451.
Anthelmintic Activity Of Ginger Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes In Goats
by Muhammad Shahid (2008-VA-127) | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Avais.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Gastrointestinal tract nematodes are responsible for wide range of health problems,
economic losses in goats and are characterized by impaired milk production, meat process,
decreased fertility, low kidding rates, decreased working efficiency and even death of the goats.
Gastrointestinal tract nematodes cause economic losses via morbidity and negative effects on
feed intake, nutrient utilization efficacy and also reduce young animal’s growth rate as a result,
leading to decreased productivity and performance of the infected animal. Due to such economic
losses, the control of the helminths is unavoidable which is also possible by herbal products such
as Ginger. Ginger has pharmacological and gastrointestinal prokinetic activities to cure
constipation, indigestion, vomiting, infectious diseases and helminthiasis. In the current study,
anthelmintic activity of Ginger has been tested against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats.
For therapeutic trials, a total of 75 goats positive for nematodes having EPG >150 were
selected randomly and divided into three groups named as Group A, B and C, each group
comprising of 25 animals. The goats of Group A were orally treated with crude powder of ginger
(Zingiber officinale) @ 3 gram/kg body weight, orally. Goats in group B served as positive
control (infected and treated with Oxfendazole). Group C comprised of positive animals which
were not treated during whole the experiment. The fecal samples were collected at day 14 (Posttreatment).
Drug’s efficacy was assessed on the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) and
was calculated by following formula (Traversa et al. 2007).
[((Pre-treatment EPG – Post-treatment EPG)) / Pre-treatment EPG] × 100
SUMMARY
34
Data regarding therapeutic trails were analyzed by repeated measures one-way ANOVA, using
SPSS version 20.0, p< 0.05 was considered as significant. Trial was analyzed under different
parameters.
Ginger has shown good anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats
as evident from 63% reduction in EPG. It is suggested hereby to conduct a dose trial for the use
of ginger against nematodes in goats by using different dose levels including at least 5 different
groups of dosages like 3gram; 3.5grams; 4grams; 4.5grams and 5grams per Kg body weight. The
current study has highlighted the anthelmintic activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) against
gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. More trials using this herbal product in other animals will
further highlight the importance of using this commonly-available and economical herbal
product in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2712-T] (1).
452.
Zoonoses : Infectious Diseases Transmissible Between Animals and Humans
by Bauerfeind, R.
Edition: 4th ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Canada: ASM Press; 2016Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.959 Bauerfeind 32553 4th 2016 Parasitology] (2).
453.
Medical and Veterinary Protozoology
by Adam, Katherine M.G | James Paul | Viqar Zaman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: UK: Longman Group Limited 1971Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.016 Katherine M.G Adam 11302 1st 1971 Parasitology] (1).
454.
Handbook Of Parasitology / 2nd ed.
by A.K Awasthi | B.D Patnaik | S.K Kochhar.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.96 Awasthi 24659 2nd parasitology] (1).
455.
Handbook Of Parasitology / 2nd ed.
by A.K Awasthi.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Availability: No items available
456.
Infectious And Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds / 1st ed.
by Davis.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Availability: No items available Checked out (1).
457.
Parasitic Protozoa
by Kreier Julius P.
Edition: Vol 3.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: New York: Academic Press; 1978Availability: No items available Checked out (1).
458.
Textbook Of Medical Parasitology
by Najarian Haig H.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company; 1967Availability: No items available
459.
Textbook of Medical Parasitology
by Najarian Haig H.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Baltimore: Williams And Willkins Company; 1967Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.96 Haig 10022 1st 1967 Parasitology] (1).
460.
The cultivation of parasites in vitro
by Taylor, Angela E. R.; Baker, John R | Taylor, Angela E. R.; Baker, John R | Taylor, Angela E. R.; Baker, John R.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: U.K; Adlard &Son Ltd; 1963Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 591.55 Angela 11022 1st 1968 Microbiology] (1).
461.
The Organization Of Nematodes
by Croll N.A.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: New York: Academic Press; 1976Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 595.182 Croll 11114 1st 1976 Parasitology] (1).
462.
Fundamentals of Entomology
by Elzinga, Richard J.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc; 1978Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 595.7 Richard 11110 1st 1978 Parasitology] (1).
463.
