201.
Pathological Investigation Of Hydatid Cyst In Sheep And Goats At Lahore Abattoirs
by Syed Shan Raza (2013-VA-444) | M. Saeed Imran | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Hydatidosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by E.granulosus. The parasite causes production loss in meat industry by damaging lungs and liver of food producing animals which leads to decrease in body weight of animals. Animals suffering from Hydatidosis also slaughtered in abattoirs for meat production. These animals should be treated and proper control strategies should be adopted by deworming to control the production loss in meat industry. Histopathological findings are important to understand the reason for rejection of carcass along with viscera. The present study was designed to investigate the biochemical findings of hydatid cyst from lungs and liver of sheep and goats which can provide valuable information for determining the strains of E. granulossus, and to check current status of the disease at Lahore abattoirs, so that proper control strategies should be adopted to control this zoonotic disease.
A total of 1600 animals comprising 796 sheep and 804 goats of both sexes were examined for hydatid cyst in the month of August to November 2015 for determining the prevalence of E.granulosus in the particular time period. Total of 60 cysts samples from lung and liver of the sheep and goats were collected in the buffered formalin to check the biochemical profile for strain differentiation (30 from liver and lungs of sheep and 30 samples from liver and lungs of Goats). All the samples were collected form Lahore meat processing complex. The tissue samples of lungs and liver were subjected to histopathology. Histopathology was performed for lesion identification in tissues infected with hydrated cyst in the presence of viable and inviable cyst.
Summary
38
In present study, overall prevalence of hydatidosis in sheep was found as 7.91 %. In lambs, the prevalence was almost similar in males 1.23 % and females 1.44 % but in adults, it was significantly higher 10.74 % in females as compared with males 6.46%. The prevalence was significantly higher 7.91 % in adults than in hoggets 1.32 %. In goats the overall prevalence of hydatidosis was found as 5.60%, prevalence was much higher in adult males 4.38 % than in young ones 0.64 %. Similarly there was a significant difference in the prevalence between young 1.36 % and adult females 7.88 %. In the present study, overall prevalence in goats was recorded as 5.60 % which is significantly lower than the found in sheep 7.91 %. The prevalence was significantly higher in adult male sheep than that in adult male goats. It was observed that cysts removed from liver in both the species were more fertile than those of collected from lungs and also reported that hepatic cyst are more fertile than the cysts found in lungs.
The biochemical comparison helped in the characterization and identification of strains of E.granulosus at Lahore region. The obtained data was statically observed on student t test for the detection of mean difference in the biochemical profile of the both sheep and goat cysts. Statically there was significant difference found in the total Glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol, levels in hydatid cyst fluid obtained from the sheep and goats. These difference was due to the strain variation of E.granulosus. There was no significant difference in the biochemical levels of urea, uric acid, total protein, creatinine, calcium and phosphorous. The level of glucose and triglycerides in sheep was 6.3 and 0.63 mmol/lit respectively which was significantly higher than hydatid cyst fluid of goats i.e., 4.2 and 0.39 mmol/lit respectively. The level of the cholesterol in sheep was lower than that of goats which was 0.14 and 0.39 mmol/lit respectively.
Study helped us to know the current status of Hydatidosis in small ruminants at Lahore which causes production loss in meat industry. The biochemical examination of cystic fluid helped us to know about the probability of the status of strains of E.granulosus present. Current biochemical profile indicates probability of two strains of E.granulosus are prevalent at Lahore for strains characterization and identification further studies are needed. The histopathological study helped us to find out the pathological changes at the tissue level in the presence of cyst in the tissues of the lungs and liver of sheep and goats. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2386-T] (1).
202.
Pathological Investigations Of Liver Of Nili-Ravi Buffaloes In Lahore District
by Hassan Masood (2012-VA-993) | Dr. Muhammad Saeed Imran | Dr. Irfan Irshad | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Livestock in Pakistan is an integral part for all systems of farming and is considered as cash income on daily basis for small holders. From economy point of view, buffalo has much importance and used for draught, meat and milk purposes. Out of the total animal’s population, up to 47 percent dairy population comprises on Buffaloes. Globally minute study has been documented on pathological investigations of liver in Buffaloes and very rare is documented in Pakistan.
