1.
Assessment Ofgenetic Polymorphism In The Tph Gene As Susceptible Factor For Aggressive Behavior In Criminals From Prisonsof Punjab, Pakistan
by Zonash Riaz (2010-VA-479) | Dr. Saadat Ali | Dr. Muhammad Yasir Zahoor | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Aggression is perceived as hostile, injurious, or destructive behavior often caused by frustration, can be collective or individual. Genetic studies have associated several genes with aggression in humans. One of the candidate genes that turned out to be associated with aggression, anger, and impulsivity is the tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) gene. We investigated the polymorphism in the TPH gene in the unrelated male individuals in the Punjab ethnic backgrounds who were administered the Punjabi translation of Buss and Perry aggression questionnaire. The questionnaire measured four aspects of aggression: physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility (Buss and Perry, 1992).Scores ± SD of 83.544± 26.63 was obtained for Buss and Perry aggression questionnaire. TPH is a rate-limiting biosynthetic enzyme in the serotonin pathway and regulates levels of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HT) by converting tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptophan, which is the direct precursor of 5-HT.
It is conceivable that variations in the TPH gene could contribute to low activity of the 5-HT system. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that show associations to aggression and anger-related traits have been detected in intron 7 of TPH gene.DNA of individuals categorized into controls and criminal groups was extracted by organic method of DNA extraction.The targeted region of the TPH gene was amplified by the primers designed against intron seven. The amplified Pcr product was precipitated and it was sent for sequencing. The resultant sequenced data was then compared on the basis of Buss and Perry aggression scores. All unrelated male individuals from the Punjab ethnic groups were assessed on the scales showing scores for physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility. The minimum score for the respondents were 65 and highest score for the respondents were 135 among the criminal group while control have minimum scores of 50 and maximum scores of 113.Mean scores and standard deviations were calculated for criminals and control groups. Control group havephysical aggressionmean scores ± SD19.318 ± 6.21, verbal aggressionmean scores ± SD17.590± 4.41,angermean scores ± SD23 ± 6.868and hostility mean scores ± SD23.636± 9.12and total mean scores ± SD83.544± 26.63while criminals have physical aggressionmean scores ± SD28.2±8.134, verbal aggressionmean scores ± SD20.4±4.427, anger mean scores ± SD27.3±6.97and hostilitymean scores ± SD28.1±7.72and totalmean scores ± SD04.2±20.47.Mean aggression values for the criminals was 104 and for controls was 83, higher in criminals as expected. Criminals groups exhibited greater level of aggression as compared to that of control groups on the basis of four scales of aggression i.e. physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility.
Observed genotypic frequencies among the control groups were 0.7 for CC, 0.3 for the AC and 0 for AA whereas genotypic frequencies amongst criminal group were 0.3 for CC, 0.6 for AC and 0.1 for AA. Controls carried higher genotypic frequencies for normal CC genotype than criminals whereas the genotypic frequencies for AA and AC genotypes were higher in Criminal group.Observed allelic frequencies amongst the control group was 0.8 for C and 0.15 for A whereas observed allelic frequencies amongst the criminal group was 0.4 for A and 0.6 for C. Controls carried higher allelic frequencies for the normal C allele while criminals carried higher allelic frequencies for A allele.In our study proportion of the less common (A or U) alleles was 40%, and the proportion of the more common (C or L) alleles was 60% in criminal group as compared to 15% of A allele and 85% of C allele in the control group. Statistical analysis has associated significantly Criminals and controls group at P value less than 0.05.
Advances in the understanding of the genes modulating aggression can contribute meaningfully to a rational assessment and treatment of individuals with pathological aggression and a predisposition to violence. Results can be utilized for the screening of Aggression in the individuals for forensic applications. In future studies, other polymorphism in TPH and other aggression related genes may also be analysed in Pakistani population.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2595-T] (1).
2.