Veterinary Parasitology
by Urquhart G.M.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Scotland: The University of Glasgow; 1996Availability: No items available
464.
6th System of The British Society For Parasitology: Immunity To Parasites
by Taylor Angela E.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publication; 1968Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.96079 Taylor 11024 1st 1968 Parasitology] (1).
465.
Veterinary Helminthology
by Dunn, Angus M.
Edition: 2nd/ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: London: William Heinemann: 1978Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 6363.3089696 Dunn 10211 2nd 1978 biolochemistry] (2).
466.
Anthelmintic Activity Of Euphorbia Plant Against Gastrointestinal (Git) Nematodes In Goats In District Killa Saifullah, Balochistan
by Wseem Khan (2008-VA-214) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Saadullah Jan | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad Avais.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: With the passage of each day, the parasites are becoming more and more drug resistant thus reducing the options for their treatment. There is a need to explore herbal products having anthelmintic activity. The aim of this study was be to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of Euphorbia plant against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats. It is documented that Euphorbia plant extracts have efficacy against GIT nematodes in goats. (CP) and (CME) of the plants were used to evaluate the effect of the plant on GIT nematode in goats. Eighty goats positive for GIT nematodes were selected for GIT nematodes in vivo study of the plant and Albendazole. Goats were divided into 8 groups and each group containing 10 goats. Animals in group A were positive Control Untreated Group, in group B that is B1, B2 and B3 were treated with 1g/kg b.wt. CP of Euphorbia 2g/kg b.wt. CP of Euphorbia and 3g/kg b.wt. CP of Euphorbia respectively. Animals in group C that is C1, C2 and C3 were treated with CME of Euphorbia. At the equivalent dose rate of 1g/kg b.wt CP, CME of Euphorbia at the equivalent dose rate of 2g/kg b.wt CP and CME of Euphorbia at the equivalent dose rate of 3g/kg b.wt CP. Group D were treated with Albendazole at recommended dose rate of 3.8mg/kg body weight. Animals were treated on day zero with crude methyl extract of Euphorbia plant, crude powder of Euphorbia plant, and Albendazole. Sampling was done on day 0 pre-treatment 7, 14 and 21 post-treatment to determine eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces. Data was tabulated and subjected to SPSS and one way ANOVA was performed to find out treatment differences. Potential anthelmintic efficacy of Euphorbia plant against GIT nematodes of goats was a good herbal alternate for treatment of GIT nematode worm infections. Albendazole gave the best results in the in-vivo drug trial. The efficacy of the drug was 99.26%. This efficacy of 99.26% showed by animals in group D was highest in all treated groups. The effect of Albendazole at 21st day post treatment was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other groups treated with Euphorbia plant preparations. Crude powder of Euphorbia was highly effective as (P < 0.05) compared to the untreated control group of animals. The crude powder showed dose and time dependent decline in EPG of the nematodes infested animals. Highest efficacy was shown by the dose rate of 3g/kg body weight monitored for 21 days post treatment. The efficacy of crude powder 1g/kg body weight, 2g/kg body weight and 3g/kg body weight was 17.86%, 20.34% and 36.24% respectively. Highest efficacy was shown by crude methyl extract of the plant given orally at the dose rate equivalent to 3g/kg body weight of the animal. The efficacy of the CME of plant was 53.96% at 21st day post treatment. The old-fashioned remedy used for the cure of helminthes Euphrbia an herbal medicinal plant exhibit the anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal nematodes. It may be suggested that the herbal plants used traditionally as curative agent should be tested out extensively for their efficacy against GIT nematodes. Further studies are required to be carried out for the Euphorbia plant and identification of active principles of the plant and toxicity studies.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2769-T] (1).
467.
