51.
Nutrition and Feeding of Organic Poultry
by Blair, Robert.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: India: CABI; 2008Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.5085 Blair 31679 1st 2008 Poultry] (3).
52.
Egg Science and Technology / 4th ed
by Stadelman, William J | Newkirk, Debbie | Newby, Lynne.
Edition: 4th ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA: Food Product Press; 2007Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 637.5 William 30661 4th 2007 Poultry] (2).
53.
Modern Livestock & Poultry Production
by Flanders, Frank | Gillespie, James R.
Edition: 9th ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: Cengage Learning; 2015Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636 Flanders 30800 9th 2015 L.Production] (1).
54.
Poultry Diseases at a Glance
by Nandi, S | Samanta, S.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: Publisher: India: International Book Distributing Co; 2010Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.5 Nandi 28904 1st 2010 Poultry] (1).
55.
Poultry Feed Technology : Feed Formulation & Manufacturing
by Saxena, H.C | Poultry breeds.
Edition: 3rd ed.Material type: Publisher: India: International Book Distributing Co; 2006Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.08557 Saxena 19654 3rd 2006 Poultry] (1).
56.
Diseases of Poultry
by Calnek, B W | Barnes, H John | Beard C W | Reid, W M | Jr, Yoder H W.
Edition: 9th ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: Wolfe Publishing Ltd; 1991Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.50896 Calnek 13195 9th 1991 Poultry] (3).
57.
Diseases of Poultry / 11th ed
by Saif, Y. M | Barnes, H. John | Glisson, John R | Fadly, Aly M | McDougald, Larry R | Swayne, David E.
Edition: 11th ed.Material type: Publisher: USA : Wiley-Blackwell; 2003Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.50896 Saif 15095 11th 2003 Poultry] (2), UVAS Library [Call number: 636.50896 Saif 15085 11th 2003 Poultry] (6). Checked out (1).
58.
Poultry Diseases / 3rd ed
by Jordan, F T W.
Edition: 3rd ed.Material type: Publisher: U.K: English Language Book Society; 1990Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.6089607 Jordan13464 3rd 1990 Poultry] (1), UVAS Library [Call number: 636.6089607 Jordan 18738 4th 1998 Poultry] (1).
59.
Microbiology of Meat and Poultry
by Davies,Andrew | Board, R.J | Davies, A.R.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: UK : Springer, 1998Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 664.001579 Davies 28837 1st 1998 Meat.Science] (1).
60.
Diseases of Poultry / 5th ed
by H.E. Biester | L. H. Schwarte.
Edition: 5th edMaterial type: Publisher: USA: Iowa State University Press; 1965Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.50896 Biester 6614 5th 1965 Poultry] (1), UVAS Library [Call number: OldBook Biester 7144 1965 Poultry] (1).
61.
A Labratory Manual for the Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens / 4th ed
by Swayne, David E | Glisson, John R | Jackwood, Marl W | Pearson,James E | Reed, Willie M.
Edition: 4th ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA : The american Association of Avian Pathologists; 1998Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.5089601 Swayne 23645 4th 1998 Pathology] (2).
62.
Productive And Reproductive Performance Of The Parents And The Growth Performance Of Subsequent Progeny As Influenced By Molting In Japanese Quails
by Muhammad Imtiaz Azam (2013-VA-566) | Dr. Jibran Hussain | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Japanese quail is a member of order Galliformes, family Phasianidae, genus Coturnix and specie Japonica. Scientific name of Japanese quail is Coturnix coturnix japonica (Mizutani, 2003). Japanese quail attained significance as agriculture specie due to its unique flavor of eggs and meat hence got importance as a food animal (Kayang et al. 2004). Egg production is important in south East Asia whereas meat is an important product in Europe (Baumgartner, 1994: Minvielle, 1998). Female quail starts laying at the age of 6 weeks and constantly produces eggs for at least one year. Quail is efficient converter of feed, with each egg a female deposits an edible package of 8 percent of her own body weight as compared to 3 percent in case of chicken (Martin et al. 1998).