The present study was designed to investigate histopathological liver lesions in Buffaloes at Shahpur Kanjra slaughter house located in District Lahore. A total of 100 diseased liver samples of Buffaloes were brought to the department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore. These samples were examined for gross pathological lesions such as presence of abscess, hemorrhages and Hydatid cysts along with thickness, color and texture. For histopathological studies we persevered these samples in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution. Paraffin embedding technique was used to process the samples which were stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin method.
The results of our study revealed percentages of different diseased conditions in the Liver tissues of slaughtered buffaloes. The percentage of Hydatidosis was found high among all the conditions and reported as 28 percent. The conditions of the Amphistomiasis were reported as 22 percent. While Cirrhosis disease was prevalent in the buffaloes at the rate of 18 percent. The percentage after the cirrhosis was found for the condition of Granulomatous hepatitis which was
Summary
37
16 percent. The percentages of Abscess, Fascioliasis and Haemorrhages were found as 7, 6 and 3 percent respectively.
In conclusion, theses above mentioned pathological conditions reported in our study served as major cause of liver condemnation at Shahpur Kanjra slaughter house of Lahore District, which may also contributed the economic losses. To mitigate the economic and public health impacts proper deworming plan along with good animal husbandry practices would probably be effective in decreasing incidence of these Liver diseases. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2435-T] (1).
203.
Pathological Investigations Of Different Isolates Of H9n2 Prevalent In Broiler Chicken
by M. Furqan Shahid (2014-VA-322) | Dr. Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In recent years, H9N2 virus has attained a great importance as its infection has reached panzootic proportions. AIV H9 has different antigenic variants that has made it problematic to diagnose and thus to understand the pathogenicity of this virus is also very difficult. Detection of AI H9 antibodies can be used as a complementary method for sero-epidemiological studies as an indicator of AI H9 infection. The haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay is used routinely for subtyping and detecting an increase of antibodies to AI viruses. Surveillance and early diagnosis of AI virus is essential for poultry. It demands rapid, sensitive and inexpensive diagnostic tests. Thus, it is important to identify different antigenic variants of H9.
In this study a total of seven H9 virus samples were isolated out of total 100 collected sample from field outbreaks. These isolates were confirmed by molecular methods like PCR. Then four isolates from these seven isolates were used to infect the experimental broiler chicken. Clinical signs were recorded after the inoculation of H9N2 virus to the broiler. The results of this study showed that clinical signs were more sever upto 5 DPI. The severity of signs was proved by observing the gross pathology and histopathology of organs (Lung, Kidney, Trachea and Liver) of infected birds which were collected on 5 and 9 DPI. Serum of infected birds was also collected on 7 and 14 DPI to analyze the antibody level of infected birds against experimentally used isolate of H9N2. Then cross reactivity of different isolates of H9N2 was also checked against pannel of hyperimmune sera raised against different isolates of H9N2 and their results showed different antibody level against different isolates of H9N2. The sero-biochemical study of serum of infected birds revealed that H9N2 virus has pathogenic potential on kidney and liver.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2459-T] (1).
204.
Studies on Pathogenesis and Molecular Diagnosis of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus In Broiler Chicken
by Beenish Zahid (2003-VA-134) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Blank CD. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2510-T] (1).
205.
