1.
Tissue Tropism Of Velogenic-Viscerotropic Newcastle Disease Virus In Broiler Chickens
by Tasra Bibi | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Tahir.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: ND is an infectious, highly contagious and widespread disease of avian species and has a considerable economic impact on poultry industry. This study is a preliminary work to understand the mode of action of the recent VVNDV isolate of the UVAS, towards the tissue tropisms of both lymphatic and non lymphatic organs. One hundred chicks purchased from the local hatchery and reared for the trial including control, however, the VVNDV strain was received from the QOL, UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan. Three trials were conducted using the challenge dose 100,000 ELD50 (Group C) and 10,000 ELD 50 as (Group B) and 1000 ELD 50 as (Group A). Five chickens were selected randomly from each group and slaughtered on daily basis, including two chicks from control. These samples were used for histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) test. Conclusively, the study indicates that NDV induces early necrosis in the lymphoid tissues of infected chickens which is correlated with the severity of the disease caused by each dilution. Necrosis does not seem only to be the direct viral replication and indirect effects may lead to death of the animals, due to depletion of lymphoid organs. However, the peak hours were recorded 72 hours to 96 hours post infection in all lymphoid and non lymphoid organs irrespective of the dilution factor of the VVNDV. Immunohistochemistry is not a routine practice in diagnostic test, however, this study may lead to a roadmap in understanding the interpretation of the clinical/pathological picture and the tropism may be helpful in future to study some other aspects like failure of commercial vaccines and to control the outbreaks of NDV in the country an endemic as well as a devastating disease of the poultry industry.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1824,T] (1).
2.
Study Of Carrier Potential Of Newcastledisease Virus In Common Wild Bird Species
by Tahir Munir | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad | Dr.Ishtiaq Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1892,T] (1).
3.
Effect Of Mentofin On Serum Biochemistry And Antibody Response Of Broiler To Avian Influenza H9N2
by Rizwana sultan | Prof. Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr Gulbeena Saleeem | Dr. hafsa zaneb.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1907,T] (1).
4.
Optimization Of Multiplex Pcr For The Simultaneous Detection Of Babesia Caballi Theileria Equi And Trypanosoma
by Muhammad Zeeshan Khalid | Prof. Dr. Asim aslam | Dr. Yasin tipu | Prof. Dr.Habib ur rehman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2006,T] (1).
5.
Comparisons Of Histopathological Effects Of Live Vector Immune Complax And Intermediate Plus Vaccines Of Infectiors Bursal Disease on the Bursa of Fabricius of Commercial Broiler
by Rana Waqas Arshad | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr, Muhammad Saeed Imran.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2086,T] (1).
6.
Study Of Carrier Potential Of Salmonella Infections In Common Wild Birds Species
by Mutahir Ali Mir | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2148,T] (1).
7.
Study On Pathogenesis Of Mixed Infection Of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (Ibv) And Avian Influenza Virus (H9n2) In Experimentally Infected Broiler Chicken
by Arsala Khan (2013-VA-605) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Avian influenza and infectious bronchitis are the most devastating contagious and viral diseases, affected poultry in Pakistan and many other Asian countries. Regarding the virulence, Avian influenza may be low, or high pathogenic. Mainly due to its pandemic potential and contagious nature, the low pathogenic avian influenza virus (H9N2) is of major concern in poultry industry especially in Pakistan. Co-infection of poultry with more than one bacterial and /or viral agent is common in field especially in our country due to inadequate biosecurity measures which causes high mortality and confusing the diagnosis of these viruses. Hence the present project was designed to study the pathogenesis of mix infection of IBV and H9N2 through gross, histopathological lesions and antibody titer in experimentally infected broiler chicken. For this purpose a total of 80 specific pathogen free chicks were procured, randomly divided into four groups A, B, C and D; and raised under uniform managmental condition in experimental sheds of UVAS Lahore. Group A and B were intarnasally challenged with 0.2 ml infectious bronchitis virus (EID50 = 104.5 per 0.1 ml) at 23rd day of age, likewise group B and C were inoculated with 0.2 ml of H9N2 (EID50 = 106 per ml) at 26th day of age while, group D served as a negative control group. After infection the clinical signs, feed consumed and body weight gain were regularly monitored, the serum samples taken on days 23rd, 26th, 29th, 35th, and 40th day of age were tested for HI antibody titer simultaneously, the necropsy of birds (n=3) sacrificed were conducted to observe the gross lesions, tissue samples including lungs, liver, kidneys and trachea were collected for histopathological evaluation. In IBV infected group, respiratory distress i.e., tracheal rales, nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing, gasping and reduced feed intake were observed during early stages, later up to 10 days post infection watery diarrhea with ruffled feathers were observed. In mix infected group clinical signs manifested rapidly and were persistent with