Molecular Detection & Isolation Of Benzimidazole Resistant Haemonchus Contortus And Evaluation Of Anthelmintic Activity Of Herbal Extracts
by Kazmi Ali (2009-VA-392) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad FaizwQamar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Iahtasham Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Recently, DNA-based techniques have been applied for specific identification and characterization of parasites and also to evaluate the level of infections. The most commonly used group of anthelmintics is Benzimidazoles (BZ). BZ includes Thiabendazole, Mebendazole, Albendazole, Oxfendazole, Oxibendazole, Febantel and Netobimin. It binds to β- tubulin and inhibits polymerization of tubulin dimers to microtubules H. contortus involves mutations in β-tubulin genes at specific amino acid sites determine the BZ resistance. This study involves the Haemnochus contortus (barber pole worm) present in abomasums of small ruminants. n= 300 total samples were randomly be collected from the different sampling locations. Out of 300 samples of worms, 30 worms had been subjected to DNA extraction and PCR reaction. PCR recipe was prepared with following composition with total volume of 20μl, Master mix (enzynomics) 10μl, Distilled water 4μl, Forward primer 2μl, Reverse primer 2μl and genomic DNA 2μl. After PCR product has been obtained, gel extraction was done by PureLink Quick Gel Extraction Kit of INVITROGEN for purifying the DNA to allow it for gene sequencing. Only selected positive amplification products had been subjected to DNA gene sequencing and were sent to Philco company for ABI type sequencing. The polymorphic sites had been identified by using the standard set of ambiguity nucleotides through BLAST searches at NCBI/primers used to generate the β- tubulin gene sequence from H. contortus. DNA nucleotide sequences obtained are aligned on BIO EDIT SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT EDITOR software to understand the mutation, deletion, replacement of nucleotides. Genetic variation exists in all the samples sent for gene sequencing. These findings show that genetic diversity and genetic variation existing in β-tubulin isotype 1 of the H. contortus population of small ruminants in Jhang and Toba Tek Singh districts of Central Punjab, Pakistan. Samples exhibits different gene sequence and are from Jhang and Toba Tek Singh district. Genetic sequences are retrieved with the sequence and research papers of previously work done on GENBANK NCBI shows 100% query cover and ident with the isolates and clone of China, UK, USA, Australia, Brazil and somewhat similarity of 94% query cover and 100% ident with isolates of India. Some of those H. contortus worms which have been identified as BZ resistant strains were subjected in vitro anthelmintic activity of the herbal extract. Herbal formulation manifests the anthelmintic activity in dose-dependent manner in AMA and EHT. Mortality of worms was comparable with the reference drug used Levamisole at 200mg/ml concentration just from the start of exposure in AMA. Conclusion drawn from the experiment is that the herbal extract efficacy is comparable with the efficacy of the synthetic anthelmintics and can be marketed as these are field friendly, environment safely, economically and socially efficient. However before starts commercialization and marketing of such products at large scale, these materials must be subjected to standardized protocols and procedures of parasitology to be accomplished.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2792-T] (1).
468.
Parasitology : the biology of animal parasites
by Noble, Elmer R.
Edition: 1st/ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: U.K: Henry KImpton: 1971Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 591.524 Noble 10490 1st 1974 Parasitology] (1).
469.
Impact of Arthrobotrys OIligospora, a Predacious Fungus, on the Epidemiology of Ruminant Trichostrongylid Parasites
by Haji Ahmad Hashmi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1989Dissertation note: Phd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 540-T] (1).
470.
Phylogenetic Analysis And Gis Mapping Of Boophilus Species Of Ticks Of Bovine And Buffalo Of District Peshawar