Amelioration Of Pathological Effects Of New Castle Disease By Aloe Vera
by Sayyed Raza Ali Shahid (2014-VA-515) | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. Gulbeena Saleem | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry industry has many threats from the infectious diseases. Newcastle disease is the most important disease of the poultry as it is distributed all over the world and it can cause huge economic losses in poultry industry. It is caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) that can infect about 240 species of birds. Newcastle disease cause immune suppression in birds. It is reported that supplementations of Aloe vera enhances the immune status and reduce inflammation. So this research project was design to observe the effect of Aloe vera on lymphoid organs, growth performance and antibody response in Newcastle disease challenge birds. For this research a total of 120 broiler chicks were divided into four groups A, B, C, and D. Group A was control group while B and C were treated with 2 percent aqueous extract of Aloe vera. Group C was also vaccinated against New Castle disease. Aloe vera was given to group B and C from day one to end of study trial. Both of the groups were challenged with ND virus at day 21. Group D was vaccinated against ND and was challenged with ND virus at day 21 without supplementation of Aloe vera. Blood samples were collected at day 1, 7, 20, 24, 26 and 28 to determine the antibody titer against ND. Highest antibody titers were observed in group C as compared to all other groups which was vaccinated against ND along with supplemented with Aloe vera. For gross pathology and histopathology, lymphoid organs were collected at day 24, 26 and 28..The average feed intake of group A and D was significantly higher than group B and C before challenge of virus but the body weight gain of 2% Aloe vera supplemented broiler was significantly (p<.05) higher than without treatment of Aloe vera. The FCR of birds supplemented with Aloe vera treatment was significantly different from the birds without Aloe vera treatment. The FCR value of group C and B was higher than A and D.
lxxv
A significant difference was observed in the weight of lymphoid organs of birds treated with Aloe vera as weight of organs was less in group C followed by group B, group A and group D. This was due to anti-inflammatory effects of Aloe vera. Microscopic examination revealed congestion, depletion of lymphocytes, dysplasia of thymic lobules, thinning of cortex, focal necrosis, disappearance of lymph follicles and inter-follicular edema like lesions within lymphoid organ of the groups challenged with Newcastle disease virus. However, cellular hypertrophy and decreased lymphocytes population were prominent changes in lymphoid organs of broiler treated with 2% Aloe vera. To check the virucidal effects of Aloe vera, a separate experiment was conducted in which 9 day old embryonated eggs were inoculated with ND virus along with 2 percent Aloe vera gel extract after incubation at 37Cº for an hour in group A while only ND virus was inoculated in group B. Candling was performed to see the survival of embryos in both groups which revealed a significant difference i.e. 16 percent embryos were found dead in group A while 80 percent was found dead in group B. Later on the amnioallantoic fluid of the eggs was used for spot Haemagglutination test. Group A showed less agglutination activity then group B. From this study it was concluded that Newcastle disease caused immune suppression and damage of vital organs in broiler while Aloe vera have immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects as it raised antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus and lowered the inflammatory processes along with inactivation of ND virus. It also promotes growth performance of broilers and helps the birds to survive against lethal ND disease. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2525-T] (1).
206.
Immuno-Modulatory Effects Of Beta-Glucans And Nucleotides Based Commercial Products In Broiler Chicken Experimentally Infected With Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus
by Hafiza Zain ul Fatima (2008-VA-232) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Raheela Akhter | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Immune-potentiation effect of commercially available products containing beta-glucans (betaplex and catalyzer) and nucleotides (electroimmune and avimmune) in the broilers was evaluated. A total of 120 broiler chicks were reared under standard husbandry conditions. The birds were vaccinated by live NDV vaccine at 5, 14 days and killed Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine at 7 days of age. Additionally, live infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease vaccines were also given through water at 5 and 10 days of age, respectively. The birds were randomly divided into six groups each comprising 20 birds. Four groups (treatment groups) were offered four commercial immune-booster products at 7, 14 and 21 days of age for 72 hours. Fifth group (untreated vaccinated) was not offered any drug while sixth group (untreated and unvaccinated) was not given any drug and also remained unvaccinated against NDV. Anti NDV antibodies were measured at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age and heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio was measured at 14, 21 and 28 days. Weight of immune organs and performance of birds was also measured from each group. Finally, 15 birds from each group were inoculated with virulent NDV through intranasal route at 28 days of age to assess the protection against challenge infection.
