1.
Immunomodulatory Effects Of Flumequine And Enrofloxacin On Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccinated
by Waseem Abbas | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: An experiment was conducted to determine whether Flumequine and Enrofloxacin supplementation has any immunomodulatory effects on broiler chicks. A total of 192 one day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of 48 chicks. Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups of 24 chicks. The chicks in group 1st were administered Flumequine, those in group 2 were treated with, Enrofloxacin and those in group 3 were treated with cyclophosphamide. Chicks in group 4 were not given any treatment. The parameters of investigation included the effects of Flumequine and Enrofloxacin treatment on live weight gain, feed conversion ratio, effect on various lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen and liver) and immune response of treated chicks to NDV-vaccination, post field NDV challenge mortality. Data presented in this study indicated that the Flumequine treated chicks had higher mean body weights, better FCR, higher NDV HI antibody, lesser overall mortality, no NDV post challenge mortality and no detrimental effects on their lymphoid organs, compared to the cyclophosphamide treated, and untreated chicks. The overall findings of this study clearly demonstrate that the use of Flumequine has good effect on growth and performance of the treated chickens. (Key words: Flumequine, Enrofloxacin, Immunomodulation, Broiler)
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2.
Immmunobiolotical Observations On Avian Influenza Virus Types H7 And H,
by Shahid Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The present study was designed to 'find the prevalence of Avian Influenza disease in and around Lahore in commercial and household poultry. A total of 1000 blood and 500 cloacal swabs were collected from Broilers, Broiler-Breeders, Ducks, Pigeons, Sparrows, Quails and Desi Chickens. The blood samples from all the flocks showed non-significant titers while vaccinated flocks showed protective titers. All the cloacal swabs were negative for virus isolation.
The final conclusions from this study were the following.i.e.
- Avian influenza caused by H7 & H9 type is not prevalent in broiler and broiler breeders in and around Lahore.
- The vaccinated poultry flocks showed higher titers of antibodies as compared to non-vaccinated flocks which means that vaccine can play a vital role in protection of bird from H7 & H9.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0963,T] (1).
3.
Seroprevalence Of Bovine Brucellosis In District Quetta, Balochistan
by Muhammad Shafee | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The sero-epidemiological study of bovine brucellosis was carried out to observe the incidence of brucellosis in slaughterhouse and Government and private dairy farm, (GDF, PDF) Quetta, Balochistan. The prevalence of this disease out of 780 serum samples of cattle and buffalo in slaughterhouse was recorded 3% by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and 3.20% by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA), respectively. The zoonotic natures of this disease was also checked by screening 20 serum samples of slaughterhouse workers butchers and veterinarians and were found (5%) 01 positive out of 20 by RBPT but no positive case was found by i-ELISA. Similarly the disease was also checked in 200 milk samples of Government and Privatly owned Dairy Farm, Quetta.
The overall prevalence observed in the area by screening 1000 serum and milk samples of the target human, cattle and buffalo, was 4.2 % through i-ELISA.
The prevalence observed in Government Dairy Farm (GDF), Quetta was 14.8% (11 positive out of 74) while the Private Dairy Farm (PDF), exhibited 4.76% (6 positive out of 126 milk samples) by screening through i-ELISA. At GDF, Quetta, out of total of 74 cattle, no case were found positive by MRT, although 03 cases were found doubtful while i-ELISA show 11 positive cases in cattle (14.8%) while in private dairy farm 4 out of 15 cattle (26%) were found positive and 01 was considered doubtful by MRT and ELISA detected 06 cases of cattle out of 15(40%). Similarly 2 out of Ill (1.8%) buffalo were positive and 02 were doubtful by MRT but ELJSA did not detect any positive case and the prevalence of bovine brucellosis was higher in animals with reproductive disorders especially in cases of abortion.
