101.
Biocontrol Of Caecal Coccidiosis In Broilers
by Nadeem Afzal, M | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present study was designed to estimate the efficacy of two types of monovalent . tenella vaccines i.e. Formalin treated . tenella oocysts for 48 (FEV-48) and/or 96 (FEV-96) hours and irradiated . tenella vaccine. For estimation of the efficacy of the said vaccines, OPG counts weight gain, FCR and mortality records were compared amongst the control and test groups.
A total of 105 day-old broilers were equally divided into 5 different groups namely; A, B, C, D and E on day 3, each group comprising of 21 chicks. NDV vaccine was administered on day land 21 of age of chicks of all the groups. Group A acted as non-infected control, B as infected control, C was vaccinated with FEV-48, D was vaccinated with FEV-96 and E was vaccinated with 1EV on day 3 and 10 of age. Spread of contaminated faeces over the bedding with . tenella oocysts was commenced on day 12 upto day 17 of age of chicks. The OPG counts were conducted on each 4th day from day 18th to 52.
The results indicated that the first observation of OPG counts (day-18) showed heavy infection in all the control (infected) and test groups. In group B, 222200 oocysts were observed on day 18 which gradually reduced to 5300 on day 50 followed by zero on day 52. Group C (FEV-48) showed 131400 OPG counts, which sharply declined on each observation and showed 100 OPG on day 38 followed by '0' afterwards and showing significant differences from the control (P < 0.05). Group D showed gradual decline like infected control upto day 34, but ironically on days 38 and 42, 196.3% and 376.4% increase was noted, respectively as compared to group B, which again declined by day 50 with significant difference. In group E the first observation showed 119460. OPG counts which abruptly declined to 75 on day 38 followed by '0' on day 42. Groups C and E showed comparable results.
Weight gains were almost equal in all the test and control groups by day 14. The difference appeared on third observation between infected control and other groups. At the end of the experiment members of groups A, C, D and E gained 31%, 14%, 11.83% and 10.92% greater weights than group B. The FCR in ranked order was shown as A, C, E, D and B, showing the efficacy of FEV-48. Mortalities occurred in groups B, C, D and E as 4 (19%), 2 (9.5%), 1 (4.76%) and 3 (14.28%), respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0719,T] (1).
102.
Taxonomy And Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites Of Sparrows (Passer Domesticus)
by Anjum Mahmood | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and taxonomy of the gastro-intestinal tract helminths in 200 sparrows that were naturally parasitized. In addition, the blood examination was carried out to record the effect of worm infestation on different blood parameters namely Haemoglobin (Hb) estimation, Total leukocyte count (TLC), Packed cell volume (PCV) and Differential leukocyte count (DLC) and these values were compared with the normal values.
Two hundred sparrows purchased from the market were kept in cages in Parasitology Section, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. The birds were slaughtered at due intervals. Blood was collected and gastro-intestinal tract was searched for the collection and identification of the helminthic species.
The results revealed that out of 200 sparrows, 120 had the worm infestation, showing an overall incidence as 60%. The worms collected were subjected to the taxonomical study which was carried out in the laboratory of PaLrasitology Section.
Two species namely Ascaridia galli (36%) and Heterakis gallinarum (24%) were found inhabiting the small intestine and caeca of the infested birds, respectively. No trematodes and cestodal species were recorded from the GIT of these experimental sparrows. Blood examination revealed slight increase in TLC and Heterophils, while basophils and monocytes were not affected. However, Hb levels, PCV and lymphocytes showed decrease resulting into anaemia and retarded growth of the affected birds versus non-infected ones.
The eggs per gram (EPG) ranged between 200-1000 in case of Ascaridia galli and 400-1000 in Heterakis gallinarum infestation in naturally parasitized sparrows. The main EPG count recorded was 516.666 and 660.41 in case of Ascardia galli and Heterakis gallinarum infestation, respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0721,T] (1).
103.
Study On Ticks And Haemoparasitic Diseases Of Local And Cross Bred Cattle In Malakand Agency
by Nazir Ahmad | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Ticks infestation and piroplasmosis are serious problems of domestic cattle. The present study was conducted to find out the prevalent species of ticks and the piroplasms transmitted by these ticks. The effect of ticks and blood parasites on various blood parameters was also studied. The parameters included: RBC count, WBC count, Haemoglobin (Hb) estimation, erythrocytic sedimentation rate (ESR) and differential leukocytic count (DLC). The study was conducted from June to August, 2001.
A total of 80 cattle (40 local nondiscript cattle and 40 crossbred) were selected. Each type was divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D. The cattle of group-A were free from any infestation/infection. The animals of group B were only tick infested. Animals of group-C were only piroplasm infected and the animals of group-D were infested with ticks and the piroplasms. Each group from both the breeds consisted of 10 animals.
Haemotological examination revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in TEC, Hb and TLC in groups B, C and D as compared to group-A relating to each breed.
The lymphocytes were decreased from normal in all test groups in both the breeds, significantly. However, neutrophil and eosinophils were increased significantly in test groups as compared to control group (A). The values of erythrocytic sedimentation rate (ESR) showed a significant increase in groups B, C and D of both types of cattle as compared to the control group (A).
The overall results showed that the effect of mixed infection on haematology was greater than the single infection of ticks or piroplasm.
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104.
A Study On The Prevalence Taxonomy And Control Of Mange Mites Infestation In Equines And Their Effect On Blood
by Arshad, M | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present research project was designed to find out the prevalence, taxonomy and control of mange mites infestation in equines and to record the effects of mange on different blood parameters of the said animals.
For this purpose, a total of 200 equines suspected for mange mites infestation were examined during June August (1999). Out of these 200 suspected equines, 24 were found positive, indicating an overall prevalence of mange mites as 12%. Out of the positive animals, 20 naturally infested animals were selected for further investigation and divided into two Groups-A & B having 10 animals in each. Ten animals of Group-A were medicated with ivomac injection by (Rhone Poulenc) at a dose rate of 0.2 mg / kg body weight or (1 ml / 50 kg b.wt.) subcutaneously and the 10 infested animals of Group-B served as untreated controls. The efficacy of drug was assessed by examination of skin scrapping and the animals were re-examined at 7th, 14th and 28th day post treatment with ivomac injection. Taxonomy of the identified species was also carried out.
In addition, the effect of mange mite infestation on different blood parameters of equines was also recorded. Haematological parameter showed significant reduction in total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin (Hb) level and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) while Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) was increased in infected animals. Differential leukocyte count (DLC) showed reduction in the neutrophils and lymphocytes but eosinophils, basophils and monocytes were increased in number in mite infested horses.
From the results of the present study, it was concluded that the skin scrapings examination of the animals showing irritation and pruritis should be carried out on regular basis and those found positive should be given prompt acaricidal treatment. Ivomac injection @ 0.02 pg / kg body weight has proved the most beneficial as a single injection was found to be quite effective to cure the mange mites infestation in these animals. Hence, the farmers, Tonga pony owners and other equine lovers should use Ivomac Injection to treat and control the mange mites infestation in horses, mules and donkeys. This will not only result in the improvement of the health status of these animals but also increase income of the owners.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0733,T] (1).
105.
Oocyst Production Potential In Experimentally Infected Broiler With Eimeria Tenella
by Khalid Younas, M | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present study was designed to observe the periodicity of oocyst shedding, the ratio of administered oocysts with the oocysts found in the faeces or intestinal contents of infected birds and effect of artificially induced coccidiosis at different ages on weight gain, FCR, OPG count, mortality and lesion scores. For this purpose 84 day-old chicks were purchased from the market and vaccinated against NDV on day 1 and 21 (Mukteswar strain). The birds were divided into 4 groups i.e. A, B, C and D comprising oC 21 birds each. Group A was kept as non-infected control. Virulent Elmeria en at a dose rate of 50,000 sporulated oocysts/bird was given to group B, C and D on day 15, 25 and 35 of age, respectively.
There was no oocyst excretion in faeces of birds in group A. OPG of faeces in group B was higher than in groups C and 1). rFIe OPO of faeces reached the peak on 6th day post-infection in infected groups, but group D again obtained the peak on 17th day postinfection. The highest caecal oocyst counts were observed in group B than C and 1) groups. It was observed that the recovery of the number of oocysts in purified isolates was 58.74%, 50.05% and 26.87% in B, C and D, respectively as compared to OPG counts. It was also noted that the caecal output of oocyst counts was always lower than the total OPG counts per chick during the period of infection in different groups.
Group A showed the highest weight gain (2155 gms) than the infected groups B (1985 grns), C (1930 gms) and D (1978 grns). Feed conversion ratio in groups A, B, C and D was significantly different showing the values as 1.62, 2.26, 1.89 and 1.82, respectively. Group A being uninfected gave the best FCR followed by the birds in groups D and C. While birds in group B gave the poorest values, it was observed that the weight of faeces per chick was almost equal in groups C (163 gms) and D (166.5 gms), but was significantly lower in B (123.5 gms). However, the highest OPG counts occured in group B and the number of oocysts acquired were the best in this group.
The highest mortality was observed in group B (28%) followed by group D (14%) and group C (10%), while no mortality was recorded in group A.
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106.
Comparative Effecacy Of Different Prophylactic Measures Against Cocidiosis In Broilers
by Faisal Masood | Dr. kamran Ashraf | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Muhamad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was designed to look into the comparative efficacy of different prophylactic measure against coccidiosis in broilers. One hundred and fifty, day old broiler chickens were reared under controlled conditions. They were equally divided into five groups, on day 1, i.e. A, B, C, D and E. Group 'A' was kept as uninfected, unmedicated control whereas all other test groups B, C, D and E were infected with 30,000 sporulated virulent oocysts. Group 'B' acted as infected and unmedicated control at day 20 and 30 of age. Group 'C' acted as infected and treated with Diasul-S at the rate of 1/2 gm/lit of drinking water for 3 days and group 'D' was treated with coxicure A-K at the rate of 1/4 gm/lit drinking water for 3days. The birds of group E received locally prepared Eimeria tenella vaccine (ETV) on day 3 and 10 of age of birds.
No coccidiosis in the birds of group A and E was noted through out the experiment. The oocysts per gram (OPG) of faeces in group A and E was nil Members of group 'B' showed the highest counts than any other group. The birds of group 'C' and 'D' showed the moderate counts but towards the completion of experiment, the OPG counts gradually reduced in both groups.
Weekly average weight gain record showed that average weight gain by the birds of group 'A' were the highest as compared with all other groups. The average weight gain of group E showed the second highest weight gains. The members of group 'B' showed the lowest weight gains while the members of groups 'C' and 'D' were ranked as 3rd and 4th in weight gains. The weight gains observed in groups A, C, D and E as compared with groups B were significantly higher (PO.O5) N. P.. In groups 'A', 'C' and 'E' the morbidity was nil. While in groups 'B' 30% morbidity was observed. Group 'D' showed low morbidity and one bird died due to coccidiosis.
The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in groups 'A' and followed by groups 'E', 'C' and 'D'. The feed conversion ratio in groups 'C' and 'D' was equally good. Worst feed conversion ratio was observed in group 'B'.
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107.
Prevalence And Taxonomical Studies On Haemoparasites Of Equine And Their Effect On Blood Parameters During Winter Season
by Wasim Shehzad | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was conducted between November 1999 and January 2000 to find out the prevalence and to study the taxonomy of haemoparasites of horses. In addition, their effect on haematological parameters was also studied.
A total of 40 out of 435 horses were found positive for haemoparasites. The prevalence recorded was 9.20%. Out of positive animals 22(5.O6%) were positive for babesia species, of which 10 (45.45%) were infected with 6 (27.27%) were infected with B.caballi and 6 (27.27%) were positive with mixed infection of and B caballi out of remaining positive cases, 14 (3 22%) were positive for T.evansi and 4 (0.92%) were positive for P.multipapillosa.
Animals of group A, belonged to all the places of other groups. Animals of group B showed 10.52 % prevalence for haemoparasites, Babesia species was present in 6 (6.31%) and T.evansi was present in 4 (4.21%) animals respectively. Horses of group C showed prevalence as 14.28% haemoparasites out of which 6(8.57%) were positive for babesia species, and 4 (5.7l%) positive for T.evansi. Similarly, animals in group D, indicated 11.11 % prevalence of haemoparasites including babesia species 3 (3.33%), T.evansi 3 (3.3%) and P.multipapiltosa, 4 (4.44%) respectively. Ten out of 180 (5.56%) horses of group E were positive for haemoparasites and 7 (3.89%) were positive for Babesia spp. and 3 (1.66%) were positive for T.evansi.
