1.
Comparative Volume Assessment Of Nili Ravi Buffalo Hoof Being Reared On Different Flooring Systems
by Ihsan Ali | Dr.Hafsa Zaneb | Dr.Muhammad Aslam | Prof.Dr.ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The bovine hoof volume can be affected by various factors like age, breed, season, nutrition, and type of flooring. Concrete and abrasive floors increase the wear and tear of horn tissues while rubber mat lowers growth rate and wear and tear. The growth rate of claw horn is faster in yearling and young as compared to mature cattle. Keeping in view the above mentioned effects of age and flooring system on hoof morphology, present study was designed to
1. Estimate hoof volume as an indication of' hoof size in buffalo under different flooring systems.
2. Compare hoof volume of adult and immature buffaloes.
3. Compare hoof volume with body weight.
The study was carried out on two different flooring systems (concrete and soft) and consisted of 30 mature (11 years) and 30 immature (2 years) animals. Fifteen adult and fifteen immature animals were selected from Buffalo Research Institute (BR1) Pathoki, district Kasur and. the remaining 15 adult and 1 5 immature were selected from backyard farms in rural areas of Punjab (Sheikhupura). The age and weight of the animals were determined by dental formula and tape measurement method respectively. For assessment of hoof volume three measurements, (coronary band, base, and abaxial) were taken from medial (left and right) and lateral (left and right) claws of fore and hind
lim.b in centimeters. The measurements of lateral and medial claws of same hoof were added and the values were put in the following tbrmula:
Claw volume (cm3) = (17.192 x Base) + (7.467 AbaxGr) + 45.270 x (CorBand) --
798.5.
The data obtained was statistically analyzed using one way Anova and independent t-test. Significant differences of mean were obtained between right fore and right hind, left fore and left hind hooves of both adult and immature animals, Significant differences of mean were also recorded between hoof volume of animals reared on concrete floor at BRI and soft floor at backyard farm. The results were also significant with respect to weight bearing capacity between fore and hind hooves. No significant difference of mean was observed when volume of right and left fore hoof and right and left hind hoof was compared.
The results of our study showed that hoof volume is affected by flooring systems. The smaller hoof volume was obtained from animals reared on concrete floor as compared to soft floor.
When hoof volume reduces, risk of lameness increases because of decreased weight bearing capacity. Flooring systems greatly affect the hoof volume. The concrete flooring system decreases the hoof volume because of friction. While on the other hand soft flooring system of backyard farms allow less friction and sustain hoof volume up to much extent. Greater hoof volume results in increased weight bearing capacity which is a protective factor in reference to lameness.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1234,T] (1).
2.
Biometry Of Femake Reproductive Tract Of Nili- Ravi Buffalo
by Atta-ur-Rehman | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Knowledge of biometry of female reproductive tract of Nili Ravi buffalo is very
important for artificial insemination, pregnancy diagnosis, estrus detection and to deal
with infertility problems. Animals were divided into four groups based on age and
cyclicity, which were non cyclic heifer, cyclic heifer, non cyclic adult and cyclic adult.
Each group contained ten reproductive tracts collected from government slaughter house
at Lahore. Anatomical parameters of normal female reproductive tract (ovary, oviduct,
uterine horn, intercornualligament, uterine body and cervix) were recorded.
Mostly the shape of the ovary was almond in Nili Ravi buffalo except one animal where
the shape of the ovary was oval. Length, diameter, circumference, weight, thickness, and
ovarian bursa diameter of left and right of cyclic adult were significantly higher than that
of non cyclic adult and non cyclic heifer. Mesovarien length of left and right ovary of
cyclic adult, non cyclic adult and cyclic heifer was significantly higher than that of non
cyclic heifer. There was no significant difference in mean number of follicles, outer
diameter, total diameter and total length on both ovaries among different groups. There
was no significant difference in number of regressed, developed and hemorrhagic CL on
both ovaries in all groups. Length and thickness of left and right oviduct of cyclic adult
were significantly higher than those of non cyclic adult and non cyclic heifer while, in
case of oviduct weight there was no significant difference among different groups. Outer
length, bifurcation lepgth, total length, diameter, weight, circumference and uterine artery diameter of left and right uterine horn of cyclic adult were significantly higher than those of non cyclic adult, non cyclic heifer and cyclic heifer. In the same way that of cyclic heifer was significantly higher than that of non cyclic heifer. Thickness of left uterine horn wall of cyclic adult was significantly higher than that of non cyclic heifer and non cyclic adult but in case of right uterine horn there was no significant difference in thickness among different groups. Mean number of caruncles of left and right uterine
horn as well as length of dorsal and ventral intercornual ligament of cyclic adult and non cyclic adult
was significantly higher than that of non cyclic heifer and cyclic heifer. Mean length, diameter,
circumference, thickness and weight of uterine body and cervix of cyclic adult were significantly higher
than those of non cyclic adult and non cyclic heifer. Mean length, diameter, weight, diameter and
circumference of uterine body and cervix of non cyclic adult and cyclic heifer were significantly higher
than those of non cyclic heifer. There was no significant difference in mean number of cervical rings
among different groups of Nili Ravi buffalo while shape of the cervix was cylindrical in all groups.
