1.
Toxicology : Principles and Methods
by Subramanian, M A.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: Publisher: India: MJP Publishers, 2010Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.9 Subramanian 2nd 2010 29366 Pharmacology] (1).
2.
A Guide to Practical Toxicology : Evaluation, Prediction and Risk
by Woolley, David | Woolley, Adam.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: UK : CRC Press, 2003Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.9 Woolley 15446 1st 2003 Pharmacology] (2).
3.
Veterianry Toxicology
by Clarke, E.D.C.
Edition: 3rded.Material type: Publisher: UK: Tindal& cassell; 1967Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08959 Clarke 11653 3rd 1967 Pharmacology] (1).
4.
Elements of Toxicology
by Kamleshwar Pandy | J.P. Shukla.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: Publisher: India: Wisdom Press; 2009Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.9 Pandy 27649 1st 2009 Pharmacology] (1).
5.
Textbook Of Veterinary Toxicology
by Sandhu, Harpal Singh | Brar, Rajinder Singh.
Edition: 1st Reprint Edition.Material type: Publisher: New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers; 2003Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08959 Sandhu 31378 1st 2003 Pharmacology] (15). Checked out (1).
6.
Toxicology Secrets
by Ling Louis J | FACMT, Richard F. Clark MD FACEP | MD, Timothy Erickson | DABAT, John H. Trestrail III RPh FAACT.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: New Delhi: Hanley & Belfus, 2001Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.9 Ling 17122 1st 2001 Pharmacology] (1).
7.
Trease & Evans Pharmacology
by Evans, W C.
Edition: 15th ed.Material type: Publisher: India: Saunders; 2008Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.321 Evans 23291 15th 2008 Pharmacology] (1).
8.
Principles of Toxicology / 2nd ed
by Stine, Karen E | Brown, Thomas M.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA: CRC Press; 2006Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.9 Karen 19925 2nd 2006 Pharmacology] (1).
9.
Small Animal Toxicology Essentials
by Poppenga, Robert H | Gwaltney-Brant, Sharon.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08959 Poppenga 27066 1st 2011 Pharmacology] (1).
10.
Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology : Principles and Practice
by Vij, Krishan.
Edition: 5thMaterial type: Publisher: India: Elsevier; 2011Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 614.1 Krishan 27565 5th 2011 Forensic.Medicine] (1).
11.
Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology of Herbal Products
by Cupp, Melanie Johns.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: Publisher: India: Humana Press; 2000Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.952 Melanie 16272 1st 2000 Pharmacology] (1).
12.
Comparative Veterinary Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapy
by Miert, Van | Bogaert, M.G | Debackere, M.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: UK: MTP Press Limited; 1986Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08951 Miert 12951 1st 1986 Pharmacology] (1).
13.
Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology / 5th ed
by Raymond D. Harbison.
Edition: 5th ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA: Mosby; 1998Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.902 Harbison 24643 5th 1998 Pharmacology] (1).
14.
Veterinary Toxicology
by Myra L. Clarke.
Edition: 2ndMaterial type: Publisher: UK: Bailliere Tindall; 1981Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08959 Clarke 13498 2nd 1981 Pharmacology] (2).
15.
Toxicology : Principles and Applications
by Niesink, Raymond | Hollinger, Mannfred A | Vries, John De.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: CRC Press; 1996Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.9 Raymond 15800 1st 1996 Pharmacology] (1).
16.
Casarett & Doull's Toxicology : The Basic Science of Poisons
by Curtis D. Klaasen.
Edition: 6th Material type: Publisher: USA: McGraw-Hill Education; 2001Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.9 Curtis 15748 6th 2001 Pharmacology] (3).
17.
Toxicology Handbook
by Ovidiu Pascu | Lindsay Murray | Frank Daly | Mark Little | Mike Cadogan.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: Churchill Livingstone; 2007Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 571.95 Pascu 20092 1st 2007 Pharmacology] (1).
18.
Textbook of Veterinary Toxicology
by Sandhu H S.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: Publisher: India: Kalyani Publishers; Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08959 Sandhu 17388 1st 2000 Pharmacology] (4).
19.
Toxicological Testing Handbook : Principles, Applications and Data Interpretation
by Jacobson-Kram, David | Keller, Kit A.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: CRC Press, 2006Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.907 David 20077 2nd 2006 Pharmacology] (2).
20.
Modern Medical Toxicology
by V. V. Pillay.
Edition: 3rdMaterial type: Publisher: India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2005Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.9 Pillay 22853 3rd 2005 Pharmacology] (1).
