1.
Epidemiology : Beyond the Basics
by Szklo, Moyses.
Edition: 3rd ed.Material type: Publisher: America : Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2012Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 614.5 Szklo 29334 3rd 2014 Epidemology] (1).
2.
Infectious Disease Epidemiology / 3rd ed
by Nelson, Kenrad E | Williams, C. M.
Edition: 3rd ed.Material type: Publisher: America : Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2013Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 614.5 Nelson 29987 3rd 2014 Epidemiology] (3).
3.
Pillars of Epidemiology
by Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan.
Edition: 1st edMaterial type: Publisher: Pakistan: UVAS LAHORE; 2013Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 614.4 Athar 30073 1st 2013 Epidemiology] (3).
4.
Fundamentals of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
by Merrill, Ray M.
Edition: Pap/Psc ed.Material type: Publisher: [USA] : Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2012Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 614.4 Merrill 28961 1st 2013 Statistics] (1).
5.
Designing Clinical Research
by MD, Stephen B. Hulley | MD, Steven R. Cummin | MD, Warren S. Brown | MPH, Deborah G. Grady | MD, Thomas B. Newm.
Edition: Third ed.Material type: Publisher: [S.l.] : LWW, 2006Availability: No items available Checked out (1).
6.
Clinico-Epidemiological Features Of Dengue Fever In And Around Lahore
by Abdul Rehman | Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of veterinary science.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1187,T] (1).
7.
Epidemiological Study Of Hepatitis C Viral Infection And Its Association With Socioeconomic And Other Risk Factors
by Bilal Munir Ahmad | Prof.Dr.M.Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1263,T] (1).
8.
Seriepidemiological Investigation, Risk Factors Analysis Of Brucellosis In Ruminants And Their Ownrs In Buner
by Muhammad Idrees | Prof. Dr. Munsur-ud-Din Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ather Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
drama
Dissertation note: The study was conducted in District Buner of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province. In this study small and large ruminants and their owners were included. A two stage sampling technique was used. In the first stage sampling two villages were selected by systemic way. In the second stage sampling five households having livestock holdings were selected for sampling. Information about risk factors in man and animals were gathered by separate structured questionnaires. And to investigate Brucellosis blood samples were collected and serum was isolated. Serum samples were screened with RBPT.
The prevalence of Brucellosis in animals was 5.59%, 6.14%, 6.25%, 5.55% and 3.27% in sheep, goat, cattle, buffalo and livestock owners respectively. Herd level prevalence for Brucellosis in sheep, goat, cattle, buffalo and mix herds was 35%, 7.89%, 15.55%, 10.33% and 19.51% were positive for herds respectively. Individual herd level prevalence was from was 4.76%, 25% and 13.38% minimum, maximum and average respectively.
Among the risk factors associated with Brucellosis in ruminants type of farm operation (p-value=0.000), type of flooring system (p-value=0.095 & OR=0.36), ventilation. i.e. (p-value=0.252 & OR=0.55), housing condition (p-value=0.157 & OR=0.692), animal health status (p-value=0.000). But the results showed a significant relationship between natural breeding of the animals and positive cases of Brucellosis. i.e. (p-value=0.033 & OR=9.98). No animal suffered from Brucellosis for whom Artificial Insemination was used for breeding. Artificial Insemination was significantly associated with negative cases of Brucellosis. i.e. (p-value=0.033 * OR=0.10).
Among the risk factors in human significant association between the occupation of the person and Test results for Brucellosis among Humans.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1298,T] (1).
9.
Descriptive Epidemiological Study Of Cancer Patients Registered At Mayo Hospital, Lahore
by Tamseela Naseem | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
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drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The objective of this study were to report the distribution and pattern of various cancers in Mayo
hospital of Lahore over a period of last 5 years and to determine the age and gender distribution
of the various reported Cancer cases in the above mentioned teaching hospital of Lahore. This
research project was planned to study the epidemiology of various types of cancer among
population of Pakistan. For the design of study a descriptive study based on passive surveillance
system was planned. The data of cancer patients were collected from the Mayo Hospital a
Teaching Hospital of Lahore. To meet the objective of this study we took data from Mayo
Hospital, based on previous five years (from 2006-2010). Data was entered and analyzed through
SPSS version 16 by researcher herself. Quantitative variable like age was presented in form of
mean ± SD with respect to type of cancer and year. The qualitative variable like gender, type of
cancer etc were presented in form of frequency tables and appropriate charts. Chi square analysis
was used to see the association between qualitative attributes. Analysis of variance was used to
see the mean age of different types of carcinomas. Independent sample t-test was used to see the
mean age in different gender. In this study there were total 12096 cancer patients registered at Mayo
hospital Lahore in period of last five years from 2006 to 2010. Out of which, 2305(19.1%),
2182(18.0%), 2293(19.0%), 2315(19.1%) and 3001(24.8%) patients were registered in 2006, 2007,
2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively. Out of total 12096 cancer patients, there were 5766(47.87%)
males and 6330(52.13%) females. Of the 12096 patients diagnosed with malignant cancers, nearly
11827 (98.5%) belonged to the province of Punjab and approximately 45 (0.4%) to the NWFP, 111
(0.9%) belonged to Azad Jammu Kashmir, 27 (0.2%) belonged to Karachi and 13 (0.1%)
belonged to Quetta. There were 2988 patients of breast and female genital carcinomas registered, out of which 592 patients were registered in 2006, 487 patients were registered in 2007, 583 were in 2008, 611 in 2009 and 715 were registered in 2010. Registered patients with carcinoma of digestive organs were 2071 in which there were 374 were in 2006, 385 were in 2007, 374 in 2008,418 in 2009 and 520 in 2010. Lymphoid heamatopietic were 1589 in which 293 were from 2006,322 were from 2007,302 were from 2008, 284 were from 2009 and 388 were from 2010.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1370,T] (1).
10.
Descriptive And Therapeutic Trial Of Iron Supplements (Standard Drug And Herbal) In Anemic Pregnant Women
by Maria Ikram | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This study was carried out in two phases; in first phase descriptive epidemiologic study was done in pregnant females living around district Okara. List of a total 101154 pregnant females was obtained from Health office OKARA. Hemoglobin level of each subject was assessed and prevalence of anemia in pregnant women was observed 42.15%. From village 1141., 88 44%) pregnant women were enrolled, from 25 GD village 74(37%) pregnant women were enrolled and from 36/2L village 38 (19%) pregnant women were enrolled. in phase II, experimental epidemiological study was conducted to compare the efficacy Sharbat- e-Iolad (Treatment groups) with Ascifer (standard group). Sample Size of 200 patients was enrolled with 100 subjects in each group. SPSS 16.0.2 was used for data entry and analysis. Mean ± S.D was used to present the data. Two way repeated measures ANOVA was used to see the effects of treatments in the significance of Hemoglobin levels at different follow ups. Mean age of the mothers in group A was 27.16 ± 4.97 years and in group B it was 26.07 ± 4.78 years. The age range of the patients was 17 to 38 years. Mean Hb level in Group-A was 6.89 & 6.87 in Group-B at base line. Mean Hb level after first follow up (after 3 weeks from base line) in Group-A mean Hb level was 7.34 and in Group-B it was 7.26. After second follow up (after 6 weeks) mean Hb level in Group-A was 8.81 and in Group-B it was 8.50. In both Groups Hb level was significantly improved (p-value = 0.000). I-Ib level was significantly improved in both study groups with equal effects. In future any of the treatment may be used for the treatment of anemia but Sharbt-e-Folad is recommended due to its cheap cost and accessible availability in rural areas.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1371,T] (1).
11.
Epidemiological Trends, Clinical Profile And Risk Factors Associated With Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever In Quetta, Balochistan
by Khushal Khan Kasi | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an important disease in suburbs of Quetta in
particular, and other cities of Balochistan in general. The cases of this disease are brought to the
public hospital for treatment purposes. The study was carried out to understand the descriptive
nature of the disease with respect to geographic, temporal and personal distribution. The second
part of study comprised of cross sectional as well as case-control study for the identification of
different risk factors in patients as compared to their control admitted in the same hospitals. The
highest numbers of CCHF cases were from Quetta i.e. 35, 82 cases were male and 19 cases of
female, small scale sheep and goat farmer has highest number of cases i.e, 59. Mean age for male
patients was 30.82±15.47 years, while for female patients mean age was 29.17±16.40 years with
a p-value= 0.685. Mean platelet count for male and female patients was 450n.29±35934.14 and
35388.89±18081.96 respectively with a p-value= 0.270. Mean Hemogobin level for male and
female patients was 11.52±2.78 and 9.80±3.23 respectively, and with a p-value=O.023. Among
the patients, 5 patients were positive for IgG and IgM antibodies, 9 patients were having A+
blood group, 44 with B+, 16 with 0+, 1 with AB+ and 29 was not reported, 21 patients died and
the remaining patients discharged, and the highest number of cases were between April and
September. A significant association exist between platelet count with respect to cases who
suffered from CCHF (p-value= 0.000), male were 1.157 times more prone to CCHF as compared
to female (OR=1.157), (p-value=0.629) and (CI=0.641-2.089), and animals at home have has
more susceptibility to CCHF cases (OR=3.538), (p-value=O.OOO) and (CI=2.219-5.642).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1377,T] (1).