Genetic Analysis Of Slc24a5 Polymorphism In Pakistani Population, In Association With Human Skin Pigmentation As An Externally Visible Characteristic Parameter
by Asma Hameed (2008-VA-332) | Dr. Saadat Ali | Dr. Muhammad Yasir Zahoor | Dr. Muhammad Imran.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Human skin pigmentation is a phenotypic trait that varies within a population or among different populations. In addition to the genetic factors, some of the diseases (may be genetic or epigenetic), exposure to UV or usage of cosmetics may also be involved in the pigmentation outlook. It is possible to predict human identity on the basis of DNA polymorphisms in the genes coding human phenotypic characteristics.
In case of human skin pigmentation various genes are responsible to code variability among which SLC24A5 is an important contributor. This area of research is important in the field of forensic science in cases where reference samples are not available for comparison with the DNA profiles obtained from the crime scene evidence. SNPs in the coding region of exon3 (84bp) of SLC24A5 related to skin pigmentation (as reported in literature) are associated to a predictable variation in skin color in Pakistani Population.
Blood samples (62) were collected from the participants having three types of skin coloration fair= 20, medium=22 and dark=20 from general population belonging to Punjab. Organic method (Phenol chloroform extraction method) of DNA extraction was used. After extraction DNA was quantified on nanodrop spectrophotometer. Primers for the exonic region 3 of SLC24A5 gene were designed using primer 3 software. PCR amplification of the selected region was done through touch down PCR. DNA after obtaining PCR products was purified and the samples were sequenced bi directionally on ABI 3130XL Genetic analyzer.
The results of sequencing were analyzed using CHROMAS Lite 2.1 software. Sequence was converted into Fasta Format required for alignment study. Alignment tools like Blast were required for SNPs identification and comparison of all the sample sequences with the reference sequence. Mean color scores and mean ages of all the skin color groups were calculated separately in both male and female participants. Two types of genotypes were observed i.e, AA and AG. 24 out of the total sample size showed heterozygous peaks and confirmed the polymorphism also in Pakistani population at position 299 of the sequence. Difference between allelic and genotype frequency of studied gene were evaluated and by t test and association analysis to check out the significance of the studied data with the skin coloration was done and it was concluded that AA genotype is significantly associated with fair skin color in male and female population. Furthermore, AG genotype was significantly associated with dark skin coloration in female population. This type of study reveals that after the genetic analysis of the DNA obtained from the crime scene, prediction of skin color/hue of crime related individuals of fair skin color as well as dark skin color belonging to Pakistani Population can be made in those cases where reference samples are not available. So this can be used as a genotypic marker for screening out and forensic identification of individuals in various crime cases where reference samples are not available for comparison purposes and matching suspects. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2608-T] (1).
3.
Molecular Characterization Of Oca2 Gene In Correlation With Eye Color For Forensic Application
by Anam Noor (2014-VA-942) | Dr. Muhammad Yasir Zahoor | Dr. Allah Rakha | Dr. Saadat Ali | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: DNA phenotyping is the use of genetic information such as DNA to determine a phenotype. It helps forensic investigator to predict the physical appearance of an individual to find unknown perpetrators or to identify missing persons using molecular analyses from biological samples in cases where all other means of inquiry, including conventional DNA profiling are non-informative. In a non-forensic setting, it permits the prediction of the physical appearance of our ancestors, historical persons or any other deceased individual for whom the identification of appearance traits may be interesting, and it sheds light on human evolution. Based on current research there are only a few traits for which it is possible to make an accurate description based on underlying genetic variation.
Eye color is a complex polygenic trait and is under the control of many genes. There are infinite number of eye colors with a multitude of patterns and mixtures. Almost 74% human eye color is under the control of OCA2 gene on chromosome 15. This gene correlates with the physical appearance of eye color as EVCs (externally visible characteristics) therefore it can be used as a parameter in forensic application.
