1.
Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System
by Chandra,A M | Gosh, S.K.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: New Delhi: Narosa Publishing House; 2006Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 621.3678 Chandra 23182 1st 2006 Env.Science] (1).
2.
Biochar Application As A Strategy In Water Treatment Of River Ravi: A Comparative Study
by Safa Abid Chughtai | Dr. Saif Ur Rehman Kashif | Dr. Fareeha Arooj | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pakistan is a resourceful but a water starved country. With a population of almost 20 crore there is an extreme pressure on the resources specially the meager water resources of the country. The inaccessibility to clean water and the unavailability of cheap methods of water treatment has created an utmost need to develop a new cost effective method for waste water treatment.
The actual aim of this research was to treat water of River Ravi using a relatively new Biochar method and compare it with a conventional precipitation method in removal of heavy metals. For this purpose, a total of 48 samples were collected from 4 different points for three consecutive weeks. 8 samples were treated with Biochar method and 8 with precipitation method per week. Heavy metals which were analyzed were Zn, Mg, Cu, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn and Pb. Samples were pre and post analyzed and the results were compared.
There was a clear difference as Heavy metals were completely removed by the Biochar method and its efficiency was 100% while precipitation method managed to remove only 50- 80% 0f the heavy metals. There were some drawbacks associated with both the techniques as well. The Biochar method caused a slight change in water’s pH and its colour. On the other hand precipitation technique was a failure in removing metals completely specially those which can form complexes in water like Pb, Ni, Fe etc. Biochar method was also found to be a cheap technique as compared to the precipitation technique as there were no costly chemicals and apparatus required and was prepared from mere waste which was intended to be disposed off.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2702-T] (1).
3.
Assessment Of Heavymetal Contaminants From Protein Sources
by Marriam Wasif (2014-VA-216) | Dr. Saif ur Rehman Kashif | Ms. Saman Saad | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Protein is one of the main ingredients of basic need of every human diet. Demand is more
than its production. This shortage is more in underdeveloped countries like Pakistan. Due to
industrial waste, many toxic heavy metals stay within the earth rather than its decomposition.
There is a cycle of circulation of these toxic heavy metals getting back into the tissues or organs
of grazing animals through feeds. (Nawaz, et al. 2015). These toxic heavy metals have no useful
impact on the body but instead, these cause extremely toxic effects even at their lower
concentration. In animal tissues bioaccumulation of heavy metals is hazardous to human health.
Heavy metals which are more likely to be present in animal tissues, are Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn,
As, Cd, Hg, Pb (Javed, 2005). Other source of contamination is vehicle emission and dirty
slaughter places. Meat especially body tissues, organ of livestock i.e. liver, kidney and stomach
sold by shopkeepers on road side or at open market are more vulnerable for deposition of
metals. (Mariam, et al. 2004). The second source of protein is poultry which has shorter time of
production of meat rather than red meat animals. Its demand in world increases due to reasonable
prices and its nutritive property. (Mahmoud, et al. 2015). The other protein source is hen eggs
which contain a large number of heavy metals which is due to contaminated feed and polluted
water. But still, there are some traces minerals which is very beneficial and nutritive to health
(Rehman, et al. 2013). Last main source of protein is fish, which is more susceptible
contamination of heavy metal. Dangerous level of heavy metals has evident deadly or ceaseless
impacts on fish (Qadir, et al. 2011). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2751-T] (1).
4.
Comparitive Study Of Biogas Production From Wastewater Sludge Of Tehsil Municiple Administration (Tma) Ravi Town Drains In Lahore
by Hira Khalid (2014-VA-229) | Dr. Saif ur Rehman Kashif | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Global expansion in energy demand has convinced energetic search for alternative energy
sources. Biogas is an energy-rich combination of mainly methane and carbon dioxide and can be
used for active purposes. It is a cheap way to meet energy crises. It is an odorless, colorless and
flammable gas with an energy content of 37.3 MJ/m3. It is produced by process of anaerobic
digestion comprising of three steps i.e. hydrolysis, acidogenesis/acetogenesis and
methanogenesis. Out of the 14 drains in Lahore, sludge samples were collected from Samanabad,
outfall and Gulshan-e-Ravi drains. These samples were analyzed for Electrical conductivity (HI
8633 EC meter), pH (HI 2210 pH meter), BOD5 (HI 9146 DO meter), Total carbon content,
Nitrogen (Kjeldhal’s method), Phosphorus (V-110 spectrophotometer), Potassium (Multichannel
Flame photometer-AFP 100) and Heavy metals (including Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni by
Polarized Zeeman Z-8230 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer).
pH went from 6.37 to 7.66 (from slightly acidic to basic in nature) inside the biogas digesters
while temperature inside the biogas digesters ranged from 26.1°C-32.2°C. Electrical conductivity
of sludge samples varied from 1.38 mS/cm to 2.23 mS/cm and TDS ranged from 883.2 mg/l to
1427.2 mg/l. Carbon content of wastewater sludge ranged from 1.3983 g to 2.3677 g while total
Kjeldhal’s nitrogen varied from 40.6 mg/l to 59.2 mg/l. Nutrients like Phosphorus varied from
15750 ppm to 17250 ppm and Potassium ranged from 602.5 ppm to 9775.5 ppm in sludge
samples. Concentration of heavy metals i.e. Lead (Pb) in sludge samples varied from 2.58 ppm
to 2.94 ppm, Copper (Cu) went from 0.05 ppm to 0.79 ppm, Zinc went from 5.13 ppm to 5.28
ppm, Nickel (Ni) ranged from 0.11 ppm to 0.35 ppm while Chromium (Cr) was not detected in
samples.