12.
Socio-Demographical And Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated With The Diseases Of Senior Citizens of Jhelum City
by Muhammad Shahzad Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Research on geriatric diseases is scarce in Pakistan. This endeavor was planned to establish a baseline data for common geriatric diseases found in lhelum, Pakistan. This study reveals the prevalence of geriatric diseases in elderly people in lhelum, Pakistan. Our first objective was to collect and interpret the baseline data about prevalent diseases among the old aged people. Our second objective was to describe the socio- demographic and epidemiological risk factors associated with the diseases of elderly population of lhelum city. In order to study the risk factors associated with geriatric diseases, a geographical cluster of lhelum was selected. The study area was Tehsil lhelum which comprises of 400,000 individuals. Tehsil lhelum is further divided into 16 union councils. In this epidemiological study, multistage sampling was performed. At first step by purposively sampling, union council number 14 of Tehsil lhelum was selected which was comprising of all socioeconomic classes of our community. At second step, by using random sampling technique, home-to-home visits were done. The data was collected on pre-tested questionnaire. The data was collected by face-to-face interviews. The pre- tested questionnaire contained variable factors and questions regarding age, gender, socio economic status, education level, exercising, smoking, marital status, walk before the age of 60 years, walk after the age of 60 years, present and past employments, financial status, use of edible oils in the past, number of children and social life. Futhermore, Information was collected regarding working of different body systems like Central Nervous system, Cardio-vascular system, Digestive system, Urogenital system, Respiratory system, ENT system, Musculo-skeleton system etc. Along with system-information, name of disease of the impaired system was also asked. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS-version 16. This present interview based study reflects the prevalence of geriatric morbidities in geriatric population of Jhelum city. In the current study, impairment of digestive system (28%), cardio-vascular system (23%) and musculo-skeletal system (21 %) was on the top of the list. Impairment of digestive system was found in a good proportion among senior citizens followed by Cardio-vascular system, musculoskeletal system, centra nervous system, respiratory system, uro-genital system and E.N.T. system. Diabetes mellitus, blood pressure related problems and arthritis are the most frequent diseases. So, vwe should try to educate the people about these diseases. As compared to other studies around the globe, our geriatric population is possessing comparatively better health. Walk before the age of 60 years and walk after the age of 60 years is helpful for health. The people who used to walk more than five kilometers usually remained healthier in theelderly. Economic status, use of edible oils and social life is also associated with health of elderly people. So, there is need to promote the habit of walk in the elderly population and in young population. Disease prevention is the most cost-effective method for the maintenance of optimal level of health in elderly population. We should understand that many of the geriatric diseases are preventable. Preventive measures can be applied during the various stages of disease progression in order to either slow or stop the process of disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1404,T] (1).
13.
Epidemiology Of Major Transbuondary Diseases Of Livestock In Nomads Herds Of District Buner
by Farman Ali | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The research project was carried out in the livestock of nomads in District Bunere to study the epidemiology of major trans-boundary livestock diseases including foot and mouth diseases 9FMD) in buffaloes and cattle and Peste des Petite Ruminants (PPR) and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in sheep and goats. A questionnaire was designed for collecting data regarding morbidity, mortality & case fatality rate in different seasons in the animals of nomads migrate from Afghanistan to Pakistan. Serosurveillance was also conducted by collecting 600 blood samples from the apparently healthy sheep and goats, cattle and buffaloes in the summer season. A total number of 100 nomads were interviewed by systematic random sampling method and sera were collected to test the antibodies against FMDV and PPRV. The serum samples in labeled eppendorph tubes were stored in deep freezer till the sent to lab in ice container. These samples were transported to National Veterinary Laboratory Islamabad, where cattle and buffalo's sera were examined by using 3ABC-ELISA & sheep and goat's sera were analyzed by C-ELISA to detect antibody ofPPRV, respectively. Similarly 60 nasal swabs of sheep and goats collected and examined in Veterinary Research Institute Lahore, by culturing method. The data were collected and analyzed statistically by using SPSS (16.00). Means, Chi square values, P-Vlues and percentages were calculated. The overall prevalence of CCPP was 18.3% while individually 3.3% in sheep and 15 % in goats. The prevalence in goat (15%) was higher than that
of sheep (3.3%) with insignificant difference and no significant association between CCPP
disease and species of sheep/goat of nomads. Similarly age wise prevalence of CCPP in young (sheep and goats) was 10% which was higher than that of adult (8.3%) with significant association between CCPP disease and age of sheep and goat. Similarly gender wise prevalence was 6.66% in male and 11.6% in female (sheep and goats) with no significant association between CCPP disease results and gender of sheep and goats. The peculiar signs of CCPP were recorded retrospectively, including pneumonic coughing, mucopurulent nasal discharges, fever and abortion in sheep and goats in autumn season in Pakistan and in winter season in Afghanistan respectively. The 10.5% mortality rate, 82% morbidity rate and 12.8% case fatality rate of CCPP in autumn season were recorded in sheep respectively. While 92% morbidity, 12.5% mortality and 13.5% case fatality rate were recorded in goats in autumn, respectively. The mortality, morbidity and case fatality rate were 6.5%, 66%, and 9.8% in sheep in winter season. Similarly mortality, morbidity and case fatality rate in goats due to CCPP in winter season were8%, 89.5% and 8.97%, respectively. The prevalence in both the species were higher in autumn season than that of winter season and zero prevalence were recorded in rest of the seasonsretrospectively. The night stay with crowding of livestock near streams and springs,
night fog, morning dew, cold seasons and common travelling and grazing premises were recorded as risk factors for CCPP.
The serosurveillance for FMD was conducted and overall seroprevalence of FMD was 32% and individually 12% in buffaloes and 20% in cattle respectively with no significant association and both the species were equally susceptible to FMDV. Gender wise seroprevalence in male and female cattle and buffaloes were 12% and 34 % respectively with no significant association between FMDV antibodies and gender of the animals. Age wise seroprevalence of FMD in adult cattle and buffaloes was higher (24%) than that of young (8%) cattle and buffaloes with a significant association between the age of cattle, and buffaloes and FMDV antibodies. The survey results indicated that all the cattle and buffaloes were in mixed herds and the peculiar signs including stomatitis, lameness, abortion, fever and dysphonia were recorded retrospectively. The mortality rate was 0% in cattle herds of all ages and in both the genders while the morbidity rate was 52.5%. The death rate of l.1%, 75.5% attack rate and 1.41% case fatality rate in buffaloes were recorded retrospectively in the humid rainy season of late summer in Shangla, Besham & Chitral districts.
The serosurveillance for PPR in sheep and goats was conducted by using competitive ELISA, dand 42% overall seroprevalence while individually 27% in goats and 14.8% in sheep were recorded with a significant association. Gender wise seroprevalence of 38.8% in females and .3.2% in males of sheep and goats with significant difference and with a significant association to PPRVantibodies were recorded. The age wise seroprevalence of37.8% and 4.2% in adult and in young of both the species with a significant association to PPRV antibodies were recorded. No clinieal signs of PPR were observed by nomads because the infection was subclinical and survived previously because they had not practiced vaccines for last many years. Zero % morbidity and mortality rates were therefore recorded retrospectively in sheep and goat flocks. The four routes at the border areas of Khyber Pakhton Khwa were recorded for the seasonal and cyclieal entrance of livestock of nomads, which act as abridge for diseases transmission between Afghanistan & Pakistan. The outbreaks of CCPP occurred in winter season in Afghanistan and in autumn season in Pakistan (Gilgith, Chitral, Kohistan, Besham, Shanglapar and Buner). Also the FMD
outbreaks occurred in Buner and Shangla in late summer while the PPR was subclinical and animals survived. Cross borders as well as district wise trade and movement restrictions are of utmost importance for control the diseases. Similarly serosurveillance of the disease in
the local and as well as in nomad's livestock's population necessean appropriate scheduled vaccination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1408,T] (1).
14.