Length of cervix protrusion in vagina of cyclic adult and non cyclic adult was significantly higher than
that of non cyclic heifer and cyclic heifer and that of cyclic heifer was significantly higher than that of
non cyclic heifer. There was no significant difference between left and right parts of female
reproductive tract except ovarian lengt, ovarian diameter, ovarian bursa d iameter and number of
caruncles.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1349,T] (1).
3.
Relationship Of Gender And Body Condition Score On Histomrphometric And Physical Characteristics Of Selected Selected Skeletal Muscles in Kundi Buffalo
by Muhammad Usman Saleem | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Introduction: Present study was conducted to study the effect of gender and BCS on selected skeletal muscle properties in Kundi buffaloes. Tenderness, juiciness and water holding capacity are the attributes of meat quality and are related with the muscle fiber number and diameter. Normal pH of the meat is 5.2-5.4 and any deviation from these values show that the animal was under stress before slaughter.
Materials and Methods: Four groups of 10 animals each were taken. The first group was of 10 male animals having BCS 1-4 and the second group was of 10 male animals having BCS more than 4. The third and fourth groups were of 10 female animals each having BCS 1-4 and more than 4 respectively. Samples of muscles trapezius cervices longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus were taken from each animal 24 hours post mortem. pH of the meat was measured with the help of pH meter 24 hours post mortem. Water holding capacity of the meat sample was measured 24 hours post mortem using Honikels gravimetric bag method. Samples were processed for light microscopy and stained by using Eosin and Hematoxylin staining technique. Tissue sections were observed for counting muscle fiber number and measuring the diameter of muscle fiber using a morphometry program.
Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was made using independent sample t- tests for the comparison based on gender or BCS between groups, and analysis with in a group was made using one way ANOVA.
Results: It was observed that the pH, WHC and muscle fiber number was higher in males as compared to those of females. Muscle fiber diameter was greater in females as compared to those of males. Animals with BCS 1-4 had a lower pH, greater WHC, larger muscle fiber diameter and higher muscle fiber number than those animals having BCS > 4. pH of trapezius cervicalis is higher than longissimus lumborum and semitendinosus but its WHC is lower than semitendinosus and longissimus lumborum. Longissimus lumborum has least muscle fiber diameter however trapezius has got the largest muscle fiber diameter. Number of muscle fibers in semitendinosus muscle is highest.
Conclusion: Through this research we determined that gender and BCS affect meat quality parameters.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1451,T] (1).
4.
Morphometric Evaluation Of Corpus Luteam And Ovary During Estrous In Nili-Ravi Buffalo Through Ultrasonography in spring and Dry Hot Seasons
by Abdur Rehman Ansari | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Introduction: The current investigation was carried out to study the effect of season on
the morphometric values of corpus luteum and ovary in spring (February-April) and dry
hot (May-June) seasons in the same animals and to characterize the biometry of corpus
luteum and ovary during estrous through ultrasonography in Nili-Ravi buffalo. The
correlation between the plasma Progesterone concentrations and ultrasonographic
biometry of corpus luteum was also studied during estrous in spring and dry hot seasons.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on ten female Nili-Ravi buffaloes in
both the seasons (spring versus dry hot). The ultrasonographic measurements and
echogenicity of ovaries and corpus luteum were performed by using linear rectal probe
(Agro-scan AL) of 5.0 MHZ on alternate days during the entire length of estrous cycle.
The plasma progesterone level was determined by taking 10 ml blood samples by
coccygeal vein puncture on the examination day from each animal in test tubes,
containing EDTA. The collected blood was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for about 20 minutes
and then the plasma was harvested, labeled and stored at freezing temperature (-20 °C)
until progesterone (P4) evaluation through ELISA technique.
Statistical Analysis: The data obtained by the ultrasonographic examinations was
analyzed with the help of paired t-test and the correlations regarding plasma progesterone
(P4) concentration and the morphometric values of corpus luteum were determined by
Pearson correlation by using computer software SPSS statistics version 17.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1556,T] (1).