21.
Veterinary Toxicology
by Satish K.Garg.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: India: CBS Publishers & Distributors; 2006Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08959 Garg 31337 1st 2012 Pharmacology] (3).
22.
Biotech's Dictionary of Toxicology
by Arora, Dinesh.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: Publisher: India: Biotech Books; 2004Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 571.950 Arora 17223 1st 2004 Dictionary] (1).
23.
Handbook of Small Animal Toxicology and Poisonings
by Roger W. Gfeller | Shawn P. Messonnier.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: Publisher: USA: Mosby; 1997Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08959 Roger 20511 1st 1998 Pharmacology] (2).
24.
Applied Statistics in Toxicology and Pharmacology
by Kobayashi, Katsumi | K. Sadasivan Pillai.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: Publisher: India: Oxford and IBH Publishng; 2003Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.900727 Katsumi 17087 1st 2003 Pharmacology] (1).
25.
Clinical Veterinary Toxicology
by Lorgue, G | Lechenet, J | Riviere, Jim.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 1996Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08959 Lorgue 14913 1st 1996 Pharmacology] (3).
26.
A Textbook of Modern Toxicology
by Hodgson, Ernest | Levi, Patricia E.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: Publisher: Singapore: McGraw Hill; 2000Availability: No items available In transit (1).
27.
Medical Toxicology : Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning
by Ellenhorn, Matthew J | Barceloux, Donald G.
Material type: Publisher: USA: Elsevier Science Ltd; 1988Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.9 Matthew 15766 1st 1988 Pharmacology] (1).
28.
Handbook of Toxicology / Vol.1
by William S. Spector.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: Publisher: USA: W.B. Saunders Co; 1956Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.9 William 4950 Vol.1 1956 Pharmacology] (1).
29.
The Mycotoxin Factbook :
by Barug,D | Barug, D | Bhatnagar, D | Egmond, H. P. Van | Kamp, J. W. Van Der | Osenbruggen, W. A. Van | Visconti, A.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: Netherlands : Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2006Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.95295 Barug 24398 1st 2006 Pharmacology] (1).
30.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Different Extracts Of Opuntia Dillenii (Ker-Gawl) Haw. Leaves Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Sadaf Raana | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: This project was designed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Opuntia dillenii Haw. stems against common poultry pathogens. Pathogens used were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens type A and Haemophilus species.
This study was conducted to assess antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of O. dillenii Hexane, chloroform, ethanol and water extracts were prepared and antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method in which zones of inhibition were measured. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts was evaluated by micro broth dilution method. The extracts which showed the antimicrobial activity were evaluated for cytotoxicity by using MTT assay on Vero cell line. Cell culture media was prepared and cell lines were propagated, monolayer was formed. Monolayer was exposed to plant extract dilutions. After 24-48 hours, MTT dye was introduced and cell survival percentage was calculated.
O. dillenii stems extracts inhibited the growth of both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Chloroform and ethanol extracts of O. dillenii showed significant antibacterial activity against all the pathogens studied as compared to hexane and aqueous extracts. Hexane extract showed maximum zone of inhibition against Haemophilus species (13mm), for chloroform extract maximum zone of inhibition was obtained for C. perfringens (25.6mm), for ethanol extract maximum zone of inhibition was obtained for C. perfringens (23.0mm) and for aqueous extract maximum zone of inhibition was obtained for C. perfringens (23.0mm). Minimum inhibitory concentration for chloroform extract was lowest for all the tested strains. For S. aureus, C. perfringens type A and S. enterica MIC was 1250μg/mL. For E. coli and
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
88
Haemophilus species MIC was 2083.3 and 2916μg/mL, respectively. The extracts were further investigated to test cytotoxic effect on Vero cell line using MTT assay. Only ethanol extract was observed to be cytotoxic.
Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for windows version 16, SPSS inc, Chicago, IL, USA). The results of antibacterial activity and MTT assay were evaluated for significance of difference using analysis of variance (ANOV). The homogeneity of groups was verified by Duncan’s test at an alpha level equal to 5%.
Chloroform extract of O. dillenii stems possess antibacterial activity and can be used to design traditional medicines for the development of therapeutic agent which will be more safe, effective and economical. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2281-T] (1).
31.
Antinematodal Efficacy Of Ivermectin (Oral) And Extracts Of Coriandrum Sativum In Sheep
by Memrez Khushal Gigyani (2013-VA-564) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq | Mr. Qamar Niaz | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: This project was designed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of Coriandrum sativum plant extracts against sheep nematodes. Anthelmentic resistance (AR) is one of the major problems all over the world. This project was designed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of Chloroformic and methanolic extracts of Coriandrum sativum against sheep nematodes.