Assessment Of Knowledge And Practice Of Food Handlers About Food Safety In University Hostel Kitchen Employees
by Qurra-Tul- Ain | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Cigarette butts are found at crime scenes as potential evidence. Saliva is present on the cigarette butts that can be detected and DNA can be isolated from nucleated cells present in saliva for quantification and typing. In past, research has declared that cigarette butts are useful source for saliva detection, DNA extraction and profile generation. Difference of saliva accumulation on cigarette butt paper and filter was compared in the present study. On smoked cigarette butts, gender based comparison of saliva detection and DNA quantification was performed.
Agarose gel assay was used for amylase enzyme detection. All samples showed positive results for saliva detection. Cigarette butt filter and filter paper were processed separately and analyzed. Results showed more saliva detected at cigarette butt paper. Then gender based comparison on cigarette butt samples smoked by males and females was done for salivary amylase. By using student t-test, no significant difference was found on basis of gender. For extraction of DNA, phenol chloroform extraction method was used. Quantifiler® Human DNA Quantification kit was used through RT-PCR for quantification of DNA isolated from cigarette butt papers. SDS software analyzed the data and gave results of quantified DNA in ng/µL. Gender based comparison in DNA quantity was done by using statistical method. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. Pearson correlation value was calculated between detected saliva and quantified DNA of samples. Weak positive results of correlation were obtained between saliva and DNA.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1424,T] (1).
15.
Clinico-Epidemiological Study Of Toxocariasis In Pet Cats In Lahore
by Shakera Sadiq Gill | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The study was conducted at the pet clinic UVAS to check the prevalence of Toxocara Cati in pet cats and awareness of the pet owners about the zoonosis. Prevalence of Toxocara was checked by conventional laboratory techniques. A survey was conducted to check the awareness of zoonotic diseases among the pet owners using a questionnaire. A total of 40% were found to be infected with Toxocara cati.
Overall high prevalence was recorded in cats less than one year of age which was significant. There was also significant difference of prevalence among cats in which deworming was not done as compared to the dewormed cats. Prevalence was also high in cats in which the fecal consistency was not normal. There was no significant difference in prevalence of Toxocara between male and female cats. There was also no significant difference of prevalence among the different breeds of cats.
The results of the survey revealed that out of the total of 100 pet owners only 39% had idea of pet zoonosis, while the majority of the owners had awareness about rabies. Only 18 % of the owners were informed by the veterinarians. The total of 98% suggested that the vet should inform the owners about pet zoonosis. Among the total 56% replied that they will leave their pet if a zoonotic problem was diagnosed the remaining were not willing to leave their pets even if a zoonotic problem diagnosed.
Most cases of human toxocariasis and zoonotic hookworm infections are preventable by simple measure such as careful personal hygiene, eliminating intestinal parasites from pets through regular deworming and not allowing the children to play in potentially contaminated environments. Despite the fact that some of the pet owners dispose of their pet feaces however,, owners should be educated on proper disposal methods of pet feaces. Disposal methods like using pet feaces as garden manure, can predispose children playing in the lawn to infective eggs and larvae.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1428,T] (1).
16.
Epidemiological, Haematological And Biochemical Risk Factors Of Parturient Haemoglobinuria In Buffaloes
by Altaf Mahmood | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Parturient haemoglobinuria is disease of economic importance which affects a considerable number of buffaloes every year in India, Pakistan and Egypt. It is a non infectious hemolytic syndrome characterized by intravascular haemolysis, hypophosphataemia, haemoglobinaemia, haemoglobinuria and anaemia. The exact pathogenesis is not known and diversified etiological factors have been associated with this disease in different parts of the continent. Information on multidimensional etiological aspects of this buffalo syndrome is quite scanty. The present study was therefore carried out in district Chakwal for assessment of disease burden (parturient haemoglobinuria), its distribution and quantification of associated epidemiological, haematological and biochemical risk factors in order to suggest control measures and future research priorities.
Active surveillance was conducted in eight randomly selected villages of district Chakwal from April 2010 . March 2011. All breeding age buffaloes (1938) of these selected villages were taken as sampling frame whereas one breeding age buffalo was taken as sampling unit. Parturient haemoglobinuria appeared as number one disease among all problems of breeding age buffaloes with respect to mortality rate (1.03%) and proportional mortality rate (20%) whereas it appeared as 8th and 7th disease respectively with respect to incidence (3.97%) and case fatality (25.97%) rates.
Case-Control study was conducted for quantification of epidemiological risk factors associated with disease by analyzing the data of 180 case-control pairs for various 162
hypothesized risk factors. . 7 months pregnancy, . 3 lactation number, . 60 days postpartum period, . 7 years age, previous history of haemoglobinuria and ingestion of cruciferous plants were recorded as significant (P . 0.05) risk factors with odds ratios of 15.80, 6.39, 6.23, 5.56, 3.41 and 2.51 respectively. Clinical trial was conducted on 30 haemoglobinuric buffaloes randomly divided into three groups with 10 animals in each group to compare and assess the recovery rates of three different treatment packages against parturient haemoglobinuria. The highest recovery rate (100%) was recorded for combined therapy of sodium acid phosphate and blood transfusion followed by sodium acid phosphate with antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid (70%) and tranexamic acid with Novacoc injection (50%). Cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted on haemoglobinuric (n = 30) and healthy (n = 60) buffaloes for quantification of haematological and biochemical risk factors associated with parturient haemoglobinuria. Red cell count (. 5 ~ 106 /ƒÊl), haemoglobin (. 8g / dl), haematocrit . 25%, mean corpuscular volume (. 50fL), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (. 20pg) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate( . 80mm / 1st hour) were recorded as significant (P . 0.05) haematological risk factors with odds ratios of 26, 17.81, 28.95, 21, 12.25 and 26 respectively whereas billirubin unconjugated (. 0.2mg /dl), billirubin total ( . 0.3mg /dl), phosphorous (. 2.5mg /dl), molybdenum (. 70ƒÊg /dl) and selenium (. 15 ƒÊg /dl) were recorded as significant (P.0.05) biochemical risk factors with odds ratios of 26.55, 26.55, , 7.50, 11 respectively.
Experimental study was conducted to determine the effect of orally administered gossypol on haematological and biochemical parameters of eight female rabbits of six 163
months age purchased from local market and maintained at university of veterinary and animal sciences from February 2011 . April 2011 under optimum conditions. The cotton seed cake containing free gossypol contents of 0.25% was fed to rabbits @ 4 grams per kg per day in addition to their routine diet including good quality fresh vegetables (cucumbers, spinach, cabbage & carrots) and clean water ad-libitum. Blood samples of each rabbit were collected after every 15 days interval and analyzed for haematological and serum biochemical parameters. Significant (P.0.05) decrease was recorded in total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and serum inorganic phosphorous whereas significant increase was recorded in mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width, total leukocyte count, lymphocytes and monocytes from 0 . 60th day with the passage of time whereas non significant (P.0.05) difference was recorded with respect to granulocytes and serum calcium concentration.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1429,T] (1).
17.
Clinico-Epidemiology Of Shigellosis In Children Suffering From Diarrhea In District Lahore
by Muhammad Nisar | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Dn Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1441,T] (1).
18.
Geographical Distribution Of Dengue Fever Infected Patients And Its Related Risk Factors In And Aroun Lahore.
by Muhammad Usman Zaheer | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Dengue fever is the most common mosquito-borne viral infection of humans worldwide and is a major public health concern, especially in tropical and subtropical regions (Mackenzie et al., 2004). This life threatening disease is caused by a specific virus (ARBO-Flavivirus) transmitted by the bite of a female mosquito (Aedes aegyptii and Aedes albopictus) which is identified by the white bands and scale patterns on its legs and thorax. Trans-ovarial transmission of dengue virus has also been reported in different studies. The mosquito may bite at any time but the probability of bites increase at dusk and dawn (WHO 2009).
Dengue fever has emerged as a significant public health problem in Pakistan. In Pakistan, the first epidemic of dengue fever was reported in 1994 in Karachi (Anaari et al., 2001). Several years later, in 2006 another epidemic was reported in the southern part of Pakistan, predominantly caused by DENV-2 that led to 58 deaths (khan et al., 2008). In 2007, 22 people died of disease and in 2008 only five people were reported to die from it. Between October 2006 and January 2008, there were 3,242 laboratory confirmed cases of dengue fever in Pakistan. Since January 2009, 224 suspected cases were reported in Sindh province, of which 135 were the confirmed cases. During the epidemic of dengue fever in 2010 more than seven thousand cases were reported in Pakistan, of which 5 thousand cases were from Punjab and resulted in 63 deaths.