Molting in avian species is the periodic shedding and replacement of feathers as well as rejuvenation of the reproductive system (Berry, 2003). Molting has been conducted through different techniques including photoperiod reduction, feed restriction, hormone administration, feeding dietary salt of zinc, aluminium and/or iodine (Khan et al. 2011). Molting has been associated with sudden change in physiological biochemistry which requires restoration before coming into production (Khan et al. 2011). The most important advantage of molting is the rejuvenation of reproductive system which increases tissue efficiency, development of reproductive system, loss of fat on female reproductive system, hence better post-molt performance (Park et al. 2004). Attia et al. (1994) explored that bird’s egg shell quality, albumen quality, and hatchability are influenced by molting method.
Molting is followed by ovary and oviduct histophysiological changes (De-cuypere and Verheyen 1986); affecting egg characteristics, hatchability and chick quality.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
2
Induced molting is an effective management tool, enabling to meet egg production with demand and even providing greater economic benefit as it reduces bird cost per dozen of eggs because it lengthens the productive life of the hen (Carey and Brake 1987).Induced molting is used in the poultry industry to increase the reproductive lifespan of birds leading to new productive cycles (Laurentiz et al. 2005). In the induced molting methods, 25-30% of body mass reduction from initial weight is ideally required to achieve a maximum post-molt performance (Brake, 1993). Induced molting has been reported to improve egg production and other performance parameters (Akram, 1998; Usman et al. 2013). As to body weight loss (BWL), research studies point out that BWL levels between 25 and 30% promotes better post-molting production in a second laying cycle (Hussein, 1996). Reduction in ovary weight depends upon the duration of fasting or body weight loss levels (Berry, 2003); 15% body weight loss results in heavier eggs as compared to 20-25% (Buhr and Cunningham 1994). Post-molt reproductive improvement is related to the regression and to the regeneration of the cells of reproductive system (Brake and Thaxton 1979). Egg quality and hatchability decrease with the age of the breeder and are reported to be improved in terms of Haugh Units and overall hatchability after molting (Lapaˆo et al. 1999). Induced molting not only helps in improving production performance and egg shell quality but also increases profit by optimizing the use of replacement pullets on commercial layer farms (Bell, 2003).
The combination of feed withdrawal and light reduction was most widely used to induce molting in the US egg industry in the past. Most producers used some form of feed withdrawal for periods of 5 to 14 days in breeder birds (Bell and Kuney 2004).
It is further reported that induced molting improves the post-molt performance of the laying hens compared to the pre-molt performance, this improvement includes egg size, shell quality, internal
INTRODUCTION
3
egg quality, and the rate of egg production. Egg size increases significantly after a molt with a higher percentage of higher grade eggs (Zeelen, 1975). Hatchability is influenced by molting method (Attia et al. 1994). Several researchers studied a relationship among hen age and hatchability (King’ori, 2011). Induced molting through feed withdrawal and photoperiod reduction is an effective method to improve egg production, egg quality, fertility and hatchability of broiler breeders (Moustafa et al. 2010).
The effect of molting in chicken and turkey is very well studied and some basic facts have been well established but its significance in quail production is still having a question mark. Reason being the availability of little information on this aspect of quail production. It is also being felt that in Pakistan, especially at Avian Research and Training Center selection for higher body weight is being practiced since last 5-6 years and with the passage of time final body weight (4 week) of quail is almost doubled. These genetically improved quails need to be subjected to maximum experimentation in order to study their potential and standardize their management requirements. Present study is also an effort in the same direction with the main objective to explore the effect of molting on productive and reproductive performance as well as subsequent progeny growth performance in Japanese quails. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2249-T] (1).
63.
