1.
Ecology And Population Of Waterbirds Of A Ramsar Site Along Makran Coastal Wetlands Complex Pakistan
by Fehmeeda Bibi | Dr.Zulfiqar Ali | Dr.Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: AWetlands are valuable ecosystems that occupy about 6% of the world's land surface. Natural wetlands in Pakistan covering approximately 10% of the total land area of the country. Waterbirds depend on wetlands for a variety of activities which include feeding, breeding, nesting and moulting.
This study was undertaken to identify and analyzed the ecology and population of waterbirds. Jiwani Coastal Wetlands is internationally well known wetlands and declared as Ramsar Site on 5th October, 2001. Located along Gawater Bay arround the delta of the Dasht River, a very significant area of mangrove forests extending westward to the Iranian frontier, contiguous with Iran's Gawater Bay and Hur-e-Bahu Ramsar site. From December, 2007 to December, 2008 study was conducted to observe the ecology and population of waterbirds in the study area. During one year, number of birds species recorded was 112; representing 16 orders and 38 families recorded from the 4600 hectare area of the Jiwani Coastal Wetlands. Status and seasonal occurrence of birds was also studied, total count was 15,469 that comprise 53 species as common, 10 rare, 31 scarce, 17 abundant and status of one species was unknown. According to seasonal occurrence of waterbirds at Jiwani Coastal Wetlands, 79 species were exclusively as visitor and 33 were resident. Out of 79 visitor species, 54 species were winter visitor, 11 summer visitor, 10 were irregular year round visitor, and three species were vagrant. Maximum number of species recorded from order Chadriiformes were 34 while in Passeriformes were 30; number of species belongs to order Phoenicopteriformes, Falconiformes, Piciformes, Psittaciformes and Upupiformes recorded equal in numbers; one species in each order
Relative abundance, Census Index and Shannon Weiner Diversity Index were found for recorded bird data and compared with previous studies. Relatively abundant species were Eurasian Coot Fulica atra (0.1577), Common Teal Anas crecca (0.0645), Herring Gull Larus cachinnans (0.06 15), Eurasian Oyster Catcher Haematopus ostralegus (0.0606) and Shoveler Anas clypeata (0.0511) respectively while in previous study Dalmatian Pelican Felicanus crispus (14.037), Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus rubber (14.014), Herring Gull Larus cachinnans (11.487) Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus (3.046), Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis (0.24) respectively. Density of birds also recorded in this study which was 3.36 per bird per hectare; in comparison to previous study this value was 5.43 per birds per hectare that was slightly higher. Shannon Weiner Diversity Index value of the 112 species of waterbirds was 0.253 while in previous it was 0.236 that is slightly lowers. Population of birds was significantly higher in the present study total birds population was 15,469 and in previous study it was 8,862. Yet the number of species was 125 in past and 112 in present study. Identified threats for decline in number of species were exploitation of natural habitat, fishing, cultivation, illegal hunting, deforestation, urbanization and due to global warming.
Hence there is a strong need to restore, conserve and preserve these existing wetlands to maintain and improve the distribution, diversity, and abundance of populations and habitats of breeding, migratory, and nonbreeding waterbirds throught the lands and waters of the Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1059,T] (1).
2.
Habitat Abundance Morphology And General Biology Of Indian Flying Fox ( Pteropus Giganteus ) At Dir Malakand
by Muhammed Salim | Dr.Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan | Dr.Azhar Maqbool | Dr.Zulfiqar Ali.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: This study was carried out from June, 2008 to December, 2008 to study the habitat, abundance, morphology and general biology of Indian flying fox (Pteropus gigc,nteus) at Dir, Malakand, Mardan and Charsadda districts of N. W. F. P - Pakistan. Five different roosts viz. (a) Dargai bridge, situated on main road from Peshawar to Swat, tehsil Dargai and district Malakand, (b) Ghaffar khan village, situated on main road from Shakoor to Mandani, tehsil Tangi in Charsadda district, (c) Chail Kandov Baba, situated on main road from Dargai to Katlang tehsil Takht Bhai in Mardan district, (d) Chakdara bridge, situated on river Swat at the junction of Chakdara and Swat road tehsil C'hakdara and Dir district, and (e) Fishing hut, situated on river Swat near Chakdara bridge tehsil Chakdara in Dir district were sampled for the study of habitat, abundance and morphology and general biology of the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus).
Field data was also collected to know the habitat, abundance and general biology of these bats in the study area. The carcasses of the bats were collected from the ground underneath the above mentioned five roosts. Out of five roost only two i.e. Ghaffar Khan Village and Chail Kandov Baba where the habitat was composed of loamy soil and vegetated with maximum number of Eucalyptus glob ulus and some grasses.
Before being weighed the external body measurements of some specimens were recorded. The skulls of these specimens were also prepared for recording different parameters of the skull. The proportion CL/HBL, FL/HBL, TL/HBL and CaL/HBL were almost similar in the two types of skulls whereas the proportion ELIHBL, EB/HBL, TWC/HBL, 21I metaJHBL, 3 metaJHBL, 41h metaJHBL, metaJHBL, FAL/HBL and meta/HBL, FAL/HBL and WS/HBL was somewhat greater in the case with skull without ridge. Only the proportion BW/HBL was greater in the case of the skull having ridge than those without ridge.
Since all the specimens wer putrefied, it was not possible to autopsy them so the reproductive data of any of these specimens could not be obtained. However some general observations of the live bats were recorded.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1064,T] (1).
3.
The Ecology And Biology Of The Indian Flying Fox(Pteropus Giganteus)
by Tayiba Latif Gulzar | Dr.Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan | Dr.Zulfiqar Ali | Prof. Dr.Masroor.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Exploratory visits to Jinnah during March 2008 and subsequent visits in each successive month provided new information of the ecology and biology of the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus). There were 45 trees belonging to 22 species that were used as roosts by bats. The population of the indian flying fox varied from 884 - 2267 individuals. Among 45 roost, there were thirteen viz, Albizia procera, Aegle marmelos, Celtis australis, Cinnamomum, camphora, Dalbergia sissoo, DIospyros peregrina, Ficus elastica, Kigelia pinnata, Pinus roxburghii, Pterospermurn acerifölium, Putranjiva roxburghii, Terminalia bellerica and Taxodium mucronatum that harboured less than 100 bats.
Ceiba pentandra and Pistachia chinensis were the staple food item in bat guano and bolus during winter and autumn, respectively. The seeds of Ficus spp. were highly preferred and seven species viz; Ficus benjamina, F bengalensis, F. carica, F glomerta, F. mysorensis, F. religosa and F. retusa were identified that were consumed by bats throughout the year in their respective fruiting season. the seeds of Diospyros kaki and D. peregrina also showed 100 % consumption rate and were preferred by bats during winter and autumn, respectively (present study).
Bat guano forms the basis of food web consisting of bacteria, fungi, protozoans, nematods and arthropods. Ten fungal genera were identified from bolus and eight fungal genera from guano the randomly collected samples of the Indian flying fox in different seasons at Jinnah Garden. Alternaria, Aspergillus Candida, Chrysosporium Fusarium Penicillium and Saccharomyces were observed in the bolus of the bat. The fungal genera observed in guano included Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chrysosporium, Cryptococcus Exophiala Histoplasma Scopulariopsis and Trichophyton. Six bacterial genera were identified from bolus and ten from the guano seasonal sampling at Jinnah Garden. These included Acaligens, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Bartonella, Coryenbacteria, Klebsella, Listeria, Nitrsomonas, Nocardia, Salmonella and Stretomycetes.
