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1. Seropravelance And Assosiated Risk Factor Of Avian Influenza Among Poultry Farm Workers/Handlers In District Lahore And Kasur

by Aneela Ilyas (2014-VA-512) | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Hamad Bin Rashid.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Avian Influenza is one of the most important zoonotic diseases which are a major concern for public health. Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) is a potential source for the emer¬gence of human influenza pandemics (Fouchier et al., 2005; Olsen et al., 2006; Webster et al., 1992). The outbreaks of Avian Influenzas are usually associated with various factors e.g. do not wash hands after handling sick poultry and mortality, do not use of PPE’s (personal protective equipment), no dipping area, eating and drinking during working with poultry, confinement of birds, mode of disposal of infected birds, carcasses and poultry fecal matter; dry seasons in the dry zones just before the rains; wind conditions; short intermittent temperature changes and the restocking of farms with chickens from the markets. Hypothesis: Avian Influenza A, H9 virus was prevalent and potential risk factors are associated with AIV disease. Parameter/Methodology: A cross sectional survey in poultry farm workers of district Lahore and Kasur would be conducted in order to determine seroprevalence of Avian Influenza. A study population was the apparently healthy poultry farm workers/handlers of District Lahore and Kasur of Province Punjab. Stage one cluster sampling technique was adopted and with the help of formula and 525 blood samples of poultry workers were taken from 38 selected clusters. Blood sample from apparently healthy poultry workers were collected from brachial veins. Blood (4-5ml) was collected in vacutainers and allowed to clot for separation of serum. Collected sera were stored in freezer at -70°C for further laboratory analysis. Haemagglutination assay (HA) and Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test was applied on samples as per protocol of world health organization (WHO, 2013). I had to work on H5, H7 and H9 strains according to my topic but due to the non-availability of H5 and H7 live viruses I could not perform lab analysis. So, I worked only on H9 strain of AIV. Statistical Design: The proportion estimate with 95% Cl (Confidence Intervals) of the overall seroprevalence would compute by using “R” software. Descriptive analysis was conducted by using SPSS (version 20). Logistic regression (univariable and multivariable) was conduct to estimate the effect of each study variable on the outcome (Hosmer and Lemeshow 2000). Outcomes: The current study had provided useful estimates of risk factors related to AIV. The finding of above study will be published. These findings could be utilized by the policy maker to control the epidemics of AIV in population. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2585-T] (1).

2. Active Surveillance Of Avian Influenza In Sentinel Live Bird Markets Of District Rawalpindi

by Muhammad Asif (2015-VA-435) | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhary | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-din Ahmed | Dr. Hamad Bin Rashid.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Influenza is a highly contagious, acute illness in humans. Influenza viruses have negative-sense RNA genomes and are placed in the Orthomyxoviridae family grouped into three types A, B and C on the basis of the internal nucleocapsid or the matrix protein. Droplet and airborne are the most common modes of transmission. In Humans infection appears to be direct or indirect exposure to infected live or dead poultry or contaminated environments, such as live bird markets. The outbreak can be subsided by applying biosecurity measures, controlling poultry movement, using inactivated vaccines and initiating an Avian Influenza surveillance network throughout the country. Avian influenza virus is prevalent in live birds markets of poultry in district Rawalpindi.A survey was conducted for a period of 6 months in order to determine prevalence and trends of Avian Influenza H9 in the live birds markets of district Rawalpindi. A total of 355 samples were required to estimate retail shop level prevalence of avian influenza. Using systematic sampling method 14 butchers will be enrolled from 2 sentinel live bird market and they were visited weekly to collect samples for a period of 6 months. In each week 14 pooled samples from 70 birds (a pool of 5 swab samples and 2 serum samples from each shop was collected) was collected from both sentinel sites. Tracheal/oropharyngeal swabs will be collected from live and apparently healthy poultry birds then stored properly at 4°C (24-48hours) until processed. Data was collected from the shopkeeper in a face to face interview. A detail predesigned questionnaires were filled after taking written consent from the owner. The sample collected during the survey live birds markets of Rawalpindi district were processed for laboratory analysis. Real time RT-PCR and HA and HI tests for avian Influenza virus were conducted to diagnose sample for AIV. The proportion estimate with 95% C.I (confidence intervals) of the overall prevalence was computed by using R software. Pattern of influenza infection in live bird markets were estimated with reference to space and time. Descriptive analysis was conducted (i.e. mean, proportion) to answer four epidemiological W’s i.e. what, who, when and where. In present study, sero-positivity against H9 AIV was determined in district Rawalpindi. Haemagglutination (HA) assay was performed and HA titer of 1:256 was calculated, the dilutions of 8HAU was 1:32.Serum samples (n=784) were tested by HI. Out of these 784, 306 sera samples were positive (HI titer>1:8) from 2 preselected sentinel markets and 14 poultry shops, while 478 were negative (HI titer <1:8) for AI. The highest antibody titer was 1:64. The period sero-prevalence was 39.03% (95% CI: 35.41- 42.44).Results showed thatnumber of positive was high in the month ofOctober and November then slight decreased in the month of December, January and February after that it again increased in the month of March, April and May.During the study a week with one positive result was considered positive and a week was declared negative when all samples were negative. Results showed that minimum 4 and maximum 22 weeks remained positive sample results.Fourteen shops were followed up for 28 weeks and from each shop the study 56 sera samples were collected throughout the study. In 14 shops, highest prevalence was 48.21% and lowest was 28. 57% It is concluded that avian influenza is circulating in Live Bird Markets in district Rawalpindi. This process shared that this market could perpetuate and transmit avian Influenza to Human. So these markets are the hot spot of avian influenza infection. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2798-T] (1).

3. Comparative Efficacy Of Advanced Surgical Hemostats In Rabbit Spleen

by Maheen Shafeeq (2010-VA-102) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Hamad Bin Rashid | Dr. Muti-ur-Rehman.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The spleen is delicate organ which is at high risk of damage after blunt trauma to the abdomen. Splenic accidents such as spleen rupture and splenic hemangiosarcoma, are most common cause of intra-abdominal hemorrhage in dogs. When an incision is given on spleen there is always a high risk of bleeding. In severe cases animal often leads to death due to massive blood loss and hypovolemic shock. The objective of study was to check the efficacy of latest and advanced surgical hemostats i.e., Surgicel Original and Surgicel Snow to control bleeding when spleen is severed either accidentally or surgically. These hemostats are affordable, safe, reliable and convenient. For this, Rabbits were arranged in three groups. Group A consisted of 4 Rabbits on which Surgical Gauz was used. In Group B Surgicel Original was used. On rabbits of Group C Surgicel Snow was used. Hemostasis time of all the groups was monitored and number of leucocytes, erythrocytes, platelets AST, ALT and ALP were evaluated. The results of present study clearly indicated that Surgicel Snow is better choice to control hemorrhage than Surgicel Original. Therefore, when ligation and other conventional methods of controlling blood stand impractical, Surgicel should be used to control arterial, venous and capillaries bleeding during surgery. Conclusions On the basis of findings of this study, it has been concluded that Surgicel Snow is better hemostat than Surgical Original. Surgicel Snow yields ideal stoppage of hemorrhage and does not impair vital function of spleen. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2945-T] (1).



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