1.
Isolation And Characterization Of Collagen Type Ii From Poultry Trachea
by Sidra Ashraf | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Sualeha Riffat | Zahid Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This project was designed to use poultry waste to isolate and characterize collagen type II
from its trachea. Collagen type II is being used along with condroitin sulfate and
glucosamine for the treatment of osteoarthritis and is also available as a neutraceutical
product in the market. For project purpose, trachea of slaughtered broiler birds were
collected from the market and after removing adhering tissue and debris, it was then
washed thoroughly first with distilled water and then with deionized water. Tracheal
cartilage was then cut into small pieces and defattened with chloroform: methanol (2: 1
v/v) solution. After this, the cut pieces were properly cleaned with deionized water. 0.5%
Pepsin solution in 0.5 M acetic acid was prepared. Cartilage was then hydrolyzed by the
already prepared 0.5 % pepsin (in 0.5 M acetic acid) at 4 ° C for 48 hours. The extract
was then separated from the tracheal pieces and the viscous solution obtained was
centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 1 hr at 4 "c. Now the collagen was expected to be in the
supernatant which was salted out by adding NaCI to a final concentration of 2.5M and
kept for almost 12-16 hrs. This collagen was again centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 1 hr at
4 C. The obtained collagen pallet was redissolved in 0.5 M acetic acid and then it was
dialyzed against 0.1 M acetic acid followed by dialysis with distilled water. The sample
after dialysis was put in petri dishes and kept in freezer for overnight to let it be prepared for
lyophilization. The frozen collagen sample was then lyophilized. After lyophilization, the sample
gave an appearance of a white mesh. This sample was reconstituted in PBS with pH 8 to run it on
SDS-PAGE. The procedure of SDS-PAGE in non reducing conditions was adopted for the
characterization of collagen type II in the sample. The description of results of SDS-PAGE is given
below:
Lane M contains protein markers of different molecular weight. Lane 1, 2 and 3 contains
samples at different steps of the whole procedure showing clear bands of collagen type II.
Lane 4 contains lyophilized sample of collagen type II showing the thickest band (alpha
chain of collagen type II). In this research, poultry waste has been used for making health improving
product. As in our country poultry is used in bulk quantity so if its waste might be used in any
medicinal product then it might not only be useful but also economical for such a developing country
as ours. Another thing is that as this collagen Type II has been extracted from poultry trachea, it
shows that tracheal cartilage is a rich source of such collagen type. Collagen Type II is used in the
cure of arthritis especially rheumatoid arthritis so through this research, it has been made clear that
poultry waste can be utilized in a positive way in medicinal industry and also that collagen Type II
acts as an effective neutraceutical.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1330,T] (1).
2.
Pharmacokinetics Of Carvedilol In Dogs After Oral Administration
by Khurram Wajih Mahmood | Ms. Huma Rasheed | Dr. Mateen | Dr. Sualeha Riffat.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Carvedilol, is a class-II, non-biowaivered drug, with low solubility. It is a candidate for several in-vivo studies including bioavailability and bioequivalence of generic versus standard, and also for testing performance of modified release products. Single dose pharmacokinetic study was performed on 12 healthy dogs using 25mg Carvedilol tablets. The objective of this study was to perform pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutic study in the dog model for Carvedilol. The animals were selected after screening by veterinary practitioner. Blood samples were collected after 15min, 30min, 1 hr, 1.5 hr, 2 hrs, 4 hrs, 6 hrs, 8 hrs, 12 hrs and 24 hrs via an in-dwelling catheter from the cephalic vein of the animals along with one base line sample taken before drug administration. The plasma samples obtained by centrifugation were analyzed by HPLC quantitative method after checking the reproducibility and linearity of the standard curve using the standards prepared in dog plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by using APO software, and using appropriate compartmental pharmacokinetic model. The data derived from this study was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the observed results were compared with the published literature. The pharmacokinetic parameters investigated show that peak plasma concentration was 72.33±32.84 ng/ml, elimination half life of 1.84±2.42 hrs, Mean Residence Time was 2.98±0.96hrs, Volume of distribution of 0.57±0.6 l/kg and time to peak plasma concentration of 1.77±0.31hrs. The study defends the older proposition by pharmacokineticists that the Carvedilol shows unpredictable absorption kinetics in dogs and a few of the parameters also relate with the published finding on the Carvedilol pharmacokinetics in human. The delay in absorption and significant lag time of 1.23hrs was consistent in all subjects. The study elaborated the prospects of the possibility of using animal studies to achieve predictable pharmacokinetics of the drugs without involving human subjects.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1423,T] (1).
