1.
Evaluation And Extraction Techniques Of Heavy Metal And Minerals In Fruits And Vegetables Using Sugar Solution
by Razia Sajid (2014-VA-224) | Dr. Saif-Ur-Rehman Kashif | Dr. Fariha Arooj | MS.Noor Ul Hudda.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Fruits and vegetables are widely used as well as for nutritional purposes .The texture and firmness in them is due to their composition which is mainly cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin. In diet fruits and vegetables that are of great importance because they have mineral salts and vitamins in them apart from that they have potash, water, iron, calcium. To avoid and prevent many diseases they are very use full and to maintain health. In a diet the main sources of carotenoids are fruits and vegetables. In carotenoids there is a double conjugate bond present which plays a key role in determining their antioxidant properties. In human nutrition the main role is played by are fruits and vegetables because they have a key role in the regular functioning of a body. As compared to fruits, vegetables are a richer mineral source but both of them are ‘nutrient-dense foods’ that provide extensive amount of micronutrient, minerals, vitamins but only little calories. By contributing vitamins vegetables show vital diet constituents, various nutrients, macromolecule, iron, and metallic element and they act as a buffering agent for acidic materials. Over a substantial range of concentrations they play and important and vital role. The occurrence of metal accretion in vegetables can cause a hazard to human. Amino acids, dietary fibers, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals are provided by fruits that’s why they are measured as protective supplementary food. They are necessary for neutralization of acid, during the digestion in stomach which is formed and apart from that they are very efficient in the management of many diseases due to the existence of antioxidants and other ingredients that are biologically active.
Thespurposesofsthesstudyswasstosvaluatesthesamountsofmetalssandsmineralssinsfruitssandsvegetablesstosbessafesforshumansconsumpton. Fruit and vegetable samples were collected randomly from local markets of Lahore. Selected fruits were mango, orange, strawberry, banana,
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melon, tomato and apple and selected vegetables were onion, cabbage, lady finger, cucumber, coriander, brinjal and spanich. Five treatments were applied to all the fruits and vegetables. (T1)- Control, (T2)-Sample slices were dipped into tap water for 15 mins, (T3)-Samples slices were dipped into tap water for 30 mins, (T4)-Sample slices were dipped into 2% sugar solution for 15 mins, (T5)- Sample slices were dipped into 2% sugar solution for 30 mins. Samples were digested in fume hood by using the diacid mixture (HClO4:HNO3; 1:3). 1g of air dried sample was taken in Kjeldhal’s digestion tube followed by 10ml of diacid mixture and heated at 150 °C for 30 minutes on digestion block and then at 250 °C until wine green or water clear color reached (John 1984 Method). Sugar solution, tap water and samples were analyzed for Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca) and Potassium (K) by using Multi-channel Flame photometer (AFP 100). Heavy metals including Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni, Mg, Se, Cr, Cu and Fe in the digested samples were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Polarized Zeeman Z-8230 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). The results showed that all the fruits and vegetables shows the value under the permissible limit by WHO for the potassium (K), sodium (Na), zinc(Zn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and magnesium (Mg). Only high concentration of potassium (K) was observed in tomato (1762 ppm) and coriander (2809 ppm). While lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) have the values which are very high than the limits. Banana showed the highest value for lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) which are 20.17 ppm and 3.83 ppm the value are ten times higher than the permissible limit. Copper (Cu) is not detected in any fruit and vegetable. Spinach showed the maximum value for Ca (5885 ppm). The highest value for Mn is observed in Coriander which is 23.5 ppm. All these metals have toxic effects on human being. Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) are carcinogenic and mutagenic and cause serious problems in humans as they cause mutations and also can cause damage to nervous system. The accumulation of these metals in the
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fruits and vegetables is because of irrigation with the waste water or because of the unfit water which is used for the irrigation. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) are accumulated in the fruits and vegetables and impose serious threat to human being. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2755-T] (1).
2.