Summary
59
high severity. Gross lesions in mixed infection were more profound, including; severely congested and hyperemic lungs, tracheitis with catarrhal exudates in lumen; pale, swollen and enlarged kidneys with urates deposition in tubules. Six birds died in mix infected group, revealed caseous exudate in trachea extended up to lower bronchi while, in IBV infected group lesions were mild and confined to trachea, lungs and kidneys. Mortality was high in mix infected group (30%) followed by IBV infected group in which two birds died. While, in H9N2 infected and control group none of the bird died. Histopathological lesions in mix infected group were aggravated markedly tracheal epithelium degeneration and sloughing; congestion, interstitial nephritis, leukocytes infiltration, tubular degeneration and necrosis were observed while, in lungs pneumonia of peribronchiolar area and interstitium with lymphocyte and macrophages infiltration, additionally degeneration and vacuolization of hepatocytes with focal necrotic areas in liver were also noted. In IBV and H9N2 infected group microscopic lesions were of mild degree. GMTs against both IBV and H9N2 in mix infected group were significantly different at P>0.05 than individually infected birds. Among the groups, statistically significant increase in FCR of birds in mix infected group was observed. On the basis of these findings it might be conclude that mix infection of IBV and H9N2 causes severe disease as compared to single infection. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2296-T] (1).
8.
Study On The Pathogenesis Of Co-Infection Of Infectious Bronchitis (Ibv) And Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) In Experimental Chickens
by Sohail Khan (2013-VA-606) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muti Ur Rehman Khan | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Infectious bronchitis and colibacillosis are infectious diseases affecting chicken of all ages and breeds. They are of major economic importance in commercial chicken flocks, causing huge losses. As both in humans and animals it is well documented that preceding respiratory infection of virus predispose individual to bacterial infection. Moreover, mix infection in poultry which occur when different organisms simultaneously invade birds is a major threat to poultry industry causes highly epidemic debilitating disease with high mortality which eventually leads to economic catastrophe. In recent past prevalence studies of field, E. coli had been reported with high prevalence and exaggerated disease along with other respiratory pathogens, additionally IBV had also isolated from same flocks in same season. Although a plethora of pioneering work had been done on IBV and E. coli in the previous decades but still a window in time exist in revealing there co-infection. Looking to field scenario in our country, the present study was designed to study an ideal challenge model for IBV and E. coli, by reproducing the natural infection.
80 SPF day old broiler birds were arranged into four groups, (A, B, C and D). Each group was comprised of 20 birds. Group D served as uninoculated control while, Group A and B were challenged with IBV on 23rd day of trails, and Group B and C were inoculated with E. coli infection on day 26th. Birds, (n=3) from each group were slaughtered on various days post infection, gross and histopathological lesions were observed and serum samples for HI were taken, throughout experiment. Variable clinical signs were recorded in various groups. In IBV infected group, respiratory distress i.e., tracheal rales, coughing, sneezing and gasping were noted during early stages, later up to 10 days post infection watery diarrhea with ruffled feathers were observed. In mix infected group clinical signs manifested rapidly and were persistent with high severity. Gross lesions in mixed infection were more profound,
Summary
56
including; airsacullitis, tracheitis with catarrhal exudation throughout respiratory tract; severe sepicemic lesions i.e. perihepaitis, pericarditis, pneumonia and polyserositis with swollen and pale kidneys distended by urates. 5 birds died in mix infected group revealed ascites with asphyxiation of trachea with caseous exudate. While in IBV infected group lesions were mild and confined to trachea, airsac and kidneys. Mortality was high in mix infected followed by IBV in which two birds died. While in E. coli and control group mortality were not noted. Histopathological lesions in mix infected group were aggravated markedly tracheal epithelium degeneration, deciliation and sloughing; congestion, interstitial nephritis, leukocytes infiltration, tubular degeneration and necrosis while were observed. In lungs, pneumonia of peribronchiolar area and interstitium with lymphocyte and macrophages infiltration, additionally degeneration and vacuolization of hepatocytes with focal necrotic areas were also noted. In IBV and E. coli group microscopic lesions were of mild degree. GMT of both IBV and mix infected birds were high but were not significant different (P>0.05). Among the groups, statistically significant increase in FCR of birds in mix infected group was observed followed by E. coli, with IBV infected came third in the row. On the bases of these findings we might conclude that mix infection of IBV and E. coli causes severe lesions with high morbidity and mortality. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2306-T] (1).
