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1. Evaluation Of Current Food Safety Practices At Various Food Establishments In Lahore

by Muhammad Shahbaz (2013-VA-600) | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Zubair Farooq.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Food Safety is a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation and storage of foods in ways that prevent food borne illnesses. In present era there is much advancement in the process of product control and practices which are aimed to produce wholesome and safe food. Governments have imposed very strict quality and food safety assessment parameters for food establishments. All food establishments have not adopted practices to ensure food safety.In the present study the survey of 500 food establishments of Lahore were conducted to evaluate current food safety practices adopted by various food establishments. The evaluation was done by using structured questionnaire/checklist. The questionnaire/checklist detailed of food establishment, management and personnel, personal hygiene, establishment design and physical facilities, maintenance and sanitation of establishments, control of operations and consumer awareness with product information. SPSS version 16 was used for all data analyses. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, means, and standard deviations were calculated for all variables as appropriate.The project highlighted the situation of current food safety practices and gaps in implementation adopted by various food establishments in Lahore. Evidence from the literature suggests that majority of Pakistani foods are drastically implicated with contaminants. Food hygiene training as a means of improving food safety, strong consumer protection groups, awareness of food safety, and the right to acquire safe food, strict adherence to food laws, new legislation with changing food safety perspectives, and the recognition of this challenging problem by all stakeholders are some of the practical, systematic, and aggressive steps that can be taken to curtail the risk of microbiological and chemical foodborne diseases and to minimize the health consequences associated with the consumption of unsafe foods in Pakistan. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2331-T] (1).

2. Assessment Of Correlation Between Food Choices And Fertility Status In Females

by Tamkenat Mansoor (2013-VA-923) | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Ms. Amina Chughtai | Mr. Muhammad Bilal.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The changing lifestyles and eating patterns have resulted in a number of fertility related problems, especially in females. Initially it was thought that only morbidly increased or decreased body weights were the causative factors in cases of infertility and sub fertility but it has been observed that a lot of women with normal body weight are also increasingly finding it difficult to conceive. Similarly obese and underweight women have also been seen to reproduce normally. Thus, in order to have a better understanding of the relationship between food and fertility we need to compare the eating patterns of fertile women with those of infertile ones. Various eating patterns are associated, either negatively or positively, with the fertility status of females. At least 50 fertile and 50 infertile females, attending the OPDs at health centers in Gujrat, during the time of 6 months or until the benchmark of 50 control and 50 cases is not achieved, will be recruited and interviewed through a proposed questionnaire. Other than Food frequency checklist, social, medical and sexual history of the females will also be included in the questionnaire. Filled questionnaires will be analyzed using Minitab. Comparisons will be made between the food choices of fertile and infertile group using t-test and other relevant tests. The results of the proposed study will help to assess the association between the eating patterns and fertility status of females and help the practitioners to educate and better assist their patients to conceive successfully. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2415-T] (1).

3. Assessment Of Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude Andpractices (Kap) Among Food Handlers At Hospitals In Lahore

by Barkat Ali (2009-VA-484) | Dr. Naureen Naeem | Dr. SanaullahIqbal | Dr Saima Inayyat.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Food safety is an alarming issue now a days in Pakistan as many food borne illnesses, diseases and spoilage of food occur due to poor knowledge, attitude and practices of food handlers about food safety and hygiene. Food safety is a scientific discipline describing preparation, handling and storage of food in different ways to prevent food borne illness. In present era there is much improvement in food preparation, serving, washing, handling and storage. Food safety knowledge, attitude and good practices which are aimed to produce safe food. All food handlers have not good knowledge, attitude and good practices to ensure food safety.In the present study the cross sectional survey of 500 food handlers of public sector hospitalsof Lahore were conducted to evaluate current food safety knowledge, attitude and practices adopted by them. The evaluation was done by using modified questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of food safety knowledge, attitude and practices among food handlers.SPSS version 22.0was used for all data analyses. Descriptive statistics including frequencies percentageswere calculated for all variables as appropriate.Educating, training and promoting positive attitude of food handlers would improve the status of food hygiene knowledge, attitudes and practices. Research is needed to focus on how to change the culture and behavior of the food handlers, and to improve their adherence and compliance with hand washing.The studyhighlighted the situation of current food safety knowledge, attitude and practices among food handlers of public sector hospitals in Lahore. Food safety, personal hygiene training as a means of improving food safety, awareness of food safety, among food handlers can prevent foodborne diseases and to minimize the health consequences associated with the consumption of unsafe foods in Pakistan. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2451-T] (1).

4. Determination Of Heavy Metals In Cauliflower And Carrot Grown In Suburbs Of Lahore

by Hafiz Muhammad Azam Arif (2013-VA-849) | Dr. Zubair Farooq | Dr. Sana ullah Iqbal | Dr. Saima Inayat.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Vegetables are the fresh and edible portions of the herbaceous plants. They classified as seasonal vegetables but they also classified as root, tuber, shoot, flower, fruit and leafy on the base of mode of consumption. Each of the categories mentioned above have its own role in human body. They play a vital role in human health due to their higher nutritional values. They are major source of macro and micro nutrients which required by the human body for optimal functioning. They are not only involved for normal body functioning but they also disease preventive in nature. Heavy metals get entry through different routes and accumulate in edible and inedible portions of the vegetables in quantity enough to cause clinical problems to humans and animals. This study was designed to assess the level of heavy metals in vegetables in different districts of Punjab. Heavy metal is defined as metallic element usually toxic in nature with high density and atomic weight. As they are toxic in nature they accumulate in different parts of the vegetables and lead to several health complications in humans. Some of these metals are of nutritionally important for human health in small quantities and referred as trace elements which include zinc, iron, copper etc. They are among the major toxicants in vegetables which may cause chronic diseases in the kidney and liver of humans and causes disruption of numerous biochemical processes leading to cardiovascular, nervous, kidney and bone diseases. Open crown vegetables like cauliflower have more chances of infestation in suburbs due to waste water irrigation as compared to intact skin vegetables especially grown away from suburbs. Moreover, vegetables treated under clean sanitary conditions can have low levels of heavy metals as compared to the untreated ones. There are different sources of heavy metals which include waste water irrigation, industrial waste water and soil pollution which associated with industrialization and agricultural activities such as atmospheric deposition, waste disposal, waste incineration, vehicle exhaust, fertilizer application and long term application of sewage sludge in agriculture land. Waste water contains sufficient amount toxic heavy metals which cause clinical problems. In the present study two vegetable cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) and carrot (Dascusorrota) were collected from suburbs of Lahore. While samples of cauliflower were include from various districts of Punjab. The heavy metals Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Ca, Mg, K and Na were determined in cauliflower and carrot from suburbs; While Pb, Zn, Cr and Ni were observed in cauliflower from various districts of Punjab. Digested vegetable samples were analyzed through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The highest levels for heavy metals (ppm) Lead, Zinc, Chromium and Nickel in Lahore for cauliflower and carrot was (2.2267±0.0251, 2.2317±0.0076), (5.7100±0.0360,5.0333±0.2516), (1.1133±0.1154, 1.7333±0.0763), (2.466±0.1040, 2.4000±0.3605) respectively. There was a significant difference in both vegetables. Difference in concentration in both vegetables is due to the surface area of both vegetables as cauliflower has large surface area as compared to carrot. The highest levels for heavy metals (ppm) Lead, Zinc, Chromium and Nickel in Gujranwala for cauliflower was (2.3266±0.0145, 4.5966±0.0152, 0.9333±0.0152, 2.2467±0.0251) respectively. The highest levels for heavy metals (ppm) Lead, Zinc, Chromium and Nickel in Sheikhupura for cauliflower was (1.9000±0.0200, 6.043±0.0513, 0.933±0.0152, 2.490±0.0100) respectively. The highest levels for heavy metals (ppm) Lead, Zinc, Chromium and Nickel in Faisalabad for cauliflower was (1.928±0.0104, 5.736±0.0156, 1.193±0.0057, 2.476±0.152) respectively. The highest levels for heavy metals (ppm) Lead, Zinc, Chromium and Nickel in Kasoor for cauliflower was (1.900±0.0200, 6.043±0.0513, 0.933±0.0152, 2.490±0.0100) respectively. Each of the city have different concentration of the metals, several reasons for this variation which include medium on which these vegetables are growing, water used for irrigation, application of agricultural products, poor agricultural practices and post-harvest treatment which include harvesting procedure, washing of vegetables with unsafe water and transfer from long rooted areas. Uptake behavior of these metals and minerals by vegetables also affect it. The transfer factor (TF) of different heavy metals from soil to vegetation is one of the key components of human exposure to metals through the food chain. The highest TF valueis found for Zn because Zn is more mobile in nature. This study will provide a baseline data and there is a need for intensive sampling of the same for quantification of the results. Soil, plant and water quality monitoring, together with the prevention of metals entering the plant, is a prerequisite in order to prevent potential health hazards of wastewater irrigation. By using good agricultural practices including use of less agricultural chemical products and sewage water should be used after proper treatment. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2454-T] (1).