For this purpose sixty sheep positive for nematodal infection in BLPRI Kherimurat (Punjab) were selected after fecal examination. Experimental animals were divided into 6 groups (Group A, Group B, Group C, Group D, Group E and Group F) having 10 animals in each group. Group A was Un-treated control. Group B was given Ivermectin (orally), Group C and D was treated with Chloroformic extract of Coriandrum sativum at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight respectively by oral route. Group E and F was treated with methalonic extract of Coriandrum sativum at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight respectively by oral route. Percent efficacy of Group A on day 7, 14 and day 28 post treatment was 0%. The percent efficacy of the Group B was calculated on day 7 was 81.4 %, on day 14 was 87.17 % and on day 28 was 92.60 %. The efficacy of Group C on day 7, 14 and 28 was 0. Similarly the efficacy of Group D on day 7, day 14 and day 28 was also 0. Percent efficacy of Group E i.e 50 mg/kg body weight Methanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum was 20.81 % on day 7, 27.14 % on day 14, and 33.48 % on day 28. Percent efficacy of Group F i.e 100 mg/kg body weight Methanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum was 49.76 % on day 7, 56.27 % on day 14 and 60.69 % on day 28.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that the methanolic extract of the Coriandrum sativum has good anthelmintic effect against nematodes in sheep. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2280-T] (1).
32.
Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
by Rao, Nagesh Kumar.
Material type: Publisher: India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2000Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 614.1 Rao 15326 1st 2000 Pharmacology] (1).
33.
Genotoxic And Mutogenic Study Of Formaldehyde, Sodium Hypochlorite And Cresol
by Ann Fatima (2012-VA-995) | Prof.Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Disinfectants are used to control, prevent or destroy harmful microorganisms on inanimate surfaces. These chemicals are being used to dispose the contagious hospital wastes like disposable plastics and microbiological waste. Various factors like temperature, contact period concentration of disinfectant, organic soil and nature of water used for dilution affect of disinfection process. So, disinfectants must be tested prior to any specific applications for its proper effectiveness. This study has been designed to study the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of three commonly used disinfectants, formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite and cresol alone and in combination.
Different dilutions of formaldehyde (1, 0.3, 0.1, 0.006, and 0.003%) sodium hypochlorite (8, 4, 2, 1, and 0.5%) and cresol (7.6, 3.8, 1.9, 0.95, and 0.475%) alone and in combination were investigated for mutagenicity as well as genotoxicity in vitro. Mutagenicity was investigated by Ames Salmonella/Microsome assay with and without metabolic activation system; S-9 with the help of two strains of Salmonella typhimurium, TA 100 and TA 98 and genotoxicity was checked by Comet assay using peripheral blood lymphocytes. The results were analyzed by statistical package of Social Sciences; results were presented as mean ± S.D and the data analysis was done by using one-way analysis of variance. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Summary
83
Formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite & cresol showed significantly mutagenic potential against TA 100 & TA 98 strains of Salmonella with and without metabolic activation system and genotoxic effects. A higher concentration showed more significant results.
Formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite & cresol has both mutagenic and genotoxic potential. But this mutagenicity and genotoxicity has been observed more with higher concentrations as compared to low concentration. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2305-T] (1).
34.
Assessment Of Genotoxicity Of Propofol, Thiopental And Ketamine In Patients Under Balanced Anesthesia With Isoflurane
by Maidah Mehtab (2013-VA-597) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Tanveer Akhter Butt | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Exposure of anesthetic agents to the patients and operating room staff may involve a genotoxic risk so the knowledge of their effects on genetic material can give valuable support to anesthesia care providers to make better treatment performance and improve patient safety.
Comet assay was used to study the genotoxic actions of three IV anesthetic agents (propofol, thiopental and ketamine) that were used for induction during balanced anesthesia with inhalational anesthetic isoflurane. Three groups consisted of total18 patients who were undergone elective abdominal procedure lasted about 2 hours. Intravenous samples of blood were obtained before anesthesia induction (T0 —baseline), immediately after anesthesia induction (T1), 10 min (T2), 60 min (T3) 120 min (T4), 6 hours (T5) and 12 hours (T6) after anesthesia induction. Lymphocytes were isolated and single-cell gel electrophoresis/comet assay was used in which the cell suspension on agarosed slides was lysed in high salts and detergents containing lysing solution, exposed to alkaline buffer solution for DNA unwinding and then following electrophoresis at 24 volts and 300 mA and stained with ethidium bromide. These preapared slides were analyzed under fluorescent microscope. The anesthetics induced damage to DNA on 50 cells per sample per patient was measured as total comet length (i.e. damage index) categorized as undamaged to highly damaged (class0- class3) cells.