The fresh guano of fruit bats is dark in colour and forms a flat, laminated mass. It generally contains more than 60% organic matter. Mineral composition of bolus and guano of Indian flying fox at Jinnah Garden were analyzed in four seasonal samples throughout the year. The pH of fruit bat bolus near acidic to neutral ranges between 6.7 and 7.4 where as pH of fruit bat is guano is near neutral to alkaline ranges between 7.1 and 7.4. The most abundant elements in bolus and guano are nitrogen and phosphorus whereas potassium is less abundant. The total nitrogen ranges between 2.28 % and 4.10 % the nitrogen values are higher in bolus than guano (2.0 % and 3.30) and the total phosphorus ranges between 3.10 % and 5.20 % which is slightly higher than the phosphorus range of bolus (3.50 % and 5.0 %).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1070,T] (1).
4.
Ecology Population And Conservativation Of Migratory Birds At Taunsa Barrage Punjab Pakistan
by Qazi Adnan Ahmad | Dr.Zulfiqar Ali | Dr.Muhammad Mahmood -ul-Hassan.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: In the present survey, census data of avian diversity and threats to them recorded from March to May, 2009 at Taunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary. The avian diversity was estimated by direct physical counts by using binocular and spotting scope. The photographs besides the coordinates of the different localities of Taunsa Banage Wildlife Sanctuary during this study were noted. Different birds were identified on the basis of birds' identification guides. Indirect observations were taken by the meetings held with the local community. After these meetings threats due to human interference with the avifauna of the selected site were found.
In recent studies, total 108 species of birds were recorded, which belongs to 45 lamilies of the birds. Among them family Ardeidae remained dominant in bird populatoii while Sylviidae was the family, which had greater bird species to the site. 1hc family Oriolidae has only one bird species.
Out of 108 species, 65 were resident, 7 were breeding resident, 34 were winter visitor and only 2 'ere summer. The most critical threat facing the birds is the destruction and 1iumentation of habitat. Fishing activities and illegal hunting by local people re also the major threats to the avifauna (migratory as well as resident).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1081,T] (1).
5.
Inter Population Variation In The Indian Flying (Pteropus Giganteus)Of Nwfp And Punjab-Pakistan
by Faiz-ur-Rehman | Dr.Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan | Dr.Zulfiqar Ali | Prof.Dr.Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The present study was designed to investigate the morphometric variations in the Indian flying fox populations inhabiting NWFP and Punjab. Intensive field efforts resulted in finding out three roosts of Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) at NWFP (one each in Peshawar, Charsadda and Mardan districts and two in Punjab (one each in Gujranwala and Kasur districts). Four specimens each, from the three bat roosts of NWFP and, three specimens each from two bat roosts of Punjab were captured and euthanized to study the inter-population variations in the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus).
The results of the inter-population variations revealed that bat samples collected from Charsadda district were not significantly different from those collected from Peshawar district. They were also not different significantly from those collected from Kasur district. The Peshawar bats also showed no significant variation with respect to their cranial depth, breadth of upper incisors, maximum dentary length and mandibular tooth row with those collected from Gujranwala as well as other districts of Charsadda, Mardan and Ksur too.
The bat sample collected from Charsadda district were also not significantly different from those collected from Mardan district with respect to their body weight, length of 3 metacarpal, length of l phalanyx on third metacarpal, length of 2' phalanyx on metacarpal, length 41 metacarpal, wingspan and length of femur, respectively.
Whereas these specimens were not different from Gujranwala specimens in all the norphometric parameters measured. Mardan bat specimens were also not difibrent from Gujranwala bat specimens with respect to their mastoid breadth, length of the incisor of the upper jaw and mandibular tooth row, respectively.
The specimens collected from Kasur district were not significantly different from Peshawar, Mardan, and Gujranwala with respect to the length of the desired parameters taken. Inter- population variations in all other comparisons were statistically similar.
Combined inter-populations variations in the body weight, external body and cranial measurements of the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) captured from Punjab and NWFP. Of the 22 parameters studied, both populations were not significantly different ft)r any parameter. There were also no significant variations in the length of the Claw (C), Length oF the 5th metacarpal (5tI1 met) and the Condylobasal length (CBL). While the cranial depth (CR1)).
Breadth of the incisors of upper jaw (J2J2), maximum dentary length (MDL) and mandibular tooth row length (MBTR) were also not different significantly in these specimens captired from two populations of Punjab and NWFP. A comparison of the two populations revealed that NWFP population had no significantly broader ear, longer femur, and deeper cranium, broader incisors of the upper jaw, longer dentary bone and longer mandibular tooth row with respect to Punjab.
The body weight, external body and cranial measurements of the male and female Indian flying fox (Pleropus giganteus) populations captured from Punjab and NWFP were also had no 1significant variations in all the 22 parameters measured.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1099,T] (1).
6.
Status Of Wild Life Close To Indian Border Area At Ravi Siphon, Pakistan
by Muhammad Asif Munir | Dr. Zulfiqar Ali | Dr. Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The proposed study was carried out at Ravi Siphon area in Sheikhupura district near Lahore, Punjab, which is an important site along the Indian Border. In this study, main emphasis was given on the population dynamics of birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles in relation to the wetland characteristics particularly different types of riverine habitats, different seasons (summer, winter), relationship between different species of animals, seasonal changes, species identification, census of biodiversity and their population assessment. In addition, natural flora of the site was also recorded. Wildlife is an excellent indicator of the overall health of an ecosystem. On this research identification of nature and severity of problems being faced by biodiversity was identified and concluded as recommendation for the welfare of our wildlife to declare the site as a protected area.
Waterbirds depend on Ravi Siphon wetland for a variety of activities which include feeding, breeding, nesting and moulting. The highest number of waterbirds is often found in wetlands which have the greatest diversity of plant species and vegetation types, or where there is permanent water. In hot summer wetlands become visiting places for summer visitor birds and they provide a drought- refuge for several species of water birds.
During the study there were 87 species of birds recorded. According to seasonal distribution 24 winter visitors, 54 residents, 6 summer breeder and 3 year round visitor were recorded. In the study area, some birds were seen in a large diversity and others were seen rarely.
The present study about the status of bird species showed that 1 very common, 9 common, 20 fairly common, 34 uncommon, 12 rare and 11 very rare bird species were recorded. Monthly data was taken during the whole year (May 2009-April10) and 772 total birds population were found. In May 319, Jun 354, July 375, August 390, September 316, October 432, November 349, December 395, January 373. , February 389, March 401 and in April 363 bird's population were recorded.
Relative abundance, Census Index and Shannon Weiner Diversity Index were also calculated for studied bird data. The most dominant bird of the area was Indian Cliff Swallow found having relative abundance 5.69. The other dominant birds were Little Green Bee-eater (3.4), Large Egret (3.96), House Sparrow (2.3), and Bank Myna (2.6). Census Index was found to be 1.64 and Shannon Weiner Diversity Index was 5.98 found. Wildlife other than birds was also recorded. Three species of amphibians, eight species of reptiles and significant species of mammals were studied. A great variety of plant trees were also found at Ravi Siphon.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1173,T] (1).
7.
Ecology And Population Of Birds Of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan
by Irfan | Dr. Zulfiqar Ali | Dr. Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The proposed study was carried out at Changa Manga that is an important woodland forest in Punjab. In this study, main emphasis was given on the population dynamics of birds in relation to the woodland characteristics particularly different types of forest habitats, different seasons (summer, winter), relationship between different species of birds, seasonal changes, species identification, census of birds and their population assessment. They connect all of us, from city dwellers to rural communities, to the environment. Birds are an excellent indicator of the overall health of an ecosystem. On this research identification of nature and severity of problems being faced by birds both resident and migratory was identified and concluded as recommendation for the welfare of our avifauna at the site.