Haematological examination revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, haemoglobin estimation, packed cell volume, neutrophils and basophils in the infected horses as compared with healthy horses. However, there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in lymphocytes and eosinophils in the infected horses as compared with healthy horses of group A
From the results of the present study it may be concluded that the horses belonging to the poor community need due attention for the control of haemoparasite diseases. Services must be extended to educate owners of these Tonga ponies for the control of haemoparasitic diseases and their vectors.
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108.
Imunization Of Rabbits Against Boophilus Microplus Using Midgut And Salivary Glands
by Mohammad Asif | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. H. A. Hashmi | Dr. Khushi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The current research was conducted as a simulation model in rabbits for the development of vaccines against cattle ticks Boophilus micro/us using tick salivary glands & midgut as the sources of antigens. The comparative efficacy of these vaccines was evaluated on the basis of antibody titres and tick rejection on the host in terms of mortality, decrease in egg laying and decrease in hatchability of eggs. It was found that the vaccine prepared from the midgut of B. microplus gave better results than the vaccine prepared from salivary glands. The highest percentage of dead ticks was observed in animals which were given midgut vaccine (21.82%). This vaccine also caused a significant decrease in the egg laying capacity of the ticks (35.83%). However, none of the vaccines had any significant effect on the hatchability of eggs laid by the ticks. The highest antibody titers were observed in rabbits injected with midgut vaccine (GMT=5.50), which was 45.28% higher than rabbits given salivary gland vaccine. The overall success rate for midgut vaccine, in terms of tick mortality on host, decrease in egg laying capacity and antibody titer,. was 37.06% for midgut vaccine while only 16.51% for salivary gland vaccine. The results are very encouraging and it is hoped that with the original host i.e. cattle, more satisfactory results can be achieved.
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109.
Prevalence Of Toxocariasis In Dogs And Its Treatment With Nigella Sativa Saussurea Lappa And Ivermectin
by Adnan Mushtaq | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0773,T] (1).
110.
Study On Naturtal Quine Strongylosis And Its Control
by Zahida Qadir | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Dr.H.A.Hashmi | Dr.Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Two hundred equines of different age, sex and breed were subjected to coprological examination. A total of 65.51% sample were found to be infected with various helminths. Strongyles were the most common parasites and were detected in 58.5% of total faecal samples. The other species identified in this study included P. jprum (2%), Dictyocalus arnifeldi (1.5%), Gafitrodisus aegvuticus (1.5%), Anaplocepha species (1.5%), Strongvloides westeri (1.5%) and Strongyles + Ascaris (1.5%).
The higher infection rate of helminth parasites were observed in spring (78%) and in summer (82%) as compare with autumn (40%) and winter (56%). Highest average EPG of 530 was recorded in summer and lowest EPG of 161 in winter season. Age related susceptibilities indicated a high prevalence of strongylosis in equines of under 10 years of age as compared with horses of more than 10 years of age. A higher egg per gram of the faeces were also recorded in horses of 1-3 years of age (512) as compared with older horses. Males have higher prevalence of helminths (76%) as compared with female (49%). There was no difference in average egg shedding by male (304) and fema1 horses (296).
The anthelmintics efficacy of oxafax, ivomec and farbencja were also evaluated. Forty horses found positive for natural strongyle infection were randomly divided into four equal groups. Group A, B and C were dosed with Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbenda respectively as recommended by manufacturers. Group D acted as non-medicated infected control group. Percent egg reduction test indicated an efficacy of 96%, 98% and 81% for Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbenda, respectively on day 14 (post-medication). An efficacy of 100%, 96% and 86% were observed for Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbenda respectively on day 28, Statistically there was a non-significant difference in the efficacy of Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbendazole on days 14 and 28 post medication (P>O.05). However, these drugs showed a significant reduction in average EPG as compared with control group (P >0.05) on both sampling days.
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111.
Prevalence And Treatment Of Faciolosis In Buffaloes Under Farm Conditions
by Sarfraz Ahmed | Dr.H.A.Hashmi | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of fasciolosis in buffaloes under farm conditions, efficacy of recently introduced Homeopathic (Trematox) with Allopathic (Zanil, ICI) drug and economic losses in terms of liver damage and decrease in milk production. For this purpose, 500 faecal samples were examined for the presence of liver fluke. The prevalence was observed 15% in buffaloes under farm conditions located in Okara district. For therapeutic purpose, sixty naturally infected and 20 healthy buffaloes were selected and divided into four equal groups i.e. A, B, C and D containing 20 animals each. Anirnals of group-A (healthy animals) were given no medication. Animals of group-B were infected control group. Animals of group-C were treated with Zanil (Oxyclozanide), while animals of group-D were treated with Trematox (A horneopathetic drug).
The therapeutic efficacy of Zanil and Trematox was compared on the basis of pre- and post-medication egg counts. The animals used for this study were naturally infected buffaloes (confirmed by faecal examination). Sixty positive and 20 negative cases were selected for tlie study. rfhe faecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of the animals.
Eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and clinical performance were monitored. Faecal samples were examined at zero, 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th and 18th day post-treatment. Animals which remained positive on 18th day were given a second dose of the respective drug on the same day and their faecal samples were further examined on 21st and 28th day.In buffaloes treated with Trematox the efflcacy recorded was 20.45% on 3rd day, 29.54% on 5th day, 40.90% on 7th day, 47.72% on 10th day, 50% on 14th day, 54.54% on 18th dày, 56.81% on 21st day and 61.36% on 28th day.
Buffaloes treated with Zanil showed better results than Trernatox. Decrease in the faecal egg counts was 39.13% on 3rd day, 56.52% on 5th clay, 69.56% on 7th day, 78.26% on 10th day, 82% on14th day, 86.95% on 18th day, 93.47% on 21st day and 95.65% on
28th day as compared to that of zero day.
The economic losses due to liver damage recorded were 21.6 million (Rs.) annually in 600 animals. Wheras economic loss in terms of decrease in milk production in infected animals was recorded as Rs.10,800 annually per animals
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112.
Prevalence Of Parasites Of Zoonotic Importance In Public Parks Of Lahore
by Mahmood Ahmad Tahir | Dr.H.A.Hashmi | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: To find out the prevalence of parasitic larvae/eggs of zoonotic importance at VaI1OLIS public places, 600 samples (200 canine faeces, 200 lierbage and 200 soil samples) were collected and processed according to the techniques mentioned in the text. Five samples for each material were collected fortnightly from and around five different public parks namely: "lqbal Park, Nasir Bagh, Bagh-e-Jinnah, Gulshan-e-Iqbal and Race Course Park" during the period from 1st September to 31st December, 2002. The impact of meteorological conditions on the prevalence of various parasitic eggs/larvae was studied. Forty nine (24.5%) out of 200 faecal samples were sound to he positive amongst which 11(22.45%) were positive for T. canis. and 34 (69.39%) were positive for A. caninum whereas 4 samples (8.1 %) were found positive for other parasites namely: D. canium, Trichuris vulpis, Teania spp. and Strongyloides sp. Out of 200 soil samples 29 (14.5%) were found positive for parasites amongst which 8 (27.59%) and 19 (65.5%) were positive for T canis and A. Caninum respectively, whereas only 2 (6.90%) were positive for other parasites. Out of 200 herbage samples 69 (34.5%) were positive for parasite eggs/larvae amongst which 22 (31.88%), 42 (60.86%) and 5 (7.26%) were positive for T. canis, A. can/null and other parasites respectively.
Overall contamination of parks including all types of samples was recorded as 24.5%. It was observed that during the period of study (1st September to 31st December, 2002), the contamination of parks was the highest between 1st October to 30th November, 2002 when environmental temperature became optimal (27-30°C) and humidity being 75-76%. Inspite of the fact, rainfall did not occur during the highest prevalence of contamination.
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113.
A Comparision Of Biological And Medicinal Contro Of Coccidiosis In Broilers Under Field Condition
by Mirza Waqar Baig | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad | Prof. Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The present study was designed to estimate the efficacy of different locally prepared anticoccidial vaccines against E. tenella infections i.e. irradiated non-sporulated vaccine and irradiated sporulated E. tenella vaccine, herbal anticoccidial (Coxigon) and cemical anlicoccidial (Suipha Diverdine). For estimation of the efficacy of the said anticoccidials, OPG counts, weight gain, FCR and mortality records were compared amongst the control and test groups.
A total of 150 day-old broilers were equally divided into six different groups on day 3 namely; A, B, C, D, E and F. Each group comprised of 25 chicks. ND vaccine was administered on day 1 and 21 of age to the chicks of all groups. rIhe test groups were infected through contamination of the bedding of the chicks by spraying sporulated oocysts between day 12 and 17 of the experinient. Group A acted as non-infected control, .13 as infected control, C was infected but vaccinated with irradiated non-sporulated E. tenella vaccine on day 3 and 10 @ 1000 oocysls per bird. Group D was infected and treated with Coxigon (herbal medicine), E was infected but treated with Coxidal (Sulpha diverdine). Similarly group F' was infected and vaccinated with irradiated but sporulated oocyst on day 3 and 10 @ 1000 oocysts per bird. To access the comparative efficucies of different groups mean OPG, mean weight gains and mean FCR of control and test groups were compared. The OPG counts were conducted on each 4th day from day 18th to 42. The results indicated that the first observation of OPG counts (day-18) showed heavy infection in all control (infected) and test groups. In group 13, 264523 oocysts were observed on day 18 which gradually reduced to 15773 on day 42. Group C (vaccinated with non sporulated, irradiated oocysts) showed 14214 OPG counts, which sharply declined on each observation and showed 89.00 QPG and day 38 followed by '0, by the end of the experiment, showing significaht difference from the control (1? <0.05). Group D (Coxigon) and groap E (Coxidar) showed gradual decline like infected control group and
735 OPG counts were observed in group E even on day 42. In group F the first observation showed 150428 OPG counts, which abruptly declined to 119 on day 38 followed by '0' on day 42. So group C and F' showed comparable and the best results as compared to groups D and E.
Weight gains were almost equal in all the test and control groups by day 14. The difference appeared on third observation (on day 21) between infected control and other groups. At the end of the experiment members of groups A, C, D, E and F gained 31%, 14%, 11.83%, 10.92% and 12% greater weights than group B. rphe FOR in ranked order was calculated in groups A, F, C, D, E and B, showing the cfCicacy of irradiated - sporulated vaccine. Mortalities occurred in groups B, C, D, E and F as 5, 2, 1, 4 and 1, respectively.
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114.
Identification And Effect Of Gigantocotyle Expalnatum On The Haematology And The Liver Enzymes Of Buffaloes
by Rizwan Muhammad Samee | Mr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Mr.Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Amphistomosis is a wide spread disease of buffaloes,cattle,sheep and goats.acute disease has been reported in young animals while older animals arecapable of withstanding massive infection.Heavy infection of amphistomes both in rumen and liver are mostly insidious and generally do not cause serious damage t the host. In the redent study, ist has bveen concluded that due to its mild subl\clinical nature, deworming for the control of biliary amphistomes is n\done very rarely and large animals, once infected carry this trematode throughout rest of thi\eir life. The prevalence of the Gigntocotyle explanatutum detercted in Lahore district was 42.1%. Statistically ono-signifcant difference in prevalence was observed during different months of study which may be attributed to the lack of dewormingfor the control of biliary amphistomosisis done very rarely and large animals, once infected carrys this infection throughout there lives. The prevalence of the Gigantocotyle explanatum detected in Lahore Ditrict was 42.1%.Statistically non significant differences in prevalence was observed during different months of study which may be attributed to the lack of deworming practices in animals.High prevalence in buffaloes might be due to wallowing habit and grazing grasses and weeds.The infected buffaloes had significant decrease in Hb concentration (30.43%) ,and PCV (29.2%).However,there was no significant increase in TLC (1.93%).No significant decrease in neutrophils(3.71%),monocytes(13.41%),lymphocytes(1.50%)and basophils(13.33%) counts was observed. There was significant increase in eophilic counts(52.74%).The ALT and AST were also estimated in infected andhealthy buffaloes.The statistical analysis showed significant increase in AST (28.5%) and non significant increase in ALT (13.0%).
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115.
Identification And Chemotherapy Of Ectoparasites Of Camels (Camel Us Dromedarius) In Dera Ghazi Khan
by Muhammad Iqbal | Prof. Dr. H. A. Hashmi | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Syed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The present project has been designed for identification and chemotherapy of
ecto-parasites of camels (Camelus dromedarius) from different areas of Dera-Ghazi-Khan. For this purpose 300 camels were examined during the period October to November 2004. Out of 300 camels 109(36.3%) were found infested with ecto-parasites. Two types of ectoparasites were found to be active during those days. Sixty three camels were infested with ticks. After collection these ticks were mounted for identification, with the help of their morphological characters. The only tick found to be identified was Hyalomma dromedarii and the tick infestation was found to be 21% in those areas during October-November 2004.
