1.
Comparative Study Of Lipid Profile In Obese And Diabetic Patients Of Rural And Urban Areas Of Lahore.
by Hamad Ahmed | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Qamar-un-Nisa | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Diabetes mellitus is dangerous condition predisposing to number of complications and deaths every year. Obesity and diabetes mellitus type-2 are interconnected conditions which share a number of pathophysiological mechanisms which leads to cardiovascular complications. Reliable estimate shows a elevated prevalence of CVD risk in Pakistan. Each fourth middle-aged adult in Pakistan is at risk of CAD. Present study was conducted with hypothesis diabetes and obesity is risk factor for dyslipidosis and coronary artery disease in humans. Patient were included on the basis of body mass index (BMI) Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS) and further confirmation was done on the basis of Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) According to BMI and diabetes status, study subjects were cassified in four groups: (Group A; obese and diabetic, Group B; non-obese and diabetic, Group C; obese and non-diabetic and Group D; non-obese and non-diabetic) and HbA1c, FBS, Lipid profile and ETT were performed. Analysis of results shows obesity and diabetes was the major cause of dyslipidemia, group A was the worst group dyslipidemia, group C with obesity was the second and group B was the least with dyslipidemia. While obesity and diabetes mellitus was the leading cause of cardiovascular risk 27.5%, 15%, 22.5% and 2.5% in all groups respectively as above.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1559,T] (1).
2.
Haematological And Serum Biochemical Responses Of Nili- Ravi Buffalo Fed On Aflatoxin B1 Contaminated Feed With And Without Toxin Binders
by Muqaddas Sardar | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Tahir.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2108,T] (1).
3.
Molecular Characterization Of Brucella Abortus Strains In Bovines
by Muhammad Ramzan | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Aneela | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2169,T] (1).
4.
Detection Of Brucella Species From Aborted Bovine Fetuses Using Amos Pcr And Immunohistochemistry
by Muhammad Naveed Anvar (2008-VA-310) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Gulbeeena Saleem | Dr. Jawad Nazir.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note:
The economic importance and public health concern of bovine brucellosis enlist it in the world top priority disease to be eliminated by WHO (World Health Organization). Bovine brucellosis is caused by three Brucella species including B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis. Although the literature explains that the incidence of B. abortus is higher in bovines but still we need to know the prevalence of other species particularly B. melitensis in Pakistan due to its zoonotic aspect which makes it more important for study. Unfortunately in Pakistan the status of B. abortus and B. melitensis in bovines is unknown. It is need of hour to determine the exact prevalence of B. abortus and B. melitensis in bovines for disease eradication in animals, to control its transmission in humans and to determine the reasons behind vaccine failure in bovines.
B. abortus and B. melitensis could be presents in aborted bovine samples. AMOS PCR can be better tool than immunohistochemistry for the detection of B. abortus and B. melitensis from aborted bovine samples. (Hypothesis)
A total of 60 tissue samples (lung, liver and stomach) from aborted bovine fetuses were collected from farms with history of abortion and suspected brucellosis in and around Lahore district. The samples were subjected to AMOS PCR and immunohistochemistry for detection of B. abortus and B. melitensis. Brucella abortus and Brucella mellitensis species specific primer were used to get the desired base pair. The genomic region of B. abortus IS711was amplified at 498bp.
From present study it can be concluded that brucellosis is present in cows and buffaloes at district Lahore and it is more in cattle as compared to buffaloes. Therefore an immediate actions and policies are required to be implemented for the preventing spread of the disease to the other animals and human. For the diagnosis of Brucella species AMOS PCR and immunohistochemistry were used and the results showed that Brucella abortus were more as compared to other species in aborted bovine tissues. The results also showed that the sensitivity and specificity of AMOS PCR is more than immunohistochemistry.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2320-T] (1).
5.
Distribution and Localization of Brucella Melitensis in Aborted Fetal Tissues of Small Ruminants
by Muhammad Zain Saleem (2008-va-158) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Submitted with blank CD. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2369-T] (1).
6.