In the site of study area resident birds are common and winter visitors, summer breeder birds were also recorded. In the study area 51 residents, 5 summer breeder, 21 winter visitor and 1 year round visitor species recorded. The total number of birds observed in Changa Manga Forest is 78 that show the most common birds in Changa Manga Forest are House Crow, Common Myna, Bank Myna, House Sparrow and Bee-eater etc.
The data collected from Changa Manga in May (524), June (384), July (544), August (418), September (425), October (487), November (647), December (593), January (532), February (604), March (630) and April (466).
The relative abundance is showed by house crow (7.8531). It is a garbage feeder so can easily be seen in areas which are the places of public interest, where people use to create or spread solid waste (wrapper, plastic bags, food material etc). Common Myna (4.4143), Bank Myna (4.3969), House sparrow (4.1641) and Blyth's Reed Warbler (3.1128), Small Sky-lark (2.3416), Common Babbler (2.6398), Blue-cheeked Bee-eater (2.0016), Small Sky Lark (2.3416), Long Tailed Grass Warbler (1.6631) and Indian Robin (1.6681) have abundance respectively. Census index (0.2422) and Shannon Wiener (5.5495) values were also calculated. The trophic levels were mention according to these; there were 263 birds' herbivores, 411 were omnivores, 391 were insectivores and 112 were carnivore's birds in the study area.
Hence there is a strong need to restore, conserve and preserve these existing woodland to maintain and improve the distribution, diversity and abundance of populations and habitats of breeding, migratory and nonbreeding birds throughout the land forests of the Pakistan
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1174,T] (1).
8.
Ecology And Diversity Of Head Qadirabad, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan
by Muhammad Altaf | Dr. Zulfiqar Ali | Dr. Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The proposed study was carried out at Head Qadirabad that was an important wetland of the Punjab. In this study, main emphasis was given on the ecology and diversity of waterbirds in relation to the wetland characteristics particularly different types of aquatic habitats, different seasons, relationship between different species of waterbirds, seasonal changes, species identification, census of waterbirds and their population assessment. They connect all of us, from city dwellers to rural communities, to the environment. Migratory birds were an excellent indicator of the overall health of an ecosystem. On this research identification of nature and severity of problems being faced by waterbirds both resident and migratory was identified and concluded as recommendation for the welfare of our avifauna at the site.
The lower basin of the Chenab River was a prime example of the consequences and challenges posed by increasing water scarcity. The aim of this study was Development, Environment, and Security and the water birds and to clarify key concepts and criteria for sustainable water use within the Head Qadirabad, and then, using those criteria, to present patterns of water use, allocation, and management that can continue to support economic prosperity while maintaining ecological integrity.
Water is a prerequisite for life, and a key ingredient in virtually all human economic activity. In regions where demands for water approach or exceed the limits of available supplies, competition intensifies among various interests turning water scarcity into a potential source of conflict. Scarcity often also results in unhealthy aquatic ecosystems because of alterations in the timing, quantity, and quality of freshwater flows needed to sustain their natural functions. This ecological degradation, in turn, spawns a variety of undesirable economic and social effects.
In the study area observed 76 winter visitor species, 54 resident species, 10 summer breeder species and 9 year round visitor species (Table: 4.3 and Figure: 4.2.)
House Crow was much dominant (Relative abundance was 3.6585), Little Green Bee eater (Relative abundance was 3.2520), Little Swift (Relative abundance was 2.8455), House Sparrow (Relative abundance was 2.5203), Bank Myna (Relative abundance was 2.0325), Common Myna (Relative abundance was 2.0325), Black Kite (Relative abundance was 2.0325), Cattle Egret (Relative abundance was 1.7886), Red-wattled Lapwing (Relative abundance was 1.6260) and Small Pied kingfisher (Relative abundance was 1.2195). These were all dominant in the Head Qadirabad area. This all data shown in Table: 4.9 and Figure: 4.4.
In the present study observed following number of birds in whole year, in May 354, Jun 388, July 388, August 404, September 361, October 341, November 394, December 344, January 560, February 649, March 591 and in April 593 birds, as present in Table: 4.10 and Figure 4.5.
The present study showed that, 149 species of birds were present in the study area. In 2009- 10 observed that Census Index was 0.437 and Shanon-Weiner Diversity Index was 9.58 as shown in Table: 4.12.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1178,T] (1).
9.
Urbanization: Consequences On Increase Of Garbage Eating Birs In Lahore, Pakistan
by Muhammad tanveer | Dr. Zulfiqar Ali | Dr. Ali Nawaz | Prof. Dr. Nureen Aziz.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: This proposed study was analyzed the increase of garbage eating birds in Lahore. Five Important sites were selected in Lahore as whole longitudinal belt of Lahore was covered. Many birds species were recorded, and especially garbage eating or scavenger birds' population was observed and its consequences on other birds species and ecosystem was studied. Different field observation methods for birds along with field guides was adopted. In this 12 month study, month wise record of birds was depicted a picture of population of birds in Lahore. The vultures were totally extinct in Lahore and were not observed at any sites. During the study observed most of the birds were the resident, few were winter visitor and very low numbers were the summer breeders. Urbanization is a major cause of habitat loss and fragmentation. According to present study density of birds were recorded at Jinnah garden, Racecourse Park, Woodland Safari Park, Mehmood Booti and Old Ravi Bridge. Different threats to the birds were also been recorded and appropriate conservation measure towards a sustainable ecosystem was proposed.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1181,T] (1).
10.
Habitat, Morphology And General Biology Of Bats Of Fmaily Embellonuridae
by Sana Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Mahmood ul Hassan | Dr. Zulfiqar Ali | Prof. Dr.Masroor.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The present study was designed to investigate habitat, morphology and general biology of the bats belonging to family Embellonuridae from Punjab. A total of fifteen specimens of sheath- tailed bats belonging to two species were captured from Attock and Bahawalpur districts and identified. These included eleven specimens of the naked-rumped tomb bat (Taphozous nudiventris) and four specimens of Egyptian tomb bat (T. perforates). The later species is a new record from the present study area.
A roost of sheath-tailed bats was located with help of some locals in the suburbs of the Ratowal village in Attock district from where four naked-rumped tomb bats (T. nudiventris) were captured with the help of hand net. Acacia catechu, A. nilotica, A. modesta, Bauhinia variegate, Olea ferruginea, Phylianthus emblica and Quercus leucotrichophora were the main tree species present in the area while the shrubs included Carissa opaca, Calotropis procera, Dodonaea viscose, Justica adhatoda and Otostegia limbata. A ilium jaquemontii, Arundo donax, Cannabis sativa, Centaurea iberica, Eulophia dabia, Geranium oceiiatum and Hibiscus caesius, were some notable herb species in that habitat.
Approximately three hundred bats were roosting on the walls and ceiling of the shrine located in the vicinity of Mojgarh from where five bats were captured. Two of these were Egyptian tomb bats (T. perforatus) while the remaining three were naked-rumped tomb bats (T. nudiventris). Six hundred and thirty five bats were counted on the walls and ceilings of various rooms of the ruined Derawar Fort of which six bats were captured. One of these was T perforatus while the remainings were T. nudiventris.