Similarly, 85 suspected camels were examined by skin scraping in the District Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Dera-Ghazi-Khan, for identification of mites 46 camels weie found to be infested with mange mites and the mange mites infestation was 15.3%. The species of mites identified was Sarcoptes scabiei var. cameli.
For chemotherapeutic trails 60 positive ecto-parasitic camels were divided into 3 groups i.e. A, B and C, 20 camels in each group. For further procedures these groups were divided into sub-groups i.e. A (Al + A2), B (Bi + B2) and C (Cl + C2) where each sub-group contained 10 animals (camels). Al, Bi and Cl were infested with mites and A2, B2 and C2 with ticks. The group A was treated with Ivermectin (Baymec; Bayer) at dose rate of 1 m1150 kg body weight sub/cut. Similarly the group B was treated with Neguvon (0.15%) solution with spray machine. Where the group C acted as infected, non-medicated control group.
The efficacy of Baymec on 7th day was 75% and on 14th day was 80%. But the efficacy of Neguvon (0.15% solution) on 7th day was 65% and on 14th day was 75%. The camels of group C were not treated and acted as control.
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116.
Prevalence And Schedding Intensity Of Giardia Duodenalis Cysts In Buffaloes
by Khurrum Goraya | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. M. Sarwar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: A total of 300 faecal samples from buffaloes were collected to determine the prevalence and shedding intensity of G. duodenalis. Information about age, sex, breed and faecal consistency were also recorded.
The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis was 33.0 per cent (99/300). Prevalence of Giardia was higher (43.0 %) in buffaloes of Group I (<1 year of age) followed by 28.7 and 27.5 per cent in Group 2 (1-3 years of age) and Group 3 (< 3 years of age), respectively. The prevalence of Giardia in buffaloes with normal faeces was 23.3 % (28/120) and in abnormal faeces was 39.4 % (71/180). The prevalence of G. duodenalis in male animals was 25.5 % (15/60) and 35.0 % (84/240) in females
The cysts counted in the faccal samples of buffaloes of Group I (<1 year of age) were 45383 per gram of faeces. Whereas, the cysts counted in the faecal samples of buiThiocs of Group 2 (1-3 years of age) were 28652. Group 3 (<3 years of age) showed 17273 cysts per gram of faeces. Mean shedding intensity of Giardia cysts per gram of normal faeces was 2705 and 43729 in abnormal faeces.
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117.
Occurrence And Importance Of Enteric Protozoan Infections On Different Goat Farms In District Swat
by Farooq Shah | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Haji Ahmed hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: A study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence and importance of enteric protozoa in goat population. A total of 225 faecal samples were collected from fifteen different goat farms in district Swat. These samples were collected from three age groups i.e Group I (day 1 to 6 months), Group II (7 - 12 months) and Group III (over one year). These samples were processed by Direct Smear method, Sheather's Flotation and Zinc Sulphate Flotation technique for the detection of Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Eimeria cysts and oocysts. Overall prevalence of Eimeria 37.77%, Giardia 12.44% and Cryptosporidium 6.22% was recorded. Age related prevalence showed highest the number of Eimeria 53.33%, Giardia 18.66% and Cryptosporidium 8% in Group I which comprised animals of I day to 6 month. Among 225 faecal samples 73, were collected from diarrhoeic and 152 from non diarrhoeic animals. The infection rates were higher in diarrhoeic animals, Eimeria 45.22%, Giardia 21.9% and Cryptosporidium 10.99% than non diarrhoeic animal. 34.6% faecal samples were found positive for other parasites such as Haemonchus 10.22%, Trichostrongylus 8%, Trichuris 20%, Strongyloids 6.6%. A large number of faecal samples (58.66%) were found positive for parasitic infections. Results of this study indicated widespread prevalence of' parasitic diseases in goat population and especially Eimeria and Giardia are the predominant protozoan parasites
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118.
Comparison Of Different Diagnostic Techniques Against Fasciolosis In Buffaloes
by Muhammad Mutee-us-Salam | Prof. Dr. H. A. Hashmi | Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof. Dr. Zafar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The present study as conducted to find out the most reliable technique for the diagnosis of fasciolosis in buffaloes and to calculate economic losses due to fasciolosis. A total 0 F 1 00 faecal samples were examined by Director Smear, Zinc-sulfate flotation and Sedimentation techniques. Prevalence was 2, 4 and 5 percent respectively. Although they are very cheap and simple techniques but detection of the disease in early stages is not possible. Where as Agar Gel Precipitation technique gave positive results as 8% is laborious technique. But the diagnosis during the early stages is possible. Prevalence of Fasciolosis in Young animals (below 2 years) was found 0% Direct Smear Method. 3.33% by Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique. 6.67° by Sedimentation Technique and 6.67% by using Agar Gel Precipitation technique. In Adult (above 2 years) the Prevalence was found 2.85% by Direct Smear Method, 4.28% by Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique. 4.28% by Sedimentation technique and 8.57% by using Agar Gel Precipitation Technique. In Males the Prevalence was found 0% by Direct Smear Method. 0% by Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique, 6.26% by Sedimentation Technique and 6.26% by using Agar Gel Precipitation Technique. In Females the Prevalence was Found 2.38% by Direct Smear Method. 4.76% by Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique. 4.76% , by Sedimentation Technique and 8.33% by using Agar ( el Precipitation Technique. In Neeli Ravi the Prevalence was found 2.35% by direct Smear Method. 4.76°/o by Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique. 4.76°/o by Sedimentation technique and 8.23% by using Agar Gel Precipitation Technique. In Kundi the Prevalence was found 0% by direct Smear Method. 0° b Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique. 6.66% by Sedimentation Technique and 6.66% by using Agar Gel Precipitation Technique. From the results ii appears that AGPT Sedimentation technique, Zinc-sulfate flotation and Direct Smear Method can be ranked as No. I. 2. 3. and 4 respectively in terms of their efficacy. Total economic losses due to fasciolosis during three months (Oct.-Dec.2004) were very high i.e. Rs.1016400.
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119.
Seroprevalence Of Ftoxoplasma Gondii Infection In Sheep And Goats
by Sher Hayat Khan | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Keeping in view the zoonotic importance of Toxoplasmosis the present study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and goats using commercially available kit "Toxopalasmosis Latex" based on the principal of Latex agglutination. . For this purpose 100 blood samples (50 sheep & 50 goats) were collected randomly from slaughter house of Lahore and local sheep & goat forms, the serum was separated and analyzed for anti Toxoplasma antibodies. The animals were divided in three groups, Group I included animals below one year, Group II 1-4 years and Group III included animals aged 4 years and above. The overall 8% and 6% seroprevalence were recorded in sheep and goats respectively. Age titer relationship in sheep showed that Group III had (12.5%), Group 11(7.6 %) and Group I had no positive cases in sheep examined. In goats Group III had (10 %), Group II (5.7%) and no seropositive cases in Group I could be recorded. These results indicate that the infection was higher in older animal than young ones, Breed wise seroprevalence indicated that, Kchhi sheep 14.28%, Desi (non descript) 8.33% and no seropositive case in Lohi and Thali breeds was recorded. In goats Teddy breed had 11.11%, Desi (non descript) 5.55% while no seropositive case in Beetal goats could be recorded.
From the data analyzed it is concluded that although the seroprevalence of T gondii infection in sheep and goats is relatively low in this area as compared to the other parts of the world. Yet adequate management might be useful and essential to further minimize the infection in sheep and goats herds. Consequently, preventive measures could further reduce the exposure of toxoplasmosis in the human population.
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120.
Occurrence And Importance Of Enteric Protozoan Infections On Different Sheep Farms In District Swat
by Habib Ali | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of various enteric protozoan infections in sheep. A total of 225 fresh faecal samples were collected from different sheep farms in District Swat N.W.F.P. These animals belonged to three different age groups i.e. Group I (up to 6 months of age), Group II (7-12 months of age) and Group III (above 1 year of age). Faecal samples were processed for the detection of Eimeria spp. oocysts, Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and other parasites by three different techniques. By Direct smear method, Sheather,s sugar flotation and zinc sulphate flotation technique. A total of faecal samples found positive for Eimeria oocysts 63 (28%), Giardia cysts 35 (15.55%), Cryptosporidium oocysts 16 (7.11%) and mixed parasitic infection 58 (25.77%). Data recorded for various protozoan infections indicated that prevalence rate in Group-I (Eimeria 37.33%, Giardia 22.66% and Cryptosporidium 12%) was higher than the Group-II (Eimeria 28%, Giardia 16% and Cryptosporidium 3%) and Group-III ( Eimeria 18.66%, Giardia 8% and Cryptosporidium 5.33%). Prevalence rate was also higher in diarrhoeic animals (Eimeria 35.71%, Giardia 23.80% and Cryptosporidium 16.66%) than the non diarrhoeic animals (Eimeria 26.22%, Giardia 13.66% and cryptosporidium 4.91%). A large number of faecal samples (25.77%) were found positive for various other parasitic infections. No significant difference was noted in males and females. Results of this study indicated wide spread prevalence of parasitic diseases in sheep population and mostly young animals were found to be infected by different protozoan parasites.
It can be concluded that enteric protozoan infections in sheep can be controlled through improved managemental practices, hygienic measures and avoidance of overcrowding the animals.
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121.
Development And Standardization Of Agar Gel Diffusion Test For Diagnosis Of Gigantocotyle Explanatum In Buffaloes
by Shahzad Sharif | Prof. Dr. H.A. Hashmi | Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof. Dr | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Gigantocotyle explanaturn is one of the most prevalent paramphistome among the flukes which parasitize cattle and buffaloes. Diagnosis of parasitic diseases can be performed by coprological and immunological techniques. In the present study standardization of agar gel diffusion test (AGDT) was carried out. The soluble antigen of Gigantoco1'/e explaflatuni was prepared after homogenization of adult flukes in normi' saline and subsequent collection of supernatant after cenirifugation. 1-lyperimmunc senim against the antigen was rflise(l in rabbits. Agar gel plates were prepared and antigen was standardized against known positive serum. The faecal and blood samples were collected from 200 suspected buffaloes from two abattoirs of the Lahore city. AGDT was performed for serological identification of the samples and coprological examination for detection of ova. The recovery of flukes from the liver, bile duct and gall bladder of thc same animals was also carried out. 'l'he efficacy of serological and coprological examination for the diagnosis of G. explanatum was compared with that of direct recovery of parasite from liver of slaughtered animals.
Out of the 200 buffaloes 51 (25.5 percent) harhoured (7, explanatum in their livers, bile duct and gall bladder. The serological examination of the same animals showed that antibodies against (7. explanalum were detectable in 29 (56.85 percent) buffaloes by AGDT while the coprological examination of same animals revealed that ova of (i. explanatum were present in 23 (45.1 percent) out of the 51 animals. From these findings it can be inferred that efficacy of AGDT is superior to faecal examination and could become a useful technique for herd diagnosis of G. explandatum in buffaloes under field conditions.
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122.
Application Of Different Control Measures Against Argas Persicus
by Qaiser Siddique | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. H.A. Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: To final out the comparative efficacy of different control measures against Argas persicus, In-Vitro and In-Vivo studies were carried out for the in-Vitro studies three thousand soft ticks Argas Persicus at different stages of their development were used in the experiment. The ticks were divided in to 5 groups A, B, C, D and E having 600 ticks in each group. The ticks of each group (600) were further divided in to three replicates having 200 ticks in each. The ticks were maintained in small plastic boxes containing tick rearing medium at a controlled temperature of 25 Co and 60% relative humidity. The 5 treatments are applied with a small (1 liter) hand held sprayer at the rate of 20ml per box 345 cm2 surface area. The first application was made after 24 hours and repeated twice at 48 hours intervals. On day 0,3,5,7 and 10, the ticks were separated from the manure by immersing the manure in water and retrieved the ticks with the help of sieve. The ticks relating to each group were counted and the counts of each group were compared. The reduction in the counts in test groups as compared to control group A indicated the efficacy of the treatment. It was noticed by the comparative mortality of the ticks in the replicates of different groups that in mortality of ticks in Group A occurred as 6.17% in B as 67.67% in C as 70.67% , in D as 100% and in E as 71.83%. The findings of the In Vitro experiment showed that the efficacy of Tiekide was 100% and in ranking order was placed at No. 1 amongst the test groups and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) as compared to B, C and E groups. However the findings of Groups B, C and E were not significant amongst each other (P>0.05). For the In-Vivo studies, the experiment was conducted on a layer farm infested with Argus persicus. A total of 100 layers infested with Argas persicus were reared under experimental conditions on particular farm. One hundred infested birds were divided into 5 groups i.e A,B,C,D and E, each group consisting of 20 birds. The ticks of all members of the groups were counted on day 0,3,5,7 and 10. Group A acted as infested and non treated, B was treated by application of EM1 under the infested wings, C was applied EM5, D was applied Tiekide (Homoeopathic formula) under the wings the medicine was also orally administered @ 2 drops in 1 ml water and members of Group E were applied 1% solution of Ivomec (Ivermectin). The results indicated that the reduction in the mean tick counts was 95.74% in Group D which was placed at No. I, in descending order the mean tick counts reduced by 70.97% in Group E, 68.59% in Group C, 67.63% in Group B and only 1.93% in control Group A. The Tiekide was claimed to be a drug of choice.