Mean GMT anti NDV antibody titers in vaccinated groups were 3.65 (±0.59) at one week of age which were raised to the levels of 5.85 (±0.88), 5.50 (±1.00), 6.10 (±0.64), 5.90 (±0.91) and 5.45 (±1.05) in the betaplex, catalyzer, electroimmune, avimmune, and untreated control groups, respectively. Maximum antibody titer was achieved in electroimmune treated group while minimum in the catalyser treated ones. In non-vaccinated control group the antibody titers were minimum in the beginning that reduced to negligible level at four weeks of age. The H:L ratio of
Summary
48
all treatment groups did not significantly vary at 14 days of age while at 21 and 28 days of age, the birds receiving electroimmune have significantly low H:L ratio in comparison to other treatment groups. Weight of liver and spleen in nucleotide treated groups was significantly higher than other treatment and control groups while there was no significant difference in the weight of bursa of fabricious in all treatment groups. Relative weight of all immune organs to the live body weight did not significantly vary in all treatment and control groups. Performance of the birds as a measure of feed conversion ratio (FCR) was highest in electroimmune treated birds. The challenge protection data shows that minimum mortality of 40 % (6/15) was observed in nucleotides treated groups while betaplex and catalyzer treatment groups have 47 % (7/15) and 53 % (8/15) mortality ratios in comparison to 60 % (9/15) mortality in untreated birds. Results of present study suggest that nucleotide or beta glucans supplementation in the diet have beneficial effects to enhance the humoral immune response and better bird performance in broilers. Use of these products not on delay the onset of clinical disease but also helpful in providing better protection against challenge to velogenic NDV. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2516-T] (1).
207.
Pathogenesis Of Field Isolates Of Mannheimia Hemolytica In Experimentally Infected Rabbits
by Syeda Fakhra Waheed (2014-VA-10) | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Shipping fever is one of the most economically important infectious diseases of ruminants with a wide prevalence throughout the continents. The disease is characterized by an acute febrile course with severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia. Infected animals may die within a few days of the onset of clinical signs, but those which survive the acute attack may become chronically infected. Both Mannheimia and Pasteurella species are commensally resident in the respiratory tract of healthy ruminants and are capable of causing infection in animals with compromised pulmonary defense system. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common and costly problem encountered in stocker or feedlot calves. BRD also called “shipping fever”, accounts for major economic losses to the producer by reducing average daily gain, feed efficiency, and overall performance of beef calves. The aim of present study was isolation of M.haemolytica from cattle. The identification of organism was performed through biochemical tests and confirmation by polymerase chain reaction. The nature of disease was evaluated through gross and microscopic lesions.
A total of 50 tissue samples (25 lungs and 25 pharynx) were collected from Punjab Agriculture and Meat company Lahore and brought to the Department of Pathology UVAS, Lahore and were analyzed for biochemical and molecular detection of M .haemolytica. For studying the pathogenesis of the disease, experimental infection was given to rabbits in Department of Pathology, UVAS Lahore. Rabbits were randomly divided into Group A, Group B and Group C with nine rabbits (n=9) in each group. Experimental infection of field isolated M. hemolytica was given intratrachealy to the rabbits. Rabbits of group A and B were infected with 0.5 mL bacterial inoculum having 103 and 106 CFU/mL respectively. The rabbits of Group C served as control group. Rectal temperature of each rabbit was recorded daily. On postmortem,
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
67
gross and microscopic lesions were recorded.
The results showed that rabbits of control group not showed any gross or microscopic change. There was significant increase in rectal temperature of infected rabbits as compared to uninfected rabbits. The gross lesions were specific for the organism which was prominently observed in lungs of rabbits. The microscopic lesions revealed that there was severe consolidation, congestion and fibrin exudation in lungs of rabbits of group A which were given less number of organism and they developed clear signs of disease. The rabbits of Group B showed less prominent signs compared to group A due to early death of rabbits. There were multiple hemorrhages, of varying sizes and hyalinization of myocardial cells in infected rabbits. The severity of changes was significantly more different in Group A, as compared to Group B.
It can be deduced by this study that the rabbit can be used as a model for further studies exploring the pathogenesis of the disease as the lesions resemble to shipping fever caused by M. hemolytica in ruminants. The lesions, which developed, could be descending infection resulting in typical lesions of bronchopneumonia or lobular pneumonia. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2517-T] (1).
208.