Summary
43
Variation in water concentration in the digesters of drain A made a difference of 900.800 ppm in
CH4 concentration, 0.016 % vol of CO2, 0.020 in pH and 1.090 °C in temperature. While
variation in water concentration in the digesters of drain B made a difference of 483.499 ppm in
CH4 concentration, 0.331 % vol of CO2, 0.019 in pH and 0.110 °C in temperature. And in that of
the digesters of drain C made a difference of 238.295 ppm in CH4 concentration, 0.187 % vol of
CO2, 0.015 in pH and 0.490 °C in temperature. Highest methane potential was found in Drain A,
followed by drain B and C. Absence of H2S shows that the biogas produced anaerobically from
the municipal wastewater sludge can be an environmentally friendly source of energy. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2756-T] (1).
5.
Detection Of Aflatoxin B1, Heavy Metals And Minerals From Corn Silage And Mineral Mixture (Wanda) Of Cows And Buffalos Pollution, A Case Study Of Lahore
by Zeeshan Umer(2014-VA-915) | Ms. Isban Hameed | Dr. Saif-ur- Rahman Kashif.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Corn (Zea mays L), belongs to the family Poaceae is most widely distributed crop
throughout the world. Corn is third important cereal in Pakistan after wheat and rice. It is an
important crop cultivated over an area of 1 million hectares with a production of about 3.3
million tons in Pakistan. Corn is used as food, feed and fuels in Pakistan. Silage is produced from
corn crop that is used for feed purposes on a wide scale in Pakistan. The major issue which
influences the corn silage is naturally occurring aflatoxins (AFB1 and AFB2) with AFB1 the
most important, toxic and carcinogenic. Aflatoxins (AFB1 and AFB2) are toxins produced by
Aspergillus flavis and Aspergillus parasiticus infecting the agricultural crops. Corn silage is
largely contaminated by aflatoxins in Pakistan due to seasonal variations, improper management
of grains, improper storage of corn silage, infiltration of rain in silage and contaminated soils.
These are dangerous fungal metabolites that impair child development, suppress the immune
system, cause cancer and in severe acute exposure death occurs, so it is necessary to estimate its
toxicity in public health perspective.
For this purpose present study was conducted to determine the level of aflatoxins in Corn
silage and mix wanda samples. Determination of heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb) and crystalline
earth metals (Na, Ca, K) was also performed in the same samples. Samples were collected from
different areas of Gujrat city and its sorroundings i.e. Chakchodo, kunjah, G.T road Gujrat,
Bhakoki village, jalal pur jattan (JPJ), Maroof village JPJ, Nawa pind, wazirabaad, Mallu
khokhar bhimber road Gujrat, Kharian, Sadiqabad village Lalamusa, Kot jameel near Wazirabad,
Kathala G.T road Gujrat, Shadman colony Gujrat, Karrianwala, Shah Jahangir road Gujrat,
Purani sabzi mandi Gujrat, Bakra mandi Gujrat, Gujjar pur Gujrat, Jamal pur syedan Gujrat,
Summary
54
Village Sookklan Gujrat, University road Gujrat, Bismillah chowk, JPJ, Ghala mandi railway
road Gujrat, Boly wala pull jpj road Gujrat, Village pindi hasny di Gujrat, Main bazaar
Waziraabad, Ghala mandi Waziraabad, UVAS Lahore. The samples were analyzed by thin layer
chromatography (TLC) to check the presence of aflatoxins (B1, B2), Atomic absorption
spectrophotometer to determine the heavy metals and flame photometer to check the crystalline
earth metals. Analyses of heavy metals and crystalline earth metals were performed in the
Departmental Laboratory of Environmental sciences, UVAS, Lahore. These analyses of
aflatoxins were performed in the Food and biotechnology research centre PCSIR, Lahore.
Experimental results showed that 14 out of 40 samples were contaminated with two types of
aflatoxins. In other words, 35% samples were found contaminated with aflatoxnis. Aflatoxin B1
was the major aflatoxin found in many samples but aflatoxins B2 was also identified. Total of 40
samples were collected for determination of aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin B2, heavy metals and
crystalline earth metals. Corn silage samples were categorized into two categories, one was
collected from dairy farms and other from supplier. Mix wanda samples were also categorized
into two categories, one collected from different shops and other from dairy form of Gujrat city.
In 17 samples of corn silage collected from dairy farms, 4 (23%) were contaminated with
Aflatoxin B1 and only one (33%) out of 3 samples collected from suppliers was contaminated
with aflatoxin B1. None of the sample of corn silage was contaminated with aflatoxin B2. In 11
samples of wanda collected from dairy farms, 5 (45%) were contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 and
4 (44%) out of 9 samples collected from shops were contaminated with aflatoxin B1. Overall 2
(10%) samples of wanda were contaminated with aflatoxin B2. AFB1 was present more
frequently in wanda samples. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2757-T] (1).
6.