3.
Effect On Lansoprazole On Antibacterial Activity Of Clarithromycin And Tetracyclin
by Samreen Faisal | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr.Aqeel Javeed | Dr.Sualeha Riffat.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The study was designed to evaluate the effect of antibacterial drugs in the presence of lansoprazole (proton pump inhibitor) to determine the inhibition of bacterial efflux pumps. Resistance through efflux pump is one of the major mechanisms of resistance in bacteria. Bacillus ,subtilis, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli were isolated from clinical specimen and identified by using different microbiological techniques. Bacteria were inoculated separately in nutrient agar and their susceptibility for tetracycline and clarithromycin were checked by using Kirby baur disk diffusion method and the diameter of inhibitory zones (DIZ) was measured and analyzed by Unianova. The media were inoculated with three different concentrations of lansoprazole 1X, 2X and 3X separately and the same experiments were performed with each of the lansoprazole concentrations. The experiment was performed in five replicates. The diameter of inhibitory zone of tetracycline and clarithromycin in the presence of lansoprazole was measured in millimeters with the help of a scale and compared with the previously measured diameter of inhibitory zone of bacteria in absence of lansoprazole. Results of study showed that with increasing concentration of lansoprazole diameter of zone of inhibition of antibacterial drugs increases. The data suggest that the lansoprazole dose dependently increased the zone of inhibition of antibacterial drugs in the three test organisms used in study.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1091,T] (1).
4.
Comparative Pharmacokinetics Of Silymarin In Healthy Male And Female Volunteers
by Farah Abid | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Mateen | Dr. Sualeha Riffat.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of Silymarin in 8
healthy male and 8 healthy female volunteers. Only those healthy volunteers were
selected who were of age between 18-45 years, not having any disease. Female's
volunteers were also of age of 18-45 years and also who were not pregnant and also not
suffering from any disease.
Written consent form were taken from the volunteer and they were thoroughly
inform about the study and objectives of study ,frequency of blood sampling, and any
other side effects linked to the drug which they might having during the study.
Volunteers were divided into two groups A and B respectively. Both groups
were given silymarin 200mg dose per oral to each individua1.5ml of blood samples were
drawn after different time interval .5 ,1,2,3,5,8 and 12 hr from the vein through 5ml BD
syringes of 22 gauge needle after oral administration of silymarin.
Plasma were separated by centrifugation at 5000 RPM and stored at -40 C till
analysis. Silymarin concentration in plasma was determined by using HPLC method. All
pharmacokinetics parameter were determined by entering the plasma concentration time
data in software APO pharmacological analysis .Then pharmacological parameters in
healthy male and healthy females were compared. Result showed that pharmacokinetic
parameters are significant & those parameters were AVC, Tmax, t1l2 & CI. This result
showed that there is a significant relationship between healthy male & female.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1329,T] (1).
5.
Comparison Of Dsingle-Dose Pharmacokinetics Of Candesartan Cilexetil In Healthy Male & Female
by Hafiz Awais Nawaz | Muhammad Irfan Masood | Dr. Mateen | Dr. Sualeha Riffat.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: This study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of Candesartan in 8 healthy male and female volunteers. The study was conducted in eight healthy male volunteers and eight healthy female volunteers. Only those male volunteers were selected who aged between 18-30 years, not suffering from any disease. Female volunteers were also between age of 18-30 years, who were not pregnant and not suffering from any disease. Written consent was taken from them and they were informed about objectives of the study, frequency of blood sampling, and possible side effects of drug which they might face during the study. The male volunteers were considered as group A and healthy female volunteers were considered as group B. Both groups were administered Candesartan 16mg tablet orally to each individual. 5ml Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48 & 72 hr after the oral drug administration from vein through 5ml B.D syringe of 22guage needle. Plasma was separated by centrifugation at 5000 RPM and stored at -80ºC till analysis. Candesartan concentrations in plasma were measured by HPLC method. All pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by entering plasma concentration-time data in software APO pharmacological analysis MW/PHARM version 3.02 by assuming bio-availability of Candesartan after oral administration as 1. Pharmacokinetic parameters of Candesartan in healthy male and female volunteers were compared. Data was analyzed by unpaired t-test and it was observed that there is significant difference in AUC of Candesartan in healthy male and female volunteers after oral administration without any effect in Cmax, Tmax, volume of distribution, absorption rate constant or elimination half life. In general, candesartan produced comparable results in healthy male and female volunteers so there is no need of any dose adjustment during therapy in both genders.