Etiopathology Of Tuberculosis Complex In Antelopes And Its Cytokine Profile
by Maryam Saddiqa (2009-VA-366) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Ali Ahmed Sheikh.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Bovine tuberculosis is a contagious disease of domestic and wild animals with serious zoonotic effects in humans. The economic importance and public health concern of bovine tuberculosis enlist it in the world top priority disease to be eliminated by WHO (World Health Organization). Tuberculosis in antelopes is caused by Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis & Mycobacterium avium. This disease in antelopes causes tremendous economic losses. Unfortunately in Pakistan no such study has been conducted on wildlife tuberculosis except one (Zeeshan 2007) his work was on the identification of one specie i.e. M.bovis in deer while this study was on the identification of three different types of species (Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium). A total of 50 blood samples from tuberculosis suspected antelopes were collected. These samples were subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex PCR) and cytokine ELISA to determine the etiopathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.
The results indicated that 10% and 4% of antelopes were positive for M.bovis, M.tuberculosis infection with multiplex PCR and cytokine ELISA respectively. From these results it is evident that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is more sensitive than cytokine ELISA for the diagnosis Mycobacterium Tuberculosis complex (MTC) and it shows much higher percentage of positive cases.
This study provided valuable information about the presence of M.bovis, M.tuberculosis and M.avium in different types of antelopes (Urial, Mouflon sheep, Black buck, Goral and Hog deer). The cytokine profile could be used as a diagnostic marker in future. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2549-T] (1).
209.
Clinico-Pathological And Pathomorphological Studies On Co-Infection Of Avian Influenza (H9n2) With Escherichia Coli In Broiler Chicken
by Shahid Jaleel (2003-VA-93) | Dr. Muhammad Asif Idrees | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Muhammad Arshad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: E.coli is an important pathogen of domestic poultry and is prevalent in commercial poultry. LPAIV H9N2 infections are emerging respiratory problems in poultry industry, causing huge economic losses especially in the presence of other co-infecting pathogens such as E.coli. Co-infections do occur but are not easily detected, and the impact of co-infections on pathobiology is unknown. The mixed infections may provide increased virulence, posing a substantial risk to poultry and public health. Moreover, mixed infections of low pathogenic avian influenza with bacteria can also lead to devastating pandemics and a major threat to poultry health, worldwide in future. Co-infections do occur but are not easily detected, and the impact of co-infections on pathobiology is unknown. The mixed infections may provide increased virulence, posing a substantial risk to poultry and public health. Moreover, mixed infections of low pathogenic avian influenza with bacteria can also lead to devastating pandemics and a major threat to poultry health, worldwide in future. The aim of the present study was to investigate the infection of LPAIV A/chicken/Pakistan/10RS3039-284-48/2010 (H9N2) in chickens challenged with E.coli (O78:K80).
This study had three objectives. First, it is designed to develop co-infection experimental models LPAIV (H9N2) + bacteria (E.coli) in the avian model. Second, it aims to study the hematological and biochemical alterations during co-infection in avian model. Finally to study the pathological and histological alterations during co-infection in avian model, this study will help researchers and veterinarians in implementation of necessary control measures. E.coli stockculture was prepared by inoculating MacConkey’s agar with a loop full of reference E.coli strain culture and incubating at 37°C for 24 h. The estimated colony count was confirmed by plating 0.1 ml of a 104 and a 105 dilution of the final culture onto separate MacConkey’s agar plates. Avian influenza A virus, A/chicken/Pakistan/10RS3039-284-48/2010 (H9N2) was obtained from Poultry Research Institute (PRI) Rawalpindi Pakistan.
Viral stocks were prepared and titrated in 9-day-old to 10-day-old chicken embryonated eggs the median embryo infectious dose (EID50) was computed using previously reported approaches The viral stocks were diluted in medium containing antimicrobials to give a final titre of 106 EID50/ ml The study were ran on 80 broiler chicks (3week old), procured from local hatchery. All fowl were held serologically innocent and free from flu virus by haemagglutination inhibition (HI).