The present study also revealed that the disease is more prevalent in cattle than buffalo both in slaughterhouse and organized dairy farm (Govt and private). In slaughterhouse 12 out of 23 cases were found positive by RBPT and 22 out of 23 were found positive by i-ELISA while in organized dairy farm all of the 17 milk samples were found positive from cattle population.
The efficacy of the i-ELISA both for milk and serum samples was found higher than other two conventional tests (MRT and RBPT), as it detected higher percentage of brucellosis cases both in serum and milk samples in comparison to other two tests.
The results of this study have revealed an alarming situation of bovine brucellosis in our dairy animals, which needs an emergent response from policy makers, as the disease is a potential threat to the human and animal health.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0964,T] (1).
4.
Factors Affecting Hemagglutination Potential Of Avain Influenza Viuruses (H5, H7, H9 Subtypes)
by Mubashir Hussain | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The objective of this study was to standardize hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests for AIV H5, H7 and H9 subtypes. These subtypes were propagated in 09-day old chicken embryonated eggs and after 72 hours post incubation the allantoic fluid (AF) was harvested and confirmed by spot agglutination test and by AGPT. While standardizing HA test maximum titers were recorded using 1% RBCs of chicken, human blood group Qe and dog using phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as a diluting agent for washing suspension of erythrocyte and by incubating the micro titer plates at 22c or 37C for 30 minutes or 40 minutes time period. The AIV subtypes eluted rapidly with increase in temperature with maximum elution observed within the time period of 8 hours. The live AIV provided much higher HA titer when compared with the titers obtained from AJV subtypes inactivated with formalin or Binary ethylene imine (BET). The BET was found to have little effect on HA activity as compared to formalin. While standardizing the HI test the best titers were obtained using 4 HA units of AIV antigen as compared to 1 HA and 8 HA units of antigen and by incubating the micro titer plates for 60 minutes period (time given for antigen-antibody reaction before the addition of erythrocytes suspension).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0984,T] (1).
5.
Electrophoretic Profile Of Normal And Hydropericadium Virus-Infected Liver
by Shahid Khan | Prof.Dr.Irshad Hussain | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Hydropericardium syndrome primarily affects the broilers between the ages of 2-7 weeks. 1he vaccine prepared from infected liver extract treated with formaldehyde is being used to protect the broilers from the disease. The current study was carried out to check the presence of immunogenic proteins in commercially available HPS vaccines Hyper immune serum was raised in 60 (3 weeks old) broiler birds using different commercially available HPS vaccine. The sera were subjected to AGPT for screening out HPS positive serum samples. The HPS infected livers were homogenized and loaded in alreadv prepared agar gel plates. The plates were incubated for 48 hours at room temperature in humid plastic box. Only 5 liver samples were found positive .The HPS autogenous vaccines,HPS positive liver samples normal liver samples were subjected to homogenization, sonication, chloroform treatment, ammonium sulphate precipitation, mixed with equal volume denaturing buffer and then boiled for 3 minutes to extract total proteins of Sample. . Large variations in the protein loading of samples in adjoining lanes lead to distortion.
Spectrophotometer determination of protein concentration assay were used to quantitate the known protein samples (bovine serum albumen is commonly used standard or this method) to standardize protein concentration. A28o were used to determine protein concentration and a calibration curve was created by plotting and performing regression analysis of A28o versus concentration of the standards and absorbance of the sample were used to determine the concentration from the calibration curve by using the formula. (concentration =Standard Factor* Dilution Factor* Optical Density.
Total protein analysis was carried out by using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting technique.
A typical gel of 9% acrylamide composition was used to nicely separate polypeptides of samples to analyze the entire profile of a fraction that contains heavy and light polypeptides. Best results were obtained when 30 pi of a 20-30 mg/mi final concentrations of denatured protein sample were loaded per sample well .Each sample was repeated twice on gel. The gel was cutted at the centre vertically. 0.1% Coomassie Blue dye in 50% methanol, 10% glacial acetic acid were used to stain half of the gel for detecting protein while half of the gel was subjected to western blotting. Relative molecular weight (MW) of each protein fraction was determined by plotting a standard curve. The western blot analysis of proteins of hydropericardium syndrome virus infected liver and HPS autogenous vaccine, separated on 9% gel showed one immunogenic protein, molecular weight 15-20 kDa. However, further studies are needed to establish its immunogenic nature and feasibility for its use as vaccine.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1005,T] (1).