5.
Morphometric And Histological Modulation Of Broiler Gut Under Chronic Heat Stress With And Without Dietary Yeast Supplementation.
by Ghulam Abbas | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Prof. Dr. Ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1620,T] (1).
6.
Effect Of Dietary Supplementation Of Catharanthus Roseus On Gross And Micro-Structures Of Selected Internal Organs of Broilers
by Saba Anwar | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Prof. Dr. Ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1737,T] (1).
7.
Alteration In Dimensions Of Different Mucosal Components Of Small Intestine Of Rock Pigeon (Columba Livia Domestica) Caused By Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharide
by Sahar ijaz | Dr. Hafsa zaneb | Dr. Muhammad | DR. Saima masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2013,T] (1).
8.
Effect Of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder Supplementation On Growth Performance And Gut Morphology In Broiler Chickens
by Imad Khan | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr, Muhammad | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2139,T] (1).
9.
Effect Of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder Supplementation On Morphometric Characteristics Of Bone And Skeletal Muscle Of Broiler Chicken
by Hafiz Faseeh ur Rehman (2013-VA-437) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Herbal extracts are being used as alternatives to sub-therapeutic antibiotics. Their mechanism of action involves improving growth performance through modulation of immune status of birds and increasing absorption of nutrients through gastro-intestinal tract. Moringa oleifera is one such herb which not only has antibacterial, antifungal properties but also have a good quantity of essential vitamins and minerals.
This study was aimed to analyze the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder in different concentrations (0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2% and 1.5%) on commercially important muscle characteristics and morphometric parameters of tibia bone.
Day-old broilers (n = 100) were randomly divided into five groups (A, B, C, D & E), each group having 4 replicates (n=5). Group A (Control) was fed basal diet while group B, C, D & E were fed same diet with 0.6%, 0.9% ,1.2% and 1.5 % supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder for 35 days. Birds were immunized against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease.
On day 35 of the experiment, two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered by exsanguination. Blood was collected in plan test tube and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes to harvest serum and alkaline phosphatase activity was measured in serum. After slaughtering samples of breast muscle (pectoralis major) were taken for pH measurement and water holding capacity (WHC). For histological slide preparation breast muscle sample were processed by paraffin embedding technique and stained by Haematoxyline & Eosin. Histomorphometry was done by using software (ProgRes®2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control Software).
Summary
38
The right and left tibiae of each bird were collected for the morphometric measurements. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Group differences were compared by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test Difference between groups was considered significant at P < 0.05.
The results revealed that water holding capacity (WHC) was higher in 0.6% MOLP, 0.9% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups as compare to control group. pH values of breast meat in all MOLP supplemented groups were significantly higher at o hour, 12 hour and 24 hour after slaughtering.
The supplementation of MOLP did not significantly affect muscle fiber density in breast muscle, but muscle fibre diameter of breast muscle from groups supplemented with 1.2% and 1.5% MOLP were significantly higher (P<0.05) than control group and group supplemented with 0.6% MOLP. The muscle fibre diameter of breast muscle of 0.9% MOLP supplemented group did not vary significantly from control as well as all other MOLP supplemented groups.
In tibia, bone length, bone diameter, medullary canal diameter did not change significantly in supplemented and control group. The weight of tibia bone increased significantly in groups supplemented with 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP when compared to control group. In right tibia, all treated groups ash% was significantly (P<0.05) high when compared to control group but the left tibiae the ash% of left tibia was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 0.6% MOLP supplemented group when compare to all other groups. The ash% of control group, 0.9% and 1.2% MOLP supplemented groups were significantly high than 1.5% MOLP.
The serum ALP level and Tibio-Tarsal Index did not vary significantly in all experimental groups. The robusticity index of control group was higher for both left and right tibia bone when compared to 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups. The
Summary
39
Weight/Length Index of tibia bone was also significantly high in 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups as compared to control group.
One of the most important considerations which should be kept in mind at the time of sample collection for WHC measurements and for getting cross section of muscles on slides for microscopic morphometry is orientation of muscle fibre and muscle fascicle in a given muscle. The muscle fibres of breast muscle (pectoralis major) in birds are neither perpendicular nor parallel with keel bone’s long axis but running at an oblique angle where the higher end of muscle fibre is on the lateral edges of muscle and lower end of muscle fibre is towards the medial end, so for sampling one must first ascertain muscle fibre direction and then they should be cut perpendicular to their oblique angle.