5. Evaluation Of Microbiological Quality Ofshawarma Sold By The Street Vendors Of Lahore

by Sana Adrees (2013-VA-896) | Dr. Zabair Farooq | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Food safety is a scientific discipline describes handling, preparation and storage of food that prevents food borne diseases.It includes a number of ways that must be followed to avoid potentially severe health hazards.The tracks within this line of thought are safety between the market and consumer. With the fast pace of life the consumption of fast food is going to increase day by day in Lahore. It is imperative to prepare food at good hygienic conditions because of its perishability. The usual thougt is that food should be safe in the market and the concern is safe delivery and preparation of food for the consumer. Microorganisms affecting food comes from natural micro flora or are introduced by manufacturing steps ranging from processing storage and distribution. In some cases these micro flora have no effect on the food and can be consumed without consequence, but those that are introduced during course of processing depending on type and level of contamination can spoil the food and cause food borne illnesses. Food can transmit diseases from one person to another as well as serve as growth medium for bacteria that can cause food poisonoing. In the developed countries there are standards for food, whereas in less developed countries the main issue is the availability of safe water supply which is one of the critical item. The present research work was undertaken to investigate the microbial count in shawarma which is a vended food. Samples collected from Anarkali,Wahdat road and Islampura showed high microbial count which shows contamination due to poor handling and hygienic conditions and improper storage conditionswhile the samples taken from Fortress, Gulberg having less microbial count as compared to these areas. High microbial load in street foods occur due to improper food handling, unhygienic food preparation and processing, cooking and storage at inappropriate temperature. Consumer, food vendors and all type people should be aware of food hygiene, public health, implications of consuming contaminated foods, causative diseases. Food safety rules and implementation of food regulatory laws in food preparation, serving and preservation should be strongly maintained to avoid contamination problems and food-borne diseases. Following points should be strongly observed and maintained for future work and further investigative study to improve the quality of shawarama. 1. Ensuring regular inspection and periodical check on these food preparation procedures. 2.Continuous lab test and analytical lab analysis to check the unwanted presence of any new harmful agents in these foods to ensure food safety for consumers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2455-T] (1).

6. Evaluation Of Microbial Quality Of Burger Sold By Roadside Fast Food Centers In Various Regions Of Lahore

by Nimra Khalid (2013-VA-900) | Dr. Zubair Farooq | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Food safety actions need to cover the entire food chain, from production to consumption. The implementation of food safety include safety between industry and the market and then between the market and the consumer. In considering industry to market practices, food safety considerations include the origins of food including the practices relating to food labeling, food hygiene, food additives and pesticides residues, as well as policies for certification systems for foods. Food industry regarding safety issue is one of the most unseen areas of policy in developing countries, especially in Pakistan. As a result, food systems in these countries are not always as well controlled and comprehensive as in the mechanized world. This situation is exacerbated by an ever increasing population, rapid urbanization and, most importantly, a lack of the economic and practical resources needed to hold a sound food safety system. As a result, people in developing countries are continuously facing a wide range of potential food safety risks. Food borne illness is a disease caused by consuming contaminated food or drink.There are more than 250 known food borne diseases. Food can transmit disease from individual to individual as well as serve as a growth medium for bacteria that can cause food poisoning. Today, people try to save as much time as possible due to the requisite to cope with many tasks within restricted time. In many cases people who have busy schedule don’t have enough time to cook food therefore prefer to eat fast food like burger, shawarma, fries etc. from fast food centers. The present research was undertaken to investigate the microbial load of the chicken burger samples (n=96) collected aseptically from different regions of Lahore. Samples were collected in sterile plastic bags and analyzed for microbial load immediately after collection in Microbiology lab of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Nutrient agar was used to perform Total Plate Count, Mackonkey Agar was used for total coliform count, Manitol salt agar was used to count Staphylococcus Aureus and SalmonellaShigella agar was used to detect Salmonella. The findings of the current study showed that samples taken multinational restaurant have less contamination than from local fast food centers. While among local fast food centers Liberty, Fortress, Anarkali and Akbarimandi have lesser microbial count than samples collected from Ichra, moon market, Mori gate. The difference in microbial load is due to improper food handling, processing, cooking and storage temperature, time and manufacturing practices of the food handlers. After conducting my research I concluded that following points should be strongly observed and maintained to improve the quality of chicken burger in local fast food centers • Ensuring regular inspection and periodical check on these food centers • Continuous lab test and analytical lab analysis to check the unwanted presence of any new harmful agents in these foods to ensure food safety for consumer. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2456-T] (1).

7. Nutritional, Microbiological And Organoleptic Evaluation Of Yoghurt Prepared From Goat-Buffalo Milk Blends

by Noor Haider (2009-VA-661) | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Due to the high nutritional quality, goat milk is considered important daily food. But in our country, less usage of goat milk is due to lack of information about its basic nutrients and nutritional benefits, which provides less profit to the goat owners. Present study has been designed to prepare yoghurt from goat-buffalo milk blends for physico-chemical, nutritional and microbiological evaluation and to find out the best goat-buffalo milk blend for yoghurt preparation through organoleptic acceptability studies. Raw goat and buffalo milk was collected from University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pattoki Campus, Pakistan and transferred to laboratory for analysis. After yoghurt preparation, chemical analysis was conducted for total solids, pH, ash content, lactose, cholesterol, protein, acidity and then physical analysis for viscosity and syneresis was conducted. Samples of yoghurt were microbiological analyzed for total viable count of Lactobacillus acidophilus, yeast, molds, coliforms by using different media. Yoghurt was also studied for sensory and nutritional evaluation after 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days of storage at 4 °C. The data obtained was statistically evaluated through two way ANOVA by applying CRD. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2522-T] (1).