6.
Clinico-Epidemiological Features Of Dengue Fever In And Around Lahore
by Abdul Rehman | Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of veterinary science.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1187,T] (1).
7.
Descriptive Epidemiological Study Of Cancer Patients Registered At Mayo Hospital, Lahore
by Tamseela Naseem | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The objective of this study were to report the distribution and pattern of various cancers in Mayo
hospital of Lahore over a period of last 5 years and to determine the age and gender distribution
of the various reported Cancer cases in the above mentioned teaching hospital of Lahore. This
research project was planned to study the epidemiology of various types of cancer among
population of Pakistan. For the design of study a descriptive study based on passive surveillance
system was planned. The data of cancer patients were collected from the Mayo Hospital a
Teaching Hospital of Lahore. To meet the objective of this study we took data from Mayo
Hospital, based on previous five years (from 2006-2010). Data was entered and analyzed through
SPSS version 16 by researcher herself. Quantitative variable like age was presented in form of
mean ± SD with respect to type of cancer and year. The qualitative variable like gender, type of
cancer etc were presented in form of frequency tables and appropriate charts. Chi square analysis
was used to see the association between qualitative attributes. Analysis of variance was used to
see the mean age of different types of carcinomas. Independent sample t-test was used to see the
mean age in different gender. In this study there were total 12096 cancer patients registered at Mayo
hospital Lahore in period of last five years from 2006 to 2010. Out of which, 2305(19.1%),
2182(18.0%), 2293(19.0%), 2315(19.1%) and 3001(24.8%) patients were registered in 2006, 2007,
2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively. Out of total 12096 cancer patients, there were 5766(47.87%)
males and 6330(52.13%) females. Of the 12096 patients diagnosed with malignant cancers, nearly
11827 (98.5%) belonged to the province of Punjab and approximately 45 (0.4%) to the NWFP, 111
(0.9%) belonged to Azad Jammu Kashmir, 27 (0.2%) belonged to Karachi and 13 (0.1%)
belonged to Quetta. There were 2988 patients of breast and female genital carcinomas registered, out of which 592 patients were registered in 2006, 487 patients were registered in 2007, 583 were in 2008, 611 in 2009 and 715 were registered in 2010. Registered patients with carcinoma of digestive organs were 2071 in which there were 374 were in 2006, 385 were in 2007, 374 in 2008,418 in 2009 and 520 in 2010. Lymphoid heamatopietic were 1589 in which 293 were from 2006,322 were from 2007,302 were from 2008, 284 were from 2009 and 388 were from 2010.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1370,T] (1).
8.
Effect Of Virginiamycin And Zinc Bacitracin On New Castle Disease Virus Vaccinated Broiler Chicks
by Muhammad Sohail Azhar | Prof.Dr. Muhamamd Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The project was designed to study the effects of Virginiamycin and Zinc bacitracin on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccinated broilers. Two hundred broilers were divided into four groups comprising fifty in each. These groups were treated with Virginiamycin (Stafac-500), Zincbacitracin (Albac) and Cyclophosphamide at the dose rate of 20ppm/50kg, 25 gm/50kg and 0.3ml/bird, respectively. Effect of the treatments on weight gain, lymphoid organs and humoral immune response was evaluated. The virginiamycin treated group had higher body weight than the Zinc bacitracin and Cyclophosphamide treated or untreated control groups. Both virginiamycin and Zinc bacitracin treatments did not adversely affect the weights of bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver of the birds. Cyclophosphamide treatment of birds in early life induced the bursal atrophy and slight depression in splenic weight gain. As compared to Cyclophosphamide treated and non-medicated control groups, the sera of virginiamycin / Zinc bacitracin treated groups had higher anti-NDV antibody titres at 42 days of age. The post-challenge sera of NDV vaccinated birds fed virginiamycin and Zinc bacitracin also had higher antibody titre as compared to NDV vaccinated Cyclophosphamide treated birds. The NDV vaccinated birds fed on virginiamycin / Zinc bacitracin medicated rations and those on non-medicated rations did not have any significant post-challenge mortality.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0875,T] (1).