by Zulfiqar Ahmad (2015-VA-11) | Dr. Muhammad Imran Rashid | Dr. Muhammad Oneeb | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Livestock is playing a major role in the uplift of our national economy in terms of revenue from milk, meat and hides. In spite of this major contribution this sector is facing hurdles in its development. The infectious diseases and their vectors have occupied a mainstay in posing the uplift of this sector. Boophilus is an important biological vector for various protozoan and bacterial infections in animal as well as human. To date the identification of these ticks mainly rely on the morphological basis which have many variations among different identification keys. To make the identification more accurate at species level, the use of molecular tools is very necessary. Ticks were collected from the various areas of district Peshawar through random convenient sampling method. Briefly, 50 cattle and 50 buffaloes were sampled through forceps. Various ticks spp. were stored in 70% ethanol for further processing. Among the species Rhepicephalus microplus (Boophilus microplus) was the most prevalent specie (25.64103%) followed by Rhepicephalus annulatus (5.413105%) Rhipicephalus decloratus (5.128205%) Rhipicephalus distinctus (4.273504%), Rhipicephalus arnoldi (3.988604%), Rhipicephalus evertsi (5.698006%), while in Heamaphysalis species Heamaphysalis aciculifer highly prevalent (5.128205%) followed by Haemaphysalis parmata (4.843305%), Haemaphysalis excavatum (3.988604%) and Haemaphysalis houyi (3.988604%), so far Hyalomma species is concerned includes Hyalomma anatolicum (3.988604%), Hyalomma trancatum (4.843305%), Hyalomma detritium (5.982906%), Hyalomma egyptium (4.273504%), Hyalomma impeltatum (0.854701%) Hyalomma rufipes (1.709402%), Amblyomma pomposum (4.273504%), Dermacentor rhinocerinus (2.849003%), D. circumguttatus (3.703704%), and
Summary
44
Dermacentor marginatus (2.564103%) are highly prevalent in cattle. Among the buffalo, Rhipicephalus 173 (43.25 %) followed by Haemaphysalis 82 (20.5 %), Hyalomma 54 (13.5 %), Dermacentor 26 (6.5 %) and Amblyomma 9 (2.25 %). The species prevalent in Rhipicephalus are Rhipicephalus microplus 74 (42.78%), Rhipicephalus annulatus 15 (8.68%), Rhipicephalus decloratus 19 (10.99%), Rhipicephalus distinctus 14 (8.10%), Rhipicephalus arnoldi 16 (9.25%), Rhipicephalus evertsi 17 (9.84%) and Rhipicephalus kochi 18 (10.40%) followed by Haemaphysalis aciculifer 18 (21.96%), Haemaphysalis parmata 15 (18.30%), Haemaphysalis excavatum 23 (28.05%), and Haemaphysalis houyi 26 (31.70%), so far Hyalomma species is concerned, Hyalomma anatolicum 10 (18.52%), Hyalomma tranctum 7 (12.96%), Hyalomma detritium 9 (16.67%), Hyalomma egyptium 7 (12.96%), Hyalomma impeltatum 10 (18.52%), and Hyalomma rufipes 11 (20.37%) and Dermacentor rhinocerinus 9 (34.62%), followed by Dermacentor circumgutattus 8 (30.76%) and Dermacentor marginatus 9 (34.62%) and Amblyomma is concerned Amblyomma pomposum 9 (2.25%). DNA was extracted from the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) ticks through phenol-chloroform method. The extracted product was then run by gel stained ethidium bromide. The gel was visualized and examined bands on UV illuminator. Different sequences were retrived from database and genus specific primer were designed for the amplification of ITS-2 gene of Rhipicephalus genus of hard ticks. A consensus sequence was retrieved, a set of primers were designed by using Bioedit softwere version 7.2.6. DNA was extracted from 100 ticks and then run by PCR. Specific primers were designed for ITS2 gene. Phylogenetic tree based on the DNA sequences amplified from extracted from all the comparison with ticks and determined Genus Rhipicephalus area that are ITS2 Rhipicephalus ITS2 ribosomal RNA gene sequence 18s, thus obtained from Genebank. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2848-T] (1).
471.
Acaricide Resistance Of Tick Population Infesting Buffaloes In District Narowal
by Muhammad Mubashar Abdullah (2015-VA-1104) | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Tick imperviousness to acaricides is an expanding issue in Pakistan and represents a genuine financial danger to the domesticated animals and veterinary pharmaceutical enterprises. New acaricides are to a great degree costly to grow so the present acaricides ought to be viewed as a constantly decreasing asset, which ought to be ensured by all methods conceivable. The principle goal of the review was to distinguish the stages of tick imperviousness to acaricides at close business and collective ranges in District Narowal, Pakistan. Likewise to contrast the in vivo techniques and with explore acaricide administration procedures which may build the life expectancy by utilized acaricides.
To meet these points a field survey (February 2016 to March 2017) was carried out at 3 tehsils (Tehsil Narowal, Shakargharand Zafarwal cities of Pakistan to monitor levels of field tick resistance to acaricides. The larvae were originally obtained from engorged female A.hebraeum, Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, R. appendiculatusand R. evertsievertsi. The larvaewere tested against different concentrations of trichlorofon, ivermectin and cypermethrin using the Shaw Larval Immersion Test (SLIT). Mortality dose data were subjected to probit analysis using a BMDP statistical package. Factors of resistance (FOR) were calculated by comparing the larval response of ticks from the field.