Chicken were infected under experimental conditions with E.coli (O78:K80) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) strain (A/chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/08) (H9N2) alone or in combination. The experimental groups were identified as follows: negative control, E.coli, AI, and E.coli plus AI. Infected birds showed clinical signs of differing severity, with the most prominent disease signs appearing in birds of the E.coli plus AI group. Moreover, birds in E.coli plus AI group showed significant decrease in weight, enhanced macroscopic and microscopic pathological lesions. Specifically, the survival rate was 60%, 90%, and 100% in birds inoculated with E.coli + AI, E.coli and control negative or AI virus alone, respectively. Hematological studies revealed anemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia especially in co-infected birds. Biochemical studies revealed a significant decrease in total protein, glucose and albumin concentration with significant increase of activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Prominent increase in creatinine, urea and uric acid were significantly detected in the infected chicken. The results showed that experimental co-infection of E.coli and H9N2 increased the severity of clinical signs, mortality rate and gross lesions and suggest than E.coli infection can induce higher economic losses and mortality if H9N2 LPAIV is also present. The HI titer against LPAIV infection in the co-infected group was significantly higher than the HI titer of AI group, which may indicate that E.coli could promote the propagation of H9N2 LPAIV or stimulate the immune response. The present study revealed that co-infection E.coli and H9N2 LPAIV caused more serious synergistic pathogenic effects and indicates the role of both pathogens as complicating factors in poultry infections.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2552-T] (1).
210.
Amelioration Of Pathological Changes Due To Infectious Bursal Disease By The Administration Of Mentofin And Asi-Mirus In Broiler Chicken
by Muhammad Umair Shah (2011-VA-15) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Ghulam Mustafa | Dr. Ali Ahmed Sheikh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry industry is the second largest industry in Pakistan but despite of its rapid growth rate it is facing huge economic losses due to many infectious diseases. Infectious Bursal Disease is one of them. Huge economic losses in case of infectious bursal disease are due to immunosuppression and high mortality.
In Pakistan, commercially available vaccines are abruptly used to control different viral diseases but unfortunately failure of these products occur from time to time. Hence, current study was designed to determine the immunostimulatory effect of two commercially available products (Mentofin and ASI-MIRUS) against IBD vaccine.
A total 300 broiler chicks were taken, divided into six groups each having 50 birds and were replicated under controlled conditions. A, B and D groups were vaccinated with the IBD live virus vaccine. B and C groups were treated with Mentofin. D and E groups were treated with ASI-MIRUS while F group served negative control. To detect antibody titer against IBDV at every week (0-42 days of age), a commercial ELISA kit, IDEXX Flock Chek standard (IDEXX Corporation, Westbrook, ME, USA) was used. In order to analyze gross and microscopic changes in bursa, postmortem examination and histopathology of bursa was done.
The volatile oils in Mentofin and ASI-MIRUS have effective immunomodulatory effects on humoral immune response in broiler chicks. Eucalyptus and peppermint oils increase bursa to body weight (B/BW) ratio as compared to untreated birds. Results of present study indicated the highest antibody titer in group D supplemented with ASI-MIRUS and vaccinated as compared to group B supplemented with Mentofin and vaccinated. Significantly high bursa to body weight ratio also observed in vaccinated group D (ASI-MIRUS treated) comparing with other
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
35
vaccinated groups A and B. In Group B (Mentofin treated), bursal samples showed necrosis at medullary region of bursal follicle. Group D (ASI-MIRUS treated) showed the active follicle consist of lymphoid cells and shown no obvious histopathological lesion. So present study showed that ASI-MIRUS is reduced the severity of IBDV which has more beneficial effect on immune response against IBD vaccinated Broiler Chicken as compared to Mentofin. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2557-T] (1).
211.
Effect Of Acetic Acid Supplementation On Pathomorphological And Immunohistochemical Changes In Broiler Chickens Experimentally Infected With Salmonella Enterica Serovar Pullorum
by Bareera Javed Khan (2009-VA-156) | Dr. Gulbeena Saleem | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of acetic acid in minimizing the severity of pathomorpholgical lesions in broiler chickens experimentally challenged with Salmonella pullorum. The experimental birds were divided into five groups. Group A acted as control, Group B was infected with S. pullorum. Antibiotic and acetic acid was given respectively to the challenged Group C and Group D. Group E was given acetic acid solely. Clinical signs were observed on daily basis. Postmortem findings of birds from each group was recorded on day 1, 3, 5 and 7. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the necropsy samples was performed subsequently. The data thus collected was organized using Factorial experiment on computer statistical software Minitab version 16 and analyzed by Two way ANOVA (Analysis of variance).