Growth Performance, Body Measurements And Slaughter Characteristics As Affected By Different Patio Strategies And Growth Promoters In Japanese Quail
by Imran Ullah (2013-VA-598) | Dr. Jibran Hussain | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram | Dr. Atia Basheer.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Coturnix japonica is the zoological name of Japanese quail, which belongs to order Galliformes, family Phasianidae, genus Coturnix and specie japonica (Beletsky, 2006). It is highly disease resistant with a very short maturity age as well as market life (4-5weeks). Female quail starts laying almost at 7-8 weeks of age, hence getting popular (Ashok and Prabakaran 2012).
Generally the chicks are removed from hatcher only when most of chicks have hatched within the period of hatch window which is almost 36 to 48 hours (Careghi et al. 2005). Many factors affect delay in hatching, the most important being the parent flock age, handling of eggs, time of egg preservation and internal incubation conditions (Decuypere et al. 2001). Little space in the hatcher for hatched chicks, opening of hatcher over many time and late collection of chick can lead to dehydrated and low quality chicks (Bamelis et al. 2005). To reduce above stated risks a concept named “Patio system” was introduced in Netherland, proposed by Kuijpers brothers to improve hatchability and growth performance of chicks. In this system pre incubated eggs (hatching phase) and after hatching chicks (brooding phase) are placed combined in hatchery (http://www.vencomatic.com). Patio system improves body weight, quality of chicks and reduces chick mortality in broilers (Van de Ven et al. 2009). A synergistic effect on growth performance and various economic traits can be attained by using patio system and various feed additives such as probiotics, prebiotics or antibiotics etc. The term probiotic is derived from two Latin words “pro” and “bios”. Probiotics are prepared from different species of microorganisms (Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces) considered as intestinal beneficial microflora (Dankowiakowska et al. 2013). Probiotics are used to make the products through the use of which, many species of animals improve their intestinal miro-flora (Leeson and Summers 1997). Improved beneficial bacteria
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
2
of intestine suppress harmful bacteria like E. coli and produce beneficial enzymes and substances that have antibiotic like effects (Montes and Pugh 1993). Probiotics work by two ways. 1. Competitive exclusion 2. Enhancing immune system. In competitive exclusion, bacterias in gastrointestinal tract produce such type of substances that stunt the growth of harmful bacterias and compete for their predilection site (intestinal epithelium) while second mode of action is, to stimulate their immune system as the young one born is sterile, hence, their gastro intestinal tract (GIT) and beneficial bacterias in GIT are not able to produce antibodies against harmful bacterias that aggregate in chick GIT. By using probiotics that attach intestinal mucosa and create barriers for harmful bacteria and enhance immune system (Dankowiakowska et al. 2013). Different probiotics (Bacillus subtili) have different modes of action (competitive inhibition) that utilize oxygen in GIT of birds and convert them in different useful enzymes (subtilin and catalase) by which friendly bacterias (Lactobacilli) colonize in birds GIT and block predilection site of pathogenic bacteria. In addition, Lactobacilli bacteria produce lactic acid that kill many harmful bacteria like, Salmonella and E.coli (Hosoi et al. 2000). Probiotics are also found to enhance activity of immunoglobulins, macrophages, lymphocytes and interferon (Yang et al. 2009). Birds fed on probiotic mixed diet showed higher body weight and increased carcass percentage (Kabir et al. 2004a) but feed intake, proventiculus, gizzard and liver weight were found to be non-significant among different treatments (Dizaji et al. 2012). Similarly in another study, higher body weight and weight gain were observed in ostrich birds fed on probiotic enriched diet (Karimi-Kivi et al. 2015). Using antibiotics as feed additives can also improve health status of birds. The first antibiotic “chlortetracycline” when used in animal feed during early 1940s increased body weight was observed (Dibner and Richards 2005). For more than 50 years, antibiotics have been used in
INTRODUCTION
3
poultry feed as a supplement to improve bird’s growth performance, feed conversion ratio and carcass meat yield (Denli et al. 2003). Antibiotics being used in poultry industry are also used therapeutically in human medicines (Edens, 2003). However, recent progress in poultry industry and consumer concerns have risen the questions on use of antibiotics as growth promoters due to their side effects (Wray and Davies 2000). The European Union (EU) banned some antibiotics as growth promoters because of many bacterial strains showing resistant against them (Edens, 2003) In Pakistan high production cost and market price of quail meat discourage both the producer and consumer. The use of patio system may help reduction in production cost, hence, help in gaining the trust and preference of both quail farmers and consumers. Present study was conducted with the main objectives to study the advantages of patio system in Japanese quail and also provide basic information regarding future use of this technique in quails. It was further tried to understand the utility of different growth promoters in quail production with special emphasis on antibiotics and probiotics. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2251-T] (1).