On the communal farms high levels of tick resistance were detected to cypermethrin as well as partial resistance to ivermectin whilst no resistance was detected against trichlorofon. On the commercial farms, however, ticks were equally resistant to trichlorofon, cypermethrin and ivermectin. The populations of Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, on these farms had developed higher levels of resistance to the testacaricides than the equivalent R. evertsievertsi, R. appendiculatus and A.hebraeumpopulations. Higher levels of tick resistance to trichlorofonwas observed on3 tehsils (Tehsil Narowal, Shakarghar and Zafarwal)than on communal farms, however, there was no significant differences in tick resistance to ivermectin and cypermethrin at both the commercial and communal farms. It was surmised that inappropriate use of acaricides might have resulted in higher tick resistance to the currently available acaricides on the commercial as well as the communal farms. Correct acaricide usage may solve this problem to a limited extent.
Comparative in vivo tests were also carried out on the larvae and adults of Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, to determine the susceptibility of this tick to different concentrationsof the currently used acaricides, (amitraz, ivermectin and cypermethrin) at three commercial dairy farms, (“Brycedale”, “Sunny Grove” and “Welgevind”) in the areas of District Narowal, Pakistan. Resistance of field strains of Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, Dermacentor,were determined using the Adult Immersion Test (AIT) as the latter test took into account factors such as oviposition assessment and reproductive ability. At “Brycedale”, resistance to trichlorofon and ivermectin was detected with the AIT method. Emerging resistance to trichlorofon and resistance to ivermectin were also detected . At “Sunny Grove” resistance was detected to cypermethrin and at “Welgevind” resistance was detected to ivermectin with the SLIT whilst no resistance was detected using AIT. It would appear that the Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, populations tested on these dairy farms were more resistant toivermectin than to trichlorofon or cypermethrin.
Nearly 50% of the dairy farms sampled showed resistance to ivermectin and the majority had susceptible Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, populations to both amitraz and cypermethrin. In general there was a good correlation between the Cypermethrin and Trichlorofon whilst in many cases there was poor correlation between the Cypermethrin and Ivermectin.
From this study it would appear that the In vivo method was a reliable to detect resistance within seven days. In vitro method the ELT and the RET could possibly be used as screening methods to detect acaricide resistance on farms whilst the SLIT would remain the test of choice for National surveys. In addition the ELT is less costly and does not require sophisticated equipment for field testing if resistance development compared with other in vitro test methods. This method, however, still needs to be validated and standardized for use in Narowaland the rest of punjab where tick control is important.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2849-T] (1).
472.
Veterinary Parasitology
by Arquhart G.M.
Edition: 2nd edMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA BLACKWELL SCIENCE 1996Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.089696 Urquhart 1405 2nd 1996 Parasitology] (1).
473.
Epidemiology, Serodiagnosis, Economic Losses and Control of Haemonchosis in Sheep and Goats
by Muhammad Faiz Qamar | Prof. Azhar Maqbool | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: CD not available. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2840-T] (1).
474.
Advances in Parasitology
by Jose, Cherilyn.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: China: Callisto Reference; 2015Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 591 Jose 32328 Vol.1 2015 Parasitology] (2).
475.
Parasitology Handbook
by Baker, Stephen.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA: Delve Publishing; 2015Availability: Items available for loan: Business School Library [Call number: 616.96 Baker 32329 1st 2015 Parasitology] (1).
476.
Larvicidal And Adulticidal Effect Of Natural Herbs Against Mosquito Population
by Anam Shahwar (2015-VA-1347) | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Imran Rashid | Dr. Uzma Farid Durrani .