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123.
A Study On The Occurrence Of Enteric Protozoa Of Pet Dogs
by Dr. Khalid Qasir | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Asim Khalid | Prof. Dr. H.A. Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: This study was designed to record the occurrence of enteric protozoan parasites of pet dogs. A total of 150 faecal samples of pet dogs of different age, breed and sex were collected. These dogs were equally divided into three age groups i.e. group A (< 6 months of age), group B (> 6 months and < 1 year of age) and group C (> 1 year of age). These faecal samples were examined by direct smear method, Sheather's sugar flotation technique and zinc sulfate flotation technique. Information regarding the clinical status of animals, age, breed and faecal consistency were also recorded. The overall prevalence of enteric protozoan parasites was 35.3 percent. Prevalence of various species belonging to Genera Giardia, Isospora, Cryptosporidium Entamoeba and Balantidium was 18.66, 14.66, 5.33, 1.33 and 1.33 percent. Prevalence of enteric protozoan was higher (44%) in pet dogs of group A, followed by 36.0 and 26.0 percent in group B and group C, respectively. The prevalence of gastro-intestinal protozoan in domestic dogs passing normal faeces was 33.65% and passing abnormal faeces was 39.13%.
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124.
Sarcoptic Manage In Dogs And Its Chamotherapy With Herbal And Allopathic Drugs
by Zeeshan Habib | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Syed | Dr. Wasim Shahzad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: It is an established fact that parasitic diseases are one of the principal obstacles in the health of animals. Some of these parasites survive at the expense of the blood of animals, thus causing irritation, anemia and consequently leading to weakness and debility. Some of the parasites are zoonotic in nature and may be a cause of contagious disease like Scabies to human beings by direct contact (Dominguez et al., 1978).
Canine scabies is an extremely pruritic and contagious skin condition caused by epidermal mite, Sarcoptes scabies var canis (Prescott, 1970). The disease spreads from dog to dog by direct contact., Clinical signs include intense pruritis, erythema, papular eruptions, accumulation of keratotic tissue and alopecia of the affected areas. Severely affected dogs may have open lesions caused by scratching. Scabies lesions are mostly seen in the muzzle, chest, elbow, around the eyes and in the ears and then spread to back and abdomen.
Dogs are kept as pet by quite a number of people in Pakistan.People became infected in about 50% of canine cases. however, the dermatosis in people usually dissipates spontaneously 2-4 weeks after the animal is treated (Folz et at., 1984) In the present study a total 620 dogs of various breeds and of both sex were examined for the presence of Sarcoptes scabiei var canis.OF these seventy five (12.9%) were found positive,of these dogs 50 were selected for therapeutic trials.these were randomly divided into five groups i.e.A, B, C, D & E having ten dogs in each group.these dogs were treated with Ivermectin,Cypermethrin,Nicotiana tobaccum & Azadirachta indica. Efficacy of the drug was calculated on the basis of disappearance of signs,negative skin scraping and subsidence of the skin surface..the result showed that Ivermectin was 100%on 28th day of treatment,followed by Cypermethrin 90%, Nicotiana tobaccum70% ,where as the lowest efficacy showed by Azadirachta indica i.e.60
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125.
Comparative Efficacy Of Different Prophylactic & Curative Measures Against Caecal Coccidiosis In Poultry
by Muhammad Imran Rashid | Dr. H. A. Hashmi | Dr. Irshad | Mr. Wasim Shehzad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: To find out the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of toltrazuril against coccidiosis, an experiment was conducted in the Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore.
One hundred and sixty (160) day old chicks were divided into 8 groups, i-e, A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H each consisting of 20 chicks. Group A acted as non-infected and non-medicated control, B was infected with Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts on day 16 and 26 @ 20000 per chick and acted as infected control. Similarly, all other members of different groups were also infected at the same rate. Members of Group C were administered toltrazuril orally in drinking water @ 7 mg/ kg body weight on day 18 & 19 and 25 & 26. Members of Group D were given toltrazuril @ 3.5 mg/kg body weight, of Group E @ 1.75 mg/kg as in group C & D, of Group F toltrazuril was given as prophylactic @ 7mg/kg on day 3 & 10. Members of Groups G & H were given irradiated (IEV) and formalized (FEV-48) Eimeria tenella vaccines respectively. IEV was orally given on day 3 & 10 whereas FEV was only given on day 10 of age.
The result indicated that maximum reduction of OPG counts (94.28 %) occurred in members of group D which was given half the dose (3.5 mg/kg) of toltrazuril, Group E (Administered quarter dose) was placed at no.2 and the reduction in this Group occurred as 93.71 %. The group G (IEV immunized) was placed at no. 3 by reducing 89.71 % mean OPG counts as compared to control Group B.
In terms of reduction of OPG counts other Groups were placed at no.4 (Group F given full dose prophylactic), no.5 (Group H immunized with FEV-48) and Group C showed the poorest performance (63.42 %) which was given full dose was placed at no. 6.
In terms of Mean body weight gains as compared to control (healthy) Group A, Group D was placed at no.1, Group E at no.2, Group G at no.3, Group C at no. 4 Group F at no.5, Group H at no.6 and Group B which acted as infected and non-medicated was placed at no.7. Ultimately, it was concluded that toltrazuril @ 3.50 mg/kg or immunization with IEV (irradiated vaccine) would be the best solution to the coccidiosis problem
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126.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Warble Fly Infectation In Buffaloes In District Dera Ghazi Khan
by Mahboob Akbar | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Wasim | Dr.M.Mazhar Ayaz Khosa | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: The present studies were conducted on the prevalence and chemotherapy of hypodermosis in cattle and buffaloes in D.G. Khan and Rajanpur districts of Punjab (Pakistan). Studies included assessment of prevalence of hypodermosis in the Veterinary hospital, houses holds, study fields and Livestock farms, the second part of the studies comprised of chemotherapy of hypodermosis. The prevalence of hypodermosis in cattle examined in Veterinary hospital, house holds, study fields and livestock farms in D.G. Khan and Rajanpur districts were recorded as 18.75%, 15.25% and in buffaloes the prevalence were recorded as 6.25% and 6.00%.
Chemotherapeutic trial of two insecticidal drugs Viz Ivermectin (1%) at a dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg body weight subcutaneous injection and Neguvon (Trichlorophon) at a dose rate of 5 gram in one litre water topical application was carried out to evaluate their
efficacy against hypodermosis in cattle and buffaloes. Ivermectin was found to be 100% and Neguvon 90%( Trichlorophon) effective for the control of hypodermosis. During the studies the economic losses were also studies and it has found that 50% loss to the local hide merchants in the area.
Investigations on the estimation of economic losses based on the infested hides were carried out in Dera Ghazi Khan and Rajanpur Districts. Twenty hide merchants in different areas were interrogated to find out the prices of warbled and warble-free hides. This price index was used to estimate the economic losses in terms of rupees.
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127.
Food Borne Parasitic Zoonosis With Special Reference To Metacercarial Infection In Fishes
by Saleem Marcus | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Kamran | Dr. Nusrat Jehan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: Food borne trematode infections have been recently identified as an important public health problem having considerable economic impact in terms of morbidity, loss of productivity and health care costs. Fish serve as second intermediate host of food borne trematode infections and serve as direct source of infection in humans. In the present study four different species of fish i.e. Labeo rohita (rohu), Cirrhnuh mrigala (mori thela), Catla catla (thela) and Hypophteamicty thyesmolitris (silver carp) serving as intermediate hosts of food borne trematodes were identified and also recorded the prevalence and intensity of infection due to metacercariae of food borne trematodes in common food fishes of Pakistan. For this purpose 222 different samples of fish were collected from numerous water bodies i.e. Rawal Dam, Islamabad and Mangla Dam, and local fish markets and detection of infection metacercariae of opisthorchis/clonorchis and heterophyids by pepsin digestion technique. Overall infection rate was 28.37 percent species wise prevalence indicated that catla catla and Labeo rohita were more frequently affected than other so whereas the lowest (23.5%) prevalence was reported in Hypophteamicty thyesmolitris. As the people of Pakistan are not consuming raw or undercooked fishes so prevalence of zoonotic diseases transmitted from fish are not recorded in Pakistan. However, experiment conducted on mice indicated that when metacercarial infection was given to mice, adult worms were isolated from the mice.
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128.
Different Control Measures Againts Musca Domestica Associated With Poultry Farms
by Muhammad Shoaib | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof. Dr | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0959,T] (1).
129.
Genotyping Of Echinococcus Granulosus And Its Comparative Prevalence In Sheep, Goat And Human
by Muhammad Imran Bhatti | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Miss. Sabiqaa Masood | Mr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Hydatidosis is caused by metacestode of the dog worm Echinococcus granulosus. It is a serious problem for both Public health and livestock economy.Echinococcus granulosus has number of genetically distinct strains which are known to differ morphologically and epidemiologically. Out of 1000 sheep and goat examined only 45 Samples of hydatid cysts were collected from different organs i.e. livers, kidneys, lungs and hearts from Lahore abbatoir. Fertility and viability of the cysts was observed microscopically. Genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus was performed through Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Seroprevalence of hydatidosis in 50 butchers working in abattoir was also determined by the use of Latex agglutination test (LAT) kit for detection of hydatidosis.
Considerable information is available about genetic variants of E. granulosus around the world. Ten genotypes of E. granulosus have been described, which exhibit a diversity of morphology, development, and host range, as confirmed by various studies. In the Mediterranean area, the Gl or common sheep strain, 02, the buffalo strain 03, and the equine strain 04 have been found in Spain, Italy, Lebanon, and Syria
To date, molecular studies using mainly DNA sequences cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COl) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (ND1) genes have identified ten distinct genotypes (01 -G 10) within E. granulosus. This categorization follows very closely the patterns of strain variation emerging from biological and epidemiological traits.
In this study we perform serum analysis of butchers to detect antibodies against Echinococcus so that the prevalence of Echinococus can be checked, the data available indicated that 14% of butchers population is infected with Echinococus. In order to confirm the starin of Echinococcus in sheep and goat the PCR-RFLP analysis of ND I gene of Echinococus were performed .The data obtained was analysed and it was concluded that the 01 strain of echinococus is prevalent in sheep and goat in Punjab area. It is hoped that the findings of the present study will be helpful for further planning about the control of the disease and correlating the prevalence in sheep, goats and butchers from the zoonotic point of view.
The results demonstrated that PCR-RFLP analysis of samples of patients suspected for Echinococcus is a promising diagnostic method and also confirms the type of Echinococus prevalent in that area and also enables an early direct detection of parasite DNA. This will help to curtail this drastic malady at an early stage and will help to devise the trategy to minimize the losses due to this disease.
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130.
Seropervalance Of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection In Indigenous Poultry And Their Dressers
by Kashif Shahzad Hashmi | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Kamran Ashraf (Assistant | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: In present study a total of 100 serum samples from indigenous poultry and the dressers were analysed for determination of Toxoplasma specific anti-bodies. Under aseptic measures 1-2m1 of blood was withdrawn by veinpuncture and serum was separated. All the serum samples were analyzed for specific IgG anti Toxoplasma ant-bodies using Latex Agglutination Test (LAT). Positive reaction was visualized by the naked eyes or magnifying hand lens.
Commercially available Toxoplasma Latex test kit was used to determine the serum antibodies. Results were interpretated, data obtained was analyzed statistically by calculating the percent sero-positivity of Toxoplasma gondii in indigenous poultry.
Toxoplasma is one of the most common zoonosis worldwide.It is caused by toxoplasma gondii, an obligatory intracellular parasite that attacks warm blooded animals,birds including humanbiengs.Felines are the definite hosts where the parasite carries out its sexual cycle resulting in oocysts that are taken to the environment by the feces.Man birds and animals acquire the infection by ingesting oocysts that contaminate water,foodstuff, and pasture in that environment.
In the present study the overall seroprevalance of toxoplasma gondii infection in indigenous poultry and dressers are 12% respectively by using Latex agglutination test.