64.
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry and Nutritional Research
by Fisher, C | Boorman, K. N.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: UK: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1986Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.50852 Fisher 13134 1st 1986 A.Nutrition] (1).
65.
Nutrition And Disease Management Of Poultry
by Mandal,A.B.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: India: International Book Distribution Co; 2004Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.5 Mandal 19630 1st 2004 A.Nutrition] (1).
66.
Effect Of Different Vaccine Routes On Growth Performance, Organs Weight, Carcass Characteristics And Immune Response In Broilers
by Habiba Taj (2008-VA-478) | Prof.Dr. Athar Mahmud | Dr. Shahid Mehmood | Dr. Atia Bashir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The purpose of study was to compare four different vaccination routes. The study was conducted at environment controlled broiler house, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi campus-Pattoki. In this experiment 264 commercial day old chicks were purchased from hatchery.On arrival, 24 day-old chicks were sent to laboratory for determining the maternal antibody level and remaining 240 birds were divided randomly in to four treatments (Drinking water, Eye drop, Spray,Spray +Drinking water) groups. Each group was replicated 6 times with 10 birds each. Before vaccination 03 birds were picked up randomly from each replicate and 3 ml blood was collected from the main brachial vein to determine NDV and IBV maternal antibody titers of the chickens. At the end of the trial, 03 birds were picked up randomly, slaughtered to determine the weight of immune organs and carcass characteristics. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed through Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques at 0.05 significane level. The means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMR) test with the help of SAS, 9.1.Results of present study showed non-significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) infeed intake, body weights, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, point spread, performance index andproduction number. Significant differences (P ≤0.05) were observed in mortality and livability percentage. The birds vaccinated thorugh the eye drop showed higher livability than spray with drinking water.Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were observed inBursa and thymusweights with respect to four routes of vaccination. The birds vaccinated through eye drop method had the higher bursa and thymusweight as compared to those vaccinated through drinking water, eye drop and spray with drinking water. There were non-significant (P ≥ 0.05) in spleen weight.Maternal antibody level against Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastledisease was 3421and 6.9 respectively. Decline in maternal antibody titer was recorded onthe 7th and 15th day of the experiment.Vaccination at 17th day boosted the immune response.Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were observed in an immune response against the Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastle Disease. The birds vaccinated through eye drop route showed higher immune response than other routes of vaccination.Non-significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) were observed in dressing percentage, breast yield percentage, gizzard percentage, heart percentage, keel length, shank length, intestinal length and intestinal weight. Significant differences (P ≤0.05) were observed in thigh percentage.
Conclusion:
Based on the findings of the present study it may be stated that
1. Vaccination routes had no effect on growth performance.
2. Eye drop vaccinataion developed better immunity and also had higher weight of immune organs, while, spray remained poorest.
Suggestion and Recommendations:
For future it is recommended as eye drop method of vaccination is the best route of vaccination for higher immune response and higher immune organs weight and others routes of vaccinations has lower immune response and imuune organs weight. Continuous detailed and comprehensive research investigations are needed on different vaccination routes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2271-T] (1).
67.
Feeding of Non-Ruminant Livestock
by Wiseman, Julian.
Material type: Publisher: UK: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1987Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.085 Wiseman 12598 1st 1984 A.Nutrition] (1).
68.
Veterinary Drug Residues : Residues in Food Producing Animals and their Products : Reference Materials and Methods
by Heitzman, R J | Heitzman, R. J.