9.
Effects Of Omega 3 And Vitamin E Against Experimentally Infected Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H9n2 In Broiler Chickens
by Muhammad Sulman Ali Taseer (2008-VA-089) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Avian influenza is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic and wild birds. It is one of the most devastating viral disease of poultry industry. It was first identified in Italy in early 1900,s and is now known to exist worldwide. Total of 125 day old chickens were divided into five groups (A, B, C, D, E) with 25 chickens in each group. Group A was negative control group. In groups B, C, D and E low pathogenic avian influenza (H9N2) virus infection was introduced at day 28 of age. Group B was given with Omega 3. In group C chickens were given Vitamin. E. In group D chickens were fed both Omega 3 and Vitamin E. Group E was positive control group without any additional supplementation.
At days 27, 30, 35, 42, blood was collected aseptically from wing vein, from three birds in each group to check H/L ratio and to perform HI test to check antibody titer for H9. After collection of blood five birds from each group were slaughtered to observe postmortem signs and for the histopathology of lungs and trachea. Heterophill to lymphocyte ratio was significantly high in groups D (Omega 3 and Vit.E) and group E (Positive Control). Among the various treatment groups of broilers the significantly highest HI antibody titer was recorded in group E which was positive control group. In treatment groups C (Vitamin E supplement) and D (Omega 3 and Vit.E) HI antibody titer was near to protective titer against H9.
Major histopathological lesions involved deciliation of trachea and sloughing of epithelium of trachea. There was infiltration of monocytes and neutrophils as well as vascular congestion in the form of hemorrhagic areas in lungs. There was increase in congestion in the lungs of the chicks in group E (Positive Control).
37
FCR was evaluated on weekly basis. A comparatively better feed conversion ratio was recorded in group D (Omega 3 and Vit.E). There was no significant difference in feed conversion ratio of the other treatment groups. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2355-T] (1).
10.
Studies On The Effect Of Garvit-Pro® (A Commercial Product) On Broiler Chickens Vaccinated Against Infectious Bursal Disease
by Jawad Ahmad (2008-VA-109) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muti Ur Rehman | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) has become very notorious poultry disease in Pakistan. The disease affects the primary lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius) of the poultry and cause mild to severe immune suppression in affected birds. In accordance of the mentioned fact, present experimental project was designed to evaluate the effects of immune boosters after IBD vaccination and compare the effects of GarVit-Pro with only vaccinated birds. Humoral immune response against IBD virus was measure through Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). There were total 90 bird, divided into 3 groups with 30 birds in each group. The blood sample were collected from different experimental groups of broiler chickens on 07, 14, 21, 28 & 35 days of age. Among the various experimental groups of broiler chickens the significantly highest antibody titer was recorded in group B fed with GarVit-Pro (Garlic Supplement) as compared to the other vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. The histopathological scoring of Bursa of Fabricius and thymus in different experimental groups was observed at day 07, 14, 21, 28 and 35. The bursal lesion scores of Group B (GarVit-Pro Treated) was lower than the other two groups. The GarVit-Pro helped to enhance the antibody titer against IBD virus after vaccination. These findings suggest and advocates that GarVit-Pro (garlic supplement) can effectively stimulate and enhance the immunity in broiler chickens. GarVit-Pro can be potential ameliorator against different vaccines and their unwanted/suppressive effects in broiler chicks. It was proved that GarVit-Pro is able to implement immune response and have a patent immunomodulatory effect in chickens Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2363-T] (1).
11.
Hematological And Histopathological Study Of Paramphistomum Cervi In Large Ruminants
by Abdul Majeed Saim (2012-va-814) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Mr. M. Saeed Imran | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf .
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Paramphistomes are the parasites in the rumen, reticulum, duodenum and liver of goats, sheep, cattle and buffaloes. Their premature stages are in duodenum and then traveled towards the rumen. The damage caused by this illness in bovine affects production. These parasites aggravate a loss of weight, a lower nutritious conversion and a reduce in milk production. Lahore is one of the larger district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The present study was conducted in order to implement efforts and regulation to eradicate the spread of disease in this area. From this study it was evaluated the changes in hematological parameters values of Large Ruminants and evaluated the Histopathological changes in rumen, reticulum, duodenum and liver.