A Comparative Study Between Composting And Vermicomposting Of Vegetable Waste Using Cow Dunga) Of Cows And Dung
by Umair Rafi(2014-VA-916) | Ms. Isbah Hameed | Dr. Fariha Arooj.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The term ‘vegetable waste’ can be utilized to describe the plant-tissue waste created on
farming land. It can include the non-consumable parts of plant discarded which are unnecessary
during collection, handling, transportation and processing Vegetable waste is separated from green
waste, which includes the disposable waste from gardens and public parks. Vegetable wastes are
one of the significant sources of municipal wastes. Reusing of these wastes through
vermitechnology turn down the problem of no utilization of wastes. In contrast to chemical
fertilizers, locally available organic wastes of anthropogenic and natural products were used as bio
fertilizers after employing earthworm as decomposers, for debasement and reusing to increase the
production of crops which are free from contamination and health dangers. In spite of different
issues this activity of dumping is similarly a reason of loss of important materials that can be reused
as fuel, plant nourishment and grains. Vermicomposting has been recognized as one of the
probable activities in managing MSW since it is a natural process, finance affective and only
shorter duration needed to finish. Vermicompost in recent years has gained significance because
of its higher supplement ratio such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium etc. Most
vermicomposting experiments have used epigeic earthworm species because they hold greater
fertilizing potential. Earthworms are often referred as nature’s cultivators and farmer’s friends.
They play very significant role in the soil formation; they mix the organic matter personally with
mineral particles during the utilization of organic material as their nutrient. During their feeding;
earthworms increment the working productivity of scale living beings, which balances out soil and
quickens the breakdown of natural material. Participation of earthworm in breaking of organic
wastes makes the process quicker with increased humiliation of natural matter, rate of
Summary
44
mineralization and increased movement of microbes that improves the quality of the end productmanure.
Experiment was performed utilizing Vegetable waste, Cow compost, Earth worms and
Urea differing the amounts of every component in each holder. This waste included the peels,
rotten pieces and scrapped portions of tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes, cabbage and carrots etc. The
waste was smashed with sledge. Worms (Eisenia fetida); were requested from natural planting
stores. They replicate rapidly. Cow dung; one week old cow excrement was gathered from
cowshed of UVAS. Slurry was set up of this cow compost to use simultaneously. Nine treatment
such as T1 (Vegetable waste), T2 (The bedding will be set up by blending in part rotted vegetables'
waste with halfway rotted cow dung in 1:1 proportion), T3 (The bedding will be the same as of T1
but with the splash of 2 % urea solution.), T4- (The bedding will be the same as of T1 with
expansion of Eisenia fetida), T5 (The bedding will be the same as of T1 with splash of 2 % urea
solution and the Eisenia fetida),T6 (The bedding will be set up by modifying vegetable waste and
cow dung in 2:1 ratio with Eisenia fetida), (T7) The bedding will be set up by modifying vegetable
waste and cow dung in 2:1 ratio with splash of 2 % urea solution and the Eisenia fetida ), (T8) The
bedding will be set up of vegetable waste and cow dung in the ratio of 5:1 individually with the
Eisenia fetida), (T9) The bedding will be prepared with the ratio of 5:1 of vegetable waste and cow
dung individually with splash of 2 % Urea solution and the Eisenia fetida). After these treatments
the samples were digested by using diacid mixture. After digestion potassium (K) was detected by
using Multi-channel Flame photometer. Phosphorus (P), Nitrogen (N) was detected. Temperature,
pH, moisture content, Carbon content was detected before the digestion. The result observed
showed that there is increase in the nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P). Temperature,
pH and moisture content were in the acceptable limits for the composting. The C: N ratio decreased
during the process and increase in biomass of the worms was also observed. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2758-T] (1).
7.
Evaluation Of Physico-Chemical Properties And Germination Efficiency Of Onion (Allium Cepa) And Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea) Seeds Grown Under Stress Of Tannery
by Tooba Ayyaz (2014-VA-212) | Ms. Saman Saad | Dr. Saif-ur-Reheman Kashif | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In the process of rapid urbanization industries are being establishing at a high rate and waste water discharges from these industries are unavoidable and lead to cause water and soil pollution. This water pollution has become a great threat to existence of plants and animals life. Pakistan tanning industry is a major contributor of chromium pollution. There are about 750 tanneries in different provinces of Pakistan and Kasur city has more over 230 tanneries in different areas. In this process different types of waste are released which contain chromium, salts, ammonia and organic compounds and it enters in our food chain through irrigation system and cause serious diseases such as cancer, lungs infection, liver infection and respiratory diseases. Therefore special attention on the management of industrial waste water is needed. The present study was carried out to investigate the Physico-chemical properties of tannery waste water and their impacts on the seed germination of Onion and Cauliflower plants. Samples were collected from Kasur Tannery Waste Management Agency (KTWMA) near Dipalpor road. Seeds were germinated in petri dishes for 14 days under control conditions. Different concentrations of diluted tannery effluents was applied ranges from; 0 %, 10 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, 100 % respectively. All physico-chemical parameters of effluents were analyzed such as Color, odor, EC, pH, TDS, TSS, Na, K, Ca, P, Cl, BOD, CO3 , HCO3, heavy metals Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cr, Mg. At different time intervals rate of germination was measured and morphological parameters of plants were examined such as shoot and root length, fresh and dry weigh, seedling vigor index after harvastation. Antioxidant enzymes such as Catalase, Peroxidase and Superoxide dismutase were estimated. After digestion of seedlings heavy metals
Summary
72
such as chromium, iron, copper, zinc, lead, and nickel were determined. SPSS software was used to apply descriptive statistics and ANOVA 1. Results showed that all physico chemical parameters were higher form prescribed values except pH, TDS and Cu recommended by NEQS. All observed parameters of both plants included seed germination, root length, shoot length, seedling length and seedling vigor index, fresh and dry weight strongly depends on concentrations of effluents. All morphological parameters were decreased with the increase of concentrations. Growth of cauliflower seeds was inhibited after T5 treatment whereas in onion plant growth was ceased after T4 treatment. A result of heavy metals showed that amount of chromium was significantly higher in both plants as compared to other metals. Antioxidant assay of enzymes showed that catalatic activity decreases as concentrations of effluents increases whereas Peroxidase and Superoxide dismutase activity increases with the increase of concentrations. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2737-T] (1).