Edition: 2nd Edition.Material type: Publisher: UK : WileyBlackwell; 1994Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 363.1929 Heitzman 13641 2nd 1994 CMS] (1).
69.
Productive And Reproductive Performance In Japanese Quail As Affected By Interventions In The Age At Photo Stimulation
by Syed Ali Raza Haider (2002-|VA-115) | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Light play an important role in controlling the age at sexual maturity in birds. Among various managemental aspects, light management is the basic one. Attaining sexual maturity at an appropriate age and weight is the key to reproductive success and the present study was an effort in the same direction. To develop specific practice for quail production and to optimize the best age for photo-stimulation present experiment was conducted. In total 225 females and 75 males of 5 week old were studied. A completely randomized design with three treatment of 5 replicates with 15 female and 5 male each, was applied. Treatment consisted 3 different ages of photo-stimulation (30, 35 and 40 days). Production performance (body weight, feed intake, egg production, feed conversion ratio and livability), egg characteristics (egg weight, shell thickness, yolk index and Haugh unit) and hatching traits (infertile, hatchability, dead germ, dead in shell percent and hatchling body weight) were evaluated. This has been observed in the study that photo-stimulating the birds at 40 days of age influenced positively egg production % with longest consistent peak, number of eggs, FCR / dozen eggs and FCR/Kg egg mass. Birds stimulated at 40 days of age showed better hatchability and very low dead in germ percentage. It was concluded that photo-stimulation at 40 days of age not only significantly improves productive, reproductive and egg quality traits but also gives the consistency in all respects of these traits. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2328-T] (1).
70.
Advances in Meat, Poultry and Seafood Packaging
by Kerry, Joseph P.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: UK: Woodhead Publishing, 2012Availability: No items available Checked out (1).
71.
Poultry Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology
by Muir, W.M | Aggrey, S.E.
Edition: First ed.Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: UK: CABI, 2003Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.5082 Muir 16473 1st 2003 Poultry] (1).
72.
Effect Of Different Dietary Lysine Levels And Feed Restriction Regimes On Growth Performance And Slaughtering Characteristics In Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Maintained During Hot Season
by Yassar Abbas (2008-VA-753) | Dr. Abdul Waheed Sahota | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arkam | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: High prices, global shortage of feed ingredients and less supply of animal protein against great demand as consequence of ever increasing human population needs to enhance protein supply. One way of enhancing protein supply is to expand poultry production along with increasing production of other micro livestock such as Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) having low maintenance cost, short generation intervals, early sexual maturity and better resistance to diseases and its meat being rich in high quality protein having high biological value with low caloric content. Profit can be optimized by minimizing feed cost that accounts for 60-70 % of the total production cost and any improvements in the performance of birds by manipulation of feeding strategies inevitably have a profound effect on profitability. Any effort to improve commercial poultry production and enhance its efficiency needs to emphasize on better utilization of existing resources. Among different feeding management schemes and strategies phase feeding may be employed with the logic seems to feed birds for shorter periods of time to exactly meet but not exceed the amino acids requirements hence improvement in carcass characteristics and reduction of dietary cost. Commercial availability of very vital limiting amino acids (lysine) has set a new tendency of formulation of poultry feeds having low protein level with addition of amino acids. Lysine, being utmost essential amino acid is used as a reference for other essential amino acids. Feed restriction program may be another managemental tool that may elicit compensatory growth, improved feed efficiency, carcass quality and birds are not exposed to sub optimal level of nutrients but the efficiency of utilization of these nutrients may be improved. On the other hand breed, strain, management and sex differences for carcass traits have also been reported. Very little research focus on the subject has necessitated conducting the
ABSTRACT
vii
present study undertaken in Japanese quails on the similar pattern as adopted in broiler industry to make quail production more cost-effective and commercially viable at Avian Research and Training (ART) Centre, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. A series of experiments at Avian Research and Training (ART) Centre, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan was run to assess the effect of different management interventions on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood biochemical profile in Japanese quail.