Samples of blood and tissues were collected at slaughter house from cattle and buffaloes after slaughtering. These were divided into three groups i.e group-A (Infected Buffaloes=50), group-B (Infected Cattle=50) and group-C (Buffaloes, Cattle=20) serve as control. The blood samples and tissue samples of rumen, reticulum, duodenum and liver were taken from infected cattle and buffalo tested positive by fecal examination through direct smear technique and was processed for hematological and histopathological examination.
The infected cattle and buffaloes in this study described a highly significant decrease (p<0.05) in the mean red blood cells, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count and hemoglobin. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the neutrophils number and eosinophil number of disease buffaloes and cows as compared to the non-infected buffaloes and cows. The infection of paramphistomum cervi is characterized by severe anemia, eosinophilia, neutrophilia. Anemia can be responsible for mortality in cattle and buffaloes especially young ones.
Pathological changes were observed grossly and confirmed histopathologically in the rumen, reticulum, duodenum and liver. Pathological changes were mostly limited to small intestine, especially duodenum. The disease caused by the parasite in the rumen was increased cornification of the stratum corneum, atrophy, severe infiltration and thickening of mucosa occurs in the rumen papillae, but no ulceration was found. Changes varied from a localized enteritis and villous atrophy in the duodenum in light disease to severe destructions of the mucosa extending into most of the jejunum in heavy infections. Mucosa at places was found congested with petechial haemorrhages. The histopathological analysis of the diseased liver of buffalos and cows has described that severe harm has occurred in this infection. In most of the sections, the normal structure of liver tissue, arrangement of hepatocyte cords, veins and portal tube areas were undergone clear with full bile ducts indicating bile duct hyperplasia, necrosis of liver tissue and cause necrosis. The immature forms of Paramphistomium cervi caused more severe damage in the duodenal tissue, where as adult forms inflicted mild tissue damage in the rumen.
The present study was conducted in order to implement efforts and regulation to eradicate the spread of disease in this area. From this study it was evaluated the changes in hematological parameters values of Large Ruminants and evaluated the Histopathological changes in rumen, reticulum, duodenum and liver.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2368-T] (1).
12.
Effects Of Fish Oil On The Histopathology Of Lymphoid Organs Of Broiler Experimentally Infected With Infectious Bursal Disease Virus
by Safdar Fareed Rabbani (2012-va-637) | Prof.Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr.Muti-Ur-Rehman | Prof.Dr.Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Infectious Bursal Disease has become the major poultry disease in Pakistan. The
disease causes immune suppression due to damage to primary lymphoid organs (Bursa of
Fabricius) in affected birds. Supplementation of fish oil enhances the immune status and subside
the inflammatory conditions. So this study was designed to study the effects of fish oil on
histopathology of lymphoid organs and growth performance of broiler birds. For this purpose a
total number of 80 day old Hubbard broiler chicks were randomly divided into four group i.e. A,
B, C and D. Group A and B were challenged with IBD Virus with known (EID50 106/ml) dose
was 0.1 ml intranasal on 21th day of age, Group B and C were treated with 3% fish oil while
group D acted as a negative control. Blood was collected from birds on irregular interval of days
20, 22, 29, 36 and 42 for monitoring of antibody titer against IBD virus and ND vaccine.
For the histopathology the lymphoid organ were collected on day 20, 22, 29, 36 and
42. Feed consumption of group A and D during 1st week of age was significantly higher than
group B and C. The broilers of group A consumed feed without fish oil significantly higher than
broiler of group D while, the broilers of group C consumed feed containing fish oil significantly
higher from the broilers of group D after challenged with IBD. The body weight of birds of
group B and C supplemented with fish oil mixed feed was significantly (p<0.05) higher than
broilers receiving feed without fish oil before challenged, however after challenge the body
weight gain of group C was significantly higher than group B while that of group D was
significantly (p<0.05) higher group A. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds supplemented
with fish oil was significantly different from the broilers receiving feed without fish oil before
challenged.
Summary
48
However after challenged significant difference was observed with highest value of
FCR by group C, followed by group B, group A and group D. Before challenged, group C show
the highest Mean titer value (606.0) for IBDV followed by group B (466.0), C (288.0) and D
(106.5), However, after challenge the highest value of Mean titer for IBDV was observed in
group B with 5006.0, followed by group C, A and D with Mean titer of 4608.0, 4469.0, and
4015.0, respectively on 42nd day of age.