The mosquito-borne viral hemorrhagic diseases are prevalent throughout the world. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is one of the most important diseases widely distributed in the tropics of South East Asia. It is an infectious malady of human beings characterized by fever and non-specific constitutional symptoms. The virus is transmissible to human beings by the bite of female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The disease is spreading like a geometric rise of cases in a wide range of geographical regions.
The geographical factors and locality of patients may be a contributing factor to the outbreak of Dengue Fever. Climate change is likely to increase the area of land with a climate suitable for dengue fever transmission, and that if no other contributing factors were to change, a large proportion of the human population would then be put at risk.
The data on address of patients were collected from all the patients admitted in tertiary care hospital from August 01, 2011 to November 30, 2011. The geographical risk factors studied in this project were presence or absence of parks, trees, ponds, swimming pool, service station, tyre shop, source of stagnant water, pond and municipality garbage tank in vicinity of house of the cases and controls. For the study of risk factors we made 2 groups i.e. cases and controls; each comprising of 300 subjects and then data on presence or absence of various hypothesized risk factors in the vicinity of house (400 meters) and area (800 meters) were collected through a well structured and pre-tested questionnaire (Harrington et al., 2005; Honório et al., 2003; Schatzmayr 2000; Muir and Kay 1998; Reiter et al., 1995; McDonald 1977; Hausemann 1971 and Bond et al., 1970).
The statistical analysis of data was done by using SPSS 16.0. Qualitative data were presented in form of tables, bar charts, column and pie- charts. Chi-square test was applied to see the association between dengue fever and various hypothesized risk factors. P-value<0.05 was considered as significant. Odds ratio was calculated at 95% level of confidence (CI) for various hypothesized risk factors of dengue fever.
The results of present study revealed that the season of dengue fever in Pakistan is from August to November and the period prevalence of dengue fever to be 0.11%. Males (59%) were mainly the victim of dengue fever. The main affected age groups were 16-30 year (37.33%) and 31-45 years (29.67%). As far as the geographical distribution of dengue fever infected patients is concerned, it was concluded that dengue fever cases were reported from all the ten towns of Lahore metropolitan, however, most of the cases were reported from Ravi town followed by Data Ganj Baksh town and Cantt.
The results regarding various hypothesized risk factors are as follows: parks/trees/plants in vicinity of house OR=8.81, p-value <0.05; swimming pool in vicinity of house OR=5.O3, p-value <0.05; source of stagnant water in vicinity of house OR=8.25, p-value <0.05; fogging in your area OR=0.50, p-value <0.05; service station in the area OR=5.98, p-value <0.05; tyre shop in the area OR=6.11, p-value <0.05; municipality garbage tank in the area OR=5.88, p-value <0.05; any pond in the area OR=5.69, p-value <0.05.
From the results of this project we concluded that dengue fever is most prevalent from August to November and it is a disease of mainly male gender and mostly affects people of age group 16-45 years. Besides this, dengue fever is almost equally distributed in all the towns of Lahore metropolitan. Also we concluded that presence or absence of parks, trees, plants, swimming pool, stagnant water, pond, service station, tyre shop and municipality garbage tanks in vicinity of house are the risk factors of dengue fever. Fogging proved to be a deterrent to dengue fever.
On the basis of results of this project there is need to implement a control program in which vector control and minimizing the exposure of people to risk factors should be the key points that need to be addressed.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1444,T] (1).
19.
Knowledge, Attitude And Practices Of Mothers Towards Infant Care And Feeding
by Sadia Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ur-Din Ahmad | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1464,T] (1).
20.
Prevalence Of Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus In Milk, Milk By- Products And Food Handler At Retail
by Kanwal Hafeez | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to check the prevalence of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus in milk, milk products and food handlers at various dairy retail shops in Lahore. A total of 100 samples, 30 samples of raw milk, 30 samples of pasteurized milk, 20 samples of yogurt, 10 samples of butter and 10 hand swabs samples of dairy handlers were analyzed. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 54% (54 out of 100) samples.
Overall high prevalence was recorded in raw milk, followed by hand swabbing samples of dairy handler, butter, pasteurized milk and yogurt. The results indicated unhygienic practices during milking and handling of milk at different critical control points such as transportation, storage, and post-pasteurization contamination. Overall high prevalence of ampicillin and amoxicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were recorded in all the samples of milk and milk products and the hand swabbing of dairy handlers, followed by resistant against chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, streptomycin and vancomycin respectively. All the isolates were resistant to ampicillin followed by resistance against amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, streptomycin and vancomycin which were 92.6%, 37%, 33.3%, 24.1% and 22.2% respectively.
The antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus in milk and milk products indicated the widespread use of these antibiotics in treating different types of infections associated in either livestock or humans which results in selection pressure of these antimicrobials and results in the emergence of these antibiotic resistant bacteria in different environmental conditions. The risk associated with human health as a result of ingestion of these antibiotic resistant bacteria can be prevented by adopting hygienic measures during milking, transport, storage and hygienic handling by the handlers so the human health can be assured.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1520,T] (1).
21.
Sero And Viro Surveillance Of Influenza Virus Sero Types Circulating In Equine Species
by Muhammad Sajid | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan.
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drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1526,T] (1).
22.
Epidemiological And Molecular Profile Of Hepatitis-C Viral Infection Among Different Groups Of Population In And Around Lahore, Pakistan
by Dr. Abdul Majeed Akhter | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Hepatitis C is an infectious disease affecting primarily the liver, caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The infection is often asymptomatic, but chronic infection can lead to scarring of the liver and ultimately to cirrhosis, which is generally apparent after many years. In some cases, those with cirrhosis will go on to develop liver failure, liver cancer or life-threatening esophageal and gastric varices.
The present project was carried out to study the prevalence of laboratory based confirmed patients of Hepatitis-C in various public, private hospitals and in high risk groups among the population of Lahore metropolitan and its distribution and pattern with respect to person, time and place. Second part of the project was designed to study the risk factors of Hepatitis-C patients from out patient departments of various public and private hospitals of Lahore. Individuals at high risk from different organizations and occupations across the city population of Lahore metropolitan were also included in the study. The third part of the project was designed to investigate the distribution of genotypes of Hepatitis-C virus among patients through RT-PCR and theireffect on viral load, various haematological and biochemical parameters.
Project-I
Study-1: To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C in various public and private hospitals of Lahore Metropolitan among different groups a total of 1399 individuals were tested to estimate the hospital based prevalence of HCV. Out of these 233 individuals produced positive result for Hepatitis-C virus infection. The overall hospital based prevalence was estimated to be 16.66% during the year 2009. The current study revealed that the highest prevalence was estimated in Dialysis patients and Organ recipients (41.17%) followed by General Patients of age > 12 years (14.60%) and pregnant women (10.84%). It was further observed that the least affected group was the Children of age ? 12 years (3.85%).
Study-2: The results of estimated prevalence of Hepatitis C virus infection in high risk groups from the population in and around Lahore revealed that the highest prevalence was estimated in patients with HIV/AIDS (36.36%) followed by injecting drug users (36.09%), blood donors (17.78%), long rout truck drivers (14.70%), house hold and direct contact personal (14.6%) and prisoners (14.28%). It was also find out that the less affected groups were police department (10.66%), staff nurses and other health care workers (9.87%) and barbers and beauticians (6.97%) while doctors and dental surgeons were least affected (1.32%) among the high risk groups.
Study-3: To find out the pattern and distribution of HCV patients with respect to person place and time a total of 924 patients were selected from the registry of Provincial Hepatitis Control Cell Lahore through systematic random sampling. Out of these, 154 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Among these, 90 were male and 64 were females. Average age of male and female patients was 35.88±10.49 and 37.78±9.12 years, respectively. The age difference between male and female patients was statistically non-significant (P-value>0.05). It was further observed that 147 patients were Punjabi and 7 were from other provinces. Moreover, It was found that the highest number of patients was observed during the month of December (n=18) followed by November, 2008 (n=15), March (n=15) and July, 2009 (n=14) while the least number of patients were observed during the months of September, 2008 and May, 2009 (n=10).
Project-II
To study the risk factors associated with HCV infection an analytical cross sectional study was conducted.