Microbial And Physicochemical Analysis Of Drinking Water Quality Of Government Installed Water Filtration Plants Of Lahore In Comparison With Tap Water
by Syed Mubeen-ur-Rehman (2014-VA-945) | Ms. Isbah Hammed | Dr. Saif-ur-Rehman Kashif | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Water is an important constituent for survival after oxygen. Internationally, hazardous
drinking water passing through poor hygiene kills almost 1.6 million children below the age of
five annually. Various physical parameters that represent the quality of drinking water should be
in safe limit. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), Arsenic (As), Nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and
chromium (Cr) have adverse effects on humans. Drinking water should not contain any
pathogenic organism or any bacteria indicating bacterial contamination. Presence of coliforms in
water is considered as bacterial contamination. In this study three filtration plants were selected
randomly from each town three samples of tap water and filtered water were taken after 15 days
respectively. Overall 162 samples were collected for the study. Parameters that were used to
determine the physical characteristics of water were Color, total Hardness as CACO3, Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS) and pH. Chemical characteristics included detection of Arsenic,
Calcium, Chloride, Chromium, Copper. Toxic inorganics included Lead, Manganese, Nickel,
Selenium and Zinc were analyzed. Microbiological quality of water was examined in terms of
Escherichia coli (must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample) and total coliforms (Must not be
detectable in any 100 ml sample). The results observed are as follows: pH of tap water ranged
from 5.56 to 8.49 in tap water while that of filtered water ranged from 7.46 to 8.37, TDS in tap
water varied from 52 mg/L to 1025.3 mg/L while that in filtered water was 217.91 mg/L to
1098.6 mg/L, chlorides in tap water ranged from 47.5 meq/L to 592.8 meq/L while that in
filtered water were from 41.5 meq/L to 520.6 meq/L, Hardness of tap water samples varied from
20.1 mg/L to 260 mg/L while that of filtered water samples were from 40.4 mg/L to 290.9 mg/L,
calcium (Ca) in tap water ranged from 17.8 mg/L to 48.3 mg/L while that in filtered water was
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14.7 mg/L to 51 mg/L, Manganese (Mn) in tap water ranged from 0.01 mg/L to 0.19 mg/L while
in filtered water it ranged from 0.01 mg/L to 0.13 mg/L, Zinc (Zn) in tap water samples varied
from 0.01 mg/L to 0.25 mg/L while in filtered water samples it went from 0.01 mg/L to 0.09
mg/L, Arsenic (As) ranged from 0 to 0.05 mg/L in tap water while in filtered water it went from
0 to 0.023 mg/L, Lead (Pb) in tap water ranged from 0 to 0.06 mg/L while in filtered water it
ranged from 0 to 0.01 mg/L, Chromium (Cr) in tap water varied from 0 to 0.6 mg/L while in
filtered water it went from 0 to 0.2 mg/L while Copper (Cu), Selenium (Se) and Nickel (Ni) were
not detected in tap water samples as well as in filtered water samples. 3.7% coliforms were
present in filtered water samples while tap water had 7.4% of total coliforms. 22.2 % E. coli were
present in filtered water samples while 40.7% E. coli were present in tap water samples. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2759-T] (1).
3.
Assessment Of Toothpaste From Local And Imported Origins For Its Heavy Metals And Minerals Composition
by Asia khan (2015-VA-15) | Dr. Saif -Ur- Rehman Kashif | Ms. Isbah Hameed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Toothpastes are molten form substance used by toothbrushes to clean our teeth for personal hygiene. Toothpaste is very essential for our daily hygienic routine. Heavy metals can be found in toothpastes by different means like usage of raw materials for manufacturing in which they are present due to their persistence nature, plant and water source and deliberate addition. Their long time exposure can cause serious issues in humans. Above than permitted level of heavy metals and minerals cause many health problems. They can disrupt living systems that can lead up to cancer and death threat. High levels of concentration of heavy metals are not acceptable in toothpastes and many countries including Pakistan have proposed their limits that should not be surpassed.