The mean body weight of the eleven T. nudiventris was 48.7 g ± 11.63 (SD) while their head and body length was 87.9 mm ± 6.20 (SD). Free tail, ear and tragus were 17.3 mm ± 3.38 (SD), 13.9 mm± 2.21 (SD) and 4.1 mm ± 0.54 (SD) long, respectively. The forearm was 70.5 mm ± 0.93 (SD) long. Thumb and claw were 7.8 mm ± 0.84 (SD) and 2.5 ± 0.35 (SD) long respectively. The mean length of 3', 4th and 5th metacarpals was 62.3 mm ± 2.54 (SD), 50.6 mm ± 2.28 (SD) and 38.2 mm ± 9.78 (SD), respectively. The 1st and 2'' phalanges of 3rd metacarpal
27.3 mm ± 1.03 (SD) and 28.6 mm ± 2.40 (SD) long, respectively while the same on 4th metacarpal were 13.6 mm ± 2.63 (SD) and 8.3 mm ± 1.03 (SD) long, respectively. Their wingspan was 36.6 mm ± 3.28 (SD). Hind foot, tibia and calcar were 14.8 mm ± 1.40 (SD), 29.0 mm ± 1.10 (SD) and 5.6 mm ± 1.91 (SD) long, respectively while male had a 5.8 mm ± 1.39 (SD) long penis.
A total of four specimens of the Egyptian tomb bat were collected from Bhawalpur district at Mojgarh (n = 2), Derawar fort (n= 1), and Rattowal (n= 1) from Attock district in the areas of Punjab. The mean body weight of these specimens was 37.6 g ± 15.07 (SD). Their mean head and body, free tail and ear length was 82.0 mm ± 4.40 (SD), 21.0 mm ± 2.16 (SD) and 15.0 mm ± 3.16 (SD), respectively. The mean length of tragus was 4.0 mm ± 0.00 (SD). Length of the forearm was 63.8 mm ± 1.50 (SD). Length of thumb and of claw was 8.0 mm ± 0.71 (SD) and 2.8 ± 0.29 (SD). The mean length of 3rd metacarpal , 1st phalanx on 3fd metacarpal and 2' phalanx on 3ft metacarpal were 59.6 mm ± 6.57 (SD), 25.1 mm ± 1.65 (SD) and 27.4mm ±2.43 (SD) respectively. The mean length of 4th maetacarpal and it's 1st and 2nd halanx were 47.0 mm ± 2.86 (SD), 13.4mm±1.60 (SD) and 7.8mm ± 2.25 (SD), respectively. The4 mean length of 5th metacarpal was 40.8 mm± 6.99(SD) Their wingspan was 30.9mm ±1.80 (SD). Hind foot and tiabia length was 15.5mm ± 1.29 (SD). Their calcar and penis length was 6.0mm ±1.41 (SD) and 5.9 mm± 1.93 (SD) respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1195,T] (1).
11.
Enthno-Environmental Study Of Resilience To Climate Change Taunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary Pakistan
by Shelly Saima Yaqub | Dr.Zulfiqar Ali | Dr.Syed | Prof.Dr.Naureen Aziz qureshi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1257,T] (1).
12.
Correlative Study Of Avian Diversity With The Varying Urban Congestions Of Lahore
by Gaitee Sahar Sharif | Dr.Zulfiqar ALi | Dr.M.Mehmood-ul-Hassan | Prof.Dr.Noureen.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1266,T] (1).
13.
Morphology Of Some Bat Species Of District Bajaur Agency And Adjacent Areas
by Hamid-ullah | Dr. Muhammad Mahmood-Ul-Hassan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Ali Nawaz.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009-2011Dissertation note: This one year study extending from June 2010 to May 2011 was made to collect information on various bat species inhabiting Bajur Agency (FATA) and some adjacent areas (KPK). A total of 30 bats were captured and measured for body and cranial parameters during the present study. Of these twenty specimens were collected from Bajaur Agency and ten from Dir (Lower). All the potential roosting sites were thoroughly searched and their GPS locations were recorded. Bat samples were collected through mist nets and hand nets. Each captured specimen was tagged in the field indicating a specific field number, date and time of capture, exact locality, age, sex and the name of town or village of Bajaur Agency. They were preserved in 95% Alcohol before weighed, measured and autopsied. The standard morphometric, cranial and bacular measurements of each specimen were recorded and compared with that given in the literature.
Twenty bats were captured from two Tehsils of district Bajaur Agency (SA1). Fourteen bats were captured from Tehsil Khar. These included Scotophillus heathii (1?) captured from Molakaly, Pipistrellus ceylonicus (1?, 1?), Pipistrellus tenuis (1?) Pipistrellus cromendra (1?), Pipistrellus javanicus (1?) and Scotophilus kuhlii (2?) captured from Tuhaidabad and Pipistrellus cromandra (1?, 5?) captured from Daray. Six bats were recorded from Teshil Salarzo. These included Pipistrellus pipistrellus (2?), Pipistrellus tenius (1?, 1?) and Pipistrellus javanicus (1?) captured from Malkana and one Rhinolopus hipposiderous (?) captured from Tattay. Ten bats were captured from Dir (Lower). These included Megaderma lyra (1?,4?) Rhinolopus ferrumequinum (1?) and Rhinolopus hipposiderous (4?).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1363,T] (1).
14.
Bat Biodiversity (Vespertilioniformes: Order Chiroptera) In Some Tropical And Arid-Subtropical Regions Of Pakistan
by Arshad Javid | Dr. Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan | Dr. Muhammad Ali Nawaz | Prof. Dr.
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present study was conducted from June 2009 to May 2011 in those arid subtropical and tropical regions of Pakistan which included less pronounced monsoon influenced areas of the Salt Range, the Upper Indus Plains and the sand dune areas typified by the Cholistan. Bat surveys were conducted in two protected areas i.e. the Margallah Hills National Park (SA1) and the Chinji National Park (SA2) that were located in the arid subtropical region and in another, the Lal Suhanara National Park (SA3), situated in the tropical sand dune region of the Upper Indus Plains. In addition, bat samples were also collected from Gujranwala, Lahore, Tob Tek Singh and Kasur districts (SA4). These sub-areas were selected to maximize the chances of capture of as many bat species inhabiting arid-subtropical and tropical habitats of Pakistan as possible.
A total of 182 bats belonging to twelve species were recorded. These included R. blasii (Family Rhinolophidae), R. hardwickii (Family Rhinopomatidae), Taphozous nudiventris and T. perforatus (Family Emballonuridae), Scotoecus pallidus, Scotophilus heathii, S. kuhlii, Pipistrellus ceylonicus, P. javanicus, P. pipistrellus, P. tenuis and Hypsugo savii (Vespertilionidae). Rhinolphous blasii was captured only from SA1, R. hardwickii and S. pallidus from SA3 and P. tenuis from SA1. Taphozous nudiventris and T. perforatus were captured from SA1 and SA3, S. kuhlii and P. ceylonicus from SA1 and SA4, H. savii from SA1 and SA2 and P. javanicus from SA1 and SA2. Scotophilus heathii and P. pipistrellus were recroded throughout the study area.
Maximum bat activity was recorded in spring (n = 65) that was followed by summer ( n = 61), autumn (n = 32) and winter (n = 24). Rhinolophus blasii and S. pallidus were recorded only during winter, R. hardwickii and P. tenuis during autumn, while S. kuhlii was recorded only during summer. Taphozous nudiventris and T. perforatus were captured during summer and autumn. Pipistrellus pipistrellus was recorded during autumn, spring and winter while S. heathii was captured throughout the year.
Although the netting effort was the same, the number of bats captured from the SAs was different. A total of 72 bats were recorded from SA1, 52 from SA4, 43 from Lal SA3 and 15 from SA2. The dominance was highest for SA2 and lowest for SA1. Both Shannon and Simpson indices show that the diversity was the highest at SA1 followed by SA3, SA4 and SA2. Evenness was found to be highest at SA4 followed by SA3, SA2 and SA1.