Conclusion
Supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (1.2% and 1.5%) in diet of broilers improved commercially important traits of breast muscle along with improving the mineral contents and strength of tibia bone. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2461-T] (1).
10.
Morphometry Of Udder, Teat And Milk Vein In Nili Ravi Buffalo (Bubalis Bubalis) And It’s Relationship With Milk Yield.
by Mirza Muhammad Usman (2003-VA-138) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: SUMMARY
Morphological and physiological properties of mammary system are affecting the milk production in dairy animals and the quality and quantity of milk produced by them is dependent on its health particularly the health of its udder. Nili Ravi (Bubalis bubalis) buffalo is a native breed of Pakistan found in irrigated plains of Punjab and is also referred to as black gold because of its vital role in national economics. About two third of the total milk produced nationally comes from the buffalo milk and these animals also contribute to production of meat and draught power. Like for other dairy animals, morphometry of the udder is considered an important tool in the selection of our local buffaloes but the scientific reports regarding the difference of udder morphometric parameters in high and low yielding animals are still lacking. Keeping in mind the importance of this local breed and its huge contributions in fulfilling the daily milk needs of Pakistan, present study was designed to document the differences in the morphometric parameters of udder in two groups of Nili Ravi Buffaloes.
Forty healthy Nili Ravi buffalos having a minimum BCS of 2.5, and in second or above lactation were selected. The animals were housed in a semi closed housing system. Buffalos free from udder pathologies were selected and were hand-milked. These were then equally divided into two groups according to their average daily milk production MP 1 group (4–6.9 liters per day), MP 2 group (7–9.9 liters per day). The morphometry of the udder, teat and milk vein was recorded twice, two hours before and two hours after milking. Teat length, udder depth and udder horizontal circumference were measured with the help of measuring tape. External teat diameter and milk vein diameter were measured with the help of vernier caliper. The external teat diameter and the internal diameter of the milk vein were measured with the help of
Summary
24
ultrasound. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for Windows version 13.3 and presented as mean ± SE. Normal distribution of the data was checked by Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Statistical differences within the group were analyzed by paired T test. The significance of the parameters among the groups i.e., MP 1 & MP 2 made on the basis of low and high milk yield respectively was studied by Independent T test. All the differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Results revealed that ejection of milk did not affect the length of teats within the group for both MP 1 and MP 2 groups except in case of right fore-teats of MP 2 group (showing an increase after milking). When the similar parameter was compared between the groups we could not observe the effects of milking on TL. External teat diameter showed a decrease after milk ejection in both the groups except in right hind teat of the low producing group and teats of left sides in high producing animals. However we could not observe the difference of this external teat diameter between two groups of Buffaloes based on milk production. Teat cistern diameter (TCD) did not differ before and after milking, when compared between the high and low yielding Buffalos and within the group of high yielding animals. The TCD within MP 1 group showed variable results for left and right fore- teats. Depth of the udder and udder horizontal circumference did not show any significant difference before and after milking within as well as between the two groups. Milk vein diameter was greater in both the groups before milking, however, the diameter of the milk vein remained unchanged when compared between the high and low yielding animals. Diameter of the milk vein measured with the help of ultrasound remained statistically same between and within the two groups of buffaloes.
In conclusion, this study showed that most of the morphometric parameters of the udder including teat length, external teat diameter, teat cistern diameter, udder depth and diameter of
the milk vein were not different between the groups of Nili Ravi buffalo selected on the basis of difference in their milk production. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2467-T] (1).
11.
Effect Of Bacillus Subtilis And Sodium Butyrate On The Morphometry Of The Small Intestine And Immune System In Healthy And Salmonella-Challenged Broiler Chickens
by Arbab Sikandar (2005-VA-154) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. muhammad Younus | Dr. Sima Masood | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Supplementation ofBacillus subtilis and microencapsulated sodium butyrate in the feed is being practiced as a substitute for antibiotics growth promoters. An expansive range of encouraging health-related properties exhibited by B. subtilis and SB has been published, but their exact effect on gut and immune system is not completely understood. Consequently, the evaluation of B. subtilis andSB as feed supplements is desired. To achieve this goal, the present study was aimed to investigate the effects of B. subtilis and SB on performance, immune system, gut and lymphoid organs microarchitecture in healthy and Salmonella-challenged broiler chickens.