The first experiment was aimed to examine the growth performance and economic efficiency involving 1440 day-old Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks. Three dietary lysine levels (1.3, 1.4-1.2 & 1.5-1.3-1.1 %) in 3 different phases were allocated to four different close-bred stocks (Imported, Local-1, Local-2 and Local-3) of Japanese quails to assess their comparative growth performance by replicating each treatment for three times. The experimental day-old quail chicks were randomly divided into 36 experimental units of 40 chicks each. Quails under 1st treatment were fed a diet with 1.3 percent lysine throughout the grow-out period of 28 days, while, those under 2nd treatment were allotted diet with 1.4 percent lysine up to14 days of age and then subsequently reduced to 1.2 percent lysine up to 28 days. The 3rd treatment was split into 03 different phases. The first phase was up to 9th, 2nd up to 19th and 3rd up to 28th day by allotting diet containing 1.5, 1.3 and 1.1 % lysine, respectively. Weekly data on growth performance were recorded and analyzed through ANOVA technique in CRD under factorial arrangement and the comparison of means was worked out using DMR test by the help of SAS 9.1. Maximum (P≤0.05) feed intake; body weight gain and improved FCR were observed in three phase dietary lysine regimen leading to maximum profit margins.
viii
In the 2nd experiment same experimental design and phase feeding was practiced to observe organ development. Sexing with in treatment was done at the age of three weeks and quails were maintained separately for one week. At 4 week of age, 3 birds/ replicate from either sex were slaughtered through Halal Muslim method for studying carcass characteristics. Two birds per replicate from either sex were used for serum analysis of glucose, cholesterol, urea, albumen and total protein using standard procedures. The analysis showed three phase dietary lysine regimen than other dietary lysine regimens improved (P≤0.05) slaughter characteristics i.e. post slaughter weight (g), dressing percentage with and without giblets, breast yield (g), thigh yield (g), giblet weight (g), liver weight (g), keel length (cm), shank length (cm), weight of visceral organs including intestinal weight (g) and intestinal length (cm). However, heart weight (g), gizzard (empty) weight (g), serum glucose, cholesterol, urea, albumin and total protein were not significantly affected by dietary lysine regimen. While, different close bred stocks did not show any significant differences.
Third experiment was executed to examine the growth performance and economic efficiency of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) subjected to different feed restriction regimes at ART Centre, UVAS, Lahore. For this purpose a total of 3200 quail chicks from four different close-bred stocks were allocated to four different feed restriction regimes comprising four close-bred stocks (Imported, Local-1, Local -2 and Local-3) at the age of 10 days. The experimental quails in group 1 were fed ad-libitum (20.30% CP, 1.3% Lysine, as recommended by NRC) throughout the experimental period to serve as control while groups 2, 3 and 4 were provided with 1 hour feed- 3-hour off, 2-hour feed- 2hour off and 3-hour feed-1hour off feeding regimes, respectively. The analysis of data showed that the maximum feed intake was observed in ad-libitum fed group whereas the highest body weight gain was observed in ad-libitum and 3 hour
ix
fed quails. The best FCR leading to maximum profit margin was observed in 3 hour-fed group. Different close-bred stocks could not express any significant difference in growth parameters.
In the 4th experiment same dietary plan of time restriction as in 3rd experiment was adopted to observe organ development. At the termination of the experiment (at the age of 38 days), 6 birds (3 male and 3 female) from each replicate were randomly picked up and slaughtered (by Halal method) to study different slaughter parameters. Significantly higher (P≤0.05) carcass weight, mean dressing % with and without giblet, mean thigh weight was observed in ad-libitum and 3 hours fed quails while significantly lower mean dressing %, liver weight, gizzard weight, giblet weight, breast weight and mean intestinal length and weight in one hour fed quail.
Blood profile showed significantly higher (P≤0.05) serum glucose, urea, albumin and total protein level in ad-libitum and 3-hours fed quails while significantly higher (P≤0.05) serum cholesterol level was observed in one hour fed quails. Heart weights (g), keel length (cm), shank length (cm) were not affected significantly among different treatments and close-bred stocks.