Study-1: Lower socio economic class, place of birth (hospital), delivery assisted by whom and breast feeding were significantly associated with HCV infection in children of age ? 12 years. The mean age of reactive and non-reactive general patients was significantly associated (P=0.012) with anti-HCV status. Marital status (OR=2.042), socioeconomic status, blood donation (OR=2.15), prescription by doctor or non-doctor (OR=2.664), route of drug administration, relative having hepatitis and towel sharing (OR=1.987) were also significantly associated (P<0.05) risk factors for HCV infection. The mean age of reactive and non-reactive pregnant women was 27.55±3.43 and 25.37±4.24 years, respectively. Educational level (OR=3.093) and occupational status (OR=2.228) were the important risk factors associated with HCV infection. Tattoo on the body (OR=11.833), comb sharing (OR=20.86) and razor sharing (OR=4.786) were significantly associated (P<0.05) with HCV infection. Pregnant women who gave the history of dental procedures and tooth brush sharing were 3.15 and 4.12 times more prone to get HCV infection, respectively. In 205 patients having dialysis and organ recipients 41.17% patients were reactive for Anti-HCV. Blood transfusion, glass sharing and qualification of the patients were significant factors in this group.
Study-2: In case of doctors/dental surgeons a significant association was observed with history of blood transfusion and duties in medical and surgical wards. The nurses who worked in surgical wards, visited beauty salons were significantly associated (P<0.05) with HCV infection. Among health care workers age, gender and other factors did not have any significant influence on the reaction of HCV. Among blood donors female to male ratio was 1:16.5. It was found that the occupational status (p=0.002), place of surgical treatment (p=0.035), history of blood transfusion (p=0.000), ever pricked by sharps (p=0.045), habit of injecting drugs (p=0.04) and glass sharing (p=0.017) were significantly associated with occurrence of hepatitis C in blood donors. In long route truck drivers geographical status, surgical procedure, dental treatment and family history were significantly associated (P<0.05). Among the injecting drug users, demographic factors like marital (P=0.007) and educational status (P=0.000) were found to be significantly associated with HCV infection. Furthermore, the behavioral factors; use of injectable drugs with reused syringes (P=0.003), sharing of syringes in groups (P=0.004), place of shaving (P=0.000), use of disinfected ustra (razor) (P=0.003) and razor sharing (P=0.000) were significantly associated with anti-HCV status for IDUs. Among HIV/Aids patients a statistically significant (P<0.05) difference was present among the ages of reactive and non reactive patients. Comb sharing has also a positive effect of HCV but all other factors were not contributing in this group. In Police personals odds ratio for married persons was higher (9.57) but statistically insignificant. The mean age for reactive persons was 39.75±8.24 years. A non-sexual contact with HCV patient and spoon sharing were significantly associated. In prison inmates skin infection and sexual involvement were significantly associated (P<0.000) with HCV infection. In the group of 43 barbers/beauticians age, working shift, tattoo on body (OR=19.5), injecting drugs (OR=19.5) and pre-testing for HCV (OR=19.5) were significantly associated with HCV infection. In house hold and direct contact group previous history of accidents and family history of HCV (OR=18.36) were significantly associated with HCV infection.
Project-III
A molecular epidemiological study was conducted in which the HCV reactive patients as tested by ELISA test were subjected to viral load and genotyping through RT-PCR. The positive cases of Project-I were included in this project. In the present study 558 patients were reactive for Anti-HCV. Out of these, 34 (6.09%) patients had Type-1 genotype, 67 (12%) patients were accounted for Type-2 and 410 (73.47%) patients were positive for Type-3. Multiple genotypes were seen in 19 (3.4%) patients, 9 (1.61%) patients had un-type able genotype whereas in 19 (3.4%) patients genotype could not be detected. According to the distribution of genotype-1, 1a was present in 30 (88.23%) while 1b was seen in 4 (11.76%) patients. In patients of Type-2 genotype, 2a and 2b were present in 54 (80.59%) and 13 (19.40%) patients, respectively. In patients having Type-3, 3a and 3b were identified in 353 (86.09%) and 57 (13.90%) patients, respectively. Furthermore, Bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALPT, viral load, Hb, TLC, DLC, Platelet and ESR were statistically same in all genotype.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1529,T] (1).
23.
Detection Of Carrier And Subclinical Infection Of Babesia Ovis Trough Pcr At Government Farms Of Punjab
by Haider Noor | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Haemoprotozoan infections in ruminants are of significant importance in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Diseases are transmitted through ticks thus a number of epidemiological factors/risk factors are involved. Ovine Babesiosis is one such disease posing problems in Pakistan which is an agricultural country and livestock plays an important source of income for farmers. The economic losses in small ruminant production are significant in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Carrier sheep infected with Babesiosis are challenge to current diagnostic methods and are difficult to detect because of the low number of parasites in circulation. However diagnosis of carrier animals in herd is important for preventing outbreaks by transmission through vector ticks to healthy animals and for obtaining epidemiological data of disease. The work done on Babesia ovis is negligible. For this purpose a study was conducted at two farms to measure the prevalence and optimization of PCR for Babesia ovis. Blood was collected into an anticoagulant containing vacutainer. First thin smears were formed and stained with Giemsa stain for microscopic examination of Babesia ovis. For DNA extraction Puregene DNA purification system, Gentra, was used. Extracted DNA was amplified in a thermolyser using B. ovis primers and then analyzed using electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel. Microscopic examination demonstrated a prevalence of 16 % while PCR results revealed prevalence of 29% for B. ovis. Results displayed that the efficacy of PCR is more sensitive than Light Microscopy. Data on infection rate between male and female and between different age groups was statistically non-significant. Herd wise prevalence was 36% and 22% in Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadarnagar, Okara and Small Ruminant Training and Research Center,Ravi Campus, Pattoki respectively. Common sites of attachment for the ticks were under the tail, perineal region and underneath ears.The data was analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1534,T] (1).
24.
Epidemiology Of Brucelosis In Sheep And Goat In District Quetta, Balochistan
by Abdul Wahab Khan | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Prf. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan.
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Brucellosis is one of the chronic infectious bacterial diseases of farm animals and man caused by Brucella specie and has a wide host range including bovine, ovine, caprine, canine, equine and man. It causes heavy economical losses in livestock holdings by resulting abortion and infertility while from public health point it is a bacterial zoonotic diseases causing undulant fever in man. In the modern world it is still a challenging health ailment to livestock and public health. In Pakistan it is prevalent in livestock holdings and human population. Keeping in view the importance of Brucellosis the present study was designed to investigate its status in District Quetta of Balochistan province.
In this study sheep, goat and their concerned (farmers, veterinary assistant, veterinarian, butchers) were included. Govt. farms, private farms and slaughter houses were used as a source of samples. Information about risk factors in man and animals were gathered by separate structured questionnaires. To investigate Brucellosis, blood and milk samples were collected and serum from blood samples was isolated. Serum and milk samples were screened with Rose Bengal Plate test and Milk Ring Test respectively, and positive cases from RBPT were further tested on Polymerase chain reaction for confirmation.
The overall seroprevalence of Brucellosis in animals was 2.40 %, 3.80 %, and 2.22 % in sheep, goat and livestock owners respectively by RBPT and this result was confirmed by PCR, while prevalence of brucellosis was 1.6% by MRT achieved. The seroprevalence of brucellosis from Lahore was 3.91% by Rose Bengal Plate test and confirmed through PCR. Among the risk factors in human significant association was found between the occupations of the person. And brucellosis is a serious threat to man. Therefore, routine surveillance of farm flocks is essential, to know about the brucellosis and local infected areas, before implementing a wide scale national programme of brucella control and eradication. There is an increasing need of educating farmers and farm managers about brucellosis and its public health significance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1535,T] (1).
25.
Epidimiological Investigation Of Dengue Virus Maintenance Host In Lahore
by Mesam Abbas | Dr.Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1553,T] (1).
26.
Study Of Socio-Demogrphic And Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated With Foot And Mouth
by Abdul Sattar | Dr. Muhammad Hassan mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Muhamad Athar Khan.
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drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: A cross sectional study was conducted during February 2012 to April 2012, in Chagai district, Balochistan. Information about education and economic status of the farmers, managemental practices, vaccination, outbreak history, veterinary services and transboundry animal movement was collected from 323 (282/323 farmers and 41/323 livestock traders) on a structured questionnaire. The status of foot and mouth disease (FMD) is not known in Chagai, following research has been planned to see the potential association between farming practices and FMD.