Samples collected from local areas of Pakistan is divided into two groups brown that include samples from 17 individuals and other than brown including 15 individuals. DNA of 32 samples was extracted and samples were amplified against a selected sequence of OCA2 gene containing SNP rs1800407, which was previously reported to be associated with eye color in European populations. These amplicons were sequenced using Sanger sequencing and chromatograms obtained were analyzed by pairwise and multiple alignment tools. The results show the presence of5 polymorphic sitesin various samples including SNPsrs1800407 and rs1900758. These polymorphic sites were further analyzed by applying t-test which shows no significant association between retrieved polymorphic sites and eye color.The results show no significantly associated marker with eye color to be present within the selected sequence so we need to analyze other markers or SNPs which could be found to be associated with eye color that would be very useful in forensics application.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2623-T] (1).
4.
Development Of Novel mtDNA Metabarcodes For Species Differentiation Of Class Mammalia
by Rabia Latif (2014-VA-952) | Dr. Muhammad Imran | Dr. Saadat Ali | Dr. Akhtar Ali.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The Folmer COI mtDNA universal primers that are considered standard for DNA barcoding of life contain so many mismatches against the target sequences of vertebrate origin that they often end in failure to amplify many of vertebrate DNA extractions. This discrepancy favors for the selection and designing of new metabarcode primers that can be used to identify all individuals of vertebrates or at least all individuals represented in a class of Vrtebrata such as Class Mammalia. The current study embarks on such an endeavor. In this study development of new mtDNA metabarcode (16SrRNA) that can be used as universal primers to amplify almost all species of Class Mammals for different forensic and molecular biodiversity analyses.
Mitochondrion, the energy coins for the cell, performs the function of the oxidative phosphorylation and the formation of ATP also called energy coins for the cell. Mammalian mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is a double stranded, circular, covalently closed molecule of approximately size of 16.4 kb. The mtDNA is inherited from the mother as a haploid and heteroplasmy has been found hardly.This fact makes it potentially relevant in the identification of maternal relationships, absence of recombination and the fast rate of evolution Blood/tissue samples were collected from Class Mammals (one specimen from every order reported to be present in Pakistan). DNA was extracted from the collected specimens through standard organic method, qualified and quantified and then PCR-amplified using novel universal primers selected from aligned mtDNA sequences originating from all mammalian mitochondrial DNA genomes submitted to different online sequence databases such as NCBI nucleotide database. The sensitivity of PCR also be assessed using a range of DNA concentrations. The amplified products were sequenced on ABI Genetic Analyzed following Sanger’s dideoxy method of
Summary
67
sequencing. The correctness of obtained mtDNA sequences were examined visually in Chromas Lite 2.1 software and then alignment of these sequences were performed against highly similar DNA sequences in NCBI nucleotide databases using BLAST in order to identify the origin of unknown mtDNA sequences. Both sequencing experiments and phylogenetic studies confirmed the specificity of the universal primer set developed and present a novel metabarcode found in this region of genome (16SrRNA) for species level identification of large number of mammalian species. So, in future, this barcode can be used for species identification in various fields of study such as meat adulteration, illegal trade, food mislabeling and molecular estimation of biodiversity. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2618-T] (1).
5.
Microbiome Analysis Of Human Normal Specific Flora From Skin Of Laborers And Academic Professionals Of Lahore For Forensic Application
by Talha Umair (2014-VA-941) | Dr. Wasim Shehzad | Dr. Saadat Ali | Dr. Muhammad Yasir Zahoor.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Human microbiota or normal flora is the aggregate of microorganisms that resides on the
surface of skin, oral mucosa, conjunctiva and GIT. Human skin has a complex variety of
microbial system and varieties of microbes mean that they are potential source of forensic
identification because human microbiome varies individual to individual due to differences
in hygiene, professions and region to region because of some environmental factors and
microbial flora can shed more frequently upon touching any kind of surfaces and microbes
are left for long time at any surface so can be identified easily.
Human microbiota varies individual to individual so it may become potential source for
forensic identification of individuals through specific microbiome analysis.
Fourty Samples were obtained by swabbing from the palm surfaces of hands and soles of feet
of individuals of different professional groups in order to recover bacterial communities.
Bacterial culturing and Bacterial DNA extraction followed by the implementation of 16S
rRNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the PCR
product, allowed an even more comprehensive broad range investigation of bacterial
communities. Bioinformatics analysis was done to compare microbial communities.