The mean head and body length of three Rhinolophus blasii was 39.33 mm ± 0.577 (SD) forearm length was 40.17 mm ± 1.155 (SD) and the tail length was 19.23 mm ± 1.940 (SD). The greatest skull length of a single R. blasii was 17.22 mm and mandible length was 11.80 mm. The baculum of a single R. blasii sample was 3.5 mm long.
The mean head and body length of two Rhinopoma hardwickii 66.00 mm ± 5.657 (SD). The mean forearm length was 54.00 mm ± 0.0 (SD). The tail length was 59.00 mm ± 2.828 (SD). The greatest skull length was 19.68 mm ± 0.108 (SD), and the length of mandible was 11.28 mm ± 1.652. The baculum of single R. hardwickii was 1.1 mm long.
The mean head and body length of twenty six Taphozous nudiventris was 86.87 mm ± 5.556 (SD) and the tail length was 27.57 mm ± 12.187 (SD). The greatest skull length was 26.16 mm ± 0.323 (SD) and the length of mandible was 17.53 mm ± 1.149 (SD). The mean total baculum length of the two specimens was 0.58 mm ± 0.017 (SD).
The head and body length of four T. perforatus was measured as 84.30 mm ± 5.450 (SD) long. The forearm was 64.30 mm ± 3.457 (SD) long and the length of tail was 22.10 mm ± 2.702 (SD). The greatest length of skull was 22.24 mm and the length of mandible was recorded as 16.25 mm. The total length of a single T. perforatus was measured as 0.69 mm. The head and body length of fifty three Scotophilus heathii was 79.46 mm ± 6.941 (SD). The mean forearm length was 58.69 mm ± 2.929 (SD) and the tail length was 55.00 mm ± 7.360 (SD). The greatest length of skull was 21.39 mm ± 1.378 (SD) and the length of mandible was recorded as 16.08 mm ± 0.882 (SD). Mean total bacular length of ten S. heathii was measured 1.76 mm ± 0.150 (SD).
The mean head and body length of five specimens of S. kuhlii was 72.10 mm ± 8.096 (SD). The forearm was 49.40 mm ± 3.03 (SD) long and the length of tail was 42.40 mm ± 4.04 (SD). The greatest length of the skull was 18.98 mm ± 0.613 (SD) and the mandible length was 14.41 mm ± 1.173 (SD). The total length of the baculum of a single S. kuhlii was 1.74 mm.
The head and body length of two Scotoecus pallidus was 56.50 mm ± 3.536 (SD). The forearm was 35.50 mm ± 0.707 (SD) long and the length of the tail was 35.50 mm ± 3.536 (SD). The greatest length of skull was 15.46 mm ± 0.449 (SD) and mandible length was measured 9.64 mm ± 2.425 (SD). The total length of the baculum of a single S. pallidus captured from SA3 was 5.0 mm.
The mean head and body length of twenty two Pipistrellus ceylonicus was 63.60 mm ± 7.486 (SD). The length of forearm was 29.92 mm ± 2.492 (SD) and tail length was 25.68 mm ± 3.442 (SD). The greatest length of the skull was 10.76 mm ± 0.257 (SD) and the length of mandible was 9.28 mm ± 3.956 (SD), respectively. Mean total length of the bacula of four P. ceylonicus was 3.66 mm ± 1.190 (SD).
Mean head and body length of the ten P. javanicus was 52.00 mm ± 2.712 (SD). The forearm was 35.13 mm ± 1.996 (SD) long and the length of the tail was 30.38 mm ± 5.236 (SD). The greatest skull length was 13.01 mm ± 4.546 (SD) and the length of mandible was 10.29 mm ± 1.679 (SD). The mean total length of the four bacula was 3.57 mm ± 0.860 (SD).
The head and length of fifty two P. pipistrellus was 39.33 mm ± 2.690 (SD). The forearm was 28.23 mm ± 1.264 (SD) long and the length of the tail was 25.86 mm ± 3.396 (SD). The greatest length of skull was 11.04 mm ± 0.342 (SD) and the length of mandible was 7.87 mm ± 0.802 (SD). The mean total length of the eleven bacula of P. pistrellus was 3.19 mm ± 0.421 (SD).
Only two specimens of P. tenuis were captured from SA1. The head and body length of these specimens was 35.00 mm ± 2.828 (SD). The forearm length was 28.00±0.707 while the length of the tail was 22.25 mm ± 3.182 (SD). The greatest length of the skull was 10.19 mm. and the mandible length was 7.82 mm. The total bacular length was 2.79.
The head and body length of the two Hypsugo savii was 55.50 mm ± 19.092 (SD). The forearm was 36.75 mm ± 3.889 (SD) long while the length of the tail was 33.50 mm ±6.364 (SD). The greatest length of the skull was 11.18 mm and the length of mandible was 7.08 mm. The total bacular length of a single H. savii was 2.67 mm.
The echolocation calls of bats of Pakistan have never been recorded and thus the accuracy of species identification on the basis of their calls remains a bit doubtful.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1374,T] (1).
15.
The Study Of Hematological Parameters Of Indian Rock Python (Python Molorus Molorus) In Punjab, Pakistan
by Rehan ul Haq | Dr. Khalid Mahmood Anjum | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Arshad Javid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The background of the hematological studies of reptiles has assumed greater significance due to an increased trend of keeping them as pets and to identify any pathological condition in them in wild for their conservation. The objectives of study is to identify the hematological parameters of Indian Rock Python (Python molorus molorus) in Punjab, Pakistan. This is the only species of python found in Pakistan and a Near Threatened species according to IUCN Red Data Book. There is no data available on the blood chemistry of this species in Pakistan . These values will act as reference values for future studies in Pakistan.
The hypothesis of the present study is that the hematology of Indian Rock Python could vary from that of Burmese Python and thier is a relatively high difference in the values of heterophyls,Basophils Eosinophils and monocytes so hypothesis proved.
The parameters like red blood cells count, total leukocyte and thrombocyte counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin evaluation and differential leukocyte count were studied by collecting the 3 ml blood from the caudal vein of pythons by 23 Gauge syringe and we compare the results with published record of Burmese Python other than this captive and wild pythons hematology is also compared. Mostly standard procedures for counting these values were be followed. Results showed that the Packed cell volume for all the five samples is 3.9 ± 4 SD, Hemoglobin is 7.18 ± 0.61 SD and the Red blood cells count mean is1.23 × 106 /µl with SD of 0.32. White Blood cell count is15.46 × 103 /µl with SD of 1.97,Heterophils6.66 × 103 /µl with SD of 4.16,Lymphocytes4.98 × 103 /µl with 2.47 SD,Monocytes0.22 × 103/µl with standard deviation of 0.13,Azurophils(× 103 /µl) are 0.904+0.55, Eosinophils(× 103 /µl)0.836+0.61, Basophils(× 103 /µl)1.38+ 1.77
This present study will provide important information about hematological parameters of Indian Rock Pythons that could be a ready reference for the wildlife veterinarians, conservationists and biologists in future for the conservation and treatment of this near threatened species.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1426,T] (1).
16.
Morphological Differences Among Fulvous Fruit Bat, Rousettus Leschenaulti Populations From Khyber
by Tehseen Javed | Dr. Arshad Javid | Dr. Khalid Mahmood Anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1454,T] (1).
17.
Comunity Druven Sustainable Management Of Natural Resources Of Taunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuaty,
by Fehmeeda Bibi | Dr. Zulfiqar Ali.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1496,T] (1).
18.