8.
Determination Of Heavy Metals In Raw Milk Samples From Different Areas Of Lahore.
by Hajira Tahir (2011-VA-759) | Ms Saman Sana | Dr. Fariha Arooj | Dr.Zubair Farooq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: cd crupt Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2887-T] (1).
9.
Comparison Of Different Surfactants On The Quality Of Ozone Bleached Fabric
by Kainat Jamshed (2011-VA-755) | Dr. Fariha Arooj | Dr. Saif Ur Rehman Kashif | Mr. Haroon Jamshaid Qazi.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: This study shows that the raw cotton fabric can be successfully bleached by using surfactant in a ozone bleached bath. Surfactants apparently carry out a lot of functions which increases the reaction rate of ozone. Surfactants help in decreasing bubble size which make ozone more soluble in water, thus decreases the surface tension between fabric and water. Raw fabric was successfully bleached in the presence of maximum ozone doze 10 g/hour for 40 minutes in 150 mL of distilled water. Three types of surfactants (anionic, cationic and nonionic) were analyzed at the constant initial pH 5. Acidic environment improves the result by increasing the whiteness, absorbency and strength of the fabric. The best result was observed at 0.01mL of surfactant concentration due to low micelle concentration in the aqueous medium. In comparison with cationic and nonionic surfactants anionic shows the best outcome in terms of whiteness (64.53%), strength (96.84lb) and absorbency (1.07 sec). Treated effluent analyzed in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand, Turbidity, Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids and Total Suspended Solids, clearly indicated that ozone treatment along with surfactants was an efficient technique with respect to the conventional agents being utilized for bleaching. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2913-T] (1).
10.
Leachate Characterization Of Lakhodair Landfill And Coagulation/Flocculation Treatment
by Madeeha Saleem (2015-VA-08) | Ms. Isbah Hameed | Dr. Saif ur Rehman Kashif | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Decomposition of solid waste in landfill site produces highly polluted leachate. In most of the landfill worldwide collection, handling, treatment and disposal are major issues associated with landfill operation. Open, untreated disposal of the landfill leachate poses serious threat to the receiving environment and public health. It also leaches and reaches groundwater polluting the aquifer. Since it is contains huge variety of pollutant or contaminant such as (organic matter, suspended and dissolved solids, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants etc.), it required adequate treatment before disposal leachate treatment with municipal wastewater is neither required nor can produce efficient and economical results. Coagulation has be found to effectively reduce contaminant loading from leachate, alone and in combination with other method, as applied on leachate taken from different landfill in different studies. This study targeted characterizing the leachate from Lakhodair landfill site on the basis of the selected parameters (pH, EC, Turbidity, TDS, TSS, Hardness, BOD5, COD, Cl-1, Na, K, Ni, Cr, Pb, Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe). Leachate samples were collected from Lakhodair landfill site in plastic bottles, brought to laboratory, preserved and analyze for the above mentioned parameters. Lakhodair landfill site was inaugurated 18 April 2016. Since the leachate was young and the solid waste at Lakhodair landfill site had not undergone acidogenic phase of decomposition, the leachate was slightly alkaline (pH = 8.43) and quite high in organic loading (in term of COD and BOD5), Sodium, Potassium, and few heavy metals like Ni and Cr. High concentrations of some contaminants not studies in the literature (TDS, TSS, EC, Hardness, Turbidity, Chlorides). Other tested heavy metals (Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe) were found in low concentration due to low solubility at alkaline pH. Leachate samples were subjected to coagulation/flocculation with 0.8, 1.0, 1.2,
SUMMARY
53
1.4, 1.6 g/L of Alum, Ferric chloride and their mixer, and tested for same parameters after treatment. Treatment comprise 5 min rapid mixing, 30 min slow mixing and settling time of one hour. Heavymetals (Zn, Pb, Fe. Ni, Cr, Cu and Mn) have been detected in leachate through Hitachi Z-8230 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Minerals (Na and K) have been detected by using flame photometer.pH, EC and Turbidity were measured by their respective meters. TSS and TDS were determined by gravimetric method. Titration was used for COD, Hardness and Chlorides. BOD readings were measured by BOD5 Incubator (SAYO MIR-153). Expect for TDS, Hardness, K and Cr the three coagulants responding different to all the tested pollutants, mixed coagulant perform the best giving as high as around 90-100 % removal for many of them. Post-treatment concentrations of all the parameters except TDS were significantly related to the coagulant dose. Since Ferric chloride and mixed coagulants had chlorides in them, they resulted in high post-treatment chloride concentration with increase in their doses while Alum its reduction. Alum and the mixed coagulant cause in increase in TDS while Ferric chloride cause an increase in TSS in the leachate at higher doses. Leachate TSS was maintaining constant at around 800 mg/L at all doses. The coagulant doses show positive correlation with Hardness and EC and negative correlation with pH, Turbidity, BOD5, COD, Na, K, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Mn. % removal from as low as 1.1 – 19.06 for BOD5 to as high as 32.59 – 92.7 % for Nickel was achieved as a result of coagulation. Comparison was made with standards for reuse of leachate in landscape irrigation (as prescribed by JS, 2002 in Annexure IV) and open disposal into inland water or sewage treatment plants (as prescribe in PEQS and given in (Annexure V). Stringent FEPA standard has also be included only for Pb. Comparison with standard shown that coagulation is good pre-treatment option as it has help lowering contaminant load from leachate and meeting PEQS standards for disposal into sewage treatment plant as set in PEQS, but it not sufficient to treat leachate to reuse for landfill irrigation. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2912-T] (1).