The data collected was analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) Post Hoc Test LSD using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS).
By comparing the genotoxicity of propofol, thiopental and ketamine, it can be concluded that propofol causes the least or no genotoxicity during balanced anesthesia with isoflurane and could be the best choice for induction when isoflurane is used for maintenance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2323-T] (1).
35.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Different Extracts Of Zingiber Officinale Rhizome Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Ghalia Qayyum (2013-VA-779) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Qamar Niaz | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Antimicrobial compounds having plant origin inhibit bacteria through different mechanisms and can be used for the treatment of infections against resistant microbes. Majority of antibacterial drugs in clinical use are derived from natural origin. Hence, the present study is designed for antibacterial and cytotoxic evaluation of different extracts of Zingiber officinale rhizome against common poultry pathogens.
The four sequential i.e. hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale were prepared by soxhlet extraction. Antibacterial activity of these extracts was determined by agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens type A, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Haemophilus paragallinarum. Zone of inhibitions were determined by well diffusion method. MICs of plant extracts were determined by micro broth dilution method. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by applying MTT assay on Vero cell lines
The zone of inhibitions showed by hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale against Staphylococcus. aureus were 12.33mm, 13.67mm, 16.33mm and 14mm; against Clostridium perfringens type A were 12mm, 16.33mm, 14mm and 8.33mm; against Escherichia coli were 14.33mm, 13.33mm, 14.33mm and 12mm; against Salmonella enterica were 17mm, 17.33mm and 12mm; against Haemophillus paragallinarum were 12.67mm, 13mm and 14mm respectively. Hexane extract showed no zone of inhibition against Salmonella enterica and aqueous extract was ineffective against Haemophillus paragallinarum.
MICs values of hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale rhizome against Staphylococcus. aureus were 2500µg/ml, 625µg/ml, 2500µg/ml and 2083.33µg/ml; against Clostridium perfringens type A were 2500µg/ml, 312.5µg/ml, 1250µg/ml and 5000µg/ml; against Escherichia coli were 5000µg/ml, 1250µg/ml, 5000µg/ml and 5000µg/ml; against Salmonella enterica were 312.5µg/ml, 5000µg/ml, 5000µg/ml; against Haemophillus paragallinarum were 2500µg/ml, 1458.33µg/ml and 2500µg/ml respectively. MIC was not performed against hexane extract of Salmonella enterica and aqueous extract of Haemophillus paragallinarum as no zone of inhibition observed against them. Hexane extract of Zingiber officinale rhizome was cytotoxic at concentration ≥ 750µg/ml, chloroform extract at concentration ≥ 1500µg/ml and aqueous extract at concentration ≥5000µg/ml. Ethanol extract at concentration ranging from 1500µg/ml to 2.92µg/ml was not cytotoxic to cell.
The indigenous plant Zingiber officinale have antibacterial activity against common poultry pathogens and helpful to develop new drug from plant origin.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2324-T] (2).
36.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Different Extracts Of Zingiber Officinale Rhizome Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Shumaila Nawaz (2013-VA-442) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them rich source of
different types of medicines. Calotropis procera, a giant milk weed, is known for its
pharmacological importance for centuries. This shrub has been known to possess analgesic,
antitumor,
antihelmintic,
antioxidant,
hepatoprotective,
anti-diarrhoeal,
anticonvulsant,
antimicrobial, oestrogenic, anti-nociceptive and anti-malarial activity. A very little information is
available regarding the antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Calotropis procera so the present
study is designed to evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of this plant. This study was
conducted to access antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Calotropis procera.
Hexane, chloroform and ethanol, aqueous extracts were prepared by sequential extraction
method and antibacterial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Salmonella enterica, Clostridium perfringens type A and Haemophilus paragallinarum by agar
well diffusion method in which inhibitory zones were measured. The extracts which showed the
antimicrobial activity were evaluated for cytotoxicity by using MTT assay on Vero cell line. Cell
culture media was prepared and cell lines were propagated, monolayer formed. Monolayer was
exposed to plant extract dilutions. After 24-48 hours, MTT dye was introduced and cell survival
percentage was calculated.
Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for
windows version 16, SPSS inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Results will be compared using one way
ANOVA analysis.
102
SUMMARY
Chloroform and ethanol extracts of Calotropis procera leaves have antibacterial activity.
It may help to design traditional medicines for the development of therapeutic agent which will
be more safe, effective and economical.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2330-T] (1).
37.
Proteomic And Genomic Analysis Of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus And Efficacy Of Indigenous Medicinal Plants Essential Oils
by Sarwat Ali Raja | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Tayyaba Ijaz | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: A Cohort study (prospective and observational) was performed to study the prevalence of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the healthy individuals of community, hospitalized patients and associated health-care workers and indigenous plants essential oils were screened as new, improved & potent antibacterial/s against resistant strains of MRSA.
The method involved isolation and identification of MRSA from surgical wounds of hospitalized patients & associated health care workers in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore and healthy volunteers from the community. Plant essentials oils & extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against selected MRSA isolates. Oils were recovered by steam distillation using an all-glass distillation assembly. Then in vitro sensitivity and MICs of plant essential oils were determined using vancomycin and linezolid as commercial standards. The essential oils were screened further for the active constituents by column chromatography using various solvents and identification of compounds were performed by GC/MS analysis and the fractions which showed prompt results were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against the MRSA isolates in quest to find new therapeutic options. Finally effective essential oils and their active fractions were studied for their toxicity using in vitro Genotoxic assays such as Ames and Comet assays. To further ensure their beneficial effects antimutagenic effect of the essential oils were also studied.
Prevalence of S. aureus among patients was 52.9%, in HCWs 86.5% and in community 74% with an overall percentage of 72.6%. Among S. aureus those declared as MRSA were 91.8% from patients, 50.6% from HCWs and 59.5% from community with an overall percentage of 62.2% MRSA. Among the isolated MRSA overall 90.6% were Coagulase positive and 75.2% were biofilm positive.
SUMMARY
211
The pattern of MRSA resistance against current antibiotics have shown an overall increase in the resistance with maximum shown for lincomycin followed by tetracycline, ampicillin, fusidic acid, amoxicillin and piperacillin with tazobactam. The most effective options among current regime were tigecyclin, amikacin and meropenem showing an overall least resistance. Resistance against linezolid was observed with an overall percentage of 25.6 % and vancomycin 33.3% by disc diffusion method.
The MRSA isolates resistant to one or more groups of antibiotics were declared as MDRs. Among patients and health-care workers all were declared as MDRs where as in community 93.1% isolates were MDRs.
Upon Protein profiling using whole cell proteins 44 bands of the polypeptides were produced with molecular size 10-200kDa from the three sampling groups and were categorized into 5 clusters showing an overall significance correlation with each other explaining an interesting fact that all these strains were interlinked establishing the fact of flow of hospital acquired MRSA in the community and vice versa. This analysis also gave an insight in explaining the fact of horizontal transmission of infection within the hospital.
Keeping in view the raise in resistance among current available antibiotics indigenous medicinal plants essential oils were screened for active constituents exhibiting anti-bacterial effects against MRSA isolates.
Maximum yield was obtained from Carum copticum followed by Cuminum cyminum and minimum yield was obtained in case of Zingiber officinale. Upon qualitative analysis of all five essential oils Carum copticum essential oil showed zones of inhibition greater than the standards vancomycin and linezolid followed Cuminum cyminum and Zingiber officinale in all three
SUMMARY
212
sampling groups. Anethum sowa and Myristica fragrans essential oils showed no activity against MRSA.
Minimum inhibitory concentration of the three essential oils determined by micro broth dilution method indicated that Carum copticum showed least value in all three types of MRSA isolates followed by Zingiber officinale and Cuminum cyminum.
Effective essential oils were further fractioned using silica gel gravity columns. All the fractions obtained were screened for the anti-bacterial activity against all three types of MRSA isolates. Only fraction F1 of Carum copticum showed activity greater than pure essential oil and the two commercial standards of vancomycin and linezolid.
For the identification of active constituents GC/MS analysis was performed on all three essential oils and their respective fractions. In case of fraction F1 the most dominant constituents were Carvacrol, p-Cymene, Ʈ-Terpinene and Apiol. In other two plants none of the fractions were effective. Therefore it was concluded to use pure essential oils in case of Zingiber officinale and Cuminum cyminum rather than their individual fractions and incase of Carum copticum Fraction F1 has shown superior activity.