The Relationship Between Production And Growth Traits Of Ring-Necked Pheasants (Phasianus Colchicus) In Captivity
by Saira Malik | Dr. Arshad Javid | Dr. KHalid Mahmood Anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1688,T] (1).
19.
Comparative Studies On Growth Survival Organoleptic Qualities Of Meat And Selective Disease Resistance Capaabilities
by Sahar Suleman | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sharif mughal | DR.Arshad Javid | Prof,Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1928,T] (1).
20.
Studies On Growth Traits And Parasitic Variations At Different Life History Stages In Peafowl (Pavo Cristatus) In Captivity
by Tasnim sadaf | DR.Arshad javid | Miss Sana ashraf | Prof.Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1935,T] (1).
21.
Evaluation Of Social And Breeding Behavior Of Chinkara (Gazella Bennettii) In Wild And Captivity
by Muhammad Haris aziz | Dr. Khalid mahmood anjum | Dr. Arshad javid | Prof. Dr.Khalid javed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1936,T] (1).
22.
Comparative Studies On Growth Performance Parasitic Variations And Reproductive Traits In Domestic And Wild Pigeons
by Rizwana noor | Dr. Arshad javid | Miss Sana Ashraf | Prof. DR.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1937,T] (1).
23.
Captive Management And Milk Composition Of Chinkara (Gazella Bennettii) Qith Prospects For Ex-Situ
by Muhammad Idnan | Dr. Arshad javid | Dr. Khalid Mehmood anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1963,T] (1).
24.
Social And Feeding Behavior Of Chinkara (Gazella Bennettii) In Captivity
by Shahid ali khan | Dr. Khalid mahmood anjum | Prof. Dr. Arshad javid | Prof. Dr. Khalid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2041,T] (1).
25.
Roost Characteristics Food And Feeding Habits Of The Indian Flying Fox(Pteropus Giganteus) In Lahore
by Tayiba Latif Gulraiz | Dr. Arshad Javid | Dr. Khalid Mahmood Anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2110,T] (1).
26.
Study Of Helminths In Geese At Jallo Park Lahore
by Muhammad Umar Taqdees Raja | DR. Khalid Mahmood Anjum | Dr. Arshad Javaid | Prof. Dr. Aneela.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2128,T] (1).
27.
The Bats Of Wheat- Rice Based Agroecosystem Of Punjab
by Muhammad Shahbaz | Dr. Arshad Javid | Dr. Khalid Mahmood Anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2150,T] (1).
28.
Studies On Growth Performance, Morphology, Reproductive Traits And Behavioral Aspects Of Ring Necked Pheasants In Captivity
by Sana Ashraf | Dr. Arshad Javid | Dr. Khalid Mehmood Anjum | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Besides ecological importance, pheasants also have aesthetic values which mainly contribute to their decline in population due to poaching in their native habitat. Among 49 species of pheasants in the world, 5 are endemic to Pakistan with distribution in the Himalaya and remote northern parts of the country. Due to increase in human population, intrusion, poaching, and habitat disturbance pheasants are threatened. However, much of the work on captivity is based on production rather morphological, ornamentation or reproductive traits which could have important implications for the management of wild and captive populations as a whole. Some studies still remain to be explored.
Present study was conducted to find out the relationship of egg weight with egg quality parameters and growth traits of ring-necked pheasant Phasianuscolchicus. Total of 450 eggs were collected and were divided into three egg weight categories viz. light (20.0-26.0g), medium (27.0-32.0g) and heavy (33.0-40.0g) egg weight eggs. Fifty eggs for each of the egg category were reserved for the evaluation of internal egg quality parameters. External egg quality parameters i.e. egg length, breadth, egg volume and surface area varied significantly (P<0.05) between all the three egg weight categories. Similarly, significantly higher albumen and yolk weight were recorded in heavy weight egg category while non-significant relationship of egg weight was observed for shell and membrane thickness, yolk percentage, yolk index, yolk pH and albumen pH of the egg. The hatching percentage for the remaining 300 egg kept in incubator was 47.33%. Forty chicks from each of the egg weight category were selected and chick weight, wing length and wingspan were taken at the time of hatching and thereafter increase in these parameters were noted on weekly basis. The effect of egg weight on chick weight, live weight gain, wing length and wingspan was significant (P<0.05) from 1st to 12th month of age. Our studies revealed that egg weight has strong influence on external and internal characteristics of the eggs and the growth parameters in P. colchicus chicks.
The present study was planned to evaluate the time budgets of ring necked pheasants Phasianuscolchicus in captivity. The birds were kept in cages of 5 ft × 5 ft × 3 ft (length × width × height) and were housed in a 20 ft × 20 ft (length × width) well ventilated room at Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Ravi Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Captive birds were divided into three categories viz. adult male, adult female and chicks and were placed into separate cages. Behavioral parameters viz. jumping, aggression, preening, feather pecking, walking, standing, sitting, litter pecking, drinking, feeding, body shaking, voice call and feather flapping were assessed for 30 birds from each of the three categories through scan sampling. Statistically significant variations were recorded in behavioral aspects among all the three categories. Male birds spent significantly higher times in aggression (155.26±3.10 sec), preening (74.04±3.05 sec), walking (1370.93±54.45 sec), drinking (74.00±3.18 sec), body shaking (24.92 ±3.11 sec), voice call (20.08±3.17 sec) and feather flapping (15.42±2.73 sec) while female P. colchicus spent significantly higher times in sitting (364.57±3.74 sec). Similarly, the chicks spent significantly higher times in jumping (36.17±2.75 sec), feather pecking (265.19±3.17 sec), standing (1230.13±23.86 sec), litter pecking (234.89±2.97 sec) and feeding (115.44±3.11 sec) as compared to the adult female and male birds.
Fecal and blood samples of ring necked pheasants, Phasianuscolchicus were analyzed to record the parasitic prevalence in these pheasants. A total of 1000 samples, 500 blood and 500 fecal samples were collected from Captive Breeding Facilities for Birds, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Ravi Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Parasitic genera identified from blood samples of P. colchicus include Leukocytozoon, Plasmodium and Haemoproteus. Prevalence of Leukocytozoon was 16 % while the prevalence of Haemoproteus was 14.3%. Parasitic genera identified from fecal samples of P. colchicus include Eimeria, Isospora, Trichomonas and Giardia. Eggs of five species of nematodes viz. Capillaria, Syngamus trachea andAscaridia,Heterakisisoloncheand Heterakisgallinarum were also identified from the fecal samples. The ectoparasites include one species of burrowing mite Knemidocoptesmutansand two species of chewing lice i.e. Amyrsideaperdicis and Lipeurusmaculosus.
Variations in hematological parameters during different life history stages were recorded in ring-necked pheasants (Phasianuscolchicus) for a period of 1 year. Thirty birds were selected for analysis of selected hematological parameters viz. red blood cells count, white blood cells count, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations, total serum protein and leucocyte count. These birds were kept in cages, each cage having separate drinking and feeding facilities. Five birds per cage were confined and these cages were housed in a well-ventilated 20 × 20 feet (length × width) room. Blood samples were taken from ulnar vein and variations in blood parameters were recorded on monthly basis. Significantly, lower RBC’s count was observed during 2nd month of age while during same month significantly higher WBC count was noticed. Significantly lower values of hemoglobin were observed during 1st and 2nd month of age. Significantly higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration percentage (MCHC%) was recorded during 6th and 7th month of age. Lower packed cell volume (PCV) values were observed during 2nd and 6th month of age while the total serum protein concentrations were recorded maximum during 10th month of age. Significantly, higher heterophils count was recorded during 2nd and 10th month of age while maximum lymphocyte count was observed during 2nd and 7th months of age. Significantly, higher concentrations of monocytes were recorded during 11th, 12thand 10th month of age. The eiosinophils count varied from minimum (110 ± 13.50) during 3rd month to maximum (902 ± 93.22) during 11th month of age. Similarly, significantly higher values of basophils were recorded during 1st month of age. It can be concluded from the present study that the blood profile of the pheasants changes with age.