The purpose of this study was to assess the concentrations of heavy metals and minerals in different brands of toothpaste to be safe for human use. Samples were collected from different markets and pharmacies of Lahore. Samples were divided into five groups; local regular, local herbal, imported regular, imported herbal and medicated. Each group has five toothpastes. Samples were digested by diacid method. One gram sample was taken in Kjeldahl’s digestion tube and 7mL of HNO3 was added and after 30 min 3ml of HCLO4 was added. This solution was heated at 150 °C for 30 minutes on digestion block and then at 250 °C until wine green or water clear color end point. Digested samples were analyzed by using Multi-channel Flame photometer (AFP 100) for Na, K and Ca. Heavy metals like Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn Ni, Se and Fe byAtomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Polarized Zeeman Z-8230 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer).Flouride was determined by spectrophotometer (V-1100 Spectrophotometer). The result showed that lead (Pb) was under the permissible limit by Pakistani standard in all toothpastes. Copper (Cu) was not detected in any of the toothpaste. Zinc (Zn)concentration range was 0-137.9 ppm. In almost half of the samples zinc was not present at all while all other toothpastes have higher concentration than permissible limits. Forhan’s has the highest concentration (137.9 ppm) than permissible limit of US Patent.Although,mean value of every group has surpassed the permissible limit.Chromium (Cr) was also present above than permitted level in all of the toothpastes ranging 4-17.3 ppm. Manganese (Mn) concentration range was 0-37.5 ppm. Manganese was not found in 15 samples but in all others it has surpassed the permissible limit by Nigerian standard. Shield peppermint has the highest concentration of Mn. Mean value of every group has surpassed the permissible limit.Nickle (Ni) was present above than permissible limit in all of the toothpaste set by Nigerian standard. Ni concentration range was 1.6-10.8 ppm. Himalaya mint fresh has highest concentration of Ni. Selenium (Se) was present between 0- 1.5 ppm. Selenium (Se) was not found in six samples at all and three samples were having permissible limits which are; medicam herbal, himlaya mint fresh and sensdyne. While in all other samples it has surpassed the limit set by Chinese standard.Shield peppermint has highest concentration (1.5 ppm) of Se. Mean value for four group has surpassed the permissble limit while one group (imported herbal) has under the permissible limit.Iron (Fe) has passed permitted limit set by Nigerian standards in all of the toothpastes. The concertation range for iron was between 2.8-10.9 ppm.Forhan’s has the highest concentration. Mean value of every group has surpassed the permissible limit. Sodium (Na) has concentration range between 1425- 22608 ppm.Sodium (Na) was present above than permissible limit (2000 ppm) by US patentmedicam having the highest concentration except close up deep action, doctor herbal, oral b, dabur red and Himalaya sensi-relief that have under permissible limit but mean values of four groups have surpassed the permissible limit while imported herbal was present under the permitted limit. Potassium (K) was present between 145.8- 15283.3 ppm range. All of the toothpastes have under the permissible limit level of K. Calcium (Ca) was found in permitted limit in nine samples while all other have concentrations above than permissible limit(1120 ppm)by European standardmedicam having the highest concentration. Mean value of every group has surpassed the permissible limit. Fluoride was found in permissible limit in 15 samples while in all others it has surpassed permissible limit (1500 ppm) set by Pakistani Standardsensodyne having the highest concentration. Mean values for three groups (local herbal, imported regular, imported herbal) have under the permissible limit while two groups (local regular and medicated) have slightly above th Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2889-T] (1).
4.
Evaluation Of The Canned/Packed Fruit Juices From Local And Imported Origin For Their Heavy Metalcontents
by Nazeefa Fatima (2015-VA-14) | Dr.Saifur Rehmankashif | Muhammad Imran Najeeb | Dr. Fariha Arooj.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note:
The increased pollution has affected the quality of soil, air and water resulting in the contamination of food and causing serious problems to human health in all over the world. For example the intake of trace heavy metals in excess quantities by the consumption of contaminated food grown in polluted soil or by polluted water. Fruits and their juices are the part and parcel of the daily human lives. And these are one of the affected by the heavy metal toxicity. This study presents how much amount of heavy metals are present in commercially available fruit juices and not been safe for human use.
Purposeofstudywastoestimatethepresenceofheavymetalscontaminantsincommercially available fruit juice samples oflocalmarketsofLahoreandcomparethevaluesofthemwithstandard valuesrecommendedby WHO andevaluatethetoxiclevelofthem.Di-acid digestionmethodwasappliedtodetecttheheavy metalsandmineralsin commercially available fruit juices.After this,by usingatomicabsorption,spectrophotometerheavy metalswere determined.Finally,byusing statisticalanalysisANOVA SPSSSoftware wasconcludedthe results.Oneway ANOVAwasappliedinpresentstudy.
The presentresultsshowedthatthe concentrationofMn, Cr, Fe, Cu, Ni and Pb incommercial juice sampleswasfoundabovethepermissiblelimit in all the areas of Lahore.TheconcentrationofZinc inwasbelowthepermissiblelimit. So after the investigation it is concluded that commercial juices in Lahore is polluted. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2888-T] (1).