9.
Standardization Of Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay For Detection Of Antibodies Against Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Sdrotype "O"
by Yasmeen Siddique | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: An indirect ELISA was standardized for titration of anti-FMD-serotype-specific antibodies. In this test polystyrene plates were coated with known FMD serotype "O" virus using carbonate/bicarbonate buffer. The blank spaces were blocked with horse serum. The immunoplate was coated with anti-FMD "O" virus specific serum from vaccinated calves. After washing, the plate was coated with rabbit anti-bovine-Ig-specific-antibodies-horse radish peroxidase conjugate. After washing, the plate was coated with HRP specific substrate. Development of color was recorded in form of OD value using ELISA reader. During the standardization of ELISA, flat bottom ELISA plates among all types of plates, 1:10 diluted virus among different dilutions of FMD "O" type virus, 1:10 diluted serum from buffalo calves vaccinated with FMD "O" type specific vaccine, 1:4000 dilution of conjugate and incubation of 4º C for coating the virus showed good results. In each experiment, plateau region, test back ground and plate back ground was recorded. Results of the study will help in establishment of an economical, sensitive, reliable indirect ELISA that subsequently be helpful to understand the percent prevalence of FMD serotypes in Pakistan and efficacy of FMD vaccines.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0879,T] (1).
10.
Comparative Efficacy Of Five Diffrent Brands Of Commercial Newcastle Disease Lasota Viurs Vaccines In Broilers
by Tariq Abbas | Prof. Dr. Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The aim of the study was to compare five major commercial NDV (LaSota strain) vaccines being used in Pakistan with respect to potency, efficacy, thcrnioslability and influence on production performance in briolier chicks. The representative vials of the live NDV LaSota strain vaccines namely A, B, C, D and E were procured from local market. The vaccines were assayed for 50% infectivity (BID50) and Haemagglutinative ability (HA). A 3-log10 difference oF EJD50 and two- to-eight fold difference of HA activity was found was found among the various vaccines. Onc hundred and fifty day- old broiler chicks were divided into six groups and managed separately. The birds in group I, II, Ill, IV and V were actively immunized against ND on day 7 and 21 using vaccines A, B, C, D and E respectively. The birds in group VI served as unvaccinated control. The serum 1-Il antibody response of the different vaccines was determined 7, 14, 21, 28 days post-vaccination. The birds (n= 15) in all tile groups including unvaccinated control was challenged at day 35 with local virulent field isolate. The HI serum antibody profile and post-challenge mortality pattern revealed a dose- response relation between the virus content, humor-al antibody response and clinical protection. To compare the heat stability, the vaccines were incubated at 4C, 25CC and 40C for a period of 24 hours. There was no remarkable reduction in I IA liter, however slight dips (less than 2 logarithmic units) in LID50 values were found in all the vaccines. All the vaccines caused siginifcant suppression in weight gain leading to a poor performance in terms of Feed Conversion Ration (FCR) and European Efficiency Factor (EEF)
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11.