Variations in hematological parameters for adult male and female ring-necked pheasants (Phasianuscolchicus) were recorded. Forty adult ring-necked pheasants (20 ♂, 20 ♀) were kept in separate cages, each cage having separate drinking and feeding facilities. Five birds per cage were confined and these cages were housed in a well-ventilated 20 × 20 feet (length × width) room. Blood samples were taken from ulnar vein. Different blood and serum chemistry parameters such as red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin (Hb ) concentrations, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), packed cell volume (PCV), heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, ALP, uric acid, cholesterol, total serum protein, albumin and creatinine were determined among adult male and female pheasants. Non-significant differences in RBCs, WBCs, heterophils, eosinophils, MCHC and Hb values were observed among male and female pheasants. Significantly, higher values of lymphocytes, monocytes and PCV were observed in males while higher basophil count was observed in female as compared to male birds. Significantly higher values for ALP, cholesterol, total serum protein and creatinine were observed in males while higher uric acid values were observed in females as compared to male P. colchicus. However, non-significant differences in albumin were recorded among male and female birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2350-T] (1).
29.
Assessment Of Avian And Mammalian Diversity At Selected Sites Along River Chenab
by Muhammad Altaf (2008-VA-725) | Dr. Arshad Javid | Dr. Waseem Ahmad Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The River Chenab is an important wetland of Punjab province and the tree plantations around the
river are the part of tropical thorn forest. But as a consequence of deforestation much of the
natural forested areas have been turned to agricultural land. The main objective of study was to
assess the avian and mammalian diversity of the study area; to identify and assess anthropogenic
impacts on avian and mammalian diversity of the study area; and to explore the level of humanwildlife
conflict selected sites of river Chenab i.e. district Sialkot, district Gujrat and district
Gujranwala from May, 2013 through April. Surveys were made during dawn (5:00 am to 8:00
am) and dusk (4:00 pm to 7:00 pm).
During the waterfowl study recorded 51 species belonging to 33 genera, 16 families and 8 orders
were recorded from the study area. Throughout the year a total of 2531 birds from recorded from
head Marala, 2026 from the head Khanki and 2230 from head Qadirabad. Diversity indices were
analyzed through statistical software PAST version 2.17 C. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index
at head Marala was 2.62, at head Khanki it was 2.64 while at head Qadirabad it was 2.78. It can
be concluded from the present study that the River Chenab is waterfowl rich and should be
declared as protected site for waterfowls.
The study area was divided into different habitat types on the basis of vegetation and
urbanization and was designated as forest habitat (FH), wetland habitat (WLH), rural forest
habitat (RFH), agriculture habitat (AH), agriculture rural habitat (ARH), urban non vegetative
habitat (UNVH) and urban vegetative habitat (UVH). A linear count method was applied and
data was collected through direct and indirect observations. Habitat preference of the birds varied
f declined from forested habitats to the urban landscapes. It can be concluded from the study that
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152
many of the avian species are habitat specific and the connection/corridors between similar
habitat types might be fruitful for the conservation of avian species.
The anthropogenic impacts and habitat preferences of mammalian species along river Chenab,
Pakistan was also assessed the mammalian diversity was recorded along forested landscapes,
cultivated plantations, semi-urban and urban areas. The data on diversity and distribution of
various mammalian species was collected through point count method viz. direct observation
(personal count and record voices) and indirect observation (presences of carcasses, fecal pellet,
pug marks and meeting with local communities). The habitat preferences of large, medium and
small mammals varied significantly. A decline in mammalian diversity was observed from forest
habitat to urban landscapes. Indian wild boar, Asiatic jackal, Indian fox, jungle cat, Indian
pangolin and long eared desert hedgehog preferred forested areas as well as slightly modified
habitats while Northern palm squirrel, house mouse, house shrew and rat species preferred
human habitations. Similarly, few species such as the small Indian mongoose, Soft-furred field
rat, short tailed mole rat, Asiatic jackal and Indian gerbil preferred cultivated areas. It can be
concluded that many of the mammalian species are habitat specific and corridors and
connections between different landscapes are important for the conservation of mammalian
diversity.
Medicinal and cultural significance of avian species along the River Chenab were assessed
through Relative Popularity Level (RPL) and Rank Order Priority (ROP). One hundred and nine
persons were interviewed and data regarding socio-economic status of the respondents,
qualitative data on cultural significance from three selected districts. The compiled data are
analyzed using different quantitative tools, such as relative frequency of mention (RFM),
fidelity level (FL), relative popularity level RPL and rank order priority (ROP). Out of total 155
Summary
153
avian species recorded from the study area, 28 have medical importance while local people were
using feathers of almost all the bird species for making different toys. Ten species were most
popular and highest RFM values (0.58) were recorded for house sparrow (Passer domesticus).
Similarly, highest FL values (100%) were recorded for house sparrow (P. domesticus) and
domestic chicken (Gallus gallus). These studies indicated that the area is rich in avian diversity
and many of these species have medical and cultural significance for the locales.
Mammals are source of food and medication for humans from ancient times. A survey was
conducted along the Rver Chenab, Punjab, Pakistan and 109 persons were interviewed to
investigate the extent of human dependency on mammalian species of the area. A total of 30
mammalian species were recorded from the study area. Highest relatively frequency of mention
(RFM) values (0.5) were observed for desert hare, Lepus migricollis dayanus while maximum
(100%) fidelity level (FL) was recorded for cow Bos gaurus, sheep Ovis aries and cat Felis
domesticus. Seven species were most popular. It can be concluded from present survey that local
people have strong association with mammalian species of the study area and dependent for
food and medicines on these species. In depth studies are recommended to explore medicinal
importance of the species.
The study area was part of tropical thorn forest but a larger portion has been changed into
agricultural land or human habitations. Data regarding socio-economic value of area, financial
losses to crops and livestock, peoples’ attitude and tolerance towards wildlife, protection
methods for livestock and crops from predators and profile of 150 respondents were collected
through a questionnaire. The age of the respondents was between 20 to 65 years, out of them
54% were literate, 99% were Muslims and all these respondents were from different professions
viz. farmers (32%), livestock managers (37%) and others (31%). Most of the respondents (52%)
Summary
154
were unaware about the role of wild species in ecosystem, certain respondents (28%) disliked
wild species in their areas and 20% respondents had positive view about wildlife in the area. The
collected data revealed that crops are mostly damaged by the Indian wild boar (42%), Asiatic
jackal (34%), diseases (11%), Indian crested porcupine (6%) and others (7%) including rats,
squirrels, crows and sparrows. Similarly, the livestock animals are affected mostly by diseases
(36%), Asiatic jackal (34%), jungle cat (10%), Indian fox and others (6%) including raptor birds.
Most of the respondents were of the view that wildlife is declining in the area.
The River Chenab is an important wetland of Punjab, Pakistan. Water of the river is becoming
pollutedt due to anthropogenic impact i.e. industrial waste, urbanization, agriculture
intensification. The main objectives of the study were to know the diversity and distribution of
fish species of river Chenab. Both, direct and indirect methods were applied to find out fish
diversity of the area. The diversity indices were analyzed through statistical software PAST
version 2.17 C. During the sampling 34 species was recorded from the river Chenab. The
diversity indices indicate that higher diversity is present at the head Qadirabad than head Khanki
and Marala. The reason is that there is present large number of natural and manmade ponds;
during the flood these pond fishes move to the river further eggs and fingerlings move to rivers
through birds and fisherman. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2520-T] (1).