Hemorrhagic, congested liver with greyish necrotic foci, pericarditis, congested lungs, spleen and unabsorbed yolk was observed in sick birds. Infiltration of inflammatory cells, congestion and necrosis in liver, spleen and heart were histopathologically observed. Acetic acid reduced the severity of gross pathological and histopathological changes. The fecal excretion of S. pullorum significantly reduced with acetic acid.
Results clearly demonstrated that use of acetic acid and antibiotic respectively produced comparable outcome. As the use of antibiotics was banned in European Union and the organism, Salmonella pullorum showed resistance against many antibiotics so the best way to control the disease is by supplementing the acetic acid to birds as it was helpful in minimizing the mortality and severity of gross and histopathological lesions in infected chickens. If diets can be planned to enhance the organic acid production in the caecum, it may be possible to control salmonella species through cost effective means. However further studies need to be conducted in order to analyze the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of organic acids. The use of prebiotics and probiotics along with organic acids on the growth and disease management of broiler chickens. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2564-T] (1).
212.
Immunomodulatory Effect Of Hing (Ferula Foetida) Along With Infectious Bursal Disease (Ibd) Vaccine In Broiler
by Muhammad Javed Raza | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: A number of feed additives including antibiotics have been extensively used in
poultry feeds. However, the use of antibiotics has been restricted due to the drug resistance
and the issue of residues in meat. Now a day, the use of medicinal plants is being popular as
an alternate remedy. Asafoetida is a natural feed additive and antimicrobial, immune
stimulator, antiviral, antifungal, anti-parasitic, antithrombotic, antioxidant, anti-cancerous,
and vasodilator activities. It is being used for the control of some viral problems. Some
previous studies also indicated that it has beneficial effects on the immune system. Therefore,
the present study was designed to estimate the immunomodulatory effects of F. foetida with
IBD vaccine in enhancing the immune system and ultimately increase the production of
poultry products.
A total of n=90 day old broiler chicks were purchased and kept under the optimum
conditions at CVAS Jhang. Birds were divided into three groups A, B, C and group B and C
were further divided into three subgroups (B1, B2, B3 and C1, C2, C3). Group A was treated
as positive control group and was administered with commercially available IBD and ND
vaccine and routine diet while group B was administered with asafoetida at the rate of 2%,
4%, and 6% along with vaccine to see the impact of different levels of asafoetida on the
immune system and to see the effects (if any) of various doses of asafoetida. Group C was
only administered with asafoetida in feed at the same rate as to group B. At the end of study
birds were slaughtered to observe the effects of asafoetida administration.
Positive effect of asafoetida has been reported by many studies. F. foetida is a
medicinal herb used for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, because of having
antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Also act as a good growth promoting agent
and have beneficial effects on the immune system. So, it was hypothesized that the present
Summary
39
study was helpful to determine the immunomodulatory effect of asafoetida for commercially
available IBD vaccine and could reduce the cost of vaccination for commercial poultry
farmers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2562-T] (1).
213.
Immunomodulatory Effects Of Feeding Allium Sativum Against Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) Vaccinated Broiler Birds On IBD Vaccine.
by Uzma Riaz (2008-VA-286) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Muhammad Asif Idrees | Dr. Iahtasham Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: A number of feed additives including antibiotics have been extensively used in
poultry diets for the purpose of weight gain to improve feed efficiency and growth rate.
However, use of antibiotics has restricted due to the bacterial resistance and the issue of
residues which make the chicken meat harmful for human consumption. So the medicinal
plants are gaining interest as alternative feed strategies now a day because of their low cost,
easy availability and presence of no residues. Garlic was used for the medicinal purposes and
as a health supplement by the ancient Egyptians. It is a natural feed additive and is
antimicrobial, immune stimulator, antiviral, antifungal, anti-parasitic, antithrombotic,
antioxidant, anti-cancerous, and vasodilator activities. Previous studies indicate that it has
beneficial effects on the immune system and is a best immune stimulator then the other
herbal plants and medicines.