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Mosquitoes serve as vectors for a wide assortment of human and veterinary pathogens and cause pervasion of numerous infection. Many processes fall for the control of mosquito but the cross resistance didn’t let them successful. Plants are viewed as the natural industry of such chemicals which have promising medicinal and pesticidal properties. Ocimum basilicum regularly known as Basal and Calotropis procera which is famous as apple of Sodom has shown the insecticidal activities against mosquito. Ocimum basilicum and Calotropis procera has adulticidal and larvicidal activity against laboratory reared mosquito population. For the study plants of Calotropis procera and Ocimum basilicum has collected from Lahore city. Leaves stem and flower of Ocimum basilicum and leaves of Calotrops procera had ground after drying for their soxhelet extraction. Their methanol and aequeous extract was used against laboratory reared mosquito to check their efficacy. Serial dilutions of each plant was given to third and fourth instar larvae and three day old adult. Third and fourth instar larvae has shown complete mortality within one hour in 700ppm and 650 ppm of methanol extract of both plant whereas in water extract the concenteration were 450ppm and 500ppm. Mortality of larvae and adult mosquito has been recorded after every ten minutes for one hour and then after 24 hours. The lethal dose concentration from dose-probit model is 700ppm of and 650ppm (methanol extraction) and 450ppm and 500ppm (water extraction) of Ocimum basilicum and Calotropis procera. according The current study has checked the efficacy of indigenous plant extracts against mosquito for eco-friendly approach to control mosquito. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2949-T] (1).
477.
Mosquitocidal Efficacy Of Cymbopogon Citratus Against Mosquitoes Of Genus Culex
by Azhar Chand Pervez (2004-VA-122) | Dr. Muhammad Oneeb | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Mosquitoes are most important group of insects, transmitting wide range of infectious agents. These are acting as vectors for numerous animal and human diseases like Bovine ephemeral fever, Filariasis, Dengue fever, Malaria, Yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis. The vector control strategies are the potent tool to minimize the risk of transmission of these infectious agents. In Pakistan, these vector control strategies mainly rely on chemical insecticides. The irrational use of these chemicals is the leading cause of emerging insecticide resistance in these mosquitoes. It has been also revealed that these conventional insecticides are not eco-friendly, has drastic effects on non-targeted biota and also having the potential of cross resistance among various compounds. To mitigate this issue, special attention is required to use natural products and plant origin as an alternate to these chemical insecticides. As these herbal plants are not eco-friendly but also having least drastic effects on non-targeted population. Cympbogon citratus (lemon grass) could have good adulticidal and larvicidal activity against mosquitoes of genus culex.
The mosquitoes of genus Culex were identified on the basis of distinguishing morphological features as described by standard published morphological key. After identification the adults of mosquitoes of genus Culex were further reared in the insectary of Department of Parasitology, UVAS, Lahore to take F1 and larval stages of mosquitoes of Culex spp. Briefly, female mosquitoes were feed on periodic blood for oviposition. These emerging L3 & L4 larvae and 2-3 days old adults were further used in protocol. The fresh green leaves of C. citratus were used in current study. After collection and identification the aqueous and methanol extract were taken by Soxhlet apparatus (Govindarajan et al., 2011). Afterwards different concentrations of these extracts were prepared to calculate the diagnostic dose of these extracts. Then the larvicidal and
Summary
46
adulticidal efficacy of these extracts were evaluated by using CDC bottle bioassays as described by (WHO2005)
The LC50 and LC90 were calculated by using probit analysis. Staistical package of social sciences (SPSS), version 13.00 were used for this purpose. Duncans’s Post HOC Test were applied to compare the main mortalities among the group of different concentrations of plant extracts and control group. The results revealed that C. citratus is effective against Culex mosquitoes both as larvicidal and adulticidal. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2948-T] (1).
478.
Essentials of Veterinary Parasitology
by Pal, S.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers; 2014Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089696 Pal 32406 1st 2014 Parasitology] (2).
479.
Textbook of Veterinary Parasitology
by B. B. Bhatia | K. M. L. Pathak | P. D. Juyal.
Edition: 4th ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: India: Kalyani Publisher; 2016Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.96 Bhatia 32409 4th 2016 Parasitology] (4).
480.
Efficacy Of Anthelmintics Againsttrichostrong-Ylides In Sheep From District Nushki, Balochistan.
by Ajmal Nisar Mengal(2008-VA-202) | Dr.Muhammad Oneeb | Dr.Haroon Akbar | Dr.Muhammad Avais.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Gastrointestinal Nematodes (GINs) infection is one of the main components to face against well-organized feed conversion. These infections not only cause production losses as well as increase the management and treatment cost of animals in Pakistan. They are extensive in prevalence and are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world and have anxious the production probable by causing numberless deaths and indirect reasonable fatalities. (Terefe et al. 2012). Helminthes, seriously condensed the small ruminant production system and are responsible for illness in both warmer and colder parts of the world (Kumsa and Abebe 2009). Gastro-intestinal nematodes (GINs) highly affect the production of sheep owed to decrease in desire for food, bad body condition and score (BCS), anemia, hypo-proteinaemia, impaired digestive absorptive efficiency, many other pathogenic impediments and even result in mortalities (FAO, 1974; Barger, 1982; Steel and Symons, 1982).