Finally these essential oils were tested for possible mutagenic effect using bacterial reversion mutation assay and Comet assay. No mutagenic effects were observed at MIC and above doses. These effective essential oils were also evaluated for possible antimutagenic effect. Both Carum copticum and Zingiber officinale essential oils showed strong antimutagenic effects and weak antimutagenic effect by Cuminum cyminum. Upon analysis of nuclear damage none of the plants essential oils and fraction F1 of Carum copticum showed genotoxic effects and indicated to be safe. Thus from the study it was concluded that Carum copticum essential oil and its fraction F1 were the most effective to be further investigated as an alternative treatment for MRSA infections. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2410-T] (1).
38.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity And Embryonic Toxicity Of Momordica Charantia Against Newcastle Disease Virus
by Muhammad Usman Ahmed (2013-VA-565) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Plant products play a vital role in the management of various ailments due to their therapeutic activity. A wide range of active phytochemicals peptides have been found to have therapeutic uses against various functionally and genetically diverse viruses. Newcastle disease virus causes respiratory diseases in humans, birds and other mammals, representing one of the foremost threats to public health.
In this study, the antiviral activity of Momordica charantia L. and Ribavirin against Newcastle disease virus was evaluated in-ovo. For each extract of the plant M. charantia and ribavirin 40 embryonated eggs were assigned to 8 groups containing 5 eggs in each group (six groups for antiviral, six groups for embryonic toxicity, and two groups were kept positive and negative control respectively) and marked them with lead pencil. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Momordica charantia L. was prepared by using soxhlet extraction technique. From the extract, six different dilutions i.e. 160mg/ml, 80mg/ml, 40mg/ml, 20mg/ml, 10mg/ml and 5mg/ml of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts were prepared in normal saline whereas; six different dilutions i.e. 15μg/ml, 20μg/ml, 25μg/ml, 30μg/ml, 35μg/ml and 40μg/ml of ribavirin were made in normal saline.
With ND virus the different concentrations of the extracts of plant were mixed and 0.2 ml of this suspension was injected to 9th to 10th day embryonated eggs along with positive and negative controls having only virus and normal saline correspondingly. Ribavirin, standard drug, was inoculated by following the mentioned manner. These inoculated embryonated chicken eggs were incubated at 370C and were checked after 12 – 72 hours. After 72 hours of post inoculation, all the eggs were chilled at 40C in fridge for overnight stretch of time and the allantoic fluid was collected.
Summary
64
The embryo survival percentage, positive or negative spot haemagglutination activity and determination of virus titre by haemagglutination test confirmed the antiviral activity. The embryonic toxicity effects of Momordica charnatia aqueous and ethanolic extracts and ribavirin was assessed by merely inoculating the extracts of respective concentrations as used for antiviral activity in embryonated chicken eggs and incubating for 72 hours. The outcomes were analyzed by ANOVA by means of SPSS. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2384-T] (1).
39.
Ullamann's Toxicology: Vol.1
by Ullamann's.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Germany: Wiley; 2005Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.902 Ullmann 18229 Vol.1 2005 Pharmacology] (1).
40.
Ullamann's Toxicology: Vol.2
by Ullamann's.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Germany: Wiley; 2005Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.902 Ullmann 18230 Vol.2 2005 Pharmacology] (1).
41.
Toxicology
by Osweiler, Gary D.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Philadelphia : Williams & Wilkins, 1996Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.9 Osweiler 14927 1st 1996 Pharmacology] (1).
42.
Animal Toxins
by Russell, E. Findlay.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: UK: Pergamon Press; 1976Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 615.94 Russell 9760 1st 1967 Pharmacology] (1).
43.
Veterinary Toxicology : Basic and Clinical Principals
by Gupta, Ramesh C.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Amsterdam ; Elsevier : Academic Press, 2012Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08959 Gupta 31105 2nd 2012 Pharmacology] (1).
44.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Sequential Extracts Of Eucalyptus Globulus Leaves Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Asma Iqbal (2013-VA-563) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Qamar Niaz | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Phytomedicines mark the major component of health care as natural medicines have always provided the strong foothold for the discovery and manufacturing of synthetic drugs. So plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds having many therapeutic activities and majority of them are still untapped. Eucalyptus globulus is a medicinal plant known for its value to cure asthma, respiratory infections, cough and allergic reactions. The antimicrobial activity, insecticidal and hypoglycemic activity have also been credited to the plant. Most of the studies have been conducted on the essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus and little work has been reported on extracts. Whereas, sequential extracts has not been employed yet.