During Histopathological examination, congestion, depletion of lymphocytes, dysplasia
of thymic lobules, thinning of cortex, focal necrosis, disappearance of lymph follicles and
interfollicular edema like lesions were observed in the lymphoid organs of challenged birds.
However, cellular hypertrophy, increased lymphocytes population and presence of lymphoblast
were the prominent changes in lymphoid organs of broilers supplemented with 3% fish oil, while
no pathological lesions were notified in the lymphoid organs of control group. From this study, it
was concluded that Infectious Bursal Disease causes immune suppression and damage immune
organs in broiler, with an associated loss of response to Newcastle disease vaccine.
It was also concluded from the current study that, fish oil had beneficial effect on the
antibody titer against Infectious Bursal disease virus and on growth performance in broilers. The
fish oil also showed therapeutic effect against Infectious Bursal Disease. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2364-T] (1).
13.
Studies on Pathogenesis and Molecular Diagnosis of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus In Broiler Chicken
by Beenish Zahid (2003-VA-134) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Blank CD. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2510-T] (1).
14.
Immuno-Modulatory Effects Of Beta-Glucans And Nucleotides Based Commercial Products In Broiler Chicken Experimentally Infected With Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus
by Hafiza Zain ul Fatima (2008-VA-232) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Raheela Akhter | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Immune-potentiation effect of commercially available products containing beta-glucans (betaplex and catalyzer) and nucleotides (electroimmune and avimmune) in the broilers was evaluated. A total of 120 broiler chicks were reared under standard husbandry conditions. The birds were vaccinated by live NDV vaccine at 5, 14 days and killed Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine at 7 days of age. Additionally, live infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease vaccines were also given through water at 5 and 10 days of age, respectively. The birds were randomly divided into six groups each comprising 20 birds. Four groups (treatment groups) were offered four commercial immune-booster products at 7, 14 and 21 days of age for 72 hours. Fifth group (untreated vaccinated) was not offered any drug while sixth group (untreated and unvaccinated) was not given any drug and also remained unvaccinated against NDV. Anti NDV antibodies were measured at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age and heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio was measured at 14, 21 and 28 days. Weight of immune organs and performance of birds was also measured from each group. Finally, 15 birds from each group were inoculated with virulent NDV through intranasal route at 28 days of age to assess the protection against challenge infection.
Mean GMT anti NDV antibody titers in vaccinated groups were 3.65 (±0.59) at one week of age which were raised to the levels of 5.85 (±0.88), 5.50 (±1.00), 6.10 (±0.64), 5.90 (±0.91) and 5.45 (±1.05) in the betaplex, catalyzer, electroimmune, avimmune, and untreated control groups, respectively. Maximum antibody titer was achieved in electroimmune treated group while minimum in the catalyser treated ones. In non-vaccinated control group the antibody titers were minimum in the beginning that reduced to negligible level at four weeks of age. The H:L ratio of
Summary
48
all treatment groups did not significantly vary at 14 days of age while at 21 and 28 days of age, the birds receiving electroimmune have significantly low H:L ratio in comparison to other treatment groups. Weight of liver and spleen in nucleotide treated groups was significantly higher than other treatment and control groups while there was no significant difference in the weight of bursa of fabricious in all treatment groups. Relative weight of all immune organs to the live body weight did not significantly vary in all treatment and control groups. Performance of the birds as a measure of feed conversion ratio (FCR) was highest in electroimmune treated birds. The challenge protection data shows that minimum mortality of 40 % (6/15) was observed in nucleotides treated groups while betaplex and catalyzer treatment groups have 47 % (7/15) and 53 % (8/15) mortality ratios in comparison to 60 % (9/15) mortality in untreated birds. Results of present study suggest that nucleotide or beta glucans supplementation in the diet have beneficial effects to enhance the humoral immune response and better bird performance in broilers. Use of these products not on delay the onset of clinical disease but also helpful in providing better protection against challenge to velogenic NDV. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2516-T] (1).
15.