Therefore, the present study was designed to estimate the immunomodulatory effect
of garlic to commercially available IBD vaccine in enhancing the immune system. Total
N=99 day old broiler chicks were purchased and kept in the experimental shed of CVAS
Jhang. Birds were divided into three groups A, B, C and group B and C were further divided
into three subgroups (B1, B2, B3 and C1, C2, C3). Group A was treated as control group and
was administered with commercially available IBD and ND vaccine and routine diet while
group B was administered with garlic at the rate of 4%, 5%, and 7% along with vaccine to see
the impact of different levels of garlic (Allium sativum) on the immune system and to see the
toxic effect (if any) of high dose of garlic. Group C was only administered with garlic in fee
Summary
44
at the same rate as to group B. At the end of study birds were slaughtered to check the effects
of garlic administration. Positive effect of garlic has been reported by many studies. Garlic is
a medicinal herb used for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, because of having
antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Also act as a good growth promoting agent
and have beneficial effects on the immune system. Results of the study indicate that
administration of garlic powder in different doses alone and combined with commercial IBD
vaccine have good effects on the growth, blood parameters and the immune system of the
broiler birds. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2561-T] (1).
214.
Effects Of Aqueous Extract Of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Leaves Against Colibacillosis In Broiler
by Muhammad Azfar (2014-VA-1111) | Dr. Asif Idrees | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Iahtasham Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In Pakistan the poultry sector has developed rapidly in the last two decades. The poultry production as practiced today is specialized one and concentrating more on the use of high performance birds. The major factors for successful poultry production are high genetic potential, balanced nutrition and health maintenance (Nayaka et al. 2012). Utilization of immunostimulant is one solution to improve the immunity of animals and to decrease their susceptibility to infectious diseases. Immunostimulation comprises a prophylactic and therapeutic concept aimed at stimulation of the non-specific and specific immune response (Hyde and Patnode, 2001).
Most of the commercial poultry growers use antibiotics as growth promoters and to reduce the chance of occurrence of infectious diseases, which usually result in higher costs of production and ultimately lower net returns. There are great concerns about the use of antibiotics as therapeutic immunomodulators and growth promoters as it has given rise to antibiotic resistant bacteria. In this modern world of science, the researchers are once again intending towards exploring the potential benefits of the conventional medicines. Neem (A. indica) is an herbal plant which is known to exhibit various beneficial pharmacological properties including immunomodulatory effect in broilers.
Poultry sector is facing some problems one of which is bacterial disease which cause economic loss. Farmers use different antibiotics as growth promoter and to reduce the incidence of different diseases on poultry which increases cost of production and lowers the net returns. In addition, use of antibiotics giving rise to other problems like increasing drug resistant against these antibiotics especially Gram –ve bacteria (Salmonella and E. coli). It’s necessary that antibiotic residues in meat would not adversely affect human health. Specifically, it has been recommended that the penicillins, tetracyclines, tylosin, and
Summary
54
sulfonamides as growth promoters should not be use any more. So scientists are giving attention to the use of indigenous medicine instead of antibiotics for better rearing of poultry. Pakistan is blessed with different medicinal plants one of which is Neem (Azadirachta indica). For thousands of years the medicinal properties of Neem have been recognized. Each part of the Neem tree has some medicinal property. Biological Activity of Neem is due presence of different chemicals like nimbolide, nimbin, nimbindin, quercetin among others. Biological activities include Anti-inflammatory; Antiarthritic; Antipyretic; Hypoglycemic; Antigastric ulcer; Spermicidal; Antifungal; Antibacterial; Diuretic; Antimalarial; Antitumour; Immunomodulatory A. indica grow fast and is evergreen tree which has medicinal and nutritive value for broilers. Broilers which are given Neem leaves extract in water have shown improved FCR and weight gain. This medicinal Plants compete with synthetic drugs as it strengthens the immune system by activate Cell mediated immunity and have no residues in meat. Neem extracts also improve performance and hematological parameters
However, I did the research work in short-term basis (only 42 days) and modern equipments were also not available. Therefore, an extensive research and development work should be undertaken on Neem and its products to make the findings more accurate and effective for their better economic and therapeutic utilization. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2613-T] (1).