30.
Welfare Assessment Of Wild Turkeys (Meleagris Gallopavo) Subjected To Free Range, Semiintensive And Confinement Rearing Systems
by Irfan (2008-VA-724) | Dr. Arshad Javid | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The volume of turkey production is as small compared to the broiler production, although, the
turkey industry has attained a significant increase since 1980, rising from 122 million to 226
million turkeys by 2006 within the European Union, while values of turkeys produced in the US
during 2010 was $4.37 billion. The s scientific literature about welfare of confinedly reared
turkeys is scarce compared to other poultry birds. There is a need for more insight into the
factors that enhance turkey welfare, not only to sustainable production of turkey meat where the
public demands s management practices for the welfare of turkeys, but also because the
information is needed to decrease losses due to poor performance of the birds.
Besides ecological importance, Meleagris gallopavo also have aesthetic values which
mainly contribute to decline in population of turkeys due to poching in their native habitat.
Demand for poultry meat is increasing throughout the world, due to of its lower cost when
compared to other meats such as pork and beef, and also lower fat content and excellent source
of protein. The consumption of turkey meat is about 4.7 million metric tons annually throughout
of the world and with the US accounting for 50% of all consumption.
A total of 120, day-old turkey (Maleagris gallopavo) chicks were arranged into four
groups. Four diets having varying levels of crude protein (CP) viz. 16% CP, 18% CP, 20% CP
and 22% CP were prepared and were designated as control (T0), treatment 1 (T1), treatment 2
(T2) and treatment 3 (T3) diets, respectively. Group 1 birds were fed with T0 diets, group 2 with
T1 diets, group 3 with T2 and group 4 birds were fed with T3 diets. Significantly higher weight
gain 2950.86±1952.58g, body length 30.064±11cm, beak length 3.53cm, body girth
43.41±16.30cm, thigh length 18.18±6.47cm, sternum-length 11.98±4.70cm, wing-length
47.10±16.17cm, wingspan 101.36±34.32cm, shank-length and tarsus-length 13.78±4.47cm were
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recorded in M. gallopavo fed with T3 diets. Feed conversion ratios (FCR) for T0, T1, T2 and T3
diets were 2.296, 2.236, 2.099 and 1.934, respectively. Internal and external quality parameters
of egg were also analyzed.
The time budget of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) reared under free-range and
confinement rearing systems was recorded and compared from day old chick to the sixth month
of age. Throughout the study period, M. gallopavo reared under free-range rearing system spent
relatively greater time litter pecking (23.51%) followed by walking (19.99%), feeding (16.33%),
preening (13.72%), feather pecking (6.07%), aggression (5.94%), drinking (5.90%), immobility
(2.36%), standing (2.29%) and jumping (1.96%). Similarly, the birds reared under confinement
rearing system spent relatively greater time in lying (17.82%) followed by litter pecking (15.71),
preening (12.93%), walking (11.47%), standing (8.35%), drinking (8.31%), aggression (6.85%),
feeding (6.46%), feather pecking (6.04%), immobility (4.59%) and jumping (1.46%) behavior. It
was observed during the present study that the birds reared under free-range rearing system spent
significantly greater time in litter pecking, walking and feeding behaviors as compared to the
birds reared under confinements. These behaviors are indicators of good health of the animals,
therefore free-range system is recommended over confinement rearing system for farming of M.
gallopavo.
Growth performance, carcass yield and meat sensory quality attributes of turkeys
Meleagris gallopavo reared under free-range and confinement rearing systems were compared.
There were two treatments, i.e. indoor and free range, each containing 25 birds. In indoor
treatment, the turkeys were raised in a 20 × 20 feet (length × width) well ventilated room while
in free-range treatment, the birds were housed in an open shed having same dimensions i.e. 20 ×
20 feet (length × width), however, an additional free-range grassy paddock was provided to
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91
them. To compare sensory attributes, 4 ready to-cook turkeys having equal size were selected
from each the rearing systems, were skinned and boneless breast fillets and thighs were prepared,
weighed and steam roasted. The roast breast meat of free-range turkeys was darker and yellower
than thigh meat from indoor birds. Score for breast meat tenderness and appearance varied
significantly (P<0.05) between free-range and confinement reared birds. However, nonsignificant
differences were recorded for thigh meat tenderness between free-range and confined
turkeys. Significantly higher (P<0.05) meat redness was recorded in thigh meat of turkeys reared
in free-range system than thigh meat of confined M. gallopavo while non-significant differences
in breast meat color were observed between free-range and confined birds. Significantly higher
juiciness and oiliness was recorded for confined birds as compared to the free-range reared
turkeys.
Morphological characteristics of turkey Meleagris gallopavo semen were recorded and
hatchability percentages of the artificially inseminated hens were assessed. To study the effect of
natural mating on hatchability 15 (12♀, 3♂) M. gallopavo were randomly selected and both the
genders were kept separately for two weeks, thereafter these birds were arranged in three groups,
each containing one male and four female birds. For AI, male (n = 3) and female (n = 12) birds
were kept separately through the experiment and female birds were inseminated on weekly basis.
Male birds were conditioned and trained for semen collection through abdominal massage and
morphological characteristics of the collected semen were recorded. Mean abnormal
spermatozoa rate was 14.61±1.61% with most common acrosomal defects 36.67±3.80%
followed by defects in mid-piece 8.59±0.24%, head defects 7.15±1.21% and tail defects
6.69±1.97%. Laid eggs were collected, stored and were incubated for hatching. Hatchability
percentage in artificially inseminated hens was greater 88.85% than natural mating 82.35%.
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92
Variations in serum biochemical profile with increase in age were analyzed in turkeys
(Meleagris gallopavo). Gender-wise variations and effect of rearing systems i.e. free range,
semi-intensive and confinements were also assessed from the 1st to 6th month of age. Variations
were recorded in serum biochemical profile with increase in age. Significantly (P<0.05) higher
values of cholesterol 8.39±0.48 mmol/L, globulin 2.71±0.34 g/dL, albumin g/dL 3.82±0.58 g/dL,
total protein 5.35±0.55 g/L, urea 26.95±0.65 mg/dL, creatinine 0.83±0.01 μmol/L, alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) 35.56±1.16 iu/L and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 44.16±1.83 iu/L
were recorded for adult birds while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) values were significantly higher
104.86±16.39 iu/L in grower birds. Similarly, the rearing systems also influenced biochemical
parameters of M. gallopavo and significantly (P<0.05) higher values for cholesterol 6.18±0.07
mmol/L and ALT 31.26±1.67 iu/L were recorded in birds reared under confinement rearing
system. Values for globulin 1.92±0.36 g/dL and creatinin 0.77±0.08 μmol/L were higher in birds
reared under semi-intensive rearing system while significantly higher urea concentrations
33.45±3.39 mg/dL were recorded from the serum of the birds reared under free range rearing
system. However, non-significant variations in albumin, total protein, ALP and AST were
recorded for all the three rearing systems.
Significantly higher values of cholesterol, globulin, albumin, creatinine and ALT were
recorded from the serum of male M. gallopavo while urea and ALP were higher in hens’ serum.
However, non-significant variations were recorded for total protein and AST among both the
genders. It can be concluded from the present study that age, gender and rearing systems strongly
influence blood biochemical profile and hence the immunity in M. gallopavo. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2530-T] (1).