Amelioration Of Pathological Changes Due To Infectious Bursal Disease By The Administration Of Mentofin And Asi-Mirus In Broiler Chicken
by Muhammad Umair Shah (2011-VA-15) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Ghulam Mustafa | Dr. Ali Ahmed Sheikh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry industry is the second largest industry in Pakistan but despite of its rapid growth rate it is facing huge economic losses due to many infectious diseases. Infectious Bursal Disease is one of them. Huge economic losses in case of infectious bursal disease are due to immunosuppression and high mortality.
In Pakistan, commercially available vaccines are abruptly used to control different viral diseases but unfortunately failure of these products occur from time to time. Hence, current study was designed to determine the immunostimulatory effect of two commercially available products (Mentofin and ASI-MIRUS) against IBD vaccine.
A total 300 broiler chicks were taken, divided into six groups each having 50 birds and were replicated under controlled conditions. A, B and D groups were vaccinated with the IBD live virus vaccine. B and C groups were treated with Mentofin. D and E groups were treated with ASI-MIRUS while F group served negative control. To detect antibody titer against IBDV at every week (0-42 days of age), a commercial ELISA kit, IDEXX Flock Chek standard (IDEXX Corporation, Westbrook, ME, USA) was used. In order to analyze gross and microscopic changes in bursa, postmortem examination and histopathology of bursa was done.
The volatile oils in Mentofin and ASI-MIRUS have effective immunomodulatory effects on humoral immune response in broiler chicks. Eucalyptus and peppermint oils increase bursa to body weight (B/BW) ratio as compared to untreated birds. Results of present study indicated the highest antibody titer in group D supplemented with ASI-MIRUS and vaccinated as compared to group B supplemented with Mentofin and vaccinated. Significantly high bursa to body weight ratio also observed in vaccinated group D (ASI-MIRUS treated) comparing with other
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
35
vaccinated groups A and B. In Group B (Mentofin treated), bursal samples showed necrosis at medullary region of bursal follicle. Group D (ASI-MIRUS treated) showed the active follicle consist of lymphoid cells and shown no obvious histopathological lesion. So present study showed that ASI-MIRUS is reduced the severity of IBDV which has more beneficial effect on immune response against IBD vaccinated Broiler Chicken as compared to Mentofin. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2557-T] (1).
16.
Pathological Investigation And Molecular Detection Of Avian Pathogenic E.Coli Serogroups In Broiler Birds
by Muhammad Azeem Riaz (2008-VA-132) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muti Ur Rehman Khan | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The present study was designed to identify the serogroups present in field and to study their pathological effects in experimentally infected broiler chicks. The present study was attempted to scan the rfb gene clusters in APEC predominant serotypes O1, O2 and O78 strains and to develop Multiplex PCR method for serotyping of the O-antigens. The Multiplex PCR method was used for the identification of serotypes of APEC. The second part of the study was to study the pathological lesions caused by most prevalent serogroup in experimentally infected broiler chicks.
A total of 100 tissue samples (lungs and livers) were collected from colibacillosis suspected broiler birds. Streaking was done from these samples on three different media and it was found that 80% isolates were positive on MacConkey media, 60% were positive on EMB media and 40% were found pathogenic for E.coli on Congo red media.
The colonies which were of pink color on congo red media were considered as pathogenic. DNA was extracted from these colonies by boiling method by picking single colony from each petri plate. Extracted DNA was further used for PCR to confirm the three serogroups i.e O1, O2 and O78.
The PCR results showed that 8% isolated samples were found as pathogenic as O2 strain was found dominant among all. Only two genomic DNA samples were found of O1 serogroup After confirmation of serogroups inoculum of Avian pathogenic E.coli O2 strain was prepared to experimentally infect the broiler birds. Birds were infected at the age of day 7 via intratracheal route.
Following the experimental infection of birds, they were monitored for any pathological lesions which were not present significantly while some birds were off feed, reluctant to move, head down posture and were keeping themselves in isolation.
Summary
46
Postmortem of dead birds was performed and pathological lesions were noted. Livers were found to be congested, enlarged and white fibrinous layer over liver was present. Lungs were also affected with the disease and white layer was present on lungs too. Lungs were consolidated and congested.
Histopathology of lungs and livers was performed. It was noted that there was mononuclear cells infiltration and thin fibrinous layer over liver. Thickening of the liver capsule was noted due to infiltration of mononuclear cells and there was marked congestion in hepatic portal areas and the central vein. There was atrophy of adjoining hepatic cords due to greatly distended and congested sinusoids. Besides these changes, hepatocytes in various stages of degeneration along with hemorrhages, areas of congestion and fatty changes in a few places could be seen.