8. Evaluation Of The Microbiological Quality Of Ice Cream Sold At Local Shops In Lahore

by Muhammad Bilal (2009-VA-492 | Dr. Naureen Naeem | Dr. Sana Ullah Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Ice cream is a delicious, wholesome, nutritious frozen dairy food. It is noticed that generally manufacturing of ice cream on small scale production units like local shops doesn't totally follow the standard procedures of ice cream production. Ice cream can be contaminated with microorganisms if some ingredients have been added after pasteurization or by means of improper sanitation of the equipment and environment. Microbiological quality of ice cream reflects hygienic practice in production and is an indication of food safety. There was variation in quality of locally produced ice cream in different areas of Lahore. Food safety is a scientific discipline describes handling, preparation and storage of food that prevents food borne diseases. It includes a number of ways that must be followed to avoid potentially severe health hazards. The tracks within this line of thought are safety between the market and consumer with the fast pace of life the consumption of fast food is going to increase day by day in Lahore. It is imperative to prepare food at good hygienic conditions because of its perishability. The usual thought is that food should be safe in the market and the concern is safe delivery and preparation of food for the consumer. Microorganisms affecting food comes from natural microflora or are introduced by manufacturing steps ranging from processing storage and distribution. In some cases these micro flora have no effect on the food and can be consumed without consequence, but those that are introduced during course of processing depending on type and level of contamination can spoil the food and cause food borne illnesses. Summary 49 Food can transmit diseases from one person to another as well as serve as growth medium for bacteria that can cause food poisoning. In the developed countries there are standards for food, whereas in less developed countries the main issue is the availability of safe water supply which is one of the critical item. Foodborne illness is a problem resulting from the consumption of contaminated food, bacteria, viruses, or parasites, natural toxins, chemicals that contaminate food. For this study total 108 locally produced samples of ice cream were carried from different areas of Lahore. Mughalpura, Sadar, Model town, Gulberg, Town ship and Johar town. 6 shops from each area and 3 samples from each shop were purchased and put in the sampling box with ice packs. Samples were analyzes for microbial load in microbiology Lab of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Each sample was analyzed for microbiological analysis (Enumeration of Total Viable Count (TVC), Enumeration of Total Coliform Count (TCC), Enumeration of Total Staphylococcal Count (TSC) and detection of salmonella spp. Nutrient agar was used to perform Total plate count, Mackonky agar was used for Total coliform count, Mannitol salt agar was used to count S.aureus , Salmonella Shigella agar for Salmonella detection . Each analysis was performed 3 times. The samples collected from Mughalpura, Sadar and Model town were highly contaminated having more microbial count which shows contamination due to poor handling and hygienic conditions while Gulberg, Johar town and Town ship having less contaminated. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2543-T] (1).

9. Determination Of Heavy Metals In Beverages Sold By Roadside Vendors From Different Public Places Of Lahore

by Numan Shoukat (2009-VA-504) | Dr. Naureen Naeem | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Dr. Saima Inyat.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Food safety is serious issue now a days in Pakistan as many food borne diseases occur due to consumption of unsafe local beverages and soft drinks. Use of polluted water in locally produce beverages and juices without any treatment liable to cause diseases. In summer beverages are commonly used to quench the thirst in Pakistan due to hot weather. Excessive use of such type of drinks cause different diseases like hypertension, gastrointestinal problem, liver and kidney failure, and also carcinogenic. So in this project, concentrations of various heavy metals including Lead, Cadmium and Iron were determined in local beverages (roadside vendors) from different public places of Lahore, Punjab Pakistan. Total 200 samples of five different types of beverages were collected from ten different public places of Lahore. 50 samples were collected with the interval of 15 days. Sampling were repeated three times from four different road side vendors of same areas. The analyses will be carried out using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) with electro thermic atomization in graphite furnace for the determination of the total content of lead (Pb) iron (Fe) and cadmium (Cd). The concentration of the digested soft drink samples will be derived from the regression equation and the samples will analyzed in duplicates. Present study was conducted at the Department of Environmental Sciences, UVAS Lahore for the duration of four months. The data thus obtained from this research was evaluated through descriptive statistics. And the results of concentration of lead, iron and cadmium are not significant and not according to Standards of Pakistan. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2542-T] (1).

10. Effect Of Inulin Present In Chicory Roots On The Diabetes

by Saeed Ahmad (2009-VA-642) | Dr. Sana Ullah Iqbal | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Saima Inayat.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Diabetes is metabolic disease in which there are high glucose levels over a long period of time. The principle symptoms of high glucose are expanded thirst, regular pee, and expanded craving. Diabetes is a disease that influences the way the body uses food from the blood. It is normally a hereditarily issue of digestion system, that is showed by the inability to tolerate carbohydrates and insulin inadequacy. In 2014 around 387 million individuals have diabetes the whole way across the world and 90% of the cases were of Type 2 diabetes which is equivalent to 8.3% of the grown-up population. This proportion was equivalent for both ladies and men. From years 2012 to 2014, it is evaluated that 1.5 to 4.9 million deaths each year was because of DM. The danger of death is twice with diabetes. The normal number of individuals with diabetes is 592 million by 2035 by this rate. With more than 16 million individuals America have some type of this disease (DM). 700,000 new instances of DM are analyzed each year. Diabetes is increasing at very high rate in Pakistan. There are nearly 7.1 million DM patients in Pakistan and it is also estimated that if DM continually develop at this rate then 11.4 million patients of diabetics will be there and Pakistan would rank 10th in the world in 2030. This study is designed due to this alarming rate of diabetes in our country. Inulin present in chicory roots may be used to optimize blood glucose level in diabetic patients. Total 20 diabetic participants aged 30 to 40 years, present in Lahore, were selected for this study in two groups with 10 each participants. Chicory root powder was used as a source of inulin. 60 Chicory roots was purchased from the market. Then cleaned from dirt and then it was dried with the help of oven at temperature 55˚c.Then this dried roots were grinded with the help of grinder machine. Two group were formed. One group was control group that used only allopathic medicines specifically for diabetes. Other group was inulin group that used chicory root powder. Inulin group used both chicory root powder and medicines 1st week of the study. This was done only to ensure no side effect of chicory root powder on the participants. Next week when there was no adverse effect then participants were advised to use half of the medicine along with the chicory root powder. Then after 13 days when glucose level of the participant was on the course then eliminated the medicines and told them to use only 10 grams of chicory root powder daily. Glucose level of these patients was tested daily by the glucometer for two weeks. Then after every 5 to 7 days for 3 months. Then at the end of this period HBA1C test was carried at the hospital laboratory. In this experimental trial, we investigated the effect chicory root supplementation especially inulin has on glucose level of type 2 diabetic patients. Our results showed that three months of chicory root supplementation significantly decreased blood glucose level. My study reveals that inulin as a fiber didn’t control the diabetes but have a little effect on the glucose intake in the blood due to its fibrous nature. Data showed that the inulin supplementation slightly reduce the glucose level in the blood. First week of the supplementation was along with medicines and data showed reduction in the glucose level of blood. At initial day the average random blood glucose level was 251.2 ± 60.1 mg/dl and after 7 days it was 220 ± 53.1 mg/dl and at the end of 90th day it was 195 ± 52.3 which shows that inulin has a reducing effect on the diabetes to some 61 extent. In this study we can conclude that inulin containing chicory roots has a positive effect on the reduction of glucose level of blood (p < 0.001). The patients that use 10 grams of chicory root powder constantly were able to lower their blood glucose level and HbA1c. But it cannot be used as a medicine replacement in diabetic patients because it does not control blood glucose level to the normal range. Future Recommendations: I recommend in future that effect of inulin on the diabetic patients should be checked in relation to amount of medicines given to the patients. Researchers should check that what happens when inulin is used with different amount of medicines in diabetic patients. And also what happens when different amount of inulin is given to diabetic patients along with same medicine. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2568-T] (1).