In the first experiment the research was targeted to investigate the effects of B. subtilis on performance, immune system, gut and lymphoid organ microarchitecture in broilers. A total of 120 d-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four groups, each group with three replicates containing 10 birds per replicate. The birds were fed a corn-soy-based basal diet (BD, control) or BD supplemented with 10% zinc bacitracin (ZnB), and 0.05g/kg or 0.1g/kg of B. subtilis, respectively. On d 21 and 35, six birds from each group were killed to collect blood and visceral organs (thymus, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, liver and small intestine). Parameters evaluated included growth performance, immune responses, relative organ weights, lymphoid organs and gut mucosal morphometry, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) count and goblet cell histochemistry in mucosa. Results showed that the group fed 0.1g/kg of B. subtilis had superior (P<0.05) mean body weight and weight gain, and lower FCR compared to the non-supplemented or ZnB-fed groups.The BS-0.1 group revealed higher antibody titer against Newcastle disease (ND) virus and the supplemented groups against sheep RBCs (SRBCs) on d 35. Cell-mediated immune response post-phytohemagglutinin-P injection was attained (P<0.05) by birds in the BS-0.1 group at 24h, and by both the BS-0.1 and BS-0.05 groups at 48 and 72h compared to the ZnB and control groups. The BS-0.1 group gained higher (P<0.05) relative bursal weight on d 21 compared to the other groups. Compared to the control group, the liver, spleen and thymus weighed more (P<0.05) in the experimental groups on d 35. The histomorphological study revealed increased (P<0.05) thymus cortical width, and cortex/medulla ratio in the BS-0.1 group compared to the control. The area of the bursal follicles and germinal centers of the spleen also improved (P<0.05) in the BS-0.1 group compared to the control. Compared to the ZnB and control, higher (P<0.05) villus height, villus surface area and villus crypt ratio of the duodenum and jejunum were recorded on d 21, and higher (P<0.05) villus heightof the duodenum and ileum was noted on d 35 in the BS-0.1 and BS-0.05 groups. The number of goblet cells having acid mucin was significantly higher in the ileal mucosae of the BS-0.1 group chickens compared to the ZnB and control. In conclusion, B. subtilis type probiotics effectuated better growth performance, improved immune system and modulated morphology of lymphoid organs and gut mucosa in broilers.
The second experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of sodium butyrate on growth performance, immune status, organ weights and the microarchitecture of lymphoid organs and the small intestine compared to the effects brought about by an antibiotic. The cell-mediated immune response at 48 h post-phytohemagglutinin-P injection, and antibody titer against NDV and sheep RBCs on d 35 was higher (P < 0.05) in SB-1 chicks compared to those in the ZnB and control groups. Higher (P < 0.05) weight gain, and lower (P < 0.05) FCR were attained by the supplemented groups compared to the control. The thymus and spleen weighed more (P < 0.05) in the SB-1 group and bursa registered more (P < 0.05) weight in both SB groups compared to the control. On d 21, areas of the thymus medulla and the spleen germinal centers were larger (P < 0.05) in SB-1 chicks compared to ZnB and control chicks. The VH and VSA increased (P < 0.05) in the duodenum and jejunum in both SB groups on d 21, and in SB-1 on d 35 compared to the ZnB and control groups. The villus to crypt ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in the duodenum in SB-1 chicks compared to ZnB and control chicks. On d 35, VH in all segments and VSA in the duodenum and jejunum increased (P < 0.05) in SB-1 chicks compared to ZnB and control chicks. Statistically, IEL count was not significant among supplemented groups. On d 21, the number of goblet cells containing acidic mucin increased (P < 0.05) in all the segments of the small intestines in the SB-1 group compared to the control group and on d 35 in the ileum compared to the other groups. In conclusion sodium butyrate elicited better growth performance, improved immune system and modulated the morphology of lymphoid organs and the gut mucosa in broiler chickens.
The third experiment was focused to assess the effect of B. subtilis and SB on gut development, growth performance and immune system in broilers challenged with S. Gallinarum. Better growth performance was reported in the supplemented groups compared to the NC-S group due to better feed efficiency. The B. subtilis-supplemented group exhibited higher (P < 0.05) cellular immunity and antibody titer against NDV compared to the PC-S and NC-S groups. Furthermore, B. subtilis¬- and SB-supplemented groups reflected higher (P < 0.05) relative thymus and bursa weights, and improved microarchitecture of the lymphoid organs compared to the NC-S group. On d 21, villus surface area in the jejunum and ileum increased (P < 0.05) in sodium butyrate-treated birds. The crypt depth of the jejunum decreased (P < 0.05) in B. subtilis and sodium butyrate groups compared to NC-S and PC-S groups. On d 35, the villus height, villus surface area and VH:CD ratio of the duodenum increased (P < 0.05) in the supplemented groups compared to the NC-S group. The FCR, Salmonella population in ceca and mortality were higher (P < 0.05) in the NC-S group. In conclusion, the prophylactic use of the B. subtilis probiotic and SB alleviated stress associated with SalmonellaGallinarum infection and improved performance, immune function, lymphoid organs and gut mucosal development in infected broilers. Further analyses are needed to reveal the mechanism(s) by which B. subtilis and sodium butyrate produce such effects.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2790-T] (1).