In indigenous poultry seroprevalance of toxoplasma gondii was 10% out of 100 hens examined, (3) were seropositive at screening dilution of 1:256 suggesting possible recent contact.
(2) were seropositive at 1:128 which was due to acquired or evolving immunity, while (1) were seropositive at screening dilution at 1:16 indicating residual or non specific immunity.
Toxoplasma gondii infection is increased with age because of constant exposure to contaminated environment and increased contact with cats.
In dressers (butchers) seroprevalance was 12% out of 50.Two were seropositive at screening dilution of 1:256 suggesting possible recent contacting.Two were seropositive at 1:128 which was due to acquired or evolving immunity,whike two were seropositve at screening dilution at 1:16 indicating residual or non specific immunity.
Due to increase prevalence of toxoplasmosis in humans,birds and animals daby day it is very necessary that public should be aware about the zoonotic importance of this disease and preventive measures to be adopted.
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131.
A Study On Amoebic Dysentery In Dogs And Their Owners
by Sallah Umair | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis) is an infection of the intestine (gut) caused by a unicellular organism called Entamoeba histolytica, which, among other things, can cause colic, intestinal ulcers and abscess on vital organs of body. Amoebae are parasites that are found in contaminated food or drink. They enter the body through the mouth when the contaminated food or drink is swallowed. The amoebae are then able to move through the digestive system and take up residence in the intestine and cause an infection. They can also move to other organs of body like liver, lungs etc by extra luminal penetration. They make cysts in the intestine as well as on the effected body organs. These cysts are passed along with feces. In the course of research, a total 100 fecal and 100 blood samples of dogs and their owners were collected from two hospitals i.e. Pet Centre and Lahore Animal Hospital for detection of Entamoeba histolytica. These causative organism was examined in the feces by direct fecal method as well as by flotation method while in case of extra luminal invasion their antibody level were checked by the latex agglutination test both in dogs as well as in their owners.
In the present study the overall prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in dogs and their owners was 13% and 10% respectively by using Latex agglutination method for serum samples and direct and flotation method for fecal samples. Due to its high prevalence of amoebiasis in humans and pets it is the need of hour that general awareness comping towards zoonotic diseases for public must be provided to cope with amoebiasis and other zoonotic diseases.
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132.
Control Of Eimeria Tenella Infection In Broilers By Using Sugar Extracts As Immunostimulant
by Mohsin Ali Bhatti | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Mr.Ovais Omer | Sabiqaa Masood | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The effects of oral administration of Sugar Cane Extract (SCE) on Elmeria tenella oocysts infection in commercial broiler chickens were evaluated in this study. For the purpose an experiment was conducted in the Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore.
One hundred and sixty (160) day old chicks were divided into 4 groups, i.e. A, B, C and D each consisting of 40 chicks. Group A acted as non-infected and non-medicated control (healthy control), group B was infected with Elmeria tenella sporulated oocysts on day 21 @ 20000 per chick and acted as infected control. Members of Group C were orally administered SCE @ 500mg! kg body weight on day 21 and then challenged with the same dose of E. tenella oocysts. Members of Group D were orally administered SCE at the dose rate of 500mg/kg body weight for three consecutive days and then challenged with the same dose of E. tenella oocysts. The result indicated that maximum reduction of OPG counts (98.73%) occurred in members of group D which were administered SCE (500 mg/kg) for three consecutive days and then challenged with E. tenella oocysts. Group C (Administered SCE for a single day @ 500mg/kg) was placed at no.2 and the reduction in this Group occurred as 83.54% as compared to Group B. Mean body weight gains were calculated by taking difference between average weight records on day 21 & day 35 of age (final weight record). The difference of each group was compared with healthy control and percentage of weight gains of all the groups were recorded and also compared as in table 6. Therefore in terms of Mean body weight gains as compared to control (healthy) Group A, Group D was placed at no.1, Group C at no.2 and Group B which acted as infected and non-medicated was placed at no.3 in terms of body weight gains. These results suggest that SCE have immunostimulating and protective effects against E. tenella infection in broilers.
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133.
Genotyping Of Echinococcus Granulosus And Its Comparative Prevalance In Camels And Human Beings
by Azam Ali | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Hydaiidosis is caused by metacestode of the dog worm Echinococcus granulosus. It is a serious problem br both Public health and livestock economy. Echinococcus granaiiosu.s has number of genetically distinct strains which are known to differ morphologically and epidemiologically. Out of 100 camels examined only 25 Samples of hydatid cysts were collected from different organs i.e. livers, kidneys, lungs and hearts from Lahore abattoirs. Fertility and viability of the cysts was observed microscopically. Genotyp ing of Echinococcus granulosus was performed through Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Seroprevalence of hydatidosis in 25 butchers working in abattoir was also determined by the use of Latex agglutination test (LAT) kit for detection ob hydatidosis.
Considerable information is available about genetic variants of E. granulosus around the world. Ten genotypes of E. granulosus have been described, which exhibit a diversity of morphology, development, and host range, as contrmed by various studies. In the Mediterranean area, the CI or common sheep strain, G2, Camel strain G6, and the equine strain G4 have been found in Spain, Italy, Lebanon, and Syria
To date, molecular studies using mainly DNA sequences have identitied G-6 strain of E. granulosus. This categorization follows very closely the patterns of strain variation emerging from biological and epiderniological traits.
In this study we perform serum analysis of butchers to detect antibodies against Echinococcus so that the prevalence of Echinococcus can be checked; the data available indicated that 14% of butcher's population is infected with Echinococcus. In order to confirm the strain of Echinococcus in camels the PCR-RFLP analysis were performed. The data obtained was analysed and it was concluded that the G6 strain of Echinococciis is prevalent in camels in Pakistan. The results demonstrated that PCRRFLP analysis of samples of patients suspected for Echinococcus is a promising diagnostic method and also confirms the type of Echinococcus prevalent in that area and also enables an early direct detection of parasite DNA. This will help to curtail this drastic malady at an early stage and will help to devise the strategy to minimize the losses due to this disease.
It is hoped that the findings of the present study will be helpful for further planning about the control of the disease and correlating the prevalence in camels and butchers from the zoonotic point of view.
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134.
Prevalence Of Soil Borne Helmithiasis Of Zoonotic Importance In Dogs
by Muhammad Tayyab Farooqi | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr.Irshad | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: To record the prevalence of soil borne helminthiasis of zoonotic importance in dogs' one hundred faecal samples were obtained from pet dogs, fifty from pups of age less than six months and fifty from adult dogs. Four hundred soil samples along with grass were also be collected from different dog kennels, parks and playgrounds, backyards and streets of Lahore city, where soil and grass is contaminated with the faeces of stray dogs. After collection, the faecal samples were preserved in polythene bags and kept in refrigerator or preserved in 10 % formalin to avoid any other contamination of the samples. Then the samples were brought to the Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Parasitology University of Veterinary & Animals Sciences, Lahore. Microscopic examination was performed by using different parasitological techniques like Direct Smear Method, Floatation Method and Sedimentation Method for the detection of the parasite ova. Grass Samples were examined through Sedimentation-Flotation Method. The results were analyzed by using chi2 test to check the significance difference of the ova in soil samples of different areas. the result showed that out of 400 soil and grass samples 33 were positive for Ancylostoma caninum, 37 were positive for Toxocara canis, 29 were positive for Dipylidium caninum and 19 were positive for Echinococcus granulosis and out of 100 faecal samples taken from pups and adult dogs, 10 were positive for Ancylo stoma caninum, 13 were positive for Toxocara canis, 8 were positive for Diplyidium caninum and 6 were positive for Echinococcus granulosis. The results suggested that better deworming stragies shold be adopted so that the health of the dogs can be improved and this will also reduce the reisk of zoonotic infectin in humans, entry of the stray dogs in public areas should be restricted to avoid the risk of zoonotic diseases.
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135.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Various Nematodal Infection In Local And Imported Broiler Japanese Quail Reared At Floor and Cage System
by Umer Farhan | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Kamran Ashraf | Zafar Iqbal Chaudry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Quail (Cotumix coturnix) came from Japan where they have selected for their singing ability. During the last 150 years, they have periodically been released in several sites as potential game birds but without success since they migrate away from the release point (Williams, 2000).
The present study was carried out at Avian Research Institute, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore and postgraduate laboratory UVAS, Lahore. To record the prevalence of various nematodes of Coturnix coturnix, a total of 400 faecal samples were collected (200
reared at floor and 200 in cages) under different managemental conditions.
Faecal samples were examined by three different tecimiques i.e. Direct
smear, Flotation and Mc Master Egg counting technique. Out of 200 samples 67 (33.5%) quails were positive in cage system and 75 (37.5%) were positive on floor system. Overall prevalence in both the systems of management was 142 (35.5%).
Chemotherapeutic trails were conducted by using Tetramisole and Piprazine. For this purpose a total of 45 birds from the 142 positive birds were selected. These were randomly divided into three groups i.e. A, B and C having 15 birds in each group. Birds in group A and B treated with tetramisole and piperazine at their recommended dose rate respectively wherease birs in group C were not given any treatment. The efficacy of tetramoisole and piperazine was 97.54% and 82.68% respectively.
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136.
Prevalence & Chemotharpy Of Cestodal Infestation In Three Local & Imported Stocksof Japanese Quail Atpre Peak,
by Ghulam Yaseen | Kamran Ashraf | Azhar Maqbool | Muhammed Sarwer Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: A total of 480 matured quail belonging to 4 inbreed stocks (one imported and three local three age groups and in each there were live replicates each having three females and on male were included in these studies. Faecal samples were collected from each replicate in a clean polythin bag at Avian Research Institute, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore. The prevalence of cestodes in breeder quail was recorded during their production cycle. Five birds from each group were slaughtered and eviscerated to study the lesions in the gastrointestinal tract.
Out of 480 faecal samples 149 (34.58%) were positive for cestodes infection among positive cases Raillietina tetragona was found in 13 3(27.7%) faecal samples followed by Raillietina cesticillus 72(15%), Raii7ietina echinobothrida 111(23. 12%), Cotugnia digonopora 97(20.2%), Choanotaenia inJindibulum 79(16.45%) whereas the lowest 29(6.04%) pravelancve of Amoebotaen/ci sphenoids.
The age wise incidence of parasites in group "I" at 6thi weeks of age was 20%. at I 8° weeks of age was 32.5% and at 36th weeks of age was 145%, in group "LI" at 6 weeks of age was 15%, at l8 weeks of age was 37.5% and at 36thi weeks of age was 42.5%. in group "L2 at 6thi weeks of age was 22.5%, at 18° weeks of age was 30%) and at 36th weeks of age was 35% and in group "L3" at 6° weeks of age was 22.5%, at 18° weeks of age was 32.5% and at 36th weeks of age was 37.5. Chemotherapeutic trails were carried out by using 80 brids (20 negative and 60 postive0 Sixty birds were randomly divided into three groups A, B and C. Birds in group A and B were treated with albendazole and fenbendazole at their recommended dos rate. Birds in groups C and D were kept as positive and negative control.
Efficacy of the drugs as calculated on the basis of reduction in faecal egg count. From the result it was reported that efficacy of albendazole and fenbendazole was 96.6 85.39 preent repsetively. No side effets were reported with both of these drugs.
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137.
Detection Of Cryptosporidiosis By Pcr In Calves
by Abbas Haider Syed | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr | Miss Sabiqa Masood | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Ciyptosporidiosis is caused by oocysts present in water or faeces. It is a serious problem for both Public health and livestock economy. Ciyptosporidium has four species i.e., C. parvum, C. muris, C. wrairi, and C. felis in which Cryptosporidium parvum is most important as it is the more prevalent species.
Out of 300 animals examined only 90 animals were showing diarrhoea. For the detection of Ciyptosporidiosis the faecal samples were examined by ZN staining under light microscope. Out of three hundred calves samples only sixty were found positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts while rest of two hundred and forty were found negative.
Four thousand oocysts per gram of faeces detected by ZN staining are considered positive of ciyptosporidiosis. In this study only forty six samples showed threshold number of oocysts per gram of faeces while eleven were positive but their count was less than four thousand per gram. There were three such samples which show very few numbers of oocysts per gram of faeces.
Samples from female calves showed more positive results as compared to samples from male calves. There was also an interesting fact that the age group ranging from, day eleven to day twenty one, were showing more positive samples as compared to the age group ranging from, day one to tenth day. The overall percentage of positive samples was twenty percent.
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138.