11. Impact Of Nutrition Education On Knowledge About Osteoporosis Among Women

by Aroob Hussain (2012-VA-399) | Ms. Tahreem Hussain | Dr. Sana Ullah Iqbal | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhary.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Osteoporosis is a serious public health problem. It leads to compromised bone health and quality of life deteriorates. As there is no cure to it, it is important to prevent it. The peak bone mass can be achieved prior to the age of 30. Therefore, prevention is most effective if done in childhood and adolescent. About 9.9 million people in Pakistan have osteoporosis of which 7.2 million are women. The occurrence of Pakistan is expected to rise in the coming years with an estimated prevalence of 11.3 million in 2020, and 12.9 million in 2050. Therefore, the high prevalence of osteoporosis in Pakistan is of public health concern. The nutrition knowledge about osteoporosis in women was improved after nutrition education. The study design was randomized pretest posttest control group design. A sample of 150 females aged between 16 - 30 years visiting Pakistan Society for the Rehabilitation and Disabled were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected through closed ended questionnaire. Sample was divided into two equal groups; Control Group and Experimental Group. Both groups were pretested. The baseline knowledge of both the groups was assessed using a 27-item questionnaire. After pretesting nutrition education was imparted to the experimental group through various materials. Nutrition education was given once a week for 2 months (8 weeks). Each education session was of 30 minutes approximately. The educational tools used were handouts for participants and multimedia power point presentations. After 2 months, both control and experimental group were post-tested to assess the effectiveness of nutrition education. The data analysis was done using SPSS v.20 software. Pearson’s Chi-square test was used and qualitative data was presented in the form of descriptive statistics. Analysis of data was carried out by making tables and clustered bar charts. The study concluded that intervention (nutrition education) is effective on improving the knowledge and attitudes about Osteoporosis among females aged 16-30 years. The findings are in conformity with studies from Pakistan and abroad. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2583-T] (1).

12. Linking Childhood Obesity With Excessive Use Of Digital Media

by Hafiza Nida Rehmat (2014-VA-534) | Dr. Sana Ullah Iqbal | Ms. Tehreem Hussain | Prof. Dr. Mansur Ud Din Ahmad.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Obesity is one of the most prevalent problems all over the world particularly in children and adolescence that could lead to sedentary behavior and influence the dietary habits of children. The television food commercials have bad impact on children and increased brand advertisements may lead to unhealthy consumption patterns. The hypothesis of the study was excessive use of digital media can lead to weight gain in children. The sample of 400 children of class 4-6 was taken from private schools, Daar-e-Arqam school, Himayat-e-Islam higher secondary school and Al-Huda Educational Institute, Lahore.. Children of age 9-11 years was included from middle class group (monthly income 30,000-70,000/-). The demographic measurements were obtained by each student while having a personal interview with them. The anthropometric measurements (heights, weights, BMI, TSF, MUAC and MAMC) were taken by using specific measuring tools. The height were measured by stadiometers, weights by weighing machine and other anthropometric measurements by abs plastic medical body fat skinfold caliper meter. Growth charts were used to assess the degree of malnutrition (over nutrition or under nutrition). The questionnaire was filled by asking questions to the children in order to assess the relationship of body weight and digital media. Descriptive statistics and chi square, Pearson’s correlation (SPSS version 20) was applied on the data to assess either digital media has positive or negative relationship with children’s body weight. The age, gender and class are significantly associated with nutritional status of the students. The students of Lahore Pakistan like to use mobile and laptop and the duration of using mobile or laptop is positively associated with health status of the individual. Student has very busy life and they do not have spare time to watch television so it is not significantly 49 associated with health status of the individual. In such case, students have low physical activity and increase sedentary behavior. Parents do not allow their children to go out for games or activities because of security concerns or restrictions on girls especially. The physical activity is negatively associated with health status of the individual. The dietary habits of the individuals are badly affected due to the trends of junk and fast food consumption but it is not associated with food marketing campaigns in this study. The food marketing campaigns target young children for selling their products by advertising them in prime time of children programs but due to busy schedule of the individuals , they do not have time to be effected by them. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2579-T] (1).

13. Effect Of Nutrition Education On Dietary Compliance Of Pre-Diabetics

by Aniqa Maqbool (2014-VA-520) | Ms. Tahreem Hussain | Dr.Sanaullah Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pre-diabetes or borderline diabetes, a condition characterized by impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance is a wakeup call to forestall the path leading to diabetes and its related complications. Nutrition education is thought to be a cornerstone in the prevention of chronic diseases. Intervening at right time through nutrition education will help to minimize the risk of diabetes. The current study hypothesized that nutrition education can improve dietary compliance in pre-diabetics. The current study was carried out on 400 participants who were interviewed and screened by arranging diabetes awareness camps arranged at Hafiz Medical and Diagnostic Centre. Filled questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive and inferential statistics was done to analyze data. The results of the current study showed positive effect of nutrition education on dietary compliance with improved blood glucose levels. The results showed compliance to go up with increasing education level (100% compliant in post-graduation) and importantly in extremely obese people (100%). Furthermore, it was observed that total calorie intake was significantly reduced by decrease in the intake of bakery products, starchy vegetables, refined sugar, sweets and desserts, fried products and sweetened carbonated beverages from baseline food consumption of pre-diabetics. Also, it was noted that consumption of fresh fruits, non-starchy and leafy vegetables was increased although not statistically significant but it replaced the refined carbohydrate intake thereby showing reduction in total percentage of carbohydrate consumed from total calories. Summary 83 Protein intake was statistically significant whereas percentage of fat consumed from total calories was not statistically significant between groups. Moreover, compliant pre-diabetics had significant improvement in fasting blood glucose levels on monitoring after 2 months of nutrition education whereas no statistically significant change was observed in anthropometrics measurements between groups although slight decrease was assessed in experimental group. Therefore, it can be concluded from the current study that nutrition education can definitively improve dietary compliance in pre-diabetics by good nutritional and lifestyle counseling. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2604-T] (1).

14. Evaluation Of Microbial Quality And Sensory Attributes Of Fresh Fruit Juices Sold At Various Places Of Lahore

by Anam Sajid (2013-VA-964) | Dr. Zubair Farooq | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The beverage industry in Pakistan has emerged as a progressive sector over the years. Juices are rich source of nutrients containing vitamins minerals but the microbial quality and sensory attributes of street vended, corners and restaurant juices is not at satisfied level. Juices squeezed from fresh fruits and vegetables contain microorganisms which are potentially hazardous to public health Therefore this study aimed to evaluate the microbial quality and sensory attributes of fresh fruit juices sold at various places of Lahore. The selling and consumption of juices are never stopped on nutritional grounds as well as livelihood of street vendors. It is alarming situation for suitable agency to take some necessary action, make guidelines to prevent potential food poisoning from juices that contain pathogenic bacteria, and find natural antimicrobials from plants that control spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in juices. Microbial quality and sensory attributes of Street vended, corners and restaurant juices are not in good condition. Sample of 243 juices of three types, pineapple, peach pomegranate took from three categories, collected from 9 towns of Lahore (for 1 town 9 from each flavor that makes 27 from each town). The categories were juices from Street Vender (SV), Juice Corner (JC) and Restaurants (RT). All the samples were evaluated for sensory attributes (appearance, color, smell, taste and overall acceptability) by using 15-point hedonic scale and microbiological parameters, Aerobic Plate Count (APC), Total Coliform Count (TCC), Total Staphylococcus Count (TSC) and Salmonella detection.Data was analyzed statistically by theone way ANOVA for sensory evaluation and microbial count with 5% probability. Means were compared by LSD (least significant difference) test (Steel et al.,1997). Results of my study indicates that juice samples collected from SV of various areas of Lahore showed very high number of microbiological counts and got very low score for its sensory attributes. While samples collected from JC showed microbiological counts less than SV and sensory attributes scores more than juices from SV. This was not only due to poor hygienic quality of these juices but also places consumers at a high risk of contracting food-borne infections. Lack of sanitary conditions in street vended juice stalls and the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in juices are alarming enough for an immediate action by the suitable agency. Regular monitoring of the quality of fruit juices for human consumption must be introduced to avoid any future pathogen outbreaks. Juices took from RT revealed very low microbiological counts and very good score on hedonic scale which shows that they have good hygienic conditions. Their preparation methods and surrounding environment are clean. At the end of this study we concluded that there was significant discrimination among the categories and the varieties of fresh fruit juice vendors as well as among the different towns. The microbial quality and sensory acceptability of fresh fruit juices sold at various locations of Lahore were not satisfied and we have to take step to make the conditions of our street vendors and juice corners better by giving them proper training about personal and environmental hygiene so that consumers can use the safe juices free from contamination. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2603-T] (1).

