in
poultry feeds. However, the use of antibiotics has been restricted due to the drug resistance
and the issue of residues in meat. Now a day, the use of medicinal plants is being popular as
an alternate remedy. Asafoetida is a natural feed additive and antimicrobial, immune
stimulator, antiviral, antifungal, anti-parasitic, antithrombotic, antioxidant, anti-cancerous,
and vasodilator activities. It is being used for the control of some viral problems. Some
previous studies also indicated that it has beneficial effects on the immune system. Therefore,
the present study was designed to estimate the immunomodulatory effects of F. foetida with
IBD vaccine in enhancing the immune system and ultimately increase the production of
poultry products.
A total of n=90 day old broiler chicks were purchased and kept under the optimum
conditions at CVAS Jhang. Birds were divided into three groups A, B, C and group B and C
were further divided into three subgroups (B1, B2, B3 and C1, C2, C3). Group A was treated
as positive control group and was administered with commercially available IBD and ND
vaccine and routine diet while group B was administered with asafoetida at the rate of 2%,
4%, and 6% along with vaccine to see the impact of different levels of asafoetida on the
immune system and to see the effects (if any) of various doses of asafoetida. Group C was
only administered with asafoetida in feed at the same rate as to group B. At the end of study
birds were slaughtered to observe the effects of asafoetida administration.
Positive effect of asafoetida has been reported by many studies. F. foetida is a
medicinal herb used for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, because of having
antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Also act as a good growth promoting agent
and have beneficial effects on the immune system. So, it was hypothesized that the present
Summary
39
study was helpful to determine the immunomodulatory effect of asafoetida for commercially
available IBD vaccine and could reduce the cost of vaccination for commercial poultry
farmers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2562-T] (1).
15.
Immunomodulatory Effects Of Feeding Allium Sativum Against Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) Vaccinated Broiler Birds On IBD Vaccine.
by Uzma Riaz (2008-VA-286) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Muhammad Asif Idrees | Dr. Iahtasham Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: A number of feed additives including antibiotics have been extensively used in
poultry diets for the purpose of weight gain to improve feed efficiency and growth rate.
However, use of antibiotics has restricted due to the bacterial resistance and the issue of
residues which make the chicken meat harmful for human consumption. So the medicinal
plants are gaining interest as alternative feed strategies now a day because of their low cost,
easy availability and presence of no residues. Garlic was used for the medicinal purposes and
as a health supplement by the ancient Egyptians. It is a natural feed additive and is
antimicrobial, immune stimulator, antiviral, antifungal, anti-parasitic, antithrombotic,
antioxidant, anti-cancerous, and vasodilator activities. Previous studies indicate that it has
beneficial effects on the immune system and is a best immune stimulator then the other
herbal plants and medicines.
Therefore, the present study was designed to estimate the immunomodulatory effect
of garlic to commercially available IBD vaccine in enhancing the immune system. Total
N=99 day old broiler chicks were purchased and kept in the experimental shed of CVAS
Jhang. Birds were divided into three groups A, B, C and group B and C were further divided
into three subgroups (B1, B2, B3 and C1, C2, C3). Group A was treated as control group and
was administered with commercially available IBD and ND vaccine and routine diet while
group B was administered with garlic at the rate of 4%, 5%, and 7% along with vaccine to see
the impact of different levels of garlic (Allium sativum) on the immune system and to see the
toxic effect (if any) of high dose of garlic. Group C was only administered with garlic in fee
Summary
44
at the same rate as to group B. At the end of study birds were slaughtered to check the effects
of garlic administration. Positive effect of garlic has been reported by many studies. Garlic is
a medicinal herb used for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, because of having
antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Also act as a good growth promoting agent
and have beneficial effects on the immune system. Results of the study indicate that
administration of garlic powder in different doses alone and combined with commercial IBD
vaccine have good effects on the growth, blood parameters and the immune system of the
broiler birds. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2561-T] (1).
16.
Effects Of Aqueous Extract Of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Leaves Against Colibacillosis In Broiler
by Muhammad Azfar (2014-VA-1111) | Dr. Asif Idrees | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Iahtasham Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In Pakistan the poultry sector has developed rapidly in the last two decades. The poultry production as practiced today is specialized one and concentrating more on the use of high performance birds. The major factors for successful poultry production are high genetic potential, balanced nutrition and health maintenance (Nayaka et al. 2012). Utilization of immunostimulant is one solution to improve the immunity of animals and to decrease their susceptibility to infectious diseases. Immunostimulation comprises a prophylactic and therapeutic concept aimed at stimulation of the non-specific and specific immune response (Hyde and Patnode, 2001).
Most of the commercial poultry growers use antibiotics as growth promoters and to reduce the chance of occurrence of infectious diseases, which usually result in higher costs of production and ultimately lower net returns. There are great concerns about the use of antibiotics as therapeutic immunomodulators and growth promoters as it has given rise to antibiotic resistant bacteria. In this modern world of science, the researchers are once again intending towards exploring the potential benefits of the conventional medicines. Neem (A. indica) is an herbal plant which is known to exhibit various beneficial pharmacological properties including immunomodulatory effect in broilers.
Poultry sector is facing some problems one of which is bacterial disease which cause economic loss. Farmers use different antibiotics as growth promoter and to reduce the incidence of different diseases on poultry which increases cost of production and lowers the net returns. In addition, use of antibiotics giving rise to other problems like increasing drug resistant against these antibiotics especially Gram –ve bacteria (Salmonella and E. coli). It’s necessary that antibiotic residues in meat would not adversely affect human health. Specifically, it has been recommended that the penicillins, tetracyclines, tylosin, and
Summary
54
sulfonamides as growth promoters should not be use any more. So scientists are giving attention to the use of indigenous medicine instead of antibiotics for better rearing of poultry. Pakistan is blessed with different medicinal plants one of which is Neem (Azadirachta indica). For thousands of years the medicinal properties of Neem have been recognized. Each part of the Neem tree has some medicinal property. Biological Activity of Neem is due presence of different chemicals like nimbolide, nimbin, nimbindin, quercetin among others. Biological activities include Anti-inflammatory; Antiarthritic; Antipyretic; Hypoglycemic; Antigastric ulcer; Spermicidal; Antifungal; Antibacterial; Diuretic; Antimalarial; Antitumour; Immunomodulatory A. indica grow fast and is evergreen tree which has medicinal and nutritive value for broilers. Broilers which are given Neem leaves extract in water have shown improved FCR and weight gain. This medicinal Plants compete with synthetic drugs as it strengthens the immune system by activate Cell mediated immunity and have no residues in meat. Neem extracts also improve performance and hematological parameters
However, I did the research work in short-term basis (only 42 days) and modern equipments were also not available. Therefore, an extensive research and development work should be undertaken on Neem and its products to make the findings more accurate and effective for their better economic and therapeutic utilization. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2613-T] (1).