There was infiltration of heterophils, severe congestion, lymphocytes and macrophages in the wall of the bronchus as well as in the peribronchial alveoli. There was marked presence of granuloma in lungs. Some birds displayed thickening of the pleura and consolidated areas covered with yellowish fibrin in lungs.
The experimental infection of avian pathogenic E.coli confirmed the hypothesis that it causes pronounced histopathological lesions in broiler birds. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2591-T] (1).
17.
Comparison Of Conventional And Modern Diagnostic Techniques For Bovine Tuberculosis With Associated Risk Factors
by Arslan Tariq (2014-VA-960) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial disease of cattle that occasionally affects other species of mammals. It is a zoonotic disease that can be spread to humans, typically by the inhalation of aerosols or the ingestion of unpasteurized milk. The present study was conducted to diagnose tuberculosis in cattle and buffalo by using conventional method of Tuberculin. Later on, the positive samples of tuberculin test were tested on ELISA and PCR. Additionally, associated risk factors including the age, sex, breed and body condition were also investigated.
One hundred and ninety-two sexually mature animals of age 2-8 years for detection of tuberculosis were selected randomly from four organized farms in eastern wing Lahore district. The animals were divided into two main experimental groups labeled as group B (Buffalos) and group C (Cows). Each group was further sub-divided into 3 sub-groups namely B1, B2, B3 and C1, C2, C3 with age group of below 4y, 4-6y and over 6y respectively.
On the basis of tuberculin test number of positive cases of bovine tuberculosis in buffalo were 7.29 % while in cattle were 11.46% out of total 96 animals of each group. On the basis of diagnosis with ELISA-IFN-γ assay, percentage of positive cases were 71.43% and 72.73 % respectively out of tuberculin positive samples. Whereas the percentage of positive cases in case of PCR of buffalo and cattle were 85.71% and 90.91% respectively.
Number of positive cases in buffalo at age below 4 years, 4-6 years more than 6 years were observed as 1, 2 and 4 respectively. While in cattle, number of positive cases were found to be 2, 3 and 6. In case of buffalo, number of positive cases of bovine tuberculosis in male and female were 2 and 5 respectively. In cattle, 4 males and 7 females were declared as positive. In case of buffalo, number of positive cases of bovine tuberculosis in Nili Ravi (pure breed) and non-descript breeds were 2 and 5 respectively. Number of positive cases in case of indigenous and exotic breeds
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of cattle were 3 and 8 respectively. In buffalo, only 1 animal with good body condition was found positive against bovine tuberculosis, while 2 animals with fair body and 4 animals with poor body condition were observed as positive cases. In case of cattle, only 1 animal with good body condition, 3 with fair body condition while 7 with poor body condition were declared as positive cases.
It can be concluded from the study that Modern techniques are more specific than conventional techniques. It is also deduced from study that cattle are more susceptible to bovine tuberculosis rather than buffalo. Moreover, female animals were more prone to infection than that of male, older animals were found to be infected more frequently than that of younger animals. Animals with poor body conditions were at high risk of infection than animals with good body conditions. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2648-T] (1).
18.
A Comparative Study Of Non-Antibiotic Feed Additives On Experimental Colonization Of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteridis And Intestinal Pathomorphology In Broiler Chickens
by Adeem Rehman Raffie (2010-VA-233) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The utility of antimicrobial agents as a preventive measure has been questioned, given extensive documentation of the evolution of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic bacteria. Non-antibiotic feed additives (probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils and organic acids) are being considered to fill this gap and already a few farmers in the country are using them with good results. The present study enable us to understand and compare the beneficial effects of non-antibiotic feed additives on salmonella enterica colonization and changes in intestinal morphology.
This study is designed to evaluate the effect of non-antibiotic feed additives on salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis colonization in intestine of broilers chickens and compare the intestinal morphology between normal healthy, non-antibiotic feed additives supplemented and salmonella challenged broiler chickens.
A total of 125 commercial day-old broiler chicks were procured from the local market. The chicks were divided into six groups A (Basal diet, negative control group), B (Challenge + Basal diet, positive control group), C (probiotic + Challenge + Basal diet), D (prebiotic + Challenge + Basal diet), E (essential oils + Challenge + Basal diet) and F (organic acids + Challenge + Basal diet) with 20 chicks in each group and given separate treatments.