11.
Effects Of Various Additives On The Quality Of Ozone Bleached Fabric And It’s Effluent
by Aisha Nazir (2015-VA-10) | Dr. Fariha Arooj | Dr. Saif ur Rehman Kashif | Dr. Zubair Farooq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Bleaching was performed conventionally with Chlorine and its compounds. These bleaching agent yielded high bleaching efficiency at room temperature and with lower consumptions of chemicals but consumed huge amounts of water and resulted immense quantities of water containing numerous hazardous compounds. Hydrogen peroxide replaced these agents but its chemistry restricted its use it requires high temperature and pH control despite which it cause tendering effect. Ozone has now been recognized as an excellent bleaching agent with high efficiency for and sorts of fabrics as well as paper pulp. It consumes lesser water, energy and additional chemicals and saves cost of bleaching. This study examined improvement in ozone bleaching efficiency with the addition of isopropanol and sodium boro hydride and the quality of effluent generated in comparison with hydro peroxide bleached effluent. Absorbency and whiteness and burst strength were the bleaching efficiency parameter and EC, turbidity, TDSand COD were the effluent quality parameters, considered in this study. AATCC standard methods and APHA standard methods were used in the analysis. Absorbency was measured with the stop watch, whiteness was measured withDatacolor SF 600+, burst strength was measured with machine Version 9.0.0.37977, CRT ball burst test. Machine type: Titan- Universal strength Tester by James. H. Heal & Co. Ltd (Standard ASTM D3787) and TDS was measured gravimetrically, COD was measured by titration, EC was measured with EC meter(HI 8633 meter) and turbidity was measured with turbidity was measured with turbidity meter (HI 93703 MICROPROCESSOR TURBIDITY METER).Description and inferential statistical analyses were applied using SPSS 20 and MINITAB-17.Results show that the different additives and their concentrations in the bleached water bath strongly influence the test
SUMMARY
50
parameters except for absorbency.Methanol has been found as the best additive for all the parameter (bleaching efficiency) on the basis of the average performance of the additives. Increase in its dose causes increase in whiteness(65.02 WCIE compared to 50.56 WCIE with blank) and the burst strength (95.5 lbf compared to 87lbf with blank) as well as improvement in absorbency (12sec compared to 50sec with blank) since it increases ozone stability and selectivity assisting it in bleaching. Oxalic acid, due to its acidic nature, has caused decrease in whiteness(40.92 WCIE compared to 50.56 WCIE with blank)and strength (78.24lbf comparedto 87lbf with blank) due to ozone hydrolysis. Isopropanol has shown a trend similar to methanol since it is also an alcohol and acts as scavenger for OH radical. Sodiumborohydride has also shown a similar trend. It help ozone access fabric micro-pores and remove impruties, it has resulted increase in fabric strength (89.39lbf compared to 87lbf with blank)and whiteness(59.54 WCIE compared to 50.56 WCIE with blank)with higher dose. All the additives have shown increase in pollutant concentration in the effluent with increase in their concentration in the bleach water bath since they have assisted ozone in performing its bleaching function. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2911-T] (1).
12.
Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Wasted Electronic Items and Their Potential Environmental Threats
by Mehwish Inam (2015-VA-06) | Dr. Saif Ur Rehman Kashif | Dr. Fareeha Arooj | Muhammad Imran Najeeb.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: CD Corrupt. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2909-T] (1).
13.
Development Of Enriched Compost From Waste Generated At University Of Veterinary And Animal Sciences (UVAS) And To Evaluate Its Efficiency On Tomato Plants
by Muhammad Zahid Iqbal (2014-VA-912) | Ms. Isbah Hameed | Dr. Saif Ur Rehman Kashif | Dr. Shahid Abbas.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Solid waste management is basic concern of all most all countries on the Earth because it has direct contact with human life. So its management is major concern in developed as well as developing countries. In solid waste management, we characterize solid waste in two types. One is organic and other is inorganic waste. Inorganic waste is disposed off in landfill but organic waste can be utilized in very beneficial way. We can use this waste to form compost (Organic Fertilizer). In this research, we utilized organic waste to convert it into organic fertilizer like compost.