Conclusion
Based upon the findings of the present study it may be stated that
1. Maximum (P≤0.05) feed intake; body weight gain and improved FCR were observed in three phase dietary lysine regimen leading to maximum profit margins.
2. Significant improvement in carcass characteristics was recorded in three phase dietary lysine regimen.
3. The best FCR leading to maximum profit margin was observed in 3 hour-fed group in Japanese quails when subjected to different feed restriction regimens.
x
4. Three hour fed quails showed superior carcass characteristics at par with ad-libitum fed groups especially in terms of carcass weight, dressing percentage and thigh weight.
5. Significantly higher (P≤0.05) serum glucose, urea, albumin and total protein level were recorded in ad-libitum and 3-hours fed quails while significantly higher (P≤0.05) serum cholesterol level was observed in one hour fed quails.
Suggestions and Recommendations
Four lysine dietary regimens having 1 week each may successfully be employed in Japanese quails in order to get maximum profit. It may further be recommended that Japanese quails may be subjected to feed restriction of 1-hour after 2nd week.
The present series of experimentation is a step towards optimizing the nutritional and managemental strategies in Japanese quails, however, a lot more is still needed to be worked out in this direction. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2340-T] (1).
73.
Evaluation of Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics And Economic Appraisal of 3 Broiler Strains Under 4 Brooding Sources And Varying Feeding Regimens In Termianal Phase
by Muhammad Shabir Shaheen (2013-VA-778) | Dr. Shahid Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud | Mr. Muhammad Imran.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Theses submitted with corrupt cd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2351-T] (1).
74.
Waterbirds Around the World
by Boere, Gerard | Galbraith, Colin | Stroud, David.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: UK: Scottish Natural Heritage, 2006Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 598.176 Boere 23623 1st 2006 Avian] (1).
75.
Scientific Poultry Production : A Unique Encyclopaedia
by Sreenivasaiah, P.V.
Edition: 3rdMaterial type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: India: International Book Distributing Co, 2006Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.5 Sreenivasaiah 50606 3rd 2006 Poultry] (6), UVAS Library [Call number: 636.5 Sreenivasaiah 20900 3rd 2006 Poultry] (1).
76.
Avian Biology / Vol.2
by Farner, Donald S | King, James R.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: USA: Academic Press, 1972Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 598 Farner 11293 1st.Vol.2 1972 Poultry] (1).
77.
Diseases of Poultry
by P. Seneviratna.
Edition: 1st edMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: India: De Silva & Sons; 1966Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.50896 Seneviratna 14737 1st 1966 Poultry] (1).
78.
Diseases and Parasites in Poultry
by Hambidge, Gove.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: India: Biotech Books, 2004Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.5089 Hambidge 16301 1st 2004 Parasitology] (1), UVAS Library [Call number: 636.5089 Hambidge 16302 1st 2004 Parasitology] (1).
79.
Improving the Safety and Quality of Eggs and Egg Products
by Immerseel, Van Filip | Nys, Y | Bain, M.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: India : Woodhead Publishing, 2011Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.514 Immerseel 29294 1st .v.2 2011 Poultry] (1), UVAS Library [Call number: 636.514 Immerseel 33874 1st V.2 2011 Poultry] (1).
80.
British Poultry Standards /
by Hawksworth.
Edition: 4th ed.Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: USA : Blackwell Science Inc, 1982Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.52 May 12161 4thed 1988 Poultry] (2).
81.
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry and Nutritional Research /
by Fisher, C | Boorman, K. N.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: [UK : Butterworth-Heinemann, 1986Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.050852 Fisher 1923 1st 1986 Poultry] (1).
82.
Poultry Farming and Keeping /
by Owen, W. Powell | Poultry Farming.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: India : Biotech Books, 2008Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.5103 Owen 4121 BB 1st 2007 Poultry] (71).
83.