12.
Comparative Morphological Study Of Gastrointestinal Organs Of Domestic And Wild Migratory Duck In Pakistan
by Muhammad Shuaib (2015-VA-1059) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Prof. Dr. Habib-Ur-Rehman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Reported literature provides limited information on histology and histomorphometry of its GIT organs and gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) of wild duck (Gadwall; Anas strepera). This study seeks to document histology and histomorphometric features of above-mentioned organs of Gadwall and compare them to those of the domestic duck.
Seven adult domestic and wild ducks were collected from local market and Chashma Barrage, Mianwali, respectively. After slaughtering, samples from esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard, pyloric tonsils, small intestine and cecal segments were collected. GIT and visceral organs length and weight were recorded respectively. All the samples were processed by paraffin embedding technique followed by H&E and Alcian blue-PAS staining techniques. The slides were observed under bright field microscope for measurements (LABOMED® USA). For esophagus, thicknesses of layers of its wall were recorded. For proventriculus and gizzard, histological description was considered. For small intestines, villus height, width and surface area, crypt depth, thickness of lamina propria, muscularis mucosae and tunica muscularis were recorded, and IELs and goblet cells were counted. For pyloric and cecal tonsils, height, width, number and distribution area of lymphatic nodules were recorded. Independent sample t-test was used to analyze the data (mean ± SEM). Differences was considered significant at p<0.05.
The results showed that in wild ducks live body weight was lower as compared to the domestic ducks. In wild ducks esophagus length was lower as compared to the domestic ducks. The relative weight of the esophagus was higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. The relative weights (filled and empty) of proventriculus, gizzard and small intestine were higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks.
Summary
43
In wild ducks large intestine length was higher as compared to the domestic ducks. In the wild ducks relative weights of spleen, pyloric tonsils and Bursa of Fabricius were higher as compared to the domestic ducks.
The results of histomorphometry of the different layers of esophagus showed that epithelium thickness was lower in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. While thickness of the lamina propria and muscularis mucosa were higher in the wild duck as compared to the domestic ducks. In the duodenum villus width, villus surface area and muscularis mucosa thickness were found lower in the wild ducks, as compared to the domestic ducks. In the jejunum thickness of lamina propria and tunica muscularis were higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. In wild ducks villus height, villus surface area, crypt depth and tunica muscularis thickness of ileum were higher as compared to the domestic ducks. In cecal and pyloric tonsils, length width and number of the lymphatic nodules were lower and higher respectively in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. In the wild ducks, intraepithelial lymphocytes count in duodenum was lower as compared to the domestic ducks. While the intraepithelial lymphocytes count in ileum was higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. In duodenum of wild ducks acidic, mixed goblet cell count and their total count was lower (p<0.05) as compared to the duodenum of domestic ducks.
In conclusion wild duck has slightly better developed immune and GIT organs than those of the domestic duck. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2791-T] (1).
13.
Effect Of Β-Galacto-Oligosaccharides Supplementation On Gut Morphology, Mucosal Immune Complex And Growth Performance In Broilers Reared Under Thermal Stress
by Saima Ashraf (2008-VA-756) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Poultry industry has undergone substantial expansion during last few decades. Tremendous development in the fields of genetics, nutrition and management has helped the producer to maximize the feed efficiency, and in turn, the economic gains. Nevertheless, with an increase in performance, sensitivity of the bird also increased tremendously particularly towards the thermal stressors. Therefore, the nutrition and health care of the poultry, particularly broiler, became more demanding. In order to promote the gut or general health of broiler during the heat or cold exposure, antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) were routinely practiced. Their usefulness in the poultry practice was seldom questioned but the development of antibiotic-resistant superbugs and antibiotic residues in the meat prompted a serious public concern leading to ban on AGPs in animal diet by the European Commission in 2006. Exclusion of AGPs from the diet led to serious health problems in broiler and within two years of this ban the consumption of therapeutic antibiotic reached the same level as that of the AGPs before ban. Therefore, it was realized that simple ban on the AGPs will not resolve this issues unless new feeding and managemental strategies are devised to maintain or raise the performance of broiler. As an alternative to AGPs many agents have been experimentally evaluated in poultry and livestock like prebiotics, probiotics and organic acids. Use of prebiotics in poultry showed variable degree of success with considerable data suggesting their positive influence during stressful situations like crowding, poor management and temperature extremes etc. which are invariably a part and parcel of commercial broiler production. Keeping in view the importance of seeking AGP alternatives, current study was planned to evaluate the effects of novel β- galacto-oligosaccharides (β-GOS) on various histo-physiological parameters of thermally-stressed broiler.