Hexane, chloroform and ethanol, aqueous extracts were prepared by the sequential extraction on Soxhlet apparatus and antibacterial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Clostridium perfringens type A and Haemophilus paragallinarum by agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution method. The zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration were determined. The extracts showing antimicrobial activity were further evaluated for cytotoxicity by using MTT assay on Vero cell line. The cell culture media was prepared and cell lines were propagated to form monolayer then monolayer was exposed to plant extract dilutions. After 24-48 hours, MTT dye was introduced and cell survival percentage was calculated.
The statistical analysis was conducted with help of Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for windows version 16, SPSS inc, Chicago, IL, USA) and results were compared using one way ANOVA.
Summary
89
The zones of inhibitions showed by hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Eucalyptus globulus against Staphylococcus aureus were 0.0, 19.3, 20.3 and 23.3mm; against Clostridium perfringens type A were 14, 22.3, 14.0 and 15.3mm; against Escherichia coli were 0.0, 12.6, 13.3 and 15.6mm; against Salmonella enterica were 10, 12.3, 18.6 and 21mm; against Haemophilus paragallinarum were 0.0, 8.6, 14 and 18mm respectively. Hexane extract showed no zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus paragallinarum.
The MICs values of hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Eucalyptus globulus against Staphylococcus aureus were 0.00, 104.1, 32.55 and 312.5 μg/ml; against Clostridium perfringens type A were 52.08, 39.06, 16.27 and 312.5 μg/ml; against Escherichia coli were 0.00, 78.12, 260.4 and 625.0 μg/ml; against Salmonella enterica were 13.02, 104.1, 130.2 and 416.6 μg/ml; against Haemophillus paragallinarum were 0.00, 104.1, 260.4 and 416.6 μg/ml respectively. MIC was not performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus paragallinarum for hexane extract as no zone of inhibition was observed against them.
Hexane extract of Eucalyptus globulus was cytotoxic at concentration ≥ 312.5μg/ml, chloroform extract at concentration ≥ 375μg/ml, ethanol extract at concentration ≥ 625μg/ml and aqueous extract was cytotoxic at concentration ≥312.5 μg/ml.
The indigenous plant Eucalyptus globulus has antibacterial activity against common poultry pathogens and can be helpful for development of new drugs of plant origin. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2429-T] (1).
45.
Evaluation Of Immunomodulatory Activity Of Ketorolac In Mice
by Mahtab Anwer (2013-VA-846) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Ketorolac is one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly prescribed to treat postoperative pain and reduced stress response.The present study was designed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of ketorolac.In each assay, 25 mice were used. All the mice were divided randomly into 5 groups. Each group had 5 mice. Negative control group was treated with solvent, positive control group was treated with cyclophosphamide and other three groups were injected intraperitoneally at the three different doses of ketorolac (2mg/kg, 4mg/kg and 8mg/kg). Delayed type hypersensitivity assay (DTH) and cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia assays were performed to evaluate the cell-mediated immune activity of ketorolac. While, the effect of ketorolac on humoral immunity was determined by performing heamagglutination assay and mice lethality test.It was observed that significant reduction in skin thickness and white blood cells and neutropenia in dose dependent manner of ketorolac treated groups (8mg/kg ketorolac > 4mg/kg ketorolac > 2mg/kg ketorolac).Significant reduction in HAtiter values in dose dependent manner of ketorolac treated groups were also evaluated (8mg/kg ketorolac >4mg/kg ketorolac >2mg/kg ketorolac).In mice lethality assay, mortality ratio was maximum in 8mg/kg ketorolac treated group which was 100%. In 4mg/kg ketorolac group and positive control group showed the 80% mortality and 2mg/kg ketorolac treated group showed the 40% mortality. Minimum mortality was observed in negative control group. From these results, ketorolac exhibited the immunosuppressive effect. This study may have potential impacts of ketorolac in clinical applications besides its analgesic and anti -inflammatory properties. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2441-T] (1).
46.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity And Embryonic Toxicity Of Doxycycline, Ciprofloxacin Alone And In Combination With Ibuprofen Against Avian Influenza H9
by Aisha Nazir (2013-VA-851) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: This project was designed to analyze the antiviral and embryotoxicity of doxycycline,
ciprofloxacin alone and incombination with ibuprofen against H9 virus by using embryonated chicken eggs of 10 days old. The different concentrations of these agents were taken and two fold dilutions were made. Dilutions were mixed with avian influenza H9 virus and inoculated in embryonated eggs. Eggs viability was checked during incubation at 37°c temperature. After overnight chilling, haemagglutinition test was performed for evaluation of antiviral activity. Antiviral activity of these dilutions was calculated as embryo survival percentage and positive and negative hemagglutination activity. For embryotoxicity, dilutions were made in normal saline without virus and checked the results by mortality ratio after 48 hours of incubation.