Egg Quality :Current Problems and recent Advances
by Wells, Robert G | Belyavin, C. G.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: UK : Butterworth-Heinemann, 1987Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 637.541 Wells 12918 1st 1987 Poultry] (1).
84.
Poultry Diseases /3rd Editon
by Gordon, Robert Fraser | Jordan, F.T.W. (r.).
Edition: 3rded.Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: [S.l.] : Bailliere, Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.5089 Jordan 13461 3rd 1990 Poultry] (1).
85.
Poultry Produciton
by Sunil Kumar Das.
Edition: 1sted.Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: India: CBS Publishers & Distributors 1994Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.5 Sunil 50583 1st 2016 Poultry] (3).
86.
Arthropods in livestock and poultry production /
by Lancaster, J.L | Meisch, M.V.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: UK] : Ellis Horwood Ltd , Publisher, 1986Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.5 Lancaster 15035 1st 1986 Poultry] (2).
87.
Poultry ProductsTechnology :
Edition: 3rded.Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: India: Viva Books 2001Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 664.93 Mountney 17113 3rd 2001 Poultry] (1).
88.
Poultry Meat Science /
by Richardson, R I | Mead, C.
Edition: First ed.Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: UK] : CABI, 1999Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.50876 Richardson 31266 Vol.25 2003] (4).
89.
Poultry Eggs.
by Wintion,The late Andrew.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: India : Agrobios India, 2003Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 641.375 Winton 19653 1st 2003 Poultry] (7).
90.
Bird Population Studies :Relevance to Conservation and Managment
by Perrins,C.M | Perrins, C. M | Lebreton, J. -D | Hirons, G. J. M.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: UK : Oxford University Press, 1991Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.978 Perrins 16321 1st 1991 Birds] (1).
91.
Poultry Meat and Egg Production /
by Parkhurst, Carmen | Mountney, George J.
Edition: New edition.Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: USA : Springer, 1995Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.5 Parkhurst 16245 1st 1988 Poultry] (1).
92.
Principles and Practice of Poultry Husbandry /
by TOM, NEWMAN.
Edition: isted.Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: India : Greenworld Publishers, 1999Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.5 Newman 16241 1st 1999 Poultry] (1).
93.
Small Scale Poultry Proccesing /
by Silverside, D | Jones, M.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: India : Daya Publishing House, 1998Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.5 Silverside 16230 1st 1998 Poultry] (1).
94.
Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food :
by AGMSF.
Edition: 1sted.Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: UK : Stationery Office Books, 1996Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.5 AGMSF 18496 1st 1996 Poultry] (1).
95.
Poultry Farming and Keeping /
by Owen, W. Powell.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: India] : Biotech Books, 2008Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.5 Owen 4126 1st 2007 Poultry] (1).
96.
Poultry Products Technology
by Mountney,Georage J.
Edition: 3rded.Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: India: viva Books 2001Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 664.93 Mountney 16619 3rd 2001 Poultry] (2).
97.
Poultry Products Processing :
by Barbut, Shai.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: USA : CRC Press, 2001Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.5 Barbut 50195 1st 2005 Poultry] (3).
98.
Poultry Diseases /
by DPMP, Frank T. W. Jordan DSc PhD BSc(Vet Sci) FRCVS | DSc, Dennis Alexander BTech PhD MRCPath CBiol FIBiol | Alexander, Dennis J | Pattison, Mark.
Edition: 5th ed.Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: China : Bailliere Tindall, 2002Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.50896 Jordan 19644 5th 1996 Poultry] (3).
99.
Poultry Farming
by Prasad,Dinanath Dr.
Edition: 2nded.Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: India: Kalyani Publishers, 2000Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.513 Prasad 20277 2nd 2000 Poultry] (2).
100.
Poultry Diseases /
by DPMP, Frank T. W. Jordan DSc PhD BSc(Vet Sci) FRCVS | DSc, Dennis Alexander BTech PhD MRCPath CBiol FIBiol | Alexander, Dennis J | Pattison, Mark.
Edition: 5th ed.Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: India : Bailliere Tindall, 2002Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.508 Jadhav 23032 2nd 2007 Poultry] (1).