Summary
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In experiment I, 125 day-old broilers were randomly divided into five treatment groups (N=25) with five replicates (n=5) in each group. Till d-21, all the groups were raised under standard management. From d-22, four groups received cyclic heat stress (35°C for 8hrs/day) and control (TNZ) group received 26.7°C till 35th day. TNZ and heat-stressed (HSCT) group received corn-based basal diet (CBBD) whereas three remaining groups i.e. HS+0.1%β-GOS, HS+0.2%β-GOS and HS+0.5%β-GOS received CBBD supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5% β-GOS respectively for 35 days. All groups received primary and booster vaccines against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV). The zootechnichal parameters included daily feed consumption (FC), body weight (BW) and feed efficiency (FE). Later two parameters were calculated on weekly basis. At the end of trial, 10 birds per group i.e. 2/replicate were killed to collect blood, viscera, small intestine, bursa and cecal tonsils for determination of serum hormones, relative weights of viscera (RWO) and histomorphometry, respectively. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and subjected to post hoc Duncan’s multiple range (DMR) test (P < 0.05). Exposure to the HS reduced (P < 0.05) all the zootechnichal parameters, RW of liver, bursa of Fabricius and small intestine, serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), villus surface area (VSA), height (VH), width (VW), crypt depth (CD) and intraepithelial lymphocyte count (IELs) in small intestine compared to TNZ group. The serum cortisol and count of acidic mucin containing goblet cells (AGCs) increased (P < 0.05) in jejunum while they decreased (P < 0.05) in ileum of HSCT group compared with TNZ. Improvement (P< 0.05) in the FE of the 0.5% β-GOS supplemented heat-stressed birds was comparable to TNZ group. Furthermore, supplementation of 0.5% β-GOS improved (P< 0.05) serum T3 and T4 and 0.2% β-GOS reduced (P< 0.05) serum cortisol without achieving their pre-HS levels. All the dietary inclusions of β-GOS improved (P< 0.05) histomorphometry
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of small intestine including VH, CD and VSA compared to HSCT group. The 0.5% β-GOS improved (P< 0.05) these parameters beyond TNZ. Intestinal IEL count improved (P< 0.05) with 0.1% β-GOS supplementation without achieving the pre-HS levels. Count of jejunal and ileal AGCs reduced (P< 0.05) with 0.2 and 0.5% β-GOS supplementation compared with HSCT. Neither HS nor supplementation affected the morphometry of the bursa of Fabricius and cecal tonsils.
In experiment II, 125 day-old broilers were randomly divided into five treatment groups (N=25) with five replicates (n=5) in each group. Till d-21, all the groups were raised under standard management. From d-22, four groups received cyclic cold stress (15°C±2°C for 8hrs/day) and control (TNZ) group received 26.7°C till 35th day. TNZ and cold-stressed (COLD) group received corn-based basal diet (CBBD) whereas three remaining groups CS+0.1%β-GOS, CS+0.2%β-GOS and CS+0.5%β-GOS received CBBD supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5% β-GOS, respectively for 35 days. All groups received primary and booster vaccines against NDV and IBDV. The zootechnichal parameters included daily FC, BW and FE. Later two parameters were calculated on weekly basis. At the end of trial, 10 birds per group (2/replicate) were killed to collect blood, viscera, small intestine, bursa and cecal tonsils for determination of serum hormones, RWO and histomorphometry, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and subjected to DMR test (P<0.05). Exposure to cold stress increased (P<0.05) the FC, serum T3 and cortisol and reduced (P<0.05) BW and performance compared with TNZ group. Moreover, COLD group was also presented with increased (P<0.05) RW of liver and heart, decreased (P<0.05) RW of ceca compared with TNZ group. The VSA of small intestine and IEL count in duodenum and jejunum reduced (P<0.05), whereas, AGCs count increased (P<0.05) due to the exposure to cold stress. The RWs of immune organs and their histomorphometry was not
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affected during cold stress when compared with TNZ group. Dietary inclusion of 0.5% β-GOS achieved the pre-cold stress levels of FCR. Supplementation of 0.2% and 0.5% β-GOS reversed (P< 0.05) the hormonal changes of cortisol and T3, respectively when compared with COLD group. All the dietary inclusions of β-GOS improved (P<0.05) morphometric parameters in duodenum. The 0.5% β-GOS-induced-improvement (P<0.05) in these parameters was beyond the values observed for TNZ group. In ileum, 0.2% β-GOS supplementation resulted in most distinct (P<0.05) increase of VH, VW and VSA which was comparable to that observed for TNZ group. The jejunal morphometric parameters also improved (P<0.05) with the β-GOS supplementation, but the pre-cold stress values were not attained. The IEL count increased (P<0.05) in the duodenum and decreased (P<0.05) in the jejunum and ileum of all the β-GOS supplemented groups. The AGCs count increased (P<0.05) in duodenum and jejunum of 0.1% and 0.2% β-GOS-supplemented groups whereas the count of AGCs in ileum remained unaffected in all the β-GOS supplemented groups compared to the TNZ group. Morphometry of the bursa or cecal tonsils was not influenced by the supplementation of β-GOS.