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6.
Assessment Of Nutritional Status And Dietary Patterns Of Orphan Children Rrsiding In Different Orphanages Of Lahore
by Huseen Bukhat (2014-VA-500) | Mr. Haroon Jamshaid Qazi | Dr.Sanauallah Iqbal | Dr.Sualeha Riffat.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Children of age 5-14 involved childhood and early adolescents that have special needs regarding nutrition. The growth and development during 5 to 14 years of age is fast and they require balanced diet. A diet that contains adequate amount of macro and micronutrients is needed for growing children. In Pakistan, there is insufficient evidence that indicates the nutritional status of orphans as well as adequacy of menus in orphanages.
In the current study 67% of orphans are male and 33% of orphans are female aged 5-14 years. Mean BMI of 318 participants aged 5 to 14 years was 16.4±2. From whole population 279 participants (88%) had Z -score between -2 to 2 SD that suggest normal weight-for-height Z-score. Only17 participants (5%) had Z-score less than -2 SD that suggest moderate mal-nutritional status of participants and 20 participants (6%) had Z-score less than -3 SD that suggest severe mal-nutritional status of orphans and only 2 participants (1%) had Z-score more than 3 SD that suggest severely obese nutritional status of orphans.
The study was cross sectional design. Participants of both gender aged 5 to 14 years were included in study. 67% male orphan and 33% female orphan were assessed through, 24 hour dietary recall at three alternative days, clinical assessment and anthropometric assessments including height, weight and weight-for-height (BMI) was recorded to assess nutritional status of orphans. Furthermore physical assessment was done to examine clinical sign and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia among orphan children by using questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistic was used to describe the background characteristic profile of the respondents. Mean caloric and macronutrients intake of male and female orphans and comparison of mean caloric and nutrient intake among different male and female orphanages was calculated by using Excel.
There is great need of studies to be conducted in adjoining areas of Lahore as well as other cities especially small underdeveloped cities of Pakistan for accessing the nutritional status of orphan population and comparison must be done between orphan and non orphans groups. Nutrition interventional strategies must be followed to ensure better nutritional status of orphans.
6.1 Conclusion:
The nutritional requirement varies according to different age groups. Present study concluded that overall the nutritional status of male and female orphans and the dietary assessment of menus indicated that there is need of intervention in selected orphanages. Present study reported that inadequate composition of food according to age and sex is being provided in different orphanages. It is also reported that on average children derived 18% of calories from protein which is adequate intake for 5-8 years of both male and female orphans but mean caloric intake was inadequate foe all age groups and especially for male orphans as they need more proteins than female of same age. Menus of orphanages were also assessed which has been reported to imbalanced in regard to varieties of four food groups. Present study has also concluded that consumption of fruits and dairy product among all orphanages was very low and to meet protein requirement orphanages mostly used legumes especially gram pulse as it is cheap source of protein. It is also reported that majority 88% of population had Z score between -2 to 2 SD that is considered as normal but mean caloric and macronutrients intake of male orphan aged 14 years is very low only 65% of their calories meet their RDAs. It is also recorded that fat percentage had fluctuated that may affect the body composition of respondents. Mean caloric and macro nutrient intake of female orphans aged 5 to 9 years is adequate thus showing well nourished status. Physical assessment data showed that 55% of all respondents and pallor skin, 55% of population had sore slimy tongue and 47% of respondents had suffered from pica these three clinical sign and symptoms are considered very important in regard to iron deficiency. It is suggested from present study that more than half population is at risk of developing iron deficiency anemia.
6.2 Recommendations:
• There is need for orphanages’ management to ensure diet diversification and include more animal source foods and Fruits in menus to improve the nutritional status of the children
• Further studies must be conducted to compare nutritional status of orphans with non- orphan group
• Biochemical parameters specially testing of Hemoglobin level must be done to check and ensure iron deficiency anemia
• Efforts should also be directed towards increasing energy intake in the diets of children in orphanages. This could be through increasing frequency of meal intake per day specifically introduction of school breakfast and lunch programs to impact positively on the nutritional