Detection And Taxonomy Of Dust Mites In The City Of Lahore With Special Reference To Allergic Manifestation
by Muhammad Tanveer Khan | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Irshad | Mr.Awais Anees | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: The most important allergy causing mites found worldwide in houses are the house dust mite's i.e. D. farinae & D. pteronyssinus and most houses contain multiple species. The geographical distributions of mite species are vary between houses within a geographical region and among different areas. Therefore it is need to know the exact prevalence of species in a particular area when diagnostic testing is performing and prescribing immunotherapy. Among environmental factors, temperature and humidity play a key role for the survival as well as prevalence of house dust mites. The most favorite place for the better survival of house dust mites is houses belong to the humid geographical areas.
In this study, 1280 dust samples from carpet, bedroom mattress, sofa and floor of total 64 houses from posh area and old city area from May to August, 2007, were collected and two examination procedures were selected (Acarex Strips Test and Direct Microscopic Examination). 320 dust samples (160 posh area and 160 old city area) were detected with Acarex Strips Test and remaining dust samples were examined by using the direct microscopy.
In the present study, the overall occurrence of house dust mites in dust samples of carpet, bedroom mattress, sofa and floor was recorded as 22.5% (9), 22.5% (9), 20% (8) and 10% (4) respectively from posh area by using the Acarex strips test from May to August, 2007, at Lahore. Similarly from old city area, the overall occurrence of dust mites from house dust samples of carpet, bedroom mattress, sofa and floor was reported as 27.5% (11), 30% (12), 22.5% (9) and 15% (6) respectively.
Direct microscopy was performed for remaining 960 (240 carpet, 240 bedroom mattress, 240 sofa and 240 floor) dust samples to examine the occurrence and taxonomy of house dust mites. Among 26.3% (63) positive dust samples of carpet 63.5% (40) were found positive for D. farinae and 36.5% (23) for D. pteronyssinus. Total 28.8% (69) bedroom mattress dust samples were found positive for house dust mites but 74.9% (51) and 26%
(18) dust samples were containing D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus species respectively.
Among 17% (41) positive dust samples of sofa, 61% (25) were containing 13. farinae and
39% (16) D. pteronyssinus. Out of 11.7% (28) positive dust samples of floor for house dust mites, 68% (19) were examined positive for D. farinae and 32% (9) for D. pteronyssinus.
The high occurrence of house dust mites were seen during May, June, July, and August 2007. During May, 2007, there was not so highly occurrence of house dust mites observed as compare to other three months (June, July and August, 2007). From late June rainy season (monsoon) was started and high moisture remains in the environment to late August. These environmental conditions have direct impact on the population of house dust mites.
From previous study, it was suggested that two species (D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus) occur in the area of Lahore, Pakistan. The highly prevalent specie in the house dust samples of carpet, bedroom mattress, sofa and floor was reported D. farinae as compare to D. pteronyssinus.
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139.
Detection And Taxonomy Of Zoonotic Soil-Borne Helminths Of Cats And Dogs In Lahore
by Farhan Basit | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Prof.Dr.Azhar Maqbool | Prof.Dr.Muham | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: To find out the prevelance of parasitic eggs/larvae of zoonotic importance, 160 faecal samples, 80 soil samples and 80 herbage samples from each of the selected park during four months i.e. from 1St June to 30th September 2007 were collected and examined. The public parks included; 1) Nasir Park, 2) Iqbal Park. Thus in total 640 samples were examined for prevelance of parasitic eggs/larvae of zoonotic importance including faeces, soil and herbage. At the same time 160 faecal samples of pet dogs and cats were collected from the Pet Centre of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore and were examined for the presence of zoonotic parasites. These samples were processed and examined according to the techniques i.e. direct smear method, flotation and Baerman techniques. Five samples of each material were collected every week. The effect of meteorological data was also studied. Overall infection of the parks showed that 118 (37%) out of 320 faecal samples, 44 (27.5%) out of 160 soil samples and 81(51%) out of 160 herbage samples were found positive for parasitic eggs/larvae whereas 243 (38%) out of total 640 samples were found positive for parasitic contamination. One hundred and eighteen (37%) out of 320 faecal samples were found positive in which 72 (61%) were positive for A ncylostoma caninum, 23 (19%) for Toxocara canis, 15 (13%) for Diplidium caninum and 8 (7%) were found positive for others. Out of 160 soil samples 44 (27.5%) were found positive for parasitic infection. Amongst these 31 (70%) were positive for Ancylostoma caninum, 9 (20%) were positive for Toxocara canis and 4 (10%) were positive for other nematodes. Eighty one (51%) out of 160 samples was positive for parasitic infection. Amongst these 48 (59%) were positive for Ancylostoma caninum, 21 (26%) for Toxocara canis and 12 (15%) for others were found positive. The total 243 (38%) out of 640 were found positive for parasitic contamination. Amongst those 53 (22%) were positive for Toxocara canis, 151(62%) for Ancylostoma caninum, 15 (6%) for Diplidium caninum and 24 (10%) for others including Tinia saginata, Strongyloids etc. To find out the prevalence of zoonotic parasites in pet dogs and cats 160 faecal, 80 for dogs and cats each, samples were collected form the pet centre of University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore. Among dogs 25 (31%) out of 80 faecal samples were positive for parasitic eggs/larvae and while in cats 23 (29) out of 80 samples were positive for parasitic eggs/larvae. Overall 48(30%) out of 160 faecal samples were found positive for parasitic infection.
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140.
Seroprevalence Of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection In Camels In And Around Bahalwalpur
by Umer Naveed Ch | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Azhar Maqbool | Prof.Dr.M.Sarwa | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite, which infects humans and animals by ingestion of tissue cyst, raw or undercooked meat or oocysts from soil, vegetables, fruits, water, soil and food contaminated by cat faeces or by transmission through the placenta, milk and blood transfusion. Although toxoplasmosis found throughout the world. Seropositivity levels vary widely among different regions of the globe and according to sociocultural habits, geographic factors; climate and transmission routes and typically rise with age.
In present study, the overall prevalence of T gondil infection in camels at Bahwawlpur recorded as 10% by using Toxoplasma Latex Agglutination kit (LAT). 2 camels were found seropositive at 1:16 dilution showing residual or non specific immunity, 5 camels were found seropositive at 1:128 showing acquired or evolving immunity, whereas 3 camels were positive at antibody titer of 1:256 giving an evidence of present infection.
It was also noted that seropositivity of T gondii in camels was higher in age group from 6- 10 years, infection was higher in female camels having abortion history than male.
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141.
Molecular Detection And Speciation Of The Canme Piropiasm
by Isma Nazli Bashir | Prof. Dr.Zrafar Iqbal Ch | Dr.Peter J.Irwin | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: An epidemiological study of babesiosis in dogs was conducted at Pet center, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, for one year and information on age, sex and breed was gathered. It was found that from a total number of 6204, dogs up to two years of age were more susceptible than other age groups (2-4, 4-6 and above 6 years).The data regarding genders revealed that males were more prone to the disease than female dogs. As far as the breeds were concerned, crossbred dogs were more susceptible followed by Pointers, Alsatians, German shepherds and Bull terriors.Hot and humid months (June to September) have greater impact on the occurrence of disease. The study regarding identification of ticks revealed that Rhiphicephalus sanguinus is the predominant vector of the disease in Pakistan.
Molecular studies were conducted to characterize and identify the species responsible for canine babesiosis in Pakistan. In this regard, a nested polymerase chain reaction-Restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was employed on different specimens (Blood, Body tissues and Ticks). For this purpose blood samples were collected from twenty four chronically infected dogs and applied on the Flinders Technologies Associates (FTA) cards for transportation to Australia. Different body tissues (Liver, Spleen, Kidney, Intestine, Bone marrow and Pancreas) were procured after euthanizing the two dogs and DNA was extracted, for further studies. Similarly, the eighty eight ticks were also collected from the infested dogs in the 70% ethanol for transportation to Australia. A nested PCR-RFLP assay was used for the detection and differentiation of Piroplasm species on the basis of the 1 8S ribosomal RNA gene. The assay potentially amplified and identified Babesia gibsoni as the main canine piroplasm. Similar assays on the DNA extracted from body tissues and ticks revealed Babesia gibsoni as the main piroplasm. The PCR was found to have a high detection limit (equivalent to i0 dilution), when using the DNA extracted from blood applied to FTA cards, body tissues and ticks. A new technique was developed for extraction of DNA from FTA cards and tick, in this technique, instead of using the FTA specified punching machine, we used scalpel blades, and so the rest of the chemicals used are'generally and easily available. The same protocol was used for extraction of DNA from ticks, only chemicals used in different quantities with different spinning times. Both of which, resulted in cost reduction, less effort and speedy DNA extraction. The technique reported here has the potential to be standardized for routine DNA extractions from FTA cards and ticks.
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142.
Prevalance And Anthelmentic Activity Of Indigenous Plants Against Trichostrongylus Of Sheep In District Zhob
by Nasib Ullah | Dr.Muhammad Lateef | Prof.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof.Dr.Zafar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A Trichostrongylid is gastrointestinal nematode which causes the heavy economic losses to the livestock particularly sheep. A total 240 gastrointestinal tracts of sheep from district Zhob abattoir were collected. These samples were isolated and identified for trichostrongylid nematodes. The overall prevalence was 50%(120/240), of which 39.1% in male and 60.8% in female sheep were recorded at slaughter-house. Plants were collected from area of district Zhob. These plants were Identified and authenticated by botanist .The crude aqueous methanolic extract of the plants were used for in-vivo studies. Eighty sheep of either sex, aged between three to six months and naturally infested with Trichostrongylid nematodes (including trichostrongylius spp. I-Iaemonchus contortus, cooperia etc) were selected and managed separately for the experiment. These sheep were divided into 4 groups A ,B,C and D. Group A was contained 10 sheep and was untreated and considered as control. Thirty (30) were kept in Group B, were further sub divided into three equal groups i.e. BI, B2 and B3 and treated with different levels of Chenopodium album @ 1, 2 and 3 g/kg body weight respectively. Group C having thirty (30) was also sub divided into three equal groups i.e. Cl, C2 and C3 and treated with different levels of Artemisia brevifolia @ 1, 2 and 3g/kg body weight respectively. Group D was treated with Levamisole @ 7.5 mg/kg body weight. Faecal egg count reduction was criterion for evaluation. Faecal samples were collected before treatment on day 0 and on day 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 post treatments for EPG count.
The results of EPG for animals in group B1 at day 0 was 1325. This rate was reduced to 1250, 1125, 995 and 702 at day 3, 7, 10 and 14, respectively. Similarly EPG of sheep in B2 were 1280 at day 0 and reduced to 1205, 1202, 1001 and finally to 690 at day 3, 7, 10 and 14 respectively. Best results in B group against the nematodes were in B3 in which Chenopodium album was used 3g/kg bw. The results were 1250, 1231, 1145, 590 EPG at day 0, 3, 7, 10 and 14. The sheep in group Cl showed 1203 EPG at day 0, when treated with Ig/kg bwArtemisia brevifolia, the EPG was reduced to 1173, 1115, 700 and 528 on day 3, 7, 10 and 14 respectively. Second level of treatment C2 of
Artemisia brevifolia which was given @ 2g/kg bw initially contained reduced to 1202 EPG, on day 3, 7, 10 and 14 the EPG counts were 1020, 631, 546 and 459, respectively.
Highest dose of Artemisia brevfolia was 3g/kg body weight to sheep in group C3. On day zero the EPG count was 1196. On day 3, 7, 10 and 14th day the EPG count decreased to 1079, 905, 528 and 396 respectively. The sheep in group D, treated with recommended dose of Levamisole showed 1138 EPG prior to medication, which reduced remarkably to 681, 536, 357 and 147 on day 3, 7, 10 and 14 respectively. Although no untoward effects of plants were observed but best EPG reduction results (87.08 %) were observed in Levamisole as compared to treatment of 3gm/kg b.w Chenopodium album (51 .03 %) and Artemisia hrevfolia 3g/kgbw (66.88 %).
CONCLUSIONS
A wide variety of plants are naturally available in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent which possess narrow or broad spectrum anthelmintic activities. No doubt this is true in other regions of the world as well where gastrointestinal parasitism is an important problem in livestock keeping, and the availability of commercial drugs may be limited. Conventionally, trichostrongylids has been tackled with use of synthetic anthelmintic but owning to development of anthelmintic resistance against major groups of anthelmintics viz., benzimidazole, Levamisole and avermectins, people are looking for alternatives to synthetic chemicals.
The phytochemical analysis of these plants and controlled anthelmintic trials along with contemporary knowledge of parasite control strategies may offer new opportunities for effective and economical control of parasitic diseases. So these plants can be better alternative for synthetic chemicals.