In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 0.5% β-GOS helped to improve the growth performance in thermally-stressed broilers owing to its positive influence on intestinal morphometry and the dynamics of cortisol and thyroid hormones. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2850-T] (1).
14.
Individual And Combined Effect Of Chicory Root Powder And Znso4 On Histology Of Intestine And Immune Organs In Broilers
by Mamoona Din (2015-VA-1085) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note:
Phytogenic feed additives are plant derivatives which act as natural growth promoters and play crucial role in development of poultry health and production. Mineral supplementation also alters the immune status and gastrointestinal health and thus improves the performance in broilers. Thus intestinal and immune morphology is known to be modulated by nutritional interventions. Chicory is such a natural herb which acts as a prebiotic and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) is a trace mineral which possesses antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties Chicory root powder (CRP) and ZnSO4 have previously been used as growth promoters; however their combined effect on histology of broilers has not yet been evaluated. The present study was designed to report the individual and combined effect of CRP and ZnSO4 on histomorphometry of intestine, immune organs and some blood parameters in broilers.
150 one-day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into six groups: CONT, 2C, 4C, Zn60, 2C+Zn60, 4C+Zn60) with five replicates (n=5). Group-I was served as control and fed only basal diet (CONT), Group-II (BD + 2% CRP), Group-III (BD+ 4% CRP), Group IV (BD+ 60mg/kg feed ZnSO4), Group-V (BD+2% CRP+60mg/kg ZnSO4) and Group-VI (BD+4%CRP+60mg/kg ZnSO4). Birds were immunized against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease.
On day 35, two randomly selected birds from each replicate were slaughtered. Blood was collected in falcon tubes and centrifuged at 3000rpm for 10 minutes to obtain serum and triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL and VLDL were measured in serum. Three segments of small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and caecum along with immune organs (cecal tonsils, thymus, spleen, bursa of fabricious) were excised and processed by paraffin embedding method and stained by H&E technique. Histological slides of intestine and immune organs were examined under light microscope (LABOMED® USA) for histomorphometric analysis. Data thus collected was analyzed by one-way ANOVA technique using SPSS. The means were compared using DMR test to measure significance at P<0.05.
The results revealed that the level of triglycerides, LDL, total cholesterol and VLDL decreased significantly in individual 2% CRP and combination group of 2%CRP+ZnSO4 while cholesterol and HDL remained non-significant in all treatment groups as compared to control group. The length and weight of small intestine increased in significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. The length of caecum increased in all treatment groups while weight of caecum was insignificant in all treatment groups as compared to control group. In duodenum, CD and MM decreased, VL/CD and ME increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups, while results of VL, VW, VSA, LP, EP were insignificant. In jejunum, VL, VL/CD, VSA and EP increased, CD decreased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. In ileum, VL/CD and EP increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. The goblet cell count increased significantly in all intestinal segments in 2%CRP+ZnSO4 group.
In caecal tonsils number, area and length of lymphatic nodules increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. In thymus length of thymic lobules increased in 2% CRP and 4% CRP groups while width and area increased significantly in 4% CRP group. In spleen length and width of white pulp increased significantly in 2% CRP group. In bursa length, width and area of lymphatic nodules increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups, while thickness of mucosal folds was not affected significantly in all treatment groups.
Dietary supplementation of chicory root powder and ZnSO4 may be useful in enhancing intestinal and immune organs microarchitecture and some blood parameters in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2866-T] (1).