The study provided information regarding antiviral activity and embryotoxicity of doxycycline, ciprofloxacin alone and incombination with ibuprofen at different concentrations. The present study showed that antiviral activity increased when used doxycycline and ibuprofen incombination. After using incombination it’s antiviral activity was high at these concentrations.
Results of antiviral analysis showed that doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and ibuprofen had mild antiviral activity alone and after using combination of doxycycline and ibuprofen the antiviral activity was increased. So these agents can be used as alternative therapy against avian influenza H9 virus. The outcomes were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Post-hoc Test was used to compare difference of means.
Comparative analysis of antiviral activity of doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and ibuprofen alone and in combination showed that doxycycline and ibuprofen when used incombination had
comparatively strong antiviral activity. It’s antiviral activity was stronger as compare when these agents used alone. In term of embryotoxicity these agents are not toxic. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2437-T] (1).
47.
Evaluation Of Comparative Antiviral Activity Of Indomethacin, Naproxen & Mefenamic Acid Against Avian Influenza H9 Virus
by Shahida Jamil Ahmed (2013-VA-850) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs play a vital role due to their multi therapeutic approach. In this study, the antiviral activity of indomethacin, naproxen, and mefenamic acid against avian influenza H9 virus was evaluated In ovo. The stock solutions of each drug were prepared in their perspective solvent and preserved. From the stock, three different dilutions (10µg/ml, 20µg/ml, 40µg/ml of indomethacin, 25µg/ml, 50µg/ml, 100µg/ml of naproxen and 20µg/ml, 40µg/ml, 80µg/ml of mefenamic acid) of each drug were prepared. For each of drug to be tested, 25 embryonated chicken eggs were assigned to 5 groups having 5 eggs each, to evaluate both antiviral activity and embryonic toxicity parameters.
For evaluating antiviral activity, the groups of embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with 4HA virus, antibiotics and different concentrations of indomethacin, naproxen and mefenamic acid. For evaluation of embryonic toxicity, embryos of each group were injected with normal saline, antibiotics and different concentrations of indomethacin, naproxen and mefenamic acid. Two controls i.e. positive control of virus (received 4HA Virus only) and negative control (received normal saline) were also included to validate the test results.
With avian influenza H9 virus the different concentrations of each drug were mixed and 0.2 ml of this suspension was inoculated to 9th to 10th day embryonated eggs along with positive and negative controls having only virus and normal saline respectively. Amantadine, standard drug, was inoculated by following the mentioned manner. These inoculated embryonated chicken eggs were incubated at 37oC and were checked after 12 – 72 hours. After 72 hours of post inoculation, chilling was done by placing all the eggs at 4oC in fridge for overnight section of time and the allantoic fluid was collected.
The embryo survival percentage, positive or negative spot haemagglutination activity and determination of virus titre by haemagglutination test confirmed the antiviral activity. The embryonic toxicity effects of indomethacin, naproxen, mefenamic acid and amantadine were assessed by only inoculating the drug of respective concentrations as used for antiviral activity in embryonated chicken eggs and incubating for 72 hours. Among the three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), indomethacin showed significant antiviral activity against influenza H9 virus as compared to naproxen and mefenamic acid. Naproxen showed antiviral activity against influenza H9 virus greater than that of mefenamic acid. However, antiviral activity of mefenamic acid as compared to naproxen and indomethacin is negligible against influenza H9 virus when confirmed by Spot Hemagglutination test while reduction in viral titre was observed by Hemagglutination test.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2432-T] (1).
48.
Veterinary Toxicology
by Tiwari, Radhey Mohan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Jaipur: Oxford Book Company; 2010Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08959 Tiwari 31343 1st 2010 Pharmacology] (2).
49.
Recent Advances in Veterinary Toxicology
by Barkly, Michael.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: New Delhi: Random Exports; 2013Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08959 Barkly 31379 1st 2013 Pharmacology] (3).
50.
Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology / 6th ed
by Roy,B.k.
Edition: 6thMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: India: Kalyani Publishers; 2015Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.0895 Roy 31374 6th 2015 Pharmacology] (1).