Factors which were significantly associated with the occurrence of foot and mouth disease in district Chagai were education level of Farmers (illiterate 60%, literate 40%) and livestock traders (illiterate 42%, literate 58%), socioeconomic status of the farmers <20000 rupees (63%) and >20000 rupees (37%) and livestock traders <20000 rupees (12%) and >20000 rupees (88%), type of animals in the herd of farmers (cattle, 2%, sheep 4.2%, goat 19%, cattle-sheep-goat 9% and sheep-goat 67%) and livestock traders (cattle 17%, goat 3%, cattle-sheep-goat 68% and sheep-goat 12%), housing system used by farmers (open 93%, closed 7) and livestock traders (open 12%, closed 78%), feeding methods in case of farmers (grazing 93%, stall feeding 7%) vaccination against FMD farmers (yes 3%, no 97%) and livestock traders (yes 39%, no 61%), veterinary services available to farmers (yes 17%, no 87%) and livestock traders (yes 48%, no 52%) , nomadic movement of farmers (yes 62%, no 38%), export of live animals (yes 73%, no 27%) and import (yes 10%, no 90%). Other managmental practices like quarantine (no, 100%), isolation of sick animals from the herd (no, 100%), feeding of young animals milk of the sick mothers (yes, 100%) and proper disposal of the dead animals (no, 100%) were factors which were not analyzed due to zero cell values.
It is concluded that illiteracy, poor economic status of farmers, type of animals (sheep and goat), open housing system, mixed grazing in the range land, low vaccine coverage, poor veterinary services and free movement of animals are strongly associated with the occurrence of foot and mouth disease in Chagai district. Transboudry animal movement of livestock to and from Afghanistan and Iran can aggravate the situation. Regular vaccination of livestock and awareness of farmers can help to improve the animal health status in Chagai.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1555,T] (1).
27.
Socio-Demographic Rick Factors Of Dengue Fever In Infected Patients Visiting Tertiary Care Center In Lahore
by Arsalan Maqbool | Prof. Dr.Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr.Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection, caused by positive strain RNA virus, genus Flavivirus. The four serotypes of dengue virus are DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. It is a severe flu like illness. Incubation period is 4-7 days and more severe form is dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). 50–100 million patients of dengue infection occur annually of which 250,000 progress to DHF/DSS resulting in 24,000 deaths.
This study was conducted for the purpose to detect the dengue virus in animals of dengue fever endemic area and investigate the maintenance host of dengue virus. A total of 462 blood samples were collected randomly from different species of domestic (Buffalo, Cattle, Sheep, Goat), draught (Horse, Donkey), pet (Cat, Dog), poultry (back yard poultry), and wild animals (Monkey), in the areas hit by dengue from Lahore during August 2011 to November 2011)
The conformation of dengue infection in animal was performed by using NS-1, IgG and IgM ELISA. Results revealed that among monkeys and dogs dengue was positive in 64.71% (n=11) and 21.05% (n=20) respectively identified by IgM ELISA. Not a single animal was found positive for dengue by using NS-1 and IgG ELISA. Hence there is a need to work on determination of maintenance host of dengue fever virus in our set up and the need exists to further explore the certain aspects related to dengue and its spread. Although due to resources constraints this study provides very limited but elaborated results for further work in this domain.
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28.
Carrier Status Of Foot And Mouth Disease In Ruminants Through Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain
by Muhammad Usman | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmed | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is highly infectious disease of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats. It is caused by genus Aphthovirus of Picornaviradae family. FMDV is RNA virus having seven serotypes A, O, C, Asia 1, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3.
Serotypes A, O, C and Asia1 are endemic in Pakistan and causes high economic losses to livestock industry .So priority is to apply quick and efficient methods for detection of FMDV infection and to limit the spread of outbreaks of the disease. Although CFT, VNT and ELISA are already being used for the diagnosis of FMDV in Pakistan but these diagnostic techniques are time consuming and their specificity and sensitivity is low. RT-PCR for the identification of FMDV is very much sensitive and specific, can be done within three hours after receiving of samples to the laboratory.
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) in adult sheep and goats is frequently mild or unapparent, but can cause high mortality in young animals. The outbreaks of FMD in 1999 in Morocco, in 2001 in the United Kingdom & in 2007 in Cyprus has highlighted the importance of sheep in the epidemiology of the disease, although there have been numerous examples in the past where small ruminants have been responsible for the introduction of FMD into previously disease-free countries. The difficulty in making a clinical diagnosis should encourage the development of more rapid screening tests to assist in future control programs.
In Pakistan, no study has been conducted to depict the role of small ruminants in the epidemiology and transmission of FMD virus to the large ruminants. Keeping in view this neglected area of research, present study is planned to apply the sensitive and economical RT-PCR technique for the rapid detection of carrier status of FMD virus in ruminants; and to highlight the importance and need of vaccination to small ruminants against FMD virus in order to control outbreaks of the disease and transmission to the large ruminants population.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1577,T] (1).
29.
A Case Control Study To Determine The Risk Factors Of Tuberculosis In Dairy Animals In Peshawar City And Its Suburbs
by Atta Ullah | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Tuberculosis is chronic infectious disease of animals and human beings, which is characterized by progressive emaciation, nodules formation in lungs and involvement of local lymph nodes. Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium species and it is endemic in Pakistan. In the world ranking regarding tuberculosis patients, Pakistan is on 6th position.
A case control study was conducted in Peshawar city and its suburbs in order to determine the risk factors of tuberculosis in dairy animals. Prevalence of tuberculosis in dairy animals recorded in this study was 18.27%. A total of 750 dairy animals were included in the study in which 250 were positive cases and 500 were controls on the basis of tuberculin skin test. Controls were divided into two groups, group 1(animals above 1 year of age) group 2(animals under 1 year of age). All these animals were selected from civil veterinary hospital Peshawar and veterinary teaching hospital (University of Agriculture Peshawar); and villages located on ring road of Peshawar city.
Data was collected from the owner on pre designed questionnaire to determine different risk factors associated with tuberculosis and it was analyzed by using SPSS 16.0. The calculated odds ratio in descending order were 2.70 for rotational grazing practice, 2.52 for keeping donkey with dairy animals, 2.22 for not having own bull for breeding, 2.05 for keeping animals inside the shed at night, 2.02 for living in rural geographical environment, 1.87 for low socio-economic status, 1.65 for not using tap water, 1.59 for herd size more than 16-30 animals, 1.47 for non lactating animals, 1.47 for illiterate owners, 1.42 for contact with wild animals, 1.30 for keeping old animals within the herd, 1.25 for using fertilizer on crops that offer to animals, 1.22 for cattle, 1.17 for dung disposal weekly and 0.45 for deworming practice in dairy animals. Odds ratio more than 1 was considered being a risk factor while less than 1 was being considered as a health promoting factor. P-value < 0.05 was considered as significant.
Tuberculosis is disease of zoonotic importance, and its incidence increasing day by day both in humans and animals. Therefore further research is the need of time to control and eradicate this disease globally.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1627,T] (1).
30.
Epidemiological Investigation About The Risk Factors Associated With Newcastle Disease Outbreaks During Period Of 2011-2012 in commercial broilers in Lahore.
by Rubab Maqsood | Prof. Dr. Athar Khan | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Tahir.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The poultry sector is one of the most systematized and vibrant divisions of the agriculture industry of Pakistan. The poultry sector has shown a vigorous growth of 8 to 10 percent annually, which reveals its distinctive potentialNewcastle disease, is an acute, contagious rapidly spreading viral disease of domestic poultry and wild bird of all ages with mortality up to 100% in the infected flocks. It is caused by avian Paramyxovirus serotype-I. This disease is major restraint to attain acceptable production levels in commercial broiler. In Pakistan ND is commonly reported disease in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated flocks.
In the current study risk factors which were associated with the outbreak of Newcastle Disease regarding farm practices were identified and recommendations can be given for the control of ND on the basis of comparing current and previous (2011-2012) farm practices in environmentally controlled commercial broiler houses.
The results of this study are applicable on all the commercial broiler population which is being reared in environmentally controlled houses in Lahore District.Number of environmentally controlled houses was 128 environmentally control sheds in Lahore District. But only 96 farm managers guven consent for the visit of their farm so the sample was n= 96 environmentally controlled houses. Sampling unit was one environmentally controlled house. A questionnaire was developed about the risk factors which were considered to be associated with ND outbreak. A total n= 96 Environmentally controlled houses of commercial broiler affected and not affected by the ND outbreaks in and around Lahore District were selected with the help of convenient sampling method and their owner/manager were interviewed face to face and information was also collected from the farm record. Out of 96 ECH(Environmentally Controlled Houses) of commercial broiler 79 suffered from newcastle disease outbreak while only 17 ECH were non-infected during period of 2011-2012.
Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and odds ratio was calculated for the studied and supposed risk factors. Distance between farms less than 5Km, feed transporting vehicle, method of dead infected birds' disposal and type of labor on the farms were found as risk factors for the newcastle disease out breaks. Water quality, biosecurity, feed storage method, heat source used, farms managers, litter disposal methods showed a negative association with the spread of disease. E. coli and salmonella infection were mostly observed as secondary infections among the ND affected flocks. Avian influenza showed an association with newcastle disease. Infectious bursal disease and hydro pericardium syndrome showed no association with ND epidemics.