Both ram and ewe of different age and breed fulfilling our criteria were selected for the designed research trial. All included, sheep were either directly from rectum or fresh passed feces were sampled at random. Each fecal sample was examined microscopically in order to estimate worm burden by modified McMaster technique (Coles, 1992). Sheep found positive for gastro-intestinal parasites were selected for the evaluation of anthelmintics against Oxfendazole, Levamisole and Wormafax (Herbel product). Furthermore, 2nd and 3rd samples were colledted at the end of second and third week of drenching, respectively. The dosages of anthelmintic administered are described in table 3.1.
After collection, screening of all samples was done through microscope and floatation technique followed by quantitative examination through McMaster techniques (Soulsby, 1982; Zajac and Conboy, 2006) and EPG was recorded. Before and after treatment EPG of each group was then compared, % efficacy of administered drugs were measured and significance of pretreatment and post treatment EPG within group were analyzed through one way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test (P<0.05). Mean efficacy of Oxfendazole, levamisole and wormafax was found to be 87.43%, 98.2%, 99.6% respectively.
Result of our designed project show that resistance have been developed against oxfendazole and levamisole in Haemonchuscontortus as per the guidelines given by WAAVP which is 95% efficacy herbal product wormafax is still effective.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2967-T] (1).
481.
Efficacy Of Levamisole, Benzimidazole And Ivermectin Against Nematodes In Sheep In District Jafferabad Balochistan.
by Mansoor Ahmad(2008-VA-161) | Dr.Muhammad Lateef | Dr.Saadullah Jan | Dr.Muhammad Oneeb | Dr.Muhammad Zubair Shabbir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The contribution of Livestock sector in agriculture’s share is about 11.6 % to national GDP out of which livestock share’s is more than 55 %. In Pakistan 70% of population live in rural area and nearly 35-40 million rural people directly or indirectly depend on livestock. The population receives about 30-40% of their income from livestock. The average population in each house hold is estimated to be 2 or 3 cattle, 5 to 6 sheep or goats. There are many hurdles and diseases that effecting the growth of livestock industry in the country, among these constraints parasitic infestation is one of the major growth threatening condition which affect the livestock the industry worldwide.
Many commercially available drugs are used every year to control the gastrointestinal nematodes in the animals, specially grazing animals. Uncontrolled uses of these medicines have made the helminth less susceptible to the drugs. And in many regions of world the parasites have developed resistance against such anthelmintic. To overcome the issue of drug resistance scientist is thinking to develop medicinal plant as curing agent against the nematodes.
The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of three commercially available anthelmintic against gastrointestinal of sheep of Tehsil Usta Muhammad district Jaffar Abad Balochistan. The drugs administered in the study were Albendazole, Levamisole, and Ivermectin. A total of 80 sheep microscopically positive and having worm load of > 150 eggs per gram of GIT nematodes were randomly selected for the trial. Four groups were made with each group containing 20 animals alternately. Group A was treated with Levamisole at the dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg body weight. The animals in group B were drenched with Albendazole at the dose rate
54
Summary
of 3.8mg/kg body weight. Group C were treated with Ivermectin at the dose rate of 0.2mg/kg body weight. In the results Ivermectin showed maximum reduction in EPG that is 96.17% followed by 91.71% and 84.17% of Albendazole and Levamisole respectively. The data was analyzed through repeated measure ANOVA using SPSS version 20.0. The results showed resistance against in the nematodes of sheep against the drugs Albendazole and Levamisole.
Conclusion
There is a serious threat of either developed or a tendency for development of anthelmintic resistance against Levamisole and Albendazole in nematode population of sheep in study area. The factors that assist to the development of anthelmintic resistance in nematode population of sheep flocks recorded in the present study can be divided in to operational, inherited, and medicinal, which need to be addressed together as a part of a potent worm control program. The level of alertness, awareness and technical know-how is unsatisfactorily poor among all the farmers concerned in small ruminant farming. Therefore, there is no dewormer schedule for worm control practices in place at present, which describes a severe fear on the future of sheep and goats production on the one hand and permits an immediate attention on the problem of anthelmintic resistance.