This research elaborated the significance of skin microbial communities in identifying
individuals and can be a major contribution in forensic science to find and identify
individuals when there is less major evidence, i.e. human DNA and body fluids. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2639-T] (1).
6.
Genetic Study Of Height Related Gene Hmga2 As Externally Visible Characteristic Parameter In Pakistani Population For Forensic Application
by Maryam Aslam (2014-VA-811) | Dr. Sadaat Ali | Dr.M.Yasir Zahoor | Dr. Asif Nadeem.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Externally visible characteristics (EVCs) are the phenotypic characters of an individual such as body height, pigmentation (skin, eye and hair color) and facial features (eye shape, lip size, nose shape etc. EVCs are multifactorial complex traits and it is the interaction of several genes among themselves and the environment that define the phenotype. DNA phenotyping is the use of genetic information such as DNA to determine a phenotype. It helps forensic investigator to predict the physical appearance of an individual to find unknown perpetrators or to identify missing persons using molecular analyses from biological samples in cases where all other means of inquiry, including conventional DNA profiling are non-informative.
Genome-wide association studies, linkage analyses, candidate gene studies, animal (knock-out) studies and evolutionary genetic studies resulted in the identification of a number of DNA markers that are associated with human appearance characteristics. These studies identified many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within DNA markers and adjacent DNA sequences, which are associated with variation in human appearance characteristics. By using PCR and SNP genotyping, SNPs associated with variation in human appearance characteristics can be used for human appearance predictions. Our study is aimed at establishment of hypothesis that variation in the 3'-UTR region of HMGA2 genes associated with the variations of height as an externally visible characteristics. Height is a classical polygenic trait that has provided general insights into the genetic architecture of common human traits. Human adult height is an important physical index to reflect the processes of growth and development. As a classic, polygenic quantitative trait, adult height is under strong genetic influence with heritability estimated up to 90%. HMGA2 is one of the major determinants of height and thus can be used as genetic marker for forensic identification.
Summary
62
In this study blood samples were collected from 30 males and 30 females categorized according to tall, average and short heights. A total of ten individuals were selected for each category. DNA of these individuals were extracted using organic extraction method. Extracted DNA was amplified using PCR with primers designed against 3'-UTR region of HMGA2 through Primer 3 software. Amplicons of 232 bp were sequenced by using Genetic analyser. CLUSTAL-W was used for sequence alignment that helps in identification of rs1042725 polymorphism in the 3'-UTR region of HMGA2 gene and other possible SNP‟s. Rs1042725 polymorphism in the 3'-UTR region of HMGA2 gene is marked by transition from C to T. Observed genotypic and allelic frequencies of tall, average and short heighted male and female was calculated and these genotypic and allelic frequencies were compared between different height ranges of male and female categories. Genotypic frequencies among the males were 0.03 for the CC genotype, 0.17 for the TT genotype and 0.8 for the CT genotype whereas genotypic frequencies among the females were 0.2 for the CC genotype, 0.36 for the TT genotype and 0.43 for the CT genotype. Allelic frequencies among the male were 0.43 for the C allele and 0.56 for the T allele whereas females have 0.42 for the C allele and 0.58 for the T allele. Genotypic frequencies among the tall males were 0 for the CC genotype, 0.2 for the TT genotype and 0.8 for the CT genotype whereas genotypic frequencies among the tall females were 0.2 for the CC genotype, 0.5 for the TT genotype and 0.3 for the CT genotype. Allelic frequencies among the tall male were 0.4 for the C allele and 0.6 for the T allele whereas tall females have 0.35 for the C allele and 0.65 for the T allele. Genotypic frequencies among the average males were 0 for the CC genotype, 0.2 for the TT genotype and 0.8 for the CT genotype whereas genotypic frequencies among the average females were 0.2 for the CC genotype, 0.2 for the TT genotype and 0.6 for the CT genotype. Allelic frequencies among the average heighted males were 0.4 for the C allele and 0.6 for the T allele whereas average females have 0.5 for the C allele and 0.5 for the T allele.