15. Study Of Effect Of Heat On Aflatoxin Reduction In Chickpea

by Zarmeena Khan (2009-VA-514) | Dr. Zubair Farooq | Dr. Naureen Naeem | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), also called garbanzo bean or Bengal gram, belongs to the family Fabaceae of class dicots (Lev-Yadun et al. 2000). It is an important legume crop cultivated over an area of 963.0 hectares with a production of about 675.2 tons in Pakistan. It is the most nutritive pulse extensively used as protein addition to starchy diet. The major issue which influences the chickpea is naturally occurring aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) with AFB1 the most important, toxic and carcinogenic. Aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AfG2) are toxins produced by Aspergillus flavis and Aspergillus parasiticus infecting the agricultural crops. Chickpea is largely contaminated by aflatoxins in Pakistan due to seasonal variations, improper management of grains and contaminated soils. These are dangerous fungal metabolites that impair child development, suppress the immune system, cause cancer and in severe acute exposure death occurs, so it is necessary to estimate its toxicity in public health perspective. For this purpose present study was conducted to determine the level of aflatoxins in Chickpea samples (Roasted and Unroasted). Samples were collected from different areas of Lahore i.e. Anarkali, Icchra, Model town, Gulberg, Mughalpura,Iqbal Town, Samnabad, Secretriate, Sabza Zar, Wahdat Road, Shad Bagh, Data Darbar, Thokar Niaz Begh, Cantt, Lohari Gate, Outfall Road, Dharampura, Joray Pull, Rehman Pura, Mozang, Faiz Bagh, Akbari Mandi, Liberty, Jallo Morh, Lahore Medical Society, Darogha Wala, Firdous Market, Siddiqia Colony, District Court, Sanat Nagar and also from chickpea vendors. The samples were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) to check the presence of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 & G2). TLC analyses were further confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to verify the accuracy of TLC. These analyses were performed in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and WTO labs, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Experimental results showed that 60 out of 120 samples were contaminated with four different types of aflatoxins. In other words, 50% samples were found contaminated with aflatoxnis. Aflatoxin B1 was the major aflatoxin found in many samples but aflatoxins B2, G1 and G2 were also identified. Samples were analyzed on TLC method and 5% of contaminated samples were re- evaluated on HPLC technique to get precise results. Out of 120 samples sixty samples (50%) were collected from retail shops and other sixty (50%) samples were collected from street vendors. Each category of sixty samples holds 50% roasted and 50% un-roasted samples. Out of 120 total samples of chickpea 60 samples were taken from vendors with 2 categories of roasted and unroasted while 60 samples were collected from shops with the same categories. In those 120 samples, 60 (50%) were contaminated. From those 60 samples 39 (65%) samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B1. And it was also observed that the aflatoxin contamination level in vendors sample was high as compared to samples collected from shops. Out of 39 AFB1 contaminated samples vendor’s samples included 26 (66.66%) samples and samples collected from shops included 13 (33.3%) samples. In 26 vendors’ samples contaminated by AFB1, 18 (69.2%) samples were un-roasted while 8 (30.7%) samples were roasted. Aflatoxin B2 was present in 14 (23.33%) samples from these 60 contaminated samples, and presents only in both vendors and shops samples i.e. 7 (50%) samples from vendors and 7 (50%) from shops. From these AFB2 contaminated samples 10 samples (71.4%) were un-roasted and 4 samples (28.5%) was roasted. Aflatoxin G1 is also present in 5 samples (8.33%), out of which one sample (20%) was collected from vendors and 4 samples (80%) was collected from shop. From these G1 contaminated samples, 1 (20%) was roasted and 4 (80%) was un-roasted. Aflatoxin G2 is present only in two samples collected from vendors and shops, and we can say that 3.33% samples were contaminated with aflatoxin G12, out of 60 contaminated samples. From above results it is concluded that out of 60 contaminated samples 43 (71.66%) were un-roasted and 17 samples (28.33%) were roasted. After the aflatoxin determination in 60 shop’s and 60 vendor’s roasted and unroasted chickpea samples 5 samples were further processed at home by keeping 1 sample unroasted and 4 samples roasted at time intervals of 5mins,10mins,15mins and 20mins in sand bath. All the samples were free from the aflatoxin contamination except one which was unroasted. AFB1 was present in that sample at its minimum level i.e. 32.16µg/kg. AFB1 was present more frequently in chickpea samples. Present study will be supportive for the investigation of aflatoxins in chickpea samples. Chickpea is widely consumed all over the world and occurrence of aflatoxins in this commodity is a major concern to human health. The present situation is too much worse about the levels of aflatoxins which are higher than the prescribed limit by the regulatory authorities. It was observed that TLC technique is good for the determination of aflatoxins in developing countries where the facilities of sensitive instruments are not accessible. Furthermore to quantify levels of aflatoxins by using sensitive instruments like HPLC, GC-MS and LC-MS is required for accurate detection of Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 & G2) in chickpea samples available in markets to protect the consumers from exposure of aflatoxins high level which are carcinogenic and hepatotoxic. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2599-T] (1).

16. Nutritional Assessment Of Hypertensive Patients And The Impact Of Nutrition Education On Their Dietary Practices In Contrast To Dash Diet

by Farah Naz (2012-VA-401) | Miss Tahreem Hussain | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Dr. Mamoona Chaudary.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Hypertension is a common public health problem in developing countries. It leads to further complications such as coronary heart disease, stroke and renal disorder. The main reason is unawareness, poor dietary habits and worsened lifestyle in hypertensive patients. Nutritional education at the right time may prevent other risk factors associated with hypertension. Nutrition education have a positive impact on dietary practices of hypertensive patients for secondary prevention. A total of 200 hypertensive patients was purposively selected for this study. The willing patients was informed about the purpose of study and consent was taken. The pretesting of the hypertensive patients was administered about their usual dietary habits through questionnaire, Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recall. A total of 60 hypertensive patients came with chronic diseases so they were excluded from the Research. Lessons and handouts on nutrition education were given to the patients for a period of four weeks (1 month). After completion of one month of nutrition education, post-testing was administered through filling up of the same Questionnaire, Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recall to assess the improvement in dietary habits of hypertensive patients and results were calculated. SPSS v. 21 was used for the compilation and analysis. Wilcoxon signed ranked test and Paired t-test was applied to analyze the effectiveness of nutritional education on dietary habits of hypertensive patients. Level of significance was p ≤ 0.05. The present study helped to assess the effectiveness of nutrition education on improving the knowledge and dietary practices of hypertensive patients. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2661-T] (1).