We established three types of setup for composting by using different percentages of urea as type 1 with 5% urea, type 2 with 10% urea and type 3 with 0% urea separately.
We checked major physical parameters for composting procedure like Temperature, Moisture content, pH, Cabon content and nitrogen concentration in percentage.
This procedure take 10 to 12 weeks for complete formation of compost. But setup with 5% urea was better than others. This setup take 8 weeks for conversion of organic waste into compost.
In setup 1, with 5% urea achieve highest temperature very fast. Other also achieve good temperature but not as 5%.
After formation of compost, we also measure following parameters for good quality of compost.
Organic matter was checked and it values between 40-60%. It shows great value of organic matter in compost. This value is very beneficial for soil having low organic matter.
We also checked this parameter for soil, but it have low organic content rather than compost.
Summary
51
Other parameter checked was heavy metals in compost and soil. Heavy metals were present in great concentration in soil rather than compost. Because heavy metals were somehow utilized in breaking down of organic matter.
Carbon content was also observed in soil and compost.
After these parameters, tomato plants were grown on compost, soil and mixture of both things with different percentages sprayed with rock phosphate in solution form. And observed for 3 weeks.
In analysis of plants, we checked root, shoot and leave length and numbers of leaves grown.
Compost have greater effect on plants growth because it have basic nutrient for growth of plants. Phosphate also have effect on growth because it strong the stem and leaves of plant. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2908-T] (1).
14.
Phytoremediation Of Landfill Leachate Water Contaminants By Floating Bed Technique
by Zohaib Abbas (2014-VA-540) | Dr. Fariha Arooj | Dr. Saif Ur Rehman Kashif | Dr. Waseem Shahzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Under present study the effectiveness of the two aquatic plants water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) were tested for the removal of five heavy metals Zinc, Copper, Lead, Iron and nickel by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Biological Oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen demand and pH of landfill leachate before and after treatment were also investigated. The reduction in the pH after the treatment with both these plants was > 1 percent, average reduction of BOD and COD by P. stratiotesE. crassipes was 35% to 45%. Results revealed revealed E. crassipes as the more proficient candidate for the removal of chosen heavy metals followed by P. stratiotes. Pistia stratiotes was able to accumulate highest concentration for Zinc and Cu with the removal efficiency of 79% and 78% respectively, meanwhile Eichhornia crassipes verified as best accumulator as it shows highest efficiency for the selected heavy metals Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Fe i.e 89%, 88%, 86%, 85% and 84% respectively. Translocation factor was also calculated from root to shoot concentration. TF calculation revealed higher accumulation of heavy metals in roots then shoots of the tested plants. Significant correlation exists between the accumulation of heavy metals by the plants and the metal concentration in final leachate wastewater. Both these plants accumulate heavy metals inside their body without showing any reduction in growth and showing tolerance to all the chosen metals. Thus the results obtained from the study suggest that aquatic plant can be better candidate for phytoremediation technology due to the cost effectiveness. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2907-T] (1).
15.
Contribution Of Used Syringes Towards The Spread Of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Drug Addicts
by Muhammad Younas Iqbal (2014-VA-220) | Ms. Saman Sana | Dr. Hussain Farooq | Dr. Saif Ur Rehman Kashif | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: HCV infection is becoming, day by day, a serious health issue in our planet and in this contect about 1.3 billions population of it, is suffering from this illness. The purpose of this research was to describe the HCV prevalence in intravenous drug users belonging to different environments and backgrounds. There is a large proportion of IDUs who belong to poor and illetrate families. Most of the times, we see them as ignored and isolated group, unaware and non-serious about their health status. The number of intravenous drug users was one hundered cases selected from two hospitals and three different areas of Lahore including Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore, Punjab Institute of Mental Health, Data Darbar, Minar-e-Pakistan and Railway station Lahore. All the cases were evaluated for anti-HCV antibodies. Out of 100 subjects 42 (42%) showed anti-HCV positive results and 58 (58%) showed anti-HCV negative results, proving the IDUs more susceptible for acquiring HCV infection and reinfection by other serotypes of HCV and other disease as well. IDUs are the highest risk group for developing the HCV infection as concluded by the study and their massive awareness, focus on HCV treatment and also to check the other blood borne diseases are major suggestions advised by the research. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2906-T] (1).
16.