Quality control extracts of Artemisia brevifolia and Chenopodium album or possibly isolated bioactive compounds could be a promising alternative to conventional anthelmintics fbr the treatment of gastrointestinal trichostrongylids of small ruminants in the future. Such a treatment could be used in control strategies against gastro intestinal nernatodes in organic and conventional production systems. Further research is needed for studies on the bio active constituents, as well as on the reproducibility, dosage, application regime. toxicity and effectiveness of Artemisia brevifolia and C'henopodium a/bums in other host species and against other economically important gastro intestinal nematodes species.
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that further research could be carried out on large sample size in different seasons of the year and large number of plants, identification of active principles of plants with proven anthelmintic activity, standardization of dose and toxicity studies for drug development. In addition to this, large number of samples of the same plant from different geographic areas should be subjected to experimentation keeping in view the possibility of differences in chemical composition of soils.
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143.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Argas Persicus In Rural Poultry At Lahore District
by Nazish Munawar | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr.Aftab | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: External parasites like ticks causes great economic losses in poultry in term of low productivity, anemia, and secondary bacterial infection. Keeping in view economical importance of this problem the project was designed to record the prevalence of Argas persicus in poultry and to treat the birds with different drugs. For this purpose indigenous poultry at Lahore was visited for the collection. Overall prevalence of tick infestation and
identification of ticks was on the basis of their taxonomic characteristics. During the study period 5207 ticks were collected from five hundred birds. Three species of Argas were identified, 3316 were belonging to Argas Persicus (65.02%), 935 Argas reflexus (17.95%), (18.32%), 957 were Argas vespertilionis. Antigen was prepared from the mouth parts of ticks. Five hundred blood samples were taken from birds found positive. Sera were centerifuged and subjected to AGID test. Overall 19.4% prevalence of Argas persicus was recorded. Age -wise 8.19% and 25.8% prevalence was observed in chicks and adults respectively. The highest prevalence during spring was (26.8%) due to high humidity reason. One hundred layers were selected for therapeutic trials. These were randomly divided into 5 groups i.e., A, B, C, D and E. Birds in group A, B, C, D was treated with Cypermethrin, Ivermectin, Permethrin, and Dormectin respectively. Where as birds in group E was served as untreated control. Efficacy of drugs was calculated on the basis of reduction of ticks on the body of poultry. The efficacy of drug trial was noted in poultry subunits for a period of 15 days. The maximum control was achieved by Cypermethrin (90.7%), Ivermectin (90.35%), Dormectin (89.3%) and Permethrin (88.9%).
The data were analyzed statistically by using NPar test, kruskal-Wallis test and Median test (Steel and Torrie 1989).
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144.
The Comparative Efficacy Of Various Feed Additives On The Resistance Of Broiler To Experimenmtally Induced Cecal Coccidiosis
by Atta Subhani | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad Lateef | Prof.Dr.Muham | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Coccidiosis is the major parasitic disease of poultry and is caused by the apicomplexan parasites Eimeria. Drugs and live vaccines are the two main control measures of the disease; however, due to increasing concerns with prophylactic drug use and the high cost of vaccines, alternative control methods are needed. Recent evidence that various dietary and live microbial supplements can influence host immunity against enteric diseases prompted me to investigate the role of prebiotic, probiotic on coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Neem fruit (azadirachta indica) and diclazuril is also used in the experimental trial due to their anticoccidial activity. For this purpose a total of 300 day old chicks free from coccidial infection were randomly divided into six groups (A, B, C, D, E and F) each comprising 50 birds. The dietary treatments for groups A-F were basal diet only, basal diet + Diclazuril 0.5%, basal diet + lactobacillus based probiotic, basal diet + Mannan-oligosacchrides (MOS), basal diet + neem fruit (Azadirachta indica) and basal diet only, respectively. The birds in groups A-E were challenged oesophageally with 10000 viable sporulated E. tenella oocysts, while the birds in group F were remained unchallenged and serve as negative control. The oocyst per gram (OPG), clinical signs/severity of diarrhea, lesion score, body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, mortality rates, hemoglobin estimation, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count were the parameters considered. The efficacy of various treatments was estimated on the basis of reduction in OPG, clinical signs/severity of diarrhea and lesion score. The effect of coccidiosis on hemoglobin, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count were also recorded. The data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Technique. The difference among the treatment means were tested by Duncans's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The results of the experiment revealed that oocyst per gram (OPG), clinical signs/severity of diarrhea, lesion score, mortality rates, feed consumption, hemoglobin estimation, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count of group D and C were significantly lower than group A, B and E (p<O.O5) respectively except group F (-ye control), but feed consumption of group C and D is significantly lower than group F (p<O.05). Body weight gain, and FCR of group C and D were significantly higher than group F, followed by E, B and A (p<O.O5) respectively.
From the results of above experiment it is concluded that both prebiotic and probiotic not only facilitate as an anticoccidial but also helpful in body weight gain. These consequently result as an alternative drug free approach to antibiotics for the control of coccidiosis because of drug resistance as well as growth promoter and ultimately reduce the economic losses due to coccidiosis.
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145.
Genotyping Of Hydatid Cyst And Itd Prevalence In Cattle,Buffalo And Human Beings
by Muhammad Nauman Zahid | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr.Aftab | Dr.kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: ACystic echinococcosis (CE) is the larval cystic stage (called echinococcal cysts) of a small taeniid-type tapeworm (Echinococcus granulosus) that may cause illness in intermediate hosts, generally herbivorous animals and people who are infected accidentally. Echinococcus granulosus has number of genetically distinct strains which are known to differ morphologically and epiderniologically. Out of 150 cattle and 150 buffalo examined only 42 Samples of hydatid cysts were collected from different organs i.e. livers, kidneys, lungs and hearts from Lahore abbatoir. From 42 positive samples, 25 cysts were found in cattle and 17 cysts were tound in buffalo. Prevalence of hydatidosis in cattle was recoreded as 16.66% and 11.33% in buffalo. Fertility and viability of the cysts was observed microscopically. Out of 25 cysts of cattle. nine were fertile and out of 17 cysts of buffalo, only five were fertile.
Seroprevalence of hydatidosis in 150 butchers working in abattoir was also determined by the use of Latex agglutination test (LAT) kit for detection of hydatidosis.
The prevalence of Echinococcus is 24% which was derived from serum analysis of butchers.
DNA from hydatid cyst was extracted. Polymerase Chain Reaction was run on extracted DNA samples. Amplicon was run on 1% agarose for confirmation of size and specificity of product. Size of PCR product was approximately l300bp.
Genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus was performed through Polymerase Chain Reaction- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The PCR-RFLP analysis of CO I gene of Echinococus was performed to confirm the strain of Echinococcus in cattle .The data obtained was analysed and it was concluded that the G5 strain of echinococus is prevalent in Cattle in Punjab area.
It is hoped that the findings of the present study will be helpful for further planning about the control of the disease and correlating the prevalence in cattles,buffalos and butchers from the zoonotic point of view.
According to the results, the PCR-RFLP analysis of samples of patients suspected for Echinococejis is a promising diagnostic method and also confirms the type of Echinococcits prevalent in that area and also enables an early direct detection of parasite DNA. This effort is a step to minimize the losses produced by this disease.
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146.
Toxonomical Study Of The Genus Trichuris And Comparative Anthelminitc Efficacy Of Fenbendazole (Panacur) Ad Albendazole (Valbazen) Against Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes in Sheep
by Dr. Muhammad Iftikhar | Mr. Asif Rabbani | Mr. M. Akram | Mr. Muhammad Afzal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: Pakistan has a large population of livestock, which plays an important role in the economy of the country. Parasitism is a major problem in our country. Great economic losses have been attributed to the sheep population in our country due to the parasitic infections. The genus Trichuris includes some of the most important nematode species effecting the sheep, therefore a taxonomical study of the genus Trichuris was conducted in the month of September and October, 1989. For this purpose 100 guts (large intestine) of sheep slaughtered at Lahore abattoir were procured and brought to the parasitology laboratory College of Veterinary Sciences, for further investigations. The overall incidence of Trichuris spp. was found to be 74% . The following two species were recorded.
1. Trichuris ovis 66%
2. Trichuris globulosa 18%
Taxonomy of Trichuris species was studied by preparing permanent mounts. The present work was also aimed to see the effect of two commonly available anthelmintics namely fenbendazole (panacur) and albendazole (valbazen), on naturally infected sheep with gastrointestinal nematodes. Sixty sheep positive for nematode infections were randomly divided into three groups A,B & C each group comprising of 20 animals. Group A and B
were given fenbendazole and albendazole respectively according to the manufacturers dose rate while group C was kept as untreated control. The efficacy of both the drugs was evaluated on the bases of reduction of eggs per gram of faeces after medication. The egg counts were made on zero, 7th, 14th and 21st day. Both the drugs revealed a progressive decrease in the faecal egg counts. The efficacy of fenbendazole on 7th, .14th and 21st day was 96.33, 97.05 and 99.66% respectively while the efficacy of albendazole was 92.56, 95.37 and 98.18% respectively. There was no significant difference in the effectiveness of the drugs.
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147.
Epidemiology, Molecular Diagnosis And Chemotherapy Of Giardiasis In Bovine
by Sultan Ayaz | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Giardia is a protozoan parasite of the small intestine that causes extensive morbidity worldwide. Dairy calves can excrete high numbers of the cysts of Giardia and the disease in cattle is clinically important and can reduce the growth performance of the ruminants. Giardia is the cause of non-viral diarrhoea in humans and is responsible for epidemics in the developed and developing countries. The cyst is the infectious form, is ingested in contaminated water or food or directly from faecal-oral contact. Giardia duodenal is the only species, which is found in both humans and animals including dogs, cats, bovines, pigs, sheep and equine.
The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence in bovines at Military dairy farm, Gawala dairy colonies, the Government dairy farm and Household dairies in Lahore. The effect of season, sex, and age on infection rate and shedding of the cysts were also noted, and association of the Giardia infection with normal and abnormal stools was also studied.
Overall 2160 bovine faecal samples (720 buffaloes, 720 cattle and 720 calves) were examined during the study period from August 2007 to July 2008, amongst calves 362/720 (50.27%) were found to be positive. The highest prevalence was recorded in the Government. Dairy farm (68.33%) followed by Gawala colonies (55%), then the Military dairy farm (44.33%) and the lowest (34.44%) was recorded in Household dairies. Overall, highest (61.6%) seasonal prevalence was recorded during autumn, followed by spring (60.83%), then summer (53.4%) and the lowest
(34.1%) was recorded during winter. The highest (65%) prevalence was reported during August and the lowest (3 0%) during December.
Females were found to be more susceptible (56.74%) than males (35.1%). The prevalence was significantly higher (71.52%) in younger calves than the adults
(36.11%) (P<0.05).
Overall prevalence in cattle was 28.05%. The highest (41.67%) prevalence was recorded at the Government dairy farm, followed by Gawala colonies (32.72%), then the Military dairy farm (22.72%) and the lowest (15%) was recorded in Household dairies. The highest (35%) prevalence was found during August and the lowest (21%) during January. A significant difference (P<0.05) was noted. Females were found to be more susceptible (29.21%) than males (18.75%). The young calves had significantly higher (3 8.88%) prevalence as compared to the adults (24.44%).
Similarly, the overall prevalence in buffaloes was found to be 20.11% percent. The highest (40.55 %), prevalence was recorded at the Government Dairy Farm, followed by Gawala colonies (30%) then Military Dairy Farm (21.11%) and the lowest prevalence i.e. 12.77% was reported in Household Dairies. A non significant difference was recorded P>0.05). The highest (46.66 %) prevalence was recorded during August, while, the lowest (6.66%) during November and December. Females were found to be more susceptible than males. Where as the prevalence in a younger buffalo was significantly higher as compared to the adults.
Comparison of direct microscopic examination and PCR based methods was made at the Government dairy Farm, Gawala colonies; Military Dairy Farm and
Household Dairies. By direct Microscopic examination prevalence was found to be 28.05% (202/720) in cattle whereas by PCR it was 31.11%. Statistically analysis showed that the prevalence by PCR was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the microscopic examination.
It was observed that the highest prevalence of Giardiasis in bovines (Calves, Cattle and buffalo) was noted during August when the average temperature was 31.48°C. However the maximum and minimum temperatures were 35.37°C and
27.6°C, relative humidity 7 1.28% and rainfall was 3.2mm. The results of therapeutic trials by using albendazole, metronidazole, and mebendazole in cattle were calculated on the basis of reduction in the cysts count in the faeces after treatment.