Etiopathology Of Tuberculosis Complex In Antelopes And Its Cytokine Profile
by Maryam Saddiqa (2009-VA-366) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Ali Ahmed Sheikh.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Bovine tuberculosis is a contagious disease of domestic and wild animals with serious zoonotic effects in humans. The economic importance and public health concern of bovine tuberculosis enlist it in the world top priority disease to be eliminated by WHO (World Health Organization). Tuberculosis in antelopes is caused by Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis & Mycobacterium avium. This disease in antelopes causes tremendous economic losses. Unfortunately in Pakistan no such study has been conducted on wildlife tuberculosis except one (Zeeshan 2007) his work was on the identification of one specie i.e. M.bovis in deer while this study was on the identification of three different types of species (Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium). A total of 50 blood samples from tuberculosis suspected antelopes were collected. These samples were subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex PCR) and cytokine ELISA to determine the etiopathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.
The results indicated that 10% and 4% of antelopes were positive for M.bovis, M.tuberculosis infection with multiplex PCR and cytokine ELISA respectively. From these results it is evident that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is more sensitive than cytokine ELISA for the diagnosis Mycobacterium Tuberculosis complex (MTC) and it shows much higher percentage of positive cases.
This study provided valuable information about the presence of M.bovis, M.tuberculosis and M.avium in different types of antelopes (Urial, Mouflon sheep, Black buck, Goral and Hog deer). The cytokine profile could be used as a diagnostic marker in future. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2549-T] (1).
7.
Pathological Association Of Nramp 1 Genotypes With Brucella Resistance And Susceptibility In Diseased And Non Diseased Cattle
by Muhammad Zaheer Iqbal (2005-VA-61) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: A total of 200 cattle were divided into five groups including: Group A Sahiwal cattle, Group B Jersy cattle, Group C Frisian cattle, group D Sahiwal cross Jersy and group E Sahiwal cross Frisian. Out of total of 200 serum samples from suspected cattle we found 155 samples positive by RBPT and 109 were positive for Brucella abortus by PCR. Comparison of presence of Brucella abortus was statically made in all five groups using chi square.
The study was conducted on 200 animals of five breeds including Sahiwal, Jersey Cross Sahiwal, Frisian Cross Sahiwal, Fresian and Jersey around farms of Punjab. Blood sample (3mL) was collected in EDTA vaccutainers from each animal. Serum from blood samples were collected in 3 mL eppendorf tubes with the help of sterile pipettes. Serum samples were screened out for brucellosis by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT). RBPT positive samples were stored at 40C for further processing. Rose Bengal Antigen was purchased from Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Lahore. The antigen was stored at 40C in refrigeration during the study according to manufactures recommendation. DNA quantification was performed on “Thermo Scientific NanoDrop spectrophotometer ND-2000” and by running extracted DNA on 0.8% agarose gel. PCR for amplification was done with a total volume of 20 μL by adding primer pair and extracted DNA to the PCR master mix in following concentrations.
2ml of forward and reverse primer was taken respectively. 4ul of PCR grade water was added and DNA was taken in 2 ul quantity. The total volume of master mix obtained was 10 ul. The thermocycler (Bio-Rad, CFX ™, Singapore) was set with the conditions for the total of 35 cycles of PCR. For optimization process of primers different options for PCR reaction mixture
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and PCR cyclic conditions were tried for two objectives. To get maximum amplification, by using minimum volume of chemicals. Changing the volume of magnesium chloride, deoxynucleotide triphosphate (d NTPs) and Taq polymerase, amplification can be increased. Primers annealing temperature is considered critical for optimization.
Denaturation of DNA samples were performed at 94 0C for 5minutes. Annealing step was performed at 63 0C for 30 second. Then, initial extension of DNA samples was conducted at 72 0C for 30 second. Finally, extension was performed at 72 0C for 5 minutes to get results. The PCR product was confirmed by running the PCR product on 0.8 % agarose gel electrophoresis was performed at 100 Volts for 30 minutes. The NRAMP1 gene encodes a divalent cation transporter, located in the phagolysosomal membrane of macrophages, which has been associated with resistance to intracellular pathogens. In cattle, natural resistance against brucellosis has been associated with polymorphisms at the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of the NRAMP1 gene, which are detectable by single-strand conformational analysis (SSCA).