17. Effect Of Various Classroom Educational Activities On Fresh Fruit Intake Of Children

by Anum Zafar (2014-VA-533) | Ms. Tahreem Hussain | Ms. Amina Chughtai | Mr. Muhammad Bilal.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Children of age group 3-4 years are developing their dietary habits. Multiple factors affect their eating preferences. Intake of fresh fruits is observed to be less in this age group. Initiative to improve fresh fruit intake during this age is of utmost importance as fruits are rich in micronutrients. The proposed study attempts to find out the effect of class activities on fresh fruit intake of children. The current study hypothesized that class learning activities can improve the consumption of fresh fruits in children and the results of the current study indicates that fresh fruit intake can be increased by different educational activities. A sample of 100 children 3-4 years of age enrolled in The Educators (Shahdara campus) participated in the study. They were divided in four equal sub groups, 25 children in each group. Each group was given the same weighed (109grams) fruit bowls for 20 mins. One group was the control group. In contrast the other three experimental groups received the treatment in the form of different class activities like animated movie, storytelling and the talk session. The fruit bowls were served after these activities and then the weight of the fruit bowls were recorded again. The experiment was performed thrice with a gap of one week to observe the difference. Those participants who were suffering from any type of allergy were excluded from this study. Data of the leftover weight was analyzed statistically by SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics (frequency/percentage), graphs, tables and graphs were used to analyze the data of different days of the treatment. One way ANOVA was used to check the difference between the outputs of different groups. The result of the current study showed that participant with the treatment of storytelling ate more than any other treatment with lowest mean value of left over weight 14.36, however the group which receive the treatment of discussion had the mean value of 21.49 and the treatment with movie had the mean value of 34.02. Participant belong to the control group did not eat much fruit because they had highest mean value of leftover weight of 39.69. Therefore it can be concluded from the current study that there is a positive effect of different class based learning activities on fresh fruits intake in children of age group 3-4 year. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2659-T] (1).

18. Effect Of Chicory (Cichorium Intybus L) Roots Powder On Blood Glucose Level Of Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

by Nazish Abid (2012-VA-782) | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Ms. Tahreem Hussain | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The increasing numbers of elderly people, eating calorie rich diets, obesity and lack of physical activity have increased a great the number of patients with diabetes. Worldwide According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) there were 6.9 million cases of diabetes in Pakistan in 2014 and occurrence of diabetes in adults of 20-79 years of age was 6.8 %.( International Diabetes Federation, cited on January 31, 2015). The feeding on chicory roots decreased the levels of plasma glucose, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and also reduced liver cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipids of diabetic patient. In the present study, it was aimed to utilize a indigenous sources like prebiotics to overcome the representative burden on economy and estimating the outcome of administration of chicory powder for use as a substitute mediator of insulin in the control of diabetes mellitus. In the present study, chicory roots were cleaned, oven dried and ground to fine powder. The proximate analysis of chicory powder was performed. For feeding trial, thirty two Albino rats 5 to 6 weeks age, almost of same weight and mixed sex were procured and were randomly divided into four groups i.e. (A) Control , (B) Diabetic control, (C) Chicory treated and (D) Metformin treated group containing six rats each (three male and three female). Each group of rats was fed with a high fat diet (20%) for the first 2 weeks of adaptation. Then Diabetes was induced in B, C and D groups of rats by injecting 65mg/kg STZ through intraperitoneally. The diabetic rats of group C and D were then used for chicory intervention (125mg/kg of body weight) and for Metformin medication (500mg/kg body weight) along with normal diet respectively. The blood glucose level and weighing of animals measured initially and then Summary 39 weekly whereas glucose tolerance test of rats was performed initially and thereafter fortnightly. The feed and water consumption was measured on daily bases. A significant (p<0.05) difference in blood glucose level was seen among the group B, C and D of rats. A non-significance difference (p>0.05) in blood glucose level was observed when compared between male and female rats of groups A, B, C and D. A significant (p<0.05) difference in live body weight was observed. The group B, C and D showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in live body weight from day 7 to day 28 as compared to group A whereas a non-significant (p>0.05) difference in live body weight of male and female rats of all groups was observed. A significant (p<0.05) difference in glucose tolerance between group C and D was observed whereas a non-significant (p>0.05) difference of glucose tolerance was seen between all male and female rats of groups A, B, C and D while a significant difference (p>0.05) in feed consumption within group A, B, C and D was seen whereas a significant difference (p<0.05) in feed consumption was seen between the subjects. A significant gender difference in feed consumption was observed (p<0.05) between the subjects but within the subjects a non-significant difference was seen. A non-significant (p>0.05) difference was observed within the subjects in water intake whereas significant (p<0.05) difference was seen between the subjects whereas a significant gender difference (p<0.05) was seen between the subject but a non-significant gender difference was observed within the subjects. It is concluded that Cichoriun intybus root extract can be used as hypoglycemic agent to treat diabetic condition and has no adverse effects on body weight, feed intake and water intake. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2727-T] (1).

19. Comparative Study Of Nutritional Status Of Geriatric Population Living In Old Age Homes And With Families

by Firdos Kausar (2014-VA-910) | Haroon Jamshid Qazi | Dr.Sanauallahiqbal | Muhammad Bilal.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Elderly population is one of the most vulnerable groups that are on the risk of malnutrition due to various physiological and environmental reasons. Elderly population have high prevalence of malnutrition Geriatric populations living in old age homes have high risk of malnutrition a respect to those living with families. A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional status of geriatric population living with families and living in old age homes in the city of Lahore Pakistan. The study was cross sectional design. Participants above 60 years were included in study. Two hundred elderly persons, hundred living in old age homes and hundred (100) with families in this 65% male and 35% females were assessed through, 24 hour dietary recall and Macro nutrients intake calculated, clinical assessment and anthropometric assessments BMI, mid arm circumferences and calf circumferences Furthermore mini nutritional assessment MNA® tool was also is used to assess the nutritional status of participants. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 19. Descriptive statistic was used to describe the background characteristic profile of the respondents. Chi square was used to find the association between home living and old age homes living. The MNA results revels the prevalence of malnutrition in living with families were 6.5% and 19.5 % were at risk of malnutrition while in old age homes 14.5% were malnourished and 22.5% were at risk of malnutrition. Intake of carbohydrates, protein, energy, was significantly higher in geriatric population living with families when compared to geriatric population living in old age homes (p<0.05). The energy derived from proteins was 8% from living in old age homes while 12% elderly living with families. The results of current study showed high risk of malnutrition (p<0.05) in geriatric population living in old age homes, and verify the need for health support and nutritional interventions for geriatric population in old age homes. The energy intake and some nutrients especially protein in geriatric population living in old age homes was lower than dietary reference intake. Further studies should be conducted in neighboring areas of Lahore and other cities of Pakistan as well as to access nutritional status in elderly population especially living in old age homes. Provision of healthy well balanced diet, and considering needs of nutrients and specific micronutrients including iron vitamin A long term provision, and their like and dislike in planning of menus in this manner it will encourage food consumption Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2743-T] (1).

20. Evaluating The Efects Of Prebiotics In Rehabilitation Of Gut Microbiota After Antibiotic (Cephalexin) In Rats

by Rabia Omer (2011-VA-512) | Dr. SanaullahIqbal | Mr. Muhammad Amir Iqbal | Dr. Sajid khan Tahir.