Efficacy of albendazole at three dose levels i.e. 1 Omg/kg.b.wt, 1 5mg/kg.b.wt, 2Omg/kg.b.wt was 86.33%, 98.5% and 100% respectively, on day 27 after treatment. Efficacy of the metronidazole at 5Omg/kg.b.wt, 1 OOmg/kg.b.wt, and 1 5Omg/kg.b.wt. Was 85.42%, 87.8% and 94.02% respectively on day 27. Efficacy of mebendazole at three dosage level i.e. 7.5rng/kg.b.wt, lOmg/kg.b.wt and 2Omg/kg.b.wt was 81.15 %, 87.32%, and 90.4% on day 27 after treatment. Among these drugs, albendazole at
1 5mg/kg.body.weight was found to be most effective drug in the elimination Giardia infection. The significant (P<0.05) decrease in the CPG count after treatment in all the three groups and dose levels was noted. A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the level of leukocytes and of eosinophisl of infected cattle at day 06 and day 13 post inoculation. The leukocytes/lymphocytes count of Giardia infected cattle was 58.09%. Whereas, eosinophils constituted of leukocytes 9.69%. The total proteins of the sample were studied by sodium doedocyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel ELECTROPHORESIS (SDS PAGE). The result indicated that 8 diffeent molecular weight peptide badns were identified with size ranges from 20 to 70 KDa and common bands reported at 20, 24 and 35 K Da
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148.
Studies On Rats And Mice As A Reservoir Of Zoonotic Parasites
by Muhammad Sarfaraz Ahmad | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad Mustaq-ul-Hassan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: A total of 3600 rats and mice were examined for the prevalence of various zoonotic parasitic infections. Species of various parasites were identified. The order of ifection rate was as Hymenolepis nana (59.9%), Toxoplasma gondii in rats and mice 52.0%), Hymenolepis diminula (35.4%), Cryptosporidium parvum (16.5%), Taenia taenieformis (11.7%), Toxoplasma gondii in humans (11.3%), Capillaria hepatica 7.0%), Babesia spp. (2.3%), Trypanosomu spp. (2.3%) and Leishmania spp. (1.2%).
The highest (78.0%) month-wise prevalence of FL nana was found during August whereas the lowest (43.0%) during February. The highest (70.8%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (62.9%) then spring whiles the lowest (46.8%) during winter. Infection was higher in males (78.0%) than females 45.9%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Infection was higher in rats (65.1%) than mice (16.3%).
The highest (48.0%) month-wise prevalence of H diminuta was found during August whereas the lowest (28.0%) during January. The highest (45.4%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by spring (35.1%) while the lowest (29.3%) during winter. Infection was higher in males (43.8%) than females (29.3%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Infection was higher in rats (37.3%) than mice (20.2%).
The highest (23.0%) month-wise prevalence of C. parvum was found during July whereas the lowest (10.0%) during December. The highest (22.4%) season-wise valence was noted during summer followed by spring (16.9%) then autumn (15.3%) le the lowest (11.3%) during winter. Infection was higher in females (19.9%) than es (12.0%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger, infection was higher in rats (17.7%) than mice (7.6%).
The highest (20.0%) month-wise prevalence of T raenieformis was found during y and August whereas the lowest (6.0%) during December. The highest (18.4%) son-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (10.8%) then ring (10.6%) whereas lowest (7.0%) during winter. Infection was higher in females 15.6%) than males (6.5%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly infected than younger. Infection was higher in rats (12.4%) than mice (6.0%).
The highest (12.7%) month-wise prevalence of C. hepatica was found during August whereas the lowest (4.0%) during November. The highest (10.8%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (6.0%) then spring (6.2%) hues the lowest (4.9%) during winter. Infection was higher in females (8.4%) than males (5.0%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Infection higher in rats (7.3%) than mice (4.6%).
The highest (9.0%) month-wise prevalence of Babesia spp. was found during August whereas infection was absent during January, February, March, April, November and December. The highest (5.0%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (4.2%) then spring (0.1%) and was absent during winter. The infection was higher in males (2.7%) than females (2.0%).The infection was present only in adult rats and mice and no case was recorded in younger. Higher infection was noted -n (2.3%) and than mice (2.4%).
The highest (7.3%) month-wise prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. was found August whereas it was absent during January, February, November and December. The highest (5.7%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer by spring (2.2%) then autumn (1.2%) and it was absent during winter. The infection was higher in females (2.5%) than males (2.0%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Higher infection was noted in rats (2.5%) than mice
The highest (4.7%) month-wise prevalence of Leishmania spp was found during y and August whereas infection was absent during January, February, March, April, October, November and December. The highest (3.4%) season-wise prevalence was during Summer followed by autumn (1.1%) then spring (0.1%) and infection was during winter. The infection was higher in females (1 .4%) than males (0.9%). The infection was found only in adult rats and mice and no positive case was recorded in 1younger. The infection was (1.2%) in rats and mice.
The role of meteorological data i.e temperature, humidity and rainfall was also studied. It was noted that there was a positive co-relation of high temperature and humidity with the prevalence of various parasitic infections. As the infection were maximum during summer when the temperature and humidity was favorable for high prevalence of parasitic burden.
This study will he helpful to disseminate information regarding zoonotic potential parasitic infections via media i.e. newspapers. magazine, electronic media (T.V, I.T, Radio) through seminars, meetings and conferences with professionals doctors, paramedical staff and livestock farmers.
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149.
Epidemiology, Serodiagnosis, Therapy And Control Of Schistosomiasis In Buffloes
by Ghulam Murtaza Arshad | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Pof. Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Prof.Dr.Muham | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Schistosomiasis is one of the major diseases of public health and socio-economic importance in the developing countries of the world. Among human parasitic diseases, Schistosorniasis ranks second to malaria in tern-is of world wide public health risk. Keeping in view the importance of disease, the study was conducted to record the month wise and season wise prevalence of Schistosorniasis in buffaloes in four districts of the Punjab, province ie., Lahore, Sargodha, Kasur and Sheikhupura. The present study comprises of four parts.
Part I: deals with epidemiology of Schistosomiasis in buffaloes. Overall prevalence of Schistosomiasis in buffaloes, different farms of Punjab province indicated that infection was the highest (17%) at Kasur district followed by Sheikhupura (14.83), then Lahore (14.6%) and the lowest (13.66%) at Sargodha. The highest month wise prevalence was recorded during August (25.5%) followed by July where as the lowest during December and January.
Infection in buffaloes was higher in animals over two years of age (1 9%) than animals below two years of age (5%) in all the four districts of Punjab. The prevalence was higher in females (15.98%) than male (9.48%). There is variation in the prevalence as there is difference in the environmental and managemental condition of the area. For the serodiagnosis i.e. ELISA was used, the results indicated that the prevalence was lesser than the faecal examination because this was more specific and sensitive than the faecal examination.
Part 2: deals with the prevalence and ecology of snails. Various species of snails which act as the intermediate host of the Schistosomes were collected from the study area. The e of infection in the snails and role of cercariae in transmission of the disease was studied. A total of 10418 snails were collected of these 13.51 per cent were found to be infected. Among these 2350 were collected from Kasur district with infection rate of 14.51 percent followed, by Sheikhupura 2882 (13.6%) then Sargodha 2709 (13.40%) and the lowest at Lahore 2477 (12.51%). At Kasur district, genus wise prevalence of snails with infection rate indicated that Oncomelonia, indoplanorbis and Bullinus are the predominant genera with infection rate of 31.79, 17.10 and 14.46 percent respectively. However the highest number of the snails collected belonging to the genera Indoplanorbis. At Sheikhupura district, genus wide prevalence of snail indicated that Bullinus, Lymnaea, Indoplanorbis and Physa are the four prominent snails with infection rate of 24.74, 20.57, 14.66 and 13.84 percent respectively. At Sargodha district, genus wise prevalence of snails indicated that Lymnaea, Indoplanorbis, Bullinus and Physa are the four prominent snails with infection rate of 25.09, 14.29, 14.28 and 16.77 percent respectively. At Lahore district, genus wise prevalence of snails indicated that Bullinus Lymnaea, Physa and Indoplanorbis are the four prominent snails with infection rate of 23.37, 18.96, 13.97 and 12.70 percent respectively.While the prevalence at the snail level the Chi square value is 242.944 and the P-Value is 0.0000 1 which is highly significant.
Part 3: deals with the meteorological data ie, temperature, humidity, rainfall and pan evaporation with prevalence of snails and parasites. The temperature and rain fall play very important role in the spread of disease. The ideal temperature ranges form 22-25 °C where development within snail takes place in an efficient manner similarly humidity
f ranges from 55-70% is ideal for the development of the snail and the parasite. Rainfall is very important for the spread of the disease. There is a positive correlation of disease incidence to maximum and minimum temperature, humidity, and rainfall and pan evaporation. It was seen that during summer and autumn, optimum temperature, relative
humidity and rainfall play an important role for rapid propagation of the parasitic life
Part 4: deals with therapeutic trials against Schistosomiasis in buffaloes. A total of 150 animals (140 infected and 10 animals, normal) age ranged 5-9 years and of both sexes naturally infected with Schistosorniasis were used in thirteen controlled experiments. The efficacy of certain indigenous drugs, including Nigella sativa (Kalongi) , Caesalpinia
Crista (Karangwa), Lagenaria siceraria seeds (Kadoo ke Beej), Sausseria lappa (Qushte-e-Shreen) and Praziquanlel was compared with each other and control. Efficacy was quantified by determining the difference of egg per gram faeces (EPG) pre and post treatment. After the single dose of 50, 75 and 100 mg 1kg body weight of Nigella sativa (Kalongi) reduced EPG by 65.85, 68.29 and 71.79 per cent, respectively. After the second dose the respective reduction in EPG was 85.36, 92.68 and 94.87 percent. Caesalpenia crista at three dosage levels i.e.50, 75 and 100 mgI kg body weight caused 46.34, 53.65 and 59.52 percent reduction respectively while the reduction in EPO after second dose was 82.92, 90.24 and 92.85 percent respectively. Lagenaria siceraria Seed at three dosage levels i. e., 50, 100 and 150 mg/ kg body weight caused the reduction in EPG reduction 47.61, 52.63 and 64.10 percent respectively, while after second dose, counts as the reduction 80.95, 86.84 and 92.30 percent respectively. Sausseria lappa at three dosage levels i.e., 100, 150 and 200 mg/ kg body caused EPG reduction as under 50.00, 53.48 and 56.09 percent respectively, while after second dose the reduction in EPG count was 71.42, 81.39 and 85.36 percent respectively. Where as Praziquantel at the dose of 10 mg/body weight caused reduction in EPO 66.66% while after the second dose the reduction in EPG count was 97.43 percent. The efficacy order was Praziquantel, Nigella saliva, Caesalpinia crista, Lagenaria siceraria and Sausseria lappa. No side effects with any drug were noted. All animals showed clinical improvement after the treatment.
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150.
Serorrevalence Of Toxoplasmosis In Captive Birds
by Sadia ibrahim | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhmmad latif | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular parasite which infects humans as well as wide variety of mammals and birds. Toxoplasmosis is found throughout the world and tends to be more prevalent in tropical climates. It is considered as one of the major public health disease. Risk of infection from turkeys, pigeons, ducks and quails to man is scarce, as they are intermediate hosts and are frequently infected by eating feed contaminated by cat faeces containing oocysts of T.gondii. The high seroprevalence in them could be related to large populations of homeless cats in the city and may suggests the significant role of urban pigeons in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis.
A total of 200 serum samples were analyzed for anti-toxoplasma antibodies, of these 50 samples from ducks, 50 sampls from turkeys, 50 samples from pigeons and 50 samples from quails were collected at random. Under aseptic measures, 1-2 ml blood were withdrawn by venipuncture. All the serum samples wiere analyzed for specific IgG anti toxoplasma antibodies using Latex Agglutination Test (LAT). Positive reaction were visualized by naked eyes or magnifying hand lense.Commercially available Toxoplasma latex kit was used to determine the serum antibody. Results were interpretated. Data obtained was analyzed statistically by calculating the per cent sero-positivity of Toxoplasma gondii in ducks, turkeys, pigeons and quails.
In the present study the overall seroprevalence of T.gondii infection in pigeons, ducks, turkeys and quails is 8%, 12%, 16% and 4% respectively by using Latex Agglutination Test. In pigeons seroprevalence of T.gondii was 8% out of 50 pigeons examined one gave an antibody titer of 1:256, one was positive at 1:128, whereas two at 1:16 secreening dilution. In ducks seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii is 12% out of 50 ducks examined one gave an antibody titer of 1:256, two was positive at 1:128, whereas three at 1:16 secreening dilution. In turkeys seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii is 16% out of 50 turkeys examined three gave an antibody titer of 1:256, two was positive at 1:128, whereas three at 1:16 secreening dilution. In quails seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii is 12% out of 50 quails examined zero gave an antibody titer of 1:256, one was positive at 1:128, whereas one at 1:16 secreening dilution.
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