In the present study Ivermectin is commercially available and widely used anthelmintic is still effective against nematodes of sheep. Other anthelmintic were less effective in comparison to ivermectin in sheep of District Jaffarabad Balochistan. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2966-T] (1).
482.
Medical Microbiology and Parasitology
by Nagoba, BS.
Edition: 3rd ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: India: Elsevier; 2016Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.01028 Nagoba 32898 3rd 2016 Parasitology] (1).
483.
Medical and veterinary entomology
by Mullen, Gary R | Durden, Lance A.
Edition: 3rd ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: UK: Academic Publishing; 2019Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 614.432 Mullen 33001 3rd 2019 Parasitology] (1).
484.
Undergraduate Pathology and Parasitology
by Maiti, S.P.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Kolkata Books and Allied; 2013Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.607 Maiti 33060 1st 2013 Parasitology] (1).
485.
Paniker's textbook of medical parasitology
by Ghosh, Sougata | Paniker, C. K. Jayaram | Chander, Jaqdish.
Edition: 8th ed. Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers; 2018Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.96 Ghosh 33059 8th 2018 Parasitology] (1).
486.
Veterinary Parasitology: A Complete Objective Type Guide
by Maharana Biswa Ranjan | Kumar Binod | Allaie Idrees Mehraj | Rao J.R.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: India: Kalyani; 2017Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.96 Maharana 33043 1st 2017 Parasitology] (1).
487.
Urban Pest Control: A Practitioner's Guide
by Dhang Partho.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: London: Cabi; 2018Availability: No items available
488.
Urban Pest Control: A Practitioner's Guide
by Dhang Partho.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: London: Cabi; 2018Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 363.7 Dhang 33048 1st 2018 Parasitology] (1).
489.
The Primate Zoonoses
by Cormier, Loretta A.
Edition: 1st.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Oxon: Routledge; 2018Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 614.43 Cormier 33324 1st 2018 Parasitology] (1).
490.
Chemical Ecology of Insects Parasitoids
by Wajnberg,Eric.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: West Sussex Wiley Blackwell 2013Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 363.78 Wajnberg 33321 1st 2013 Parasitology] (1).
491.
Diognotic Parasitology for Veterinary Technicians
by Hendrix,Charles M.
Edition: Ist edMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: China, Elsevier; 2017Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.089696 50438 5th 2017 Parasitology] (2).
492.
Essentials of Veterinary Parasitology
by Elsheikha,Hnay M.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: UK Caister Academic, 2011Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.089696 Elsheikha 50453 1st 2011 Parasitology] (2).
493.
Molecular Parasitology
by Hyde Johne E.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1990Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.9 John 14224 1st 1990 Parasitology] (1).
494.
Veterinary Parasitology
by Taylor,MA.
Edition: 4th ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: UK Wiley Blackwell, 2016Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.089696 Taylor 50497 4th 2016 Parasitology] (1).
495.
Pathology and Parasitology
by Shapiro,Leland S.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA Delmor, 2010Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.089075 Shapiro 50502 2nd 2010 Pathology] (1).
496.
Veterinary Clinical Parasiology
by Benbrook Edward A | Sloss Margaret W.
Edition: 3rd ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA: Lowa State University Press, Ames, Lowa; 1965Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089696 Benbrook 7802 3rd 1965 Parasitology] (1).
497.
Molecular Parasitology
by Hyde John E.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1990Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.96 Hyde 14223 1st 1990 Parasitology] (1).
498.
Textbook of Veterinary Parasitology
by Bhatia B.B | Pathak K.M.L.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers; 2006Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.96 Bhatia 26020 2nd 2006 Parasitology] (1).
499.
Veterinary Parasitology
by Taylor MA | Coop RL.
Edition: 4th ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: New Delhi: Wiley Blackwell; 2016Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089'696 Taylor 33498 4th 2016 Parasitology] (1).
500.
Foundations of Parasitology
by Roberts Larry S | Janovy John.
Edition: 9th ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: New York: McGraw Hill Education; 2013Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.96 Roberts 33553 9th 2013 Parasitology] (7).