Material type: book Book Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Antibiotics are widely used to kill pathogenic bacteria that have adverse effects on human health. It has been seen that these kind of drugs causes imbalance of microbes because these are not only target the pathogens but also suppressing the growth of beneficial bacteria. Beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli species conquer many benefits for human health. That’s why there is a need to rehabilitate these valuable microorganisms. The worthwhile approach in this regard is the use of galacto-oligosaccharides(GOS). Adult male Wistar rats (n= 24) were used in present study. Rats were divided into 4 groups having 6 rats in each group. Group G1 was a control normal that was fed on a basal diet. Group G2 was treated with an antibiotic cephalexin for five days. Moreover, Group G3 wasgiven GOS as well as antibiotic. In Group G4, firstly antibiotic was given for specific duration and after that GOS was given for the rest period of time. The fecal sample were collected from rats with time interval of 0, 5 , 10 and 15day of antibiotic therapy or treatment and were analyzed for bacterial population especially Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, E. coli and total plate count using selective media. The results of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli of group 3 were significantly same with group 1 at 15th day and were notably higher from group 1 at 20th day. In addition the beneficial species in group 2 were decreased at 5th day that significantly different with group 1 and didn’t recover till at 20th day. The colonies of E. coli in various groupswere different at various time intervals. Moreover the results of TPC were based on the treatments. It was significantly higher in group 3 that was given antibiotic with prebiotics while it was significantly lower in group 2 as compared to normal.The data were analyzed using One way Analysis of variance (ANOVA). The group differences were compared by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. This study helped to turn down the side effects of antibiotic as well as maintain the normal micro-flora by rehabilitate the beneficial species such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and also suppressing the growth of harmful pathogens e.g. E. coli Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2859-T] (1).

21. Assessment Of Nutritional Supplements Intake Among Females Excercising In Various Gyms Of Lahore

by Sana Azher (2015-VA-808) | Haroon Jamshid Qazi | Dr.SanauallahIqbal | Dr. Sajid khan Tahir.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Diet, exercise, body composition, and weight management play important role in an active person's life and performance. People without having knowledge about the importance of balance diet and their needs use nutritional supplements to improve their health status. Lack of knowledge regarding the importance of balanced diet, have negative impact on food choices, which is also the main reason of increasing trend of consuming nutritional supplements all over the world in all age groups. Results of the current study showed that most individuals who used supplements were young, unhealthy, rated their eating habits as bad or average, exercised regularly three to five times a week for 1 to 2 hours daily, and had the main goal of weight management, improved performance and avoiding a sedentary lifestyle. The use of supplement may be highly associated with people who have poor or average food intake or in those individuals who mostly skip their meal on regular basis. In gyms and fitness clubs female’s participants, with higher percentage 46% were consuming supplements. Subjects included in this study, use supplements with many reasons such as for weight gain or loss, strengthen muscle mass, improving physical appearance, recover nutritional deficiencies, or to reduce stress etc. Half of the user consumes supplements from 1-3months, only 14% consume over 1 year. Most of them were consuming supplements in tablets and gel capsule form, and obtained desired response with their use. Most of the subjects were consuming different type of supplements without having knowledge, regarding its use, dosage and safety. Also, (24%) individual said that the use of supplements caused no side effects. However, 43% reported some problems such as dizziness, nausea, or some impact on the skin problems. Purchasing or availability of these products are done through various sources i.e. Internet, pharmacy, coaches, gym instructors, magazines, peer influence. It is also evaluated that in many gyms and fitness centers of Lahore city, there is no availability of any professional guider or instructor. Significant number of participants 32.8% did not know about the qualification of their gym instructor. Most of gyms have coaches, instructor, trainers, professional guiders have their education at matric or graduates level, only 4 % have nutritionist. However, gyms included in this study, may need to have qualified health professionals such as nutritionists, dietitian, qualified instructor, or physician which have all knowledge related to supplement quality, quantity, safety and its use, also provide accurate information about supplements and assist members to be aware of both positive as well as adverse health effects of dietary supplements. In order to provide more comprehensive nutrition services to exercisers here are some recommendations: 1. Provision of healthy well balanced diet and considering needs of nutrients will be encouraged. 2. Further studies should be conducted in neighboring areas of Lahore and other cities of Pakistan as well as to assess intake of supplements among male exercisers and general population as well. 3. Supplements intake among gym participants according to one’s need should be administered with the help of dietitian and other allied health professionals. 4. There is a need of nutrition education and public health knowledge among general population. 5. Policy should develop in cooperation with multidiscipline, doctors, dietitians, and experts. 6. Non-Governmental organization (NGOs) and Governmental must contribute in establishing a research and consensus regarding safe intake of nutritional supplements. 7. At gym there should be availability of professional guider, instructor or coaches should be provided for exercisers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2885-T] (1).

22. Physico-Chemical Analysis Of Milk From Different Milch Species (Cow, Buffalo, Camel)

by Tahira Jamil (2015-VA-595) | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Haroon Jamshid Qazi | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Muhammad Asif Ali.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: SUMMARY Milk is described as almost a complete food as it contains all the essential nutrients in balanced quantity. Milk is a complete basis of proteins, fats and dietary energy and there are several factors that can effect the composition of milk. Factors such as (seasonal changes, feed, environmental changes, lactation, milking durations) and variations in analytical methods such as (evaluating proteins, fats, total solids, ash and moisture) can also lead to differences in results. According to FAO STAT 2010, despite the fact that Pakistan ranked among top five milk producing countries in the world, no study has been made so far that is composed of complete data based on physico-chemical analysis of milk composition of various species with respect to seasonal changes. Milk samples were collected from three different species from UVAS Pattoki Campus i.e. cow, buffalo and camel in morning and evening time. The samples were then sent to UVAS Lahore Campus. These samples were analyzed to obtain different compositional parameters of milk which includes LR, fat, protein, SNF, TS, Ash, Moisture, pH, COB and APT. In the present study, the results showed that the LR, fat, SNF, TS, Proteins, ash, moisture and pH showed no signifgicant differences when studied between the groups by independent sample t test. All results were statistically non-significant i-e p>0.05. Whereas when results of each sample were studied individually throughout the year by descriptive statistic, it was found that samples of cow, buffalo and showed high content of fats, SNF, TS and protein during the summer season and lower in winter season. Other parmeters like ash, moisture, pH also had significant change throughout the year. The monthly results were found to be statistical significant at p<0.05. COB and APT were analyzed as soon the samples arrived the laboratory. So no clotting or precipitations were observed in the sample and gave the negative results throughout the year. Thestudy was helpful in generating yearly data that was used in comparing the physico-chemical variations in morning and evening samples of milk among different milk producing species (cow, buffalo, camel) on the basis of seasonal changes. Conclusion: The directive of the current research was to analyze the physico-chemical parameters from the morning and evening samples of milk of three milk producing species (cow, buffalo, acmel). It was concluded from the results that no significant differences were found within groups of each sample. Whereas when the analysis were conducted on monthly basis throughout the year, it was determined that fat content of the samples of cow, buffalo and camel was high during the summer season. There are several reasons for this such as lactation, feed composition, milking timings, seasonal variations. SNF, TS and protein contents were directly related to fat. It was possible to state that when the fat of milk was higher the solid not fat, total solids and protein contents were also higher. However the other contents of milk such as ash, moisture, pH, COB and APT were not significantly affected by these factors. Limitations:  Diet is also an important factor that could affect the composition of milk. This factor can also be researched along with seasonal changes.  Different geographical regions affect the milk composition of animals. This is also another factor of interest.  Physiochemical changes of sheep, goat and humans can also be analyzed on the basis of seasonal changes. Milk is described as almost a complete food as it contains all the essential nutrients in balanced quantity. Milk is a complete basis of proteins, fats and dietary energy and there are several factors that can effect the composition of milk. Factors such as (seasonal changes, feed, environmental changes, lactation, milking durations) and variations in analytical methods such as (evaluating proteins, fats, total solids, ash and moisture) can also lead to differences in results. According to FAO STAT 2010, despite the fact that Pakistan ranked among top five milk producing countries in the world, no study has been made so far that is composed of complete data based on physico-chemical analysis of milk composition of various species with respect to seasonal changes. Milk samples were collected from three different species from UVAS Pattoki Campus i.e. cow, buffalo and camel in morning and evening time. The samples were then sent to UVAS Lahore Campus. These samples were analyzed to obtain different compositional parameters of milk which includes LR, fat, protein, SNF, TS, Ash, Moisture, pH, COB and APT. In the present study, the results showed that the LR, fat, SNF, TS, Proteins, ash, moisture and pH showed no signifgicant differences when studied between the groups by independent sample t test. All results were statistically non-significant i-e p>0.05. Whereas when results of each sample were studied individually throughout the year by descriptive statistic, it was found that samples of cow, buffalo and showed high content of fats, SNF, TS and protein during the summer season and lower in winter season. Other parmeters like ash, moisture, pH also had significant change throughout the year. The monthly results were found to be statistical significant at p<0.05. COB and APT were analyzed as soon the samples arrived the laboratory. So no clotting or precipitations were observed in the sample and gave the negative results throughout the year. Thestudy was helpful in generating yearly data that was used in comparing the physico-chemical variations in morning and evening samples of milk among different milk producing species (cow, buffalo, camel) on the basis of seasonal changes. Conclusion: The directive of the current research was to analyze the physico-chemical parameters from the morning and evening samples of milk of three milk producing species (cow, buffalo, acmel). It was concluded from the results that no significant differences were found within groups of each sample. Whereas when the analysis were conducted on monthly basis throughout the year, it was determined that fat content of the samples of cow, buffalo and camel was high during the summer season. There are several reasons for this such as lactation, feed composition, milking timings, seasonal variations. SNF, TS and protein contents were directly related to fat. It was possible to state that when the fat of milk was higher the solid not fat, total solids and protein contents were also higher. However the other contents of milk such as ash, moisture, pH, COB and APT were not significantly affected by these factors. Limitations:  Diet is also an important factor that could affect the composition of milk. This factor can also be researched along with seasonal changes.  Different geographical regions affect the milk composition of animals. This is also another factor of interest.  Physiochemical changes of sheep, goat and humans can also be analyzed on the basis of seasonal changes. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2884-T] (1).