In Vitro Production Of Aflatozin (B1), Its Purification, Estimation And Biodegradation
by Muhammad Hanif Khan | Dr. Irshad Hussain | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: In this study a toxigenic strain of A. parasiticus was used for the production of the aflatoxin Eli. This strain of the fungus was taken from naturally growing fungal samples such as bread, rice, vegetables, fruits, maize etc. from various locations in and around the university. The unpurified sample was culture-purified on Sabouraud Agar through repeated culture technique. This strain was maintained on Sabouraud agar slants at 4 °C. The purified sample of this fungus was harvested with 0.01 % Tween 80 then inoculated to the autoclaved broken rice. The rice was incubated at 28 °C in a dark room for a period of' 7 days and shaken two times a day. After 7 days of incubation the rice as autociaved at 121 °C in order to inactivate the fungus. The rice was dried and crushed to powder in a blender. The toxins were extracted through chloroform methpd and evaporated to dryness in water bath at 6 °C. The toxins were again dissolved in I ml ehiorokrm and stored at 4 °C for further use in the study. The toxins were then purified on silica gel plate in order to get the AFBI only through comparison with the AHII standard. 'l'he aflatoxin BI band was scratched from the silica gel plate and subjected to centrifugation in order to remove the silica gel. The purified Bi toxin was then dissolved in chloroform for further use. The AFB1 was then identified and qilani i lied through the fol lowing three methods namely,
1)High perlirmance Liquid chromatography
2) Thin layer chromatography
3) Spectrophotornetry
The sensitivity of the above three methods was determined and compared which was 1 .3 ng/ml for HPLC. 6.3 ng/ml forTLC and 40 ng/mI for Spectrophotometry. The purified AFBI was then estimated by HPLC the amount of which was 238 ± 9.8 jig / ml. however the toxins estimated through TLC were 127.8 ± 24 jig/mi and spectrophotometry were 26 ± 4jig/ml ml. The HPLC method was proved to be the most sensitive method for detection and estimation of the aflatoxin as compared to the other two methods. The HPLC, estimated toxins were then checked for their biodegradation for this purpose the AFBI were kept at three different temperatures and dissolved in three different solvents. As the toxins had previously been dissolved in the chloroform so 400 jil of the chloroform was evaporated to dryness in order to dissolve them in their respective solvents. The toxins were dissolved in 400 j.tl of chloroform, acetone and methanol and kept at 25, 4 and -20 °C. These toxins were then stored for a period of four weeks and the tested for their biodegradation after four weeks by HPLC.
The temperature at which the toxins showed less degradation was determined. That temperature at which the toxins showed less degradation was - 20 °C and the amount of the toxin at this temperature after four weeks of storage was 197 jig/ml. The solvent in which the toxins exhibited less degradation was acetone at all the three temperature conditions (25, 4 and -20 o() I lowever chloroform at 25 °C was exhibiting less degradation as compared to the other two solvents. Methanol was proved to be the least good solvent because the toxin was showing degradation in this solvent. The acetone at -20 CC was the most appropriate solvent for toxins storage.
In second experiment the fresh toxin was dissolved in acetone and tested fbr their degradation on weekly basis by HPLC. The toxin level at the beginning of the experiment was 447 ± 9 ug/mI which when detected after a weak was 398.67 ± 9.8 jig/mI. The same toxin when tested after 2 weak period storage exhibited a level of 295.9 ± 20 ug/mi followed by 265.7 ± 3Ojig/ml. after the end of the third weak indicating that there was an appreciable level of toxin degradation. The toxin tested on the fourth week of storage were 267± 31 ig/ml which exhibited no degradation as compared to the degradation of the third week.
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12.
Epidemiological Study Of Hepatitis C Viral Infection And Its Association With Socioeconomic And Other Risk Factors
by Bilal Munir Ahmad | Prof.Dr.M.Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1263,T] (1).
13.