Summary
63
Genotypic frequencies among the short heighted males were 0.1 for CC genotype, 0.1 for the TT genotype and 0.8 for CT genotype whereas genotypic frequencies among the small females were 0.2 for the CC genotype, 0.4 for the TT genotype and 0.4 for the CT genotype. Allelic frequencies among the short heighted males were 0.5 for the C allele and 0.5 for the T allele whereas short heighted females have 0.4 for the C allele and 0.6 for the T allele. Genotypic and allelic frequencies among the tall, average and short heighted males and females were non-significant according to T-test at P-value (0.5) and level of significance (0.05). Also, by applying Chi square test it is concluded that there is no significant association of particular genotype with specific category of category of height group. Stastical analysis shows 0.67 P value which is greater than level of significance 0.05
Our study results were different with the study of (Hendriks et al., 2011) according to his study an rs1042725 single nucleotide polymorphism has been reported to be associated with the increase in the height amongst the individuals. Their study revealed that those individuals that carried the CC allele were tallest as compared to the individuals having the TT allele (Hendriks et al., 2011). Research to unravel the genetic basis of height , studies with many large sample groups from different parts of the world and prediction possibilities are recommended to develop an application for predicting human height on the basis of DNA. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2651-T] (1).
7.
Eye Color Prediction Using Snps Of Oca2 And Herc2 Genes In Different Eye Color Groups From Pakistani Population
by Iqra Baig (2015-VA-813) | Dr. Muhammad Yasir Zahoor | Dr. Saadat Ali | Dr. Amjad Riaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The outward appearance of living organism that can be visualized is known as External visible characteristic (EVCs). These are related to the interaction of different genes among themselves and with their environment. Through this technique police investigators or other forensic investigators determine perpetrators which are completely unknown to investigating authourities or to pinpoint missing persons utilizing biological samples in those situations where all other evidences of query, along with conventional DNA profiling give non-uniformities. Eye color is a multiplex trait controlled by many genes but the two major genes which play crucial role to determine eye color are OCA2 and HERC2 genes. 74% eye color of human is under the control of OCA2 gene and its function is influenced by HERC2 gene. These are present on chromosome 15. Eye color trait has miscellaneous inheritance pattern which does not obey simple pattern of Mendelian inheritance.
Blood samples of 40 volunteers along with photographs of iris collected from local population of Pakistan by categorizing different eye colors. DNA was extracted using organic extraction method. Then amplified using PCR with primers of SNP rs1800401 of OCA2 gene and SNP rs12913832 of HERC2 gene. Primers were designed through primer 3 software. Amplicons were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Samples were sequenced by Sanger sequencing and chromatograms were analyzed by pairwise and multiple alignment tools.
We mapped five polymorphic sites in OCA2 gene including SNPs rs1800401 and rs10300271. Polymorphic sites of OCA2 are 89406 C>T, 89401 G>T, 894019 A>T, 89422 A>C and 89435 C>A. Six polymorphic sites of HERC2 also analyzed including SNP rs12913832 at 206678 T>C and other polymorphic sites are 206617delA, 206631delA, 206683 T>A, 206688delA and 206713delA. These polymorphic sites were further analyzed by applying t-test which shows no significant association between retrieved polymorphic sites and eye color except polymorphic site 89422 with genotype A>C in OCA2 gene (novel) and polymorphic site 206678 with genotype T>C in HERC2 gene (already reported) both are associated with non-brown eye color variation in our study. In conclusion, more research to DNA based human appearance prediction is recommended using large sample size as there are more SNPs also involve that would be very useful for identification or investigative leads in forensic future aspects.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2902-T] (1).
8.