Comparison Of Heavy Metals Concentration In Chicken (Gallus Gallus Domesticus) Eggsfrom Poultry Farms And Backyard Raised Hens In Relation To Their Feed Intake
by M.Shuaib Kabeer | Dr. Isbah Hameed | Dr. Saif ur Rehman Kashif | Dr. Zubair Farooq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Poultry eggs are most nutritious and important food stuff for human beings. It is easily digestible diet and the cheapest source of protein. It provides the most suitable nutrients and vitamin for the proper growth and maintenance of body tissues. Also, egg performs various functions while added in other several food products. Now a day Global Environment is being contaminated with different pollutants like Heavy metals, Dioxins, Poisonous gases etc. These pollutants also enter the food cycle and damage the food stuff. Poultry eggs might contain the elevated level of heavy metals, which generate from the various sources by natural and by man-made. Poultry is exposed by these metals by two main sources inhalation and feed (water and food) intake. When these contaminated eggs consumed by human beings they accumulate in their body and cause serious health effect. So, the purpose of this study was about to determine the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Mn) from poultry eggs. Samples of poultry eggs and their feed were collected from three different poultry farms and, also from three backyard raised hens, Lahore. Egg and feed Samples were digested by di-acid digestion method, 1 gram sample was taken in Kjeldha’s digestion tube and 7mL of HNO3 was added and after 30 min 3ml of HCLO4 was added. This solution was heated at 150 °C for 30 minutes on digestion block and then at 250 °C until wine green or water clear color end point.Then digested sample were analyzed under Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). After analyses result shows that lead, selenium and chromium concentration were higher than their permissible limits in both poultry farms and backyard raised hen eggs. And other metals manganese, nickel, zinc and copper were within permissible limits in both poultry farms and backyards.After comparison of egg sample from poultry farms and backyard raised hens, result shows that the metal concentration in egg samples collected from poultry farms were higher than the egg samples collected from backyards. Also, results showed that the higher amount of copper concentration in eggs contributed from higher intake of contaminated feed and water. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2905-T] (1).
17.
Determination Of Heavy Metals In Local And Imported Brands Of Honey
by Rohma Razzaq (2011-VA-751) | Ms. Saman Sana | Dr. Saif ur Rehman Kashif | Dr. Zubair Farooq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Honey is the sweet fluid produced by the honey bees obtained from the nectar of the flowers. Honey is useful in treatment of many wounds and treatment of other diseases like coughs. Honey contains different elements at varying concentrations. Among these elements several holds high nutritional value however certain fall under the category of toxic heavy metals. Although heavy metals like zinc and iron, have nutritional contents but excessive consumption can lead to health problems. Heavy metals have contaminated the soil, vegetables and plants of Pakistan. As heavy metals bio accumulates in the food chain, it has also contaminated the honey. In the present study, Heavy metals viz., Chromium (Cr), Zinc (Zn), Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), Mercury (Hg) and Iron (Fe) were determined in samples of imported and local brands and non-branded honey from different markets of Lahore. The concentration of heavy metals in three sets of honey was determined by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Fifteen different samples of brands (coded R1–R15) of local, Imported & loose honey, the most normally consumed ones in Lahore, were collected from marketplaces in October 2016. For each brand, samples with close manufacture dates were obtained. The statistical significance in the heavy metals comparison in honey was done by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test. All Honey samples studied for comparison have indicated the presence of the trace elements and they were high in range. The results found no significant difference P > 0.05 in Fe, Cr, Hg Concentration (mg/kg) in all study honey samples. A significant difference found in P < 0.05 in Ni and Co concentration (mg/kg) in all Honey Study Samples comparison. Only significant difference found in P < 0.05 in Pb Local Brands vs Imported Brands concentration (mg/kg) in honey samples. In case of Zn No significant different found in P > 0.05 in Local
SUMMARY
55
Brands vs Imported Brands but found significant difference P < 0.05 Local Brands vs Non- Branded Imported Brands vs Non- Branded contaminated by metals are released into the environment through their use in industrial processes and vehicles exhausted air pollution exposures at source in from of honey comb formation during poor processing. Metals concentration in various places depends on many variables, leading to their different concentrations in honey. The results of the study showed that contamination levels are high in non-branded honey as compared to Imported and local brands’ honey samples. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2929-T] (1).
18.
Evaluation Of Particulate Matter And Noise Levels During The Construction Of Lahore Orange Line Train In Relation To Public Health
by Hafiz Abdur Rehman (2011-VA-754) | Dr. Fariha Arooj | Ms. Isbah Hameed | Mr. Haroon Jamshaid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Construction industry is major contributor of Air and Noise Pollution which leads to many severe and adverse health impacts on the workers and community. Due to Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) from the crushing and grinding machines are of great concern due to their ability to reach respiratory track and damages the lungs. Similarly, sound from heavy machinery like cranes and bulldozers are a constant cause of Noise pollution which leads to stress and hypertension apart from its auditory effects. The results of the research showed that
Particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in different construction sites has been found in following trend, Lakshami Chowk > Samanabad > Shalamar > Awan Town > Dera Gujjran > Cavalary Ground > Ali Town. Particulate matter (PM10) concentration in different construction sites is in following trend, Shalamar Bagh > Ali Town > Lakshami Chowk > Awan Town > Samanabad > Dera Gujjran > Cavalary Ground. Noise levels in different construction sites in following shows the following trend, Dera Gujjran > Shalamar Bagh > Samanabad > Lakshami Chowk > Awan Town > Ali Town > Cavalary Ground. The systolic blood pressure level in the community was of different areas is in the following trend, Shalamar Bagh > Lakshami Chowk > Samanabad > Ali Town > Dera Gujjran > Awan Town > Cavalary Ground. The diastolic blood pressure level in the community was of different areas is in the following trend, Shalamar Bagh > Ali Town > Samanabad > Lakshami Chowk > Awan Town > Dera Gujjran > Cavalary Ground. This research concluded the levels of Particulate Matter (PM2.5/10) and noise pollution at the construction site and also relates these levels with the increasing disease rate of hypertension, cardiovascular problems, asthma and other respiratory problems. The results were significance, evaluated using the SPSS 16 package using GraphPad Prism version 5.0 (GraphPad Software
SUMMARY
49
Inc., San Diego, CA) for Windows. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with posttest (DunnettTs multiple comparison tests). Statistically significant differences between in control site particulate matter and experimental sites and significance were defined by P < 0. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2928-T] (1).