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31.
Community Trials Of Haemorrhagic Septicemia Vaccines In District Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
by Muhammad Imran | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1649,T] (1).
32.
Seroprevalence Of Toxoplasmosis In Goats And Their Attendants In Dort Minro (D.G.Khan), Punjab (Pakistan)
by Shams-ur-Rehman | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Toxoplasmosis is a protozoan disease of cats, however all warm blooded animals comprising mammals, birds and human beings can be infected with it. The disease is manifested by abortion, resorption, neonatal loses, birth of weak kids, birth defects and mummification of fetuses in pregnant animals. Global seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis is continuously evolving in animals and human beings. Keeping in view the zoonotic importance of Toxoplasmosis, the present study was conducted, in Fort Minro, to determine the seroprevalence and potential risk factors of Toxoplasmosis in goats and their attendants.
A total of 52 pastoral goat herds with herd size of "?20 - ?40" animals per herd were selected by convenient sampling technique. Out of these 52 pastoral herds, 237 goats were selected by systematic sampling method i.e each 5th unit was selected for sampling. The goats were sampled if the age of goats was ?6 months. Most common breeds of these herds were, Pahari and Hairy goat breed. A total of 92 herd attendants were also selected to determine the zoonotic potential of Toxoplasmosis in Farm workers / attendants.
All serum samples were screened by LAT. For this purpose, the commercial Latex agglutination kit (Wiener Laboratorios S.A.I.C. Riobamba 2944, 2000 Rosario Argentina) was used for detection of specific antibodies of T.gondii in serum of goats and their attendants. A herd was considered as a positive, if at least one goat was found to be positive in that specific herd. Out of total 52 goat herds, 36 herds presented at least one or more than one seropositive animal. The number of positive animals in each herd, ranged from 1-10 animals. Out of 237 goats, 64 goats were positive for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. Thus overall seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in goats was 27%. The seroprevalence was significantly high in female goats (21.5%) as compared to males (5.5%). Kajli/Pahari goat breed was more positive (14.8%) as compared to Hairy goats (12.2%). An increase trend of seropositivity was observed in goats with increase in age. Age group of "?3 years" of goats had highest share of percentage prevalence to overall prevalence of Toxoplasmosis, followed by age group "?1-<3 years", while age group "?6 m-<1Year" had lowest share of percentage prevalence to overall prevalence. Prevalence in males had 5.5% share in overall prevalence (27%) while prevalence in females had 21.5% share in overall prevalence. Data analysis of various risk factors determined that natural reservoirs of water, pastoral grazing and presence of cats and dogs were major risk factor of Toxoplasmosis in goat herds. Access of cats to drinking water and food resources and eating medium cooked meat were major risk factors for goat attendants.
High prevalence of Toxoplasmosis in goats and Farm workers, suggests that Toxoplasmosis is endemic in the study area and further epidemiological studies should be focused on goat meat, milk and milk products. It is concluded that Toxoplasmosis can be reduce in human beings and animals by reducing risk factors and maintaining proper hygienic measures.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1710,T] (1).
33.
Studies On Risk Factors Associated With Transmission Of Escherichia Coli O157: H7 In Abattoir Environment
by Samiullah Khan | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1711,T] (1).
34.
Association Of Antimicrobial Resistant Campylobacter With Poultry Meat At Retailer Shops In Lahore Through Cross-Sectional Study
by Abdul Moeed | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: 6.1 Background
Antimicrobial resistance is an under-appreciated threat to public health in nations around the globe. With globalization booming, it is important to understand international patterns of resistance. Thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. are considered to be the most frequent cause of human acute bacterial enteritis worldwide, furthermore, numerous transmission vehicles are known, but raw milk, untreated surface water and especially poultry meat are major sources of human infections. In Pakistan studies reveal that among meat samples, the highest prevalence (48%) of Campylobacter was recorded in raw chicken. Therefore, the increasing level of resistance to the antibiotics among Campylobacter spp. is recognized as emerging public health problem.
6.2 Hypothesis
" Campylobacter spp. was present in the poultry meat at retailer shops.
" Unhygienic measures concerning to meat handling had a considerable effect on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter.
6.3 Methodology
A cross sectional study of 3 months duration was carried out in the Lahore city of Punjab, Pakistan. Using the standard microbiological techniques and statistical analysis, the prevalence of Campylobacter and its pattern of antibiotic resistance were evaluated. Furthermore, through premeditated questionnaires, public awareness regarding meat-borne diseases, food safety and inappropriate usage of antibiotics were assessed as well.
6.4 Statistical design
Data will be analyzed by using SPSS version 20.0. Quantitative variable were presented by using mean ± S.D. Qualitative variable were presented with help of frequency tables, pie charts and bar charts. Chi-square test was applied to see the association among different variables. P value <0.05 was be taken as significant.
6.5 Outcome
Through this cross-sectional study, the prevalence and pattern of the antibiotic resistant campylobacter was assessed; moreover public awareness with special reference to food safety, knowledge of meat borne diseases and usage of antibiotics wereevaluated. Furthermore, one could play an influential role in public health by dissemination of awareness among the masses about the proper usage of antibiotics and food safety measures.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1728,T] (1).
35.
Nosocomial Infections At Intensive Care Unit In A Tertiary Care Hospital In Lahore City
by Ajmal Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1729,T] (1).
36.
Seroprevalence Of Brucellosis In Camels Of District Muzaffargarh, Punjab
by Sami Ullah | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1760,T] (1).
37.
Epidemiological Study Of Major Haalth Problems In Nomadic Herds Of Camel In Cistrict Bhawalanagar (Punjab)
by Tariq Azam | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Prof.Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Pakistan is home to pastoralist since centuries. Present study was based on epidemiological survey of major health related problems in nomadic herds of camel in district Bhawalnagar. This district is one of camel rich districts of Punjab. Cross sectional survey on major health problems was conducted through a close ended questionnaire.
Twelve major health problems were selected that are common in herds of camel. Camels were categorized in three age groups: <4 years, 4-10 years and >10 years. Ranking of health problems gave following results: calf diarrhea 19.6%, tick infestation 17.2%, mange and gastrointestinal parasites 12.5%, trypanosomiasis 10% and pneumonia 8.8%. Further investigation presented following picture: calf diarrhea, mange and pneumonia were problems of <4 year age group. Trypanosomiasis and gastrointestinal parasites were problems of >10 year age group. Tick infestation was the problem of 4-10 year age group. Nasal bots and sudden deaths were problems of > 10 year age group. This ranking was based on age, sex, mortality and case fatality. P-values were also found out by correlating different parameters. These values were collected separately for the camels of Rangers. There was significant difference in the values of camels of Rangers and nomads. Rangers camels had less health problems due to better managemental practices.
One part of questionnaire was based on managemental practices in nomadic herds of camel. Investigation of managemental practices gave following results: 60% herds had herd size of 11-20 camels, 37.6% herds of camel were kept along livestock, 58.3% herds had Marrecha breed, 56.7% herds had nomadic production system, 92.9% herds had feeding pattern of grazing, 58.3% adopted seasonal migratory pattern, 91.3% herds did not adopt vaccination and quarantine practices, 91.3% adopted ethno-veterinary practices and 58.3% herds had no access to modern veterinary facilities. Correlations were found out between different parameters and p-values came to be significant.
Third part of study was on detection of gastrointestinal parasites. Direct sedimentation and centrifugal floatation techniques were used for this purpose. 166 fecal samples were tested for gastrointestinal parasites and 90 (54.2%) samples came to be positive. Five types of gastrointestinal parasites were detected with following ratio: Emeria sp. 18.1%, Fasciola sp. 8.4%, Trichuris sp. 8.4%, Capillaria sp. 4.2% and Marshallagia sp. 15.1%. Female adult group had the highest percentage of parasites 46.3% followed by male young group 33%. Chi-square was used to find out association between different variables and P-values were calculated.
Nomadic herders of study area are earning their living by rearing and selling camels. This area has great potential for camel farming due to its unique physiogeography. There is dire need to encourage the local nomads by facilitating them by provision of veterinary health cover, better marketing facilities, and training of manpower for breeding techniques. Government interventions for the welfare of this animal can be much fruitful in terms of camel research and systematic production. This action will not only help in improving the shortage of meat, milk but also will elevate the socio-economic conditions of local nomads.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1766,T] (1).
38.