Two separate experiments were carried out for salmonella recovery from cecal tonsils and intestinal pathomorphic evaluation. Villus length, villus width, villus surface area and crypt depth were measured by micrometery. The collected data from both experiments was analyzed using the statistical technique of comparing more than two groups i.e. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) through SPSS 16.0.
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There was an overall increase in all the parameters of intestinal morphometric analysis for all the treatment groups except for the control negative group which showed lowest values. Maximum villus height of 1794.2±63.96 μm in duodenum was achieved by group E, which was given essential oils. Whereas maximum villus surface area index of 1662.6±389.16 mm2 was recorded in group D, which was treated with prebiotics. Maximum villus height of 940.35±23.96 μm and surface area index of 568.92±36.27 mm2 in ileum mucosa was recorded in group D, treated with prebiotic. . Recoverable salmonella was most reduced by probiotics and organic acids.
Final results show that there is an overall increase in histological parameters of the mucosa of duodenum and ileum in the groups fed non-antibiotics feed additives as compared with control groups. Prebiotics showed the maximum positive effects in histological parameters whereas probiotics showed maximum positive effect for decreased recoverable salmonella count. Hence this study suggests that a combination of non-antibiotic feed additives will be beneficial for the intestinal health of broiler chickens but there is a need for more research on combinations of non-antibiotic feed additives. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2844-T] (1).
19.
Detection Of Genetic Variants In Interferon Gamma Gene And Its Association With Resistance Against Mycobacterium Bovis In Buffalo
by Awais Nawaz (2010-VA-219) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Jawad Nazir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Bovine Tuberculosis (bovine TB) is a chronic disease of animals and has been known for the significant zoonotic impact. Immune mechanisms necessary for protection against Bovine TB are poorly understood. Interferon-γ cytokine has been reported critically and it is important to study its role in immunity against Bovine TB.
Blood samples were collected from 100 Animals from Peri-urban areas of Lahore, Gujranwala and Okara, Pakistan. Genomic DNA was extracted from the samples. Specific primers were designed to amplify specific portion of IFN-γ gene. Amplified products were sequenced and analyzed by bioinformatics tools. Interferon-γ assay was performed from blood collected in heparin coated vacutainers for the quantification of interferon-γ cytokine in different groups of animals. Blood samples from mycobacterium infected symptomatic and symptomatic animals were processed in Haematology analyzer for complete blood count.
Genetic sequencing of bovine Interferon gamma gene (IFN- γ) help in finding out the Genetic Variations to characterize its role in resistance against Mycobacterium bovis infection. This study help in finding out the confirmed markers for natural resistance against bovine TB that can be used in future selection and breeding programmes. The comparison of hematological values and Interferon gamma level of different groups of animals help us for the detailed diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.
The collected data from hematological analysis of Mycobacterium infected symptomatic animals (Group A), Mycobacterium infected asymptomatic animals (Group B) and non-infected animals/control Group (Group C) was analyzed using the statistical technique of comparing more than two groups i.e. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), One way ANOVA through SPSS 16.0.
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
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Mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were found non-significant (p>0.05). White blood cells, Lymphocytes, Platelets, Mean platelet volume and Mean corpuscular volume were found significant (p<0.05). Granulocytes, Red blood cells and Red cell distribution width values were found highly significant.
Interferon gamma assay provided confirmation about the presence of disease in the animals by indicating interferon gamma level to insight the undergoing pathogenesis which was helpful in the detailed diagnosis of the disease. Later on it helped us in the confirmation of false positive results by Tuberculin test.
Final results revealed four intronic variations in different groups of animals. Three of them were found in Group A and B and one was found in Group C (non-infected animals) by Primer 1 (P1). Intronic variations don’t have significant effect but they may have an impact on the regulation of the gene.
We found Transversions (T > A), (A > T), (T > G) were found in mycobacterium infected symptomatic group of animals (Table: 4.7). Transversion (C > G) at and deletion (G >_) was found in this group and exclusive presence of these SNP’s in this group can be considered significant and responsible for the infection. Transversion (A > C) and addition (_ > G) were found in mycobacterium infected asymptomatic group of animals. These two SNP’s are significant as they have been found only in this group. We can infer that the presence of these two SNP's is responsible for the infection along with making them asymptomatic towards the disease.
It was noted that Transition (G > A), (T > C) has been found common in mycobacterium infected symptomatic and asymptomatic group of animals. This common mutation at same position in both groups is quite significant and could be attributed to the occurrence of disease.
Summary Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2881-T] (1).