Sequence Analysis Of Comt Gene As Suceptibility Factor For Aggression In Domestic And Wild Cats
by Maham Nawaz (2011-VA-455) | Dr. Asif Nadeem | Dr. Saadat Ali | Dr. Amjad Riaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Behavior that is directed to injure living beings and damage their neuroconductual processes without any incitement, represents the aggressive behavior. COMT gene is of much importance in determining violent act in both animal and human.The present study is designed to molecular characterize the gene with following objective: to screen out polymorphism (SNPs) in exonic region of COMT gene in cats and tiger and to associate the identified polymorphism in cats and tiger. Aggression questionnaire was filled by honors of all domestic and wild cats included in our study.Blood sample of 5 Stray cat, 5 Persian cat and 5 Siamese cat and 5 Bengal tigers were collected from Lahore Zoo, UVAS PET Centre, Private Pet Clinics and Safari Zoo Lahore for SNP analysis. DNA were extracted from blood by organic method, 5 sets of primers were designed by primer 3 software for the amplification of the COMT genes. The amplified PCR products were precipitated and sequenced bi-directionally on ABI 3130XL Genetic analyzer, for the identification of SNPs.Alignment of sequences were done with the help of blast2 sequences. For sequence data analysis, Bioedit and Clustal W were used to complete the study.Results of sequencing were analyzed using BioEdit software. Sequence alignment tool like Clustal W was used for SNPs identification. 3 intronic and 1 exonic SNPs were observed and confirmed by Clustal W. Exonic SNP was linked to aggression. However, intronic SNPs were not found to be associated with self-reported aggression. SNP observed in exon 2 is reported to be involved in psychiatric and depressive disorders.Our study highlighted the role of COMTgene polymorphisms in aggression in animals (Cats and tiger). Different breeding Policies and Pet plains are now working and we can screen out the susceptibility of aggression in cats and tiger. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2901-T] (1).
9.
Development Of Novel MTDNA Metbarcodes For Species Differentiation Of Class Pisces
by Hira (2010-VA-476) | Dr. Muhammad Imran | Dr. Saadat Ali | Dr. Amjad Riaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The Folmer COI mtDNA universal primers that are considered standard for DNA barcoding of life contain so many mismatches against the target sequences of vertebrate origin that they often end in failure to amplify many of vertebrate DNA extractions. This discrepancy favors for the selection and designing of new metabarcode primers that can be used to identify all individuals of vertebrates or at least all individuals represented in a class of Vertebrata such as Class Pisces. The current study embarks on such an endeavor. In this study development of new mtDNA metabarcode (16SrRNA) that can be used as universal primers to amplify almost all species of Class Aves for different forensic and molecular biodiversity analyses.
Fins/tissue samples were collected from Class Pisces (one specimen from every order reported to be present in Pakistan). DNA was extracted from the collected specimens through standard organic method, qualified and quantified and then PCR-amplified using novel universal primers selected from aligned mtDNA sequences originating from all Pisces mitochondrial DNA genomes submitted to different online sequence databases such as NCBI nucleotide database. The sensitivity of PCR also be assessed using a range of DNA concentrations. The amplified products were sequenced on ABI Genetic Analyzer following Sanger’s dideoxy method of sequencing. The correctness of obtained mtDNA sequences were examined visually in Chromas Lite 2.1 software and then alignment of these sequences were performed against highly similar DNA sequences in NCBI nucleotide databases using BLAST in order to identify origin of unknown mtDNA sequences. With the help of sequencing and phylogenetic studies specificity of the universal primer set confirmed and presented as a novel metabarcode (16SrRNA) for species level identification of large number of Piscean species
In summary, we present universal method for species classification of Pisces using a targeted parallel sequencing approach. Both sequencing and phylogenetic studies experiments confirm specificity of universal primer set. Although promising results were obtained with current settings, rapid improvement of bench top instruments will further develop method with less hands-on, fewer sequencing errors and lower detection limit. So, in future, this barcode can be used for species identification in various fields of study such as meat adulteration, illegal trade, food mislabeling and molecular estimation of biodiversity.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2899-T] (1).
10.
Cybercrime and digital forensics : an introduction
by Holt, Thomas J | Bossler, Adam M | Seigfried-Spellar | Kathryn C.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA: Routledge; 2018Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 363.25968 Holt 32866 2nd 2018 Comp.Science] (1).