19.
Evaluation Of Heavy Metals In Local And Imported Butter
by Ghazala Begum (2011-VA-09) | Ms. Isbah Hameed | Dr. Saif ur Rehman Kashif | Dr. Zubair Farooq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Dairy products are considered the main parts of our daily breakfast. Butter is actually the milk fat. Butter contains traces of lactulose. Butter is the essential part of our daily breakfast. Butter plays key role in nutrition of human body. Buttercontains fat, vitamins, proteins, calcium, water that is very necessary for the developments of human health. To avoid diseases butter is essential to maintain the human’s health.Butter contains 30% water and 70% fat. Agriculture and industries are playing the role in the degradation of environment. The road way pollution enhances contamination of soil. Weathering and smelting are the main source of heavy metals in the soil. The contaminated soil grows plants through which toxic metals transfer to the plan and hence becomes the part of food chain. Milk is the main source of the transferring of the metals in the processed products. Other process manufacturing process also enhances the toxic metals in the end products.
The purpose of our study is to evaluate the heavy metals in butter that are to be safe for human consumption. Two groups of butter as imported and local selected. The samples were collected from different super markets in Lahore. The selected butters are as Emborg butter UK, Kerrygold butter Ierland, Lurpk butter Denmark, Assel butter UAE, Brllr sunflower Turkey, Nwar butter Dubai, Meadowlea butter Australia, Mumtaz butter Dubai, Nurpur Butter Sargodha, Adams white butter Sahiwaal, Dairy milk butter Lahore, Sufi milk butter Lahore, Creamy butter Faisalabad,Punjab dairy butter Lahore, Homemade butter. Digestion of the samples was done by diacid method. 1g sample and add 10 ml of diacid mixture in a kjeldhals flask. After that diacid mixture was heated at 150 C for 1 hour and then at 250 C till the completion of digesion. The end point was vine green and clear water (John 1984 Method). Then make the final volume up to
25ml. Then heavy metals analysis was done by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Polarized Zeeman Z-8230 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) after calibrating the instrument for each metal by feeding respective standards. .The heavy metals are as follows. Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cu and Fe. Result shows the some of the butters follows the standard values. Some of the butter exceeds the limits given by WHO. Only high concentration of lead (Pb) 0.36ppm in Embourg butter, 0.56 ppm in Adams exceeds the permissible values.High concentration of Chromium(Cr) 0.22 ppm in Assel butter and 1.53 ppm in Adams butter. High concentration of Copper 23.25 ppm in Mumtaz butter and 12.74 ppm in Sufi milk butter. Remaining metals Nickel, Ferric, Zinc and chromium follows the permissible values.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2927-T] (1).
20.
Environment
by Raven, Peter H | Berg, Linda R | Hassenzahl, David M | Johnson, George B.
Edition: 9th ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA: Wiley; 2015Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 333.7 Raven 32342 9th 2015 Env.Science] (1).
21.
Estimation Of Electric Power Generators Emissions And Its Effects On Vegetation In Different Areas Of Lahore, Pakistan
by MUhammad Umair Hayat (2015-VA-12) | Ms. Saman Sana | Dr. Saif-ur-Rehman Kashif | Dr. Zubair Farooq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Combustion of fuels (natural gas, petrol) emits exhaust gases or flue gases. When combustion of these fuels occurs, different gases will enter into the air. Generator exhaust contains unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur and lead. Primary pollutants emit directly from sources (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, VOCs, hydrogen sulfide, halogens, nitrogen and sulfur compounds) Secondary pollutants produced by chemical reaction of primary pollutants.
Generator emission attributed 50-60% of degradation of air quality in Pakistan. Heavy electric power generators (5kVA) are the major contributors to air pollution. LANCOM III flue gas analyzer was used for the detection of generators exhaust gases e.g. CO, sulfur dioxide SO2, oxides of nitrogen NO (NO and NO2), hydrocarbons HC, hydrogen sulfide H2S and oxygen O2.
The following two sites ShahAlam road and Mall road were taken for analysis of generators emitted gases. Plants were digested by using di-acids method. Heavy metals (Zinc and Lead) were detected by using Hitachi Z-8230 atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
The zinc concentration in vegetation at Mall road is most significant as compared to the other values so it is concluded that the generators are contributing a lot towards metal pollution. While in case of Lead, Shah Alam road is the most affected area because of heavy traffic density.
In case of electric power generator exhaust gases; NO is the most reported value while HC(Hydro Carbons) is the least reported value. One-way ANOVA test for analysis of Variance
was used for level of power generators emitted gases on quality of air. Pollution from generator exhaust may have impacts on environment. It may cause serious air pollution. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2933-T] (1).
22.
One Health: People, Animals and the Environment
by Atlas, Ronald M | Maloy, Stanley.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Washington: ASM Press; 2014Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 362.196959 Atlas 33863 1st 2014 Envir.Sci.] (3).
23.
Fundamentals of environmental studies
by Basu, Mahua | S. Xavier.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: India: Cambridge; 2016Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 304.2 Basu 32951 1st 2016 Env.Science] (1).