Descriptive And Therapeutic Trial Of Iron Supplements (Standard Drug And Herbal) In Anemic Pregnant Women
by Maria Ikram | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This study was carried out in two phases; in first phase descriptive epidemiologic study was done in pregnant females living around district Okara. List of a total 101154 pregnant females was obtained from Health office OKARA. Hemoglobin level of each subject was assessed and prevalence of anemia in pregnant women was observed 42.15%. From village 1141., 88 44%) pregnant women were enrolled, from 25 GD village 74(37%) pregnant women were enrolled and from 36/2L village 38 (19%) pregnant women were enrolled. in phase II, experimental epidemiological study was conducted to compare the efficacy Sharbat- e-Iolad (Treatment groups) with Ascifer (standard group). Sample Size of 200 patients was enrolled with 100 subjects in each group. SPSS 16.0.2 was used for data entry and analysis. Mean ± S.D was used to present the data. Two way repeated measures ANOVA was used to see the effects of treatments in the significance of Hemoglobin levels at different follow ups. Mean age of the mothers in group A was 27.16 ± 4.97 years and in group B it was 26.07 ± 4.78 years. The age range of the patients was 17 to 38 years. Mean Hb level in Group-A was 6.89 & 6.87 in Group-B at base line. Mean Hb level after first follow up (after 3 weeks from base line) in Group-A mean Hb level was 7.34 and in Group-B it was 7.26. After second follow up (after 6 weeks) mean Hb level in Group-A was 8.81 and in Group-B it was 8.50. In both Groups Hb level was significantly improved (p-value = 0.000). I-Ib level was significantly improved in both study groups with equal effects. In future any of the treatment may be used for the treatment of anemia but Sharbt-e-Folad is recommended due to its cheap cost and accessible availability in rural areas.
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14.
Socio-Demographical And Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated With The Diseases Of Senior Citizens of Jhelum City
by Muhammad Shahzad Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Research on geriatric diseases is scarce in Pakistan. This endeavor was planned to establish a baseline data for common geriatric diseases found in lhelum, Pakistan. This study reveals the prevalence of geriatric diseases in elderly people in lhelum, Pakistan. Our first objective was to collect and interpret the baseline data about prevalent diseases among the old aged people. Our second objective was to describe the socio- demographic and epidemiological risk factors associated with the diseases of elderly population of lhelum city. In order to study the risk factors associated with geriatric diseases, a geographical cluster of lhelum was selected. The study area was Tehsil lhelum which comprises of 400,000 individuals. Tehsil lhelum is further divided into 16 union councils. In this epidemiological study, multistage sampling was performed. At first step by purposively sampling, union council number 14 of Tehsil lhelum was selected which was comprising of all socioeconomic classes of our community. At second step, by using random sampling technique, home-to-home visits were done. The data was collected on pre-tested questionnaire. The data was collected by face-to-face interviews. The pre- tested questionnaire contained variable factors and questions regarding age, gender, socio economic status, education level, exercising, smoking, marital status, walk before the age of 60 years, walk after the age of 60 years, present and past employments, financial status, use of edible oils in the past, number of children and social life. Futhermore, Information was collected regarding working of different body systems like Central Nervous system, Cardio-vascular system, Digestive system, Urogenital system, Respiratory system, ENT system, Musculo-skeleton system etc. Along with system-information, name of disease of the impaired system was also asked. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS-version 16. This present interview based study reflects the prevalence of geriatric morbidities in geriatric population of Jhelum city. In the current study, impairment of digestive system (28%), cardio-vascular system (23%) and musculo-skeletal system (21 %) was on the top of the list. Impairment of digestive system was found in a good proportion among senior citizens followed by Cardio-vascular system, musculoskeletal system, centra nervous system, respiratory system, uro-genital system and E.N.T. system. Diabetes mellitus, blood pressure related problems and arthritis are the most frequent diseases. So, vwe should try to educate the people about these diseases. As compared to other studies around the globe, our geriatric population is possessing comparatively better health. Walk before the age of 60 years and walk after the age of 60 years is helpful for health. The people who used to walk more than five kilometers usually remained healthier in theelderly. Economic status, use of edible oils and social life is also associated with health of elderly people. So, there is need to promote the habit of walk in the elderly population and in young population. Disease prevention is the most cost-effective method for the maintenance of optimal level of health in elderly population. We should understand that many of the geriatric diseases are preventable. Preventive measures can be applied during the various stages of disease progression in order to either slow or stop the process of disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1404,T] (1).