Genetic selection of domestic animals resistant to pathogens has been applied mostly to farm
animals, particularly cattle. Identification of genes linked to natural resistance may allow for a
better understanding of natural resistance with obvious practical implications. These genes may
also function as markers for prediction of genetic resistance against specific diseases.
Recommendations:
From this study we concluded that Nramp1BB gene is resistant to brucellosis, while Nramp1 AA is susceptible to brucellosis.
Summary
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By gene knock out technique breeds resistant to brucellosis can be produced.
Criss Crasper technique can be used for gene knock out process. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2953-T] (1).
8.
Comparative Pathological Association Of Slc11a1 (Nramp1) Gene With Susceptibility And Resistance To Brucellosis In Local Pakistani Buffaloes
by Azmat Ullah (2015-VA-1057) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Muti Ur Rehman | Dr. Hassan Saleem.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Nearly 32.7 million population of buffaloes present in Pakistan which makes about 15% of the world buffalo population. For water buffaloes Brucellosis is a pricey disease (Bubalus bubalis). In Pakistan 5 known breeds of buffalos are; Ravi, Nili, Kundi Nili-Ravi and Aza Kheli. The study was conducted on 200 animals of two breeds including Nilli-Ravi and Kundi around farms of Punjab. 200 serum samples from two breeds were screened for brucellosis. Dormant infections and lengthy incubation of the pathogens bounded the effectiveness of programs based upon the elimination of infected animals. As comparative genomics is playing a pivotal role in the genetic dissection of complex traits such as infectious diseases resistance using this information we can oppressed for disease resistance with genetic choice as a method to the regulator of brucellosis in our local breeds such as Nili-Ravi buffalo. Blood sample (5mL) was collected in EDTA vacutainers from each animal. Serum from blood samples were collected in 3 mL eppendorf tubes with the help of sterile pipettes. Serum samples were screened out for brucellosis by Rose Bengal Plate Tetst (RBPT). Rose Bengal Antigen was purchased from Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Lahore. The antigen was stored at 40C in refrigeration during the study according to manufactures recommendation. DNA quantification was performed on “Thermo Scientific NanoDrop spectrophotometer ND-2000” and by running extracted DNA on 0.8% agarose gel. Nanodrop spectrophotometer provides direct and easy measurements within a 5 second only by using just a pipette and wipe. PCR for amplification was done with a total volume of 20μl by adding primer pair and extracted DNA to the PCR master mix in following concentrations. 2μl of forward and reverse primer was taken respectively. 4 μl of PCR grade water was added and DNA was taken in 2 μl
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Quantity. The total volume of master mix obtained was 10 μl. The thermocycler (Bio-Rad, CFX ™, Singapore) was set with the conditions for the total of 35 cycles of PCR. Initial denaturation of DNA samples were performed at 940 C for 5minutes. Then in 2nd cycle denaturation was performed at 94 0C for 30 seconds. Annealing step was performed at 63 0C for 30 second. Then, initial extension of DNA samples was conducted at 720 C for 30 second. Finally, extension was performed at 720 C for 5 minutes to get results. The PCR product was confirmed by running the PCR product on 1.5 % Agarose gel electrophoresis was performed at 110 Volts for 30 minutes. In Nilli-Ravi, among 12 positive samples by PCR, 08 were found resistance to brucellosis through sequencing study of Nramp 1 BB, only one sample was found to be susceptible to brucellosis through genotypic study of Nramp1 AA and 3 samples were found to be neutral may be susceptible or resistance to brucellosis. In Kundi, among 38 positive samples by PCR, 03 were found resistance to brucellosis through sequencing study of Nramp 1 BB, and 6 sample were found to be susceptible to brucellosis through genotypic study of Nramp1 AA and 29 samples were found to be neutral may be susceptible or resistance to brucellosis. This research clearly demonstrates that Kundi is more susceptible to brucellosis then Nilli-Ravi. Conclusion: We concluded that Nilli-Ravi is more resistant to brucellosis as compare to Kundi breed Natural resistance against brucellosis in cattle is linked to the Nramp 1 gene. Polymorphisms at the bovine Nramp 1 3/ untranslated region (3 UTR) are associated with natural resistance against brucellosis. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2952-T] (1).
