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Mosquitocidal Efficacy Of Cymbopogon Citratus Against Mosquitoes Of Genus Culex

by Azhar Chand Pervez (2004-VA-122) | Dr. Muhammad Oneeb | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Mosquitoes are most important group of insects, transmitting wide range of infectious agents. These are acting as vectors for numerous animal and human diseases like Bovine ephemeral fever, Filariasis, Dengue fever, Malaria, Yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis. The vector control strategies are the potent tool to minimize the risk of transmission of these infectious agents. In Pakistan, these vector control strategies mainly rely on chemical insecticides. The irrational use of these chemicals is the leading cause of emerging insecticide resistance in these mosquitoes. It has been also revealed that these conventional insecticides are not eco-friendly, has drastic effects on non-targeted biota and also having the potential of cross resistance among various compounds. To mitigate this issue, special attention is required to use natural products and plant origin as an alternate to these chemical insecticides. As these herbal plants are not eco-friendly but also having least drastic effects on non-targeted population. Cympbogon citratus (lemon grass) could have good adulticidal and larvicidal activity against mosquitoes of genus culex. The mosquitoes of genus Culex were identified on the basis of distinguishing morphological features as described by standard published morphological key. After identification the adults of mosquitoes of genus Culex were further reared in the insectary of Department of Parasitology, UVAS, Lahore to take F1 and larval stages of mosquitoes of Culex spp. Briefly, female mosquitoes were feed on periodic blood for oviposition. These emerging L3 & L4 larvae and 2-3 days old adults were further used in protocol. The fresh green leaves of C. citratus were used in current study. After collection and identification the aqueous and methanol extract were taken by Soxhlet apparatus (Govindarajan et al., 2011). Afterwards different concentrations of these extracts were prepared to calculate the diagnostic dose of these extracts. Then the larvicidal and Summary 46 adulticidal efficacy of these extracts were evaluated by using CDC bottle bioassays as described by (WHO2005) The LC50 and LC90 were calculated by using probit analysis. Staistical package of social sciences (SPSS), version 13.00 were used for this purpose. Duncans’s Post HOC Test were applied to compare the main mortalities among the group of different concentrations of plant extracts and control group. The results revealed that C. citratus is effective against Culex mosquitoes both as larvicidal and adulticidal. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2948-T] (1).

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Determination Of Multiple Anthelmintic Resistance Against Haemonchus Contortus In Sheep In Azad Jammu And Kashmir

by Shoaib Husnain (2015-VA-1337) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Asim Shamim | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Muhammad Oneeb.

Material type: book Book Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Parasitic problem is a key restriction of ruminant production which leads to reduce production and causes huge financial loss to small ruminant industry by inhibited growth, low production and amplified vulnerability of animals to other infections. The production losses are due to lowered feed intake and reduced efficiency. These economic losses may be due to chronic and subclinical infections in small ruminants. Sheep of different breeds of both sexes from different age groups were included in this study. Fresh fecal samples were collected randomly from sheep and were stored at4°C before microscopic examination. The Eggs per Gram (EPG) was calculated through modified McMaster technique (Coles, 1992). Samples were scanned for the presence of Haemonchus infection and the EPG was done before the administration of anthelmintic. Infected animals having EPG more than 500 were included in the groups for therapeutic trial. 10 animals were added in each group and each group was given different anthelmintics i.e. Albendazole, Oxfendazole, levamisole and ivermectin. A second sampling was done at 7th day post treatment and 3rd sampling was done at 14th day after drug administration to calculate post-treatment EPG to find out the FECR efficiency of the drugs used. The anthelmintics were administered to each group at recommended dose rate as mentioned in table 3.1.Pre-treatment EPG was related to the Post-treatment EPG and the % effectiveness of each anthelmintic was determined by using the efficacy formula. An in vitro egg hatch test was performed by using different preparation of anthelmintic prepared by serial dilutions. Eggs were incubated with these preparations and the percent hatching was determined and the data obtained was analyzed by probit analysis and the LC50 was calculated. The LC50 calculated for albendazole was 0.89ug/ml and that of oxfendazole was 1.09ug/ml which is much higher from the discriminating dose that is 0.1ug/ml which indicated the presence of resistance against these anthelmintics. Low dosing and aggressive use of anthelmintics may have cause the resistance against these anthelmintics. Other factors may include mixed farming and the movement of animals from one place to another which is responsible of dispersal of resistant strains. The present study suggests an alarming situation of anthelmintic resistance in Azad Jammu and Kashmir against common available anthelmintics that is albendazole and oxfendazole. A proper technical knowledge, awareness and alertness is necessary to overcome this problem in order to improve the small ruminants production especially sheep to up raise the livelihood of small livestock farmer. It is the demand of the day to introduce new control strategies by introducing modern anthelmintics and a proper worm control schedule according to the recommendations to avoid such problems in future. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2819-T] (1).

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