23. Assessment Of Nutritional Status And Dietary Patterns Of Orphan Children Rrsiding In Different Orphanages Of Lahore

by Huseen Bukhat (2014-VA-500) | Mr. Haroon Jamshaid Qazi | Dr.Sanauallah Iqbal | Dr.Sualeha Riffat.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Children of age 5-14 involved childhood and early adolescents that have special needs regarding nutrition. The growth and development during 5 to 14 years of age is fast and they require balanced diet. A diet that contains adequate amount of macro and micronutrients is needed for growing children. In Pakistan, there is insufficient evidence that indicates the nutritional status of orphans as well as adequacy of menus in orphanages. In the current study 67% of orphans are male and 33% of orphans are female aged 5-14 years. Mean BMI of 318 participants aged 5 to 14 years was 16.4±2. From whole population 279 participants (88%) had Z -score between -2 to 2 SD that suggest normal weight-for-height Z-score. Only17 participants (5%) had Z-score less than -2 SD that suggest moderate mal-nutritional status of participants and 20 participants (6%) had Z-score less than -3 SD that suggest severe mal-nutritional status of orphans and only 2 participants (1%) had Z-score more than 3 SD that suggest severely obese nutritional status of orphans. The study was cross sectional design. Participants of both gender aged 5 to 14 years were included in study. 67% male orphan and 33% female orphan were assessed through, 24 hour dietary recall at three alternative days, clinical assessment and anthropometric assessments including height, weight and weight-for-height (BMI) was recorded to assess nutritional status of orphans. Furthermore physical assessment was done to examine clinical sign and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia among orphan children by using questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistic was used to describe the background characteristic profile of the respondents. Mean caloric and macronutrients intake of male and female orphans and comparison of mean caloric and nutrient intake among different male and female orphanages was calculated by using Excel. There is great need of studies to be conducted in adjoining areas of Lahore as well as other cities especially small underdeveloped cities of Pakistan for accessing the nutritional status of orphan population and comparison must be done between orphan and non orphans groups. Nutrition interventional strategies must be followed to ensure better nutritional status of orphans. 6.1 Conclusion: The nutritional requirement varies according to different age groups. Present study concluded that overall the nutritional status of male and female orphans and the dietary assessment of menus indicated that there is need of intervention in selected orphanages. Present study reported that inadequate composition of food according to age and sex is being provided in different orphanages. It is also reported that on average children derived 18% of calories from protein which is adequate intake for 5-8 years of both male and female orphans but mean caloric intake was inadequate foe all age groups and especially for male orphans as they need more proteins than female of same age. Menus of orphanages were also assessed which has been reported to imbalanced in regard to varieties of four food groups. Present study has also concluded that consumption of fruits and dairy product among all orphanages was very low and to meet protein requirement orphanages mostly used legumes especially gram pulse as it is cheap source of protein. It is also reported that majority 88% of population had Z score between -2 to 2 SD that is considered as normal but mean caloric and macronutrients intake of male orphan aged 14 years is very low only 65% of their calories meet their RDAs. It is also recorded that fat percentage had fluctuated that may affect the body composition of respondents. Mean caloric and macro nutrient intake of female orphans aged 5 to 9 years is adequate thus showing well nourished status. Physical assessment data showed that 55% of all respondents and pallor skin, 55% of population had sore slimy tongue and 47% of respondents had suffered from pica these three clinical sign and symptoms are considered very important in regard to iron deficiency. It is suggested from present study that more than half population is at risk of developing iron deficiency anemia. 6.2 Recommendations: • There is need for orphanages’ management to ensure diet diversification and include more animal source foods and Fruits in menus to improve the nutritional status of the children • Further studies must be conducted to compare nutritional status of orphans with non- orphan group • Biochemical parameters specially testing of Hemoglobin level must be done to check and ensure iron deficiency anemia • Efforts should also be directed towards increasing energy intake in the diets of children in orphanages. This could be through increasing frequency of meal intake per day specifically introduction of school breakfast and lunch programs to impact positively on the nutritional status of school children in the study area. There’s need for the government to set up support and enforce minimum hygiene. • There is need for the government to provide proper system that ensures proper hygiene standards of the orphanage. Management of the orphanages must take important steps to maintain good personal hygiene practices among the children. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2898-T] (1).

24. Nutritional Status, Dietary Practices And Physical Activities Among Female Adolescents: A Cross Sectional Study In District Okara,Pakistan

by Nazish Afzal (2011-VA-513) | Dr.Azmatullah Khan | Mr. Aamir Iqbal | Dr.Sajid Khan Tahir.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: A cross sectional study was conducted in female adolescents of secondary school in district Okara. The study was planned to analyze physical activity and dietary habits among adolescent girls of private and government schools in Pakistan. Overweight and obesity are increasing rapidly among children and adolescents all over the world. A questionnaire was used to assess their nutritional status, physical activity pattern and dietary habits of each student. Data was collected from both urban and rural locations and then from government and private schools. Data of 850 students was collected out of them there were 401 students of private schools and 449 were from government school. Weight of each participant was measured in kg and height was measured in squares of meters. Body mass index was calculated to see that how many of them were underweight, normal, overweight and obese. TEE (Total energy expenditure) was also measured. A cross sectional study was conducted among sedentary-school adolescents. Questionnaire was used to assess their physical activity and eating patterns of female adolescents. Data was collected from both urban and rural locations and then from private and government schools. Data of 850 students was collected. Body weight of each participant was measured to the nearest 100 g using a calibrated portable scale. In the present study X2 (chi square) test was used to analyze proportion of different variables of females of both government and private school. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data was examined using the statistical software SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) version 22.0. This study helped to assess the dietary habits, physical activity patterns among school going female adolescents. These results are beneficial for making suitable interventions for increasing healthy eating habits, physical activity awareness and implementation among female adolescents. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2916-T] (1).



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