1.
Comparative Efficacy Of Different Nsaids Against Bovine Ephemeral Fever
by Ghazanfar Ali Chishti (2007-VA-51) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durani | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Shehla Gul Bukhari.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Dairy sector has significant role in Pakistan economy with a share of 46.8% in agriculture and 10.8% to Pakistan GDP. Pakistan ranks 4th among largest milk producing countries in the world (Anonymous 2012-13).In last decade, dairy sector in Pakistan has seen tremendous growth and corporate investment. More than 40000 exotic cross bred high producing cattles have been imported. Earlier this sector used to rely primarily on local low producing cattles and small scale subsistence farming, now different commercial dairy farms having high producers exotic cattles are also becoming major contributor in this sector. Trend is changing, different issues concerned with sector are rising. Sensitivity level of commercial dairy farmer is far high as compared to small scale traditional farmers, they can not accept or tolerate any factor affecting economy of their dairy business due to heavy investment.
One such issue rose to headlines in July-August 2014, Pakistan dairy industry was struck badly with an outbreak of viral disease called Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF). It caused colossal damages to dairy industry in terms of decreased milk production, mortalities and treatment costs. This was not an out rightly a new disease in Pakistan its episodes have been seen in past in local cattles and buffalo (Asi et al. 1999) and locally it was termed as “will” (Prof Khushe personal communication). But it never got such a hype and attention in past as local animals were already low producers and their production was never affected at substantial level. Local animals were generally weak having low Body Condition Score, a character which does not support the intensity of this disease, Ectoparasite resistance is another factor considered to be a source of protection for local animals.
Introduction
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During initial phase of outbreak, it was considered as a common local epidemic Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) and Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and few signs also confused it with Milk Fever. But once outbreak progressed, it became clearer that it in neither HS and nor FMD it is something different. After going through literature it was clinically suspected as BEF and later was confirmed through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) by University Diagnostic Laboratory (UDL), UVAS, Lahore.
BEF is a viral disease caused by genus Ephemerovirus and family Rhabdoviridae. (Uren et al. 1992).It is a noncontagious, vector borne disease of water buffaloes and cattles proposed to be communicated by midges (Culicoides biting) and mosquitoes.(Walker et al. 2012). Ephemeral fever, stiff sickness, three-day-sickness, bovine influenza and bovine epizootic fever have been used to name this viral disease in the different nations at different eras (Chiu 1986; Chiu and Lu 1986; Lin and Inoue 1969; St.George1981). BEF happens seasonally in temperate, tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, Middle-East and Australia and this is a disabling disease with significant economic effect due to reduction of milk production, loss of health status in beef herds, abortion and infertility. Characteristic clinical signs comprise of a sudden onset of fever as high as 41 °C, an abrupt and austere drop in milk production, lethargy, inappetence, salivation, depression, nasal discharge, stiffness, dyspnea and ruminal stasis (Walker et al. 2012).
Primarily, pathogenesis of BEF is based on vascular inflammation (Young and Spradbrow, 1980) so this provides the rationale for its treatment through anti-inflammatory drugs. Different NSAIDs have been used in previous studies phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine and ketoprofen (Uren and Murphy, 1985; St George et al. 1984) but no study has been found using most common field NSAID of Pakistan, meloxicam. So, here a comparative study was carried out between three NSAIDs meloxicam, ketoprofen and phenylbutazone on naturally infected BEF animal. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2243-T] (1).
2.
Detection Of Prevalent Strain Of Ppr Virus And Efficacy Of Imported Live Attenuated Ppr Vaccine In Local Goat In Pakistan
by Iqra Javaid (2008-VA-76) | Prof.Dr. Aneela Zameer Durani | Dr.M. Hassan Saleem | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral, extremely transmissible disease with 100% and 90% of morbidity and death rate in small ruminants (Singh et al. 2004; Singh et al. 2009). The morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae is responsible for its etiology (Barrett et al. 2005). The clinical signs of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) are severe pyrexia, oculo-nasal discharge, necrotizing and erosive stomatitis, enteritis and pneumonia (Dhar et al. 2002) and is also accompanied by decrease in lymphocyte count (Rajak et al. 2005). Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) produces a major impact on the economy of the country (Zahur et al. 2009). Because of huge economic blow, the Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) imposes a major limitation on sheep and goat production (Asim et al. 2009; Abubakar and Munir. 2014).
The homologous Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPRV) vaccines using Nigeria 75/1 strain of the virus are being manufactured in Pakistan (Asim et al. 2009). The Advance Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology Center (CASVAB) University of Baluchistan, Quetta, with the help of Vero cell line manufactured the freeze dried and tissue culture based PPR virus (PPR 75-1) vaccine (Abbas et al. 2011). The homologous and Vero cell based live attenuated PPR vaccine having origin of Indian virus isolate “PPRV-Sungri/96”is being manufactured in India for immunization against Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) disease (Sreenivasa et al. 2000).
Twenty goats of different age, breed and sex were examined for the presence of PPR disease during this study. About 2-3 ml of saliva was collected from oral cavity of twenty PPR suspected goats in falcon tubes, signifying PPR disease. The extraction of RNA from the samples was done by trizole method and the concentration was measured by nanodrop. The extracted samples were then subjected to one step RT-PCR and then the PCR products were sent for sequencing to detect the PPRV strain under field conditions.
To study immunogenic behavior of Raksha PPR (Sungri 96), total of forty (40) goats free from peste des petits ruminants virus (PPR-V) were selected for the experimental study. The Group A comprising of twenty (20) goats of age (06 months-01 Year) were further subdivided into two groups i.e subgroup A1 comprising of 10 goats to which Raksha PPR vaccine (Sungri 96) was administered and other ten of sub-group A2 served as control. Similarly the Group B possessing twenty (20) goats of age (01 Year - 02 Year) were further subdivided into two sub-groups i.e subgroup B1 comprising of 10 goats to which Raksha PPR vaccine (Sungri 96) was administered and other ten of sub-group B2 served as control.
The RNA concentration was different in all twenty saliva samples when measured by nanodrop. Only five (5) samples out of total twenty (20), saliva samples from PPR suspected goats, were positive through RT-PCR and yielded an amplified product of 351bp. The five amplicons were sent for sequencing and the phylogenetic tree was constructed. The tree demonstrated that the Pakistani strains of PPRV clustered into lineage IV showing similarity with the isolates from China, Kurdistan, Iran and Bangladesh.
It was revealed that the that the animals (1 year to 2year old ) vaccinated with Raksha PPR (Sungri 96) displayed the significantly higher mean antibody titers than the mean antibody titers shown by vaccinated animals of age (6 months to 1 year) at zero, 7th, 14th, 28th, 48th day post vaccination respectively. On statistical analysis of data, the results were significant (p<0.05).
The present study revealed the presence of lineage IV in Pakistan. This will help to plan proper control strategies against this deadly viral disease. Currently the Nigeria75/1 vaccine is being used in Pakistan which clusters in lineage II while Pakistani field isolates fall under lineage IV. So it is very important to immunize the animals with lineage specific vaccine like Raksha PPR (Sungri 96) manufactured by IVRI, India.
This study reported the strong association of age and PPR vaccination titer in goats. Our findings concluded that the strong immune response was shown by adult animals against PPRV vaccine as compared to young stock. The results of present research project were mostly similar with the findings of other scientists. The results of this study were analyzed by one way ANOVA for independent samples.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2381-T] (1).