Comparing Diseases Severity And Other Health Problems In Major Dairy Animals Through Active Surveillance In Different Ecological Clusters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
by Amjad Khan | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Mansoor-ud-Din Ahmad.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: In spite of the significance of dairy animals to poor citizens relatively is the neglected area of research. Considering this an active surveillance based study was conducted to analyze the impact of climate change on the epidemiology of diseases in dairy animals in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, Pakistan. Ecologically and geographically two different clusters having four randomly selected districts each; furthermore randomly a single village from each district was selected. Data from 1252 (49.8%) cattle and 1260 (50.2%) buffaloes was collected on a predesigned questionnaire about the epidemiological parameters for the period of one year i.e. from July 2012 to June 2013. The results revealed a significant (p < 0.05) association of change in environmental temperature with the morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate of the diseases and major health problems. As the mean temperature at lower altitudes (below 500m) increases above 300C the rates of incidence of disease also increases. While at higher altitudes temperatures when increases above 300C the rate of incidence increases faster than in HCC. In CCC, the higher morbidity rate was due to ID in cattle and RB in Buffalo population and in HCC RB was higher morbidity causing health problem in both species. While in terms of mortality and case fatality HS was the leading cause in both clusters and species. The results also showed that the susceptibility of buffaloes and cattle to heat stress varied significantly according to specie, breeds, genetic potential and life stage. It was concluded that climate change do have an impact on occurrence, pattern and severity of health problems and infectious diseases at different altitudes. Further research work is needed to find out the best breeds in terms of production and reproduction that could well establish themselves in these climates.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1793,T] (1).
39.
Descrptive Epidemiology Of Canine Parvovirus Disease In Dogs At Pet Enter Uvas In Lahore And Interventional Trial
by Hafiz Muhammad Umer Sulehria | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmed | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Pakistan has been bestowed with a huge population of livestock encompassing buffalo, cattle, sheep, goat, camel and other domestic animals such as cats, dogs, rabbits, etc. Out of these, dogs occupy a special attention due to many peculiarities they possess like sniffing, hunting, retrieving and many more. These specialties of dogs are utilized by military, rangers, police, anti-narcotic forces, other agencies, etc. There are three million dogs in Pakistan. A dog encounters many infectious and non-infectious diseases during the course of its life cycle. Some of the viral infectious diseases, and considered more important for a dog are, rabies, canine parvovirus infection, canine distemper, and infectious canine hepatitis. As a pathogen, canine parvovirus emerged in 1970s but later it evolved into two new antigenic strains, type 2a and type 2b which are distributed all over the world. Mostly, protection against CPV is gained from maternally derived antibodies in puppies but simultaneously they may interfere with CPV vaccination. Severe gastrointestinal signs are associated with CPV and this infection is transmitted through contact with infected feces via oro-fecal route or exposure with fomites and also via placental transmission. The virus is very stable in the environment and is susceptible to some cleaning agents like bleach.
The current study was conducted to study the descriptive epidemiology of canine parvovirus disease in dogs at Pet Center, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS) in Lahore and to compare two types of hyper immune sera i.e. Canglob (Ghazi Brothers) and UVAS hyper immune serum for parvovirus through interventional trial, for treating the clinically diseased pups. The study included puppies aged between six weeks and six months. Puppies aged between six weeks and six months, found clinically suspected to be affected with canine parvovirus and showing the signs and symptoms like vomiting, bloody mucoid diarrhea, emaciation and anorexia and found positive for hemagglutination test were included in the study. Hemagglutination test was used as a diagnostic and a screening test to confirm canine parvovirus in the clinically suspected puppies.
The disease was more observed in the puppies aged between 7 to 12 weeks. There were 28 females and 32 males observed in the study. The disease was more frequently observed in Labradors. The disease was observed to be more common in the dogs that weighed 4-6 kgs. Canine parvovirus HA titers were more observed in the dogs that had been ill due to CPV for the past 5-6 days. Only 16 puppies out of 60 were vaccinated. Also, it was observed that canine parvovirus geometric mean titer was higher in the non-vaccinated puppies. The disease was more observed in the pups vaccinated with a polyvalent vaccine and less observed in the pups that were inoculated with a monovalent vaccine. Most of the dogs were aged between 31-60 days when they got vaccinated. Sixty percent (60%) of the dog owners knew that if vaccination is done then the dog may be protected against the disease. The disease was more observed in the pups that were owned by more educated and economically stabled persons.
The result of the statistical analysis using Pearson Chi-Square Test suggests that the difference between Group A and Group B regarding the outcome of the interventional trial is not statistically significant. Therefore, the hypothesis is accepted that the UVAS produced hyper immune serum against canine parvovirus is equally good as compared with Canglob for the treatment of CPV diseased puppies.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1831,T] (1).
40.
Assessment Of Knowledge Attitude And Practics Levels About Osteoporosis Among Female Students Of University Of Veterinary And Animal Sciences
by Ayesha Saeed | Dr.Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Dr.Aftab | Ms.Shakera Sadiq.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1837,T] (1).
41.
Risk Factors Associatede With Calf Mortality In Smallholder Dairy Farms In Per-Urban Area Of Lahore
by Muhammad Sohail | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhary | Prof. Dr.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: A case control study was conducted to confirm association of hypothesized risk factors like age, sex, breed, colostrums ingestion time, feeding practices, season, housing, hygiene status of the farms and tick infestation. This study was conducted in Rakh Chandra dairy colony the biggest dairy colony situated in periphery of Lahore, rich with dairy animal. 10% sample size was taken of the total population consisting of young calves' cattle and buffaloes of 90 days age.
The overall mortality rate was (31.88%) while the crude mortality rate was found to be higher in the cattle calves that was of (35.76%) than in the buffalo calves (28%). Amongst all risk factors in the form of diseases and other health related conditions point of view calf diarrhea (54.7%; p=0.000) significantly associated with calf mortality and was found to be the leading cause of death followed by the respiratory diseases (28.5%) and other several risk factors were also seen to be associated with calf mortality. Ticks infestation was found to be (p=0.000: OR=13.618) strongly associated with calf mortality rate. While season was found to be associated (p=0.04: OR=1.21) with calf mortality rate in dairy farms.
The major cause of death recorded was diarrhea accounted 54.7% of total deaths. The higher mortality rate was recorded in the first month of age mostly in the 3rd week of life. Therefore it was concluded that age, sex, breed, tick infestation and colostrums were all associated with calf mortality. Further research work is needed to identify the individual magnitude of each risk factor associated with mortality in calves.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1838,T] (1).
42.
Prevalence Of Salmonelia Ennteritidis In Hatcheries And Broiler Retail Outlets In Rawalpindi Punjab
by Abdul saeed | Dr. Muhammad Hassan mushtaq | Prof Dr. Mansur-ud-din ahmad.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1868,T] (1).
43.
Outbreak Investigation Of Dengue Fever In Disteict Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
by Saeed ahmad | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry | Prof. Dr.Mansut-ud-Din ahmad.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1884,T] (1).
44.
Prospective Study To Assess Risk Factors Responsible For The Spread Of Avian Influenza H9N2 In Conmmercial Poultry
by Maqbool ahmad | Dr. Mamoona chaudhry | Prof. Dr.Mansur-ud-Din ahmad.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1896,T] (1).
45.
Epidemiological Investigation Cf Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever In Reported Cases And Its Associated Risk Factors
by Muhammad Sohail | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry | Prof. Dr.Mansur-ud -Din ahmad.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1897,T] (1).
46.
Comparative Impact Of Dairy Farming On Health Status Of Farm Workers And Non Farmers Of Lahore
by Farwa Amjad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar khan | Dr. Saima | Ms. Shakera Sadiq.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1971,T] (1).
47.
Seroprevalence Of Brucella Canis In Dogs In Disteict Lahore0
by Muhammad Adnan aslam | Prof. Dr. Mansur ud din ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar khan.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1994,T] (1).
48.
Case Control Study For The Quantification Of Risk Factors Associated With Infected Catheter Patients
by Kinza Shabbir | Prof. Dr. Mansur ud din ahmad | Dr. Muhammad | Muhammad hassan mushtaq.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1997,T] (1).
49.
Epidemiological Study Of Zoonotic Leishmaniasis In Humans And Dogs In District Jhelum
by Behzad kayani | Dr. Mamoona chaudhry | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad hassan mushtaq.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2000,T] (1).
50.
A Cohort Study On Surgical Site Infectuins (Asnosocomial Infections) In Animal And Human Side
by Atia noreen | Dr. Mamoona chaudhry | Prof. Dr. Mansur ud din ahmad.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2021,T] (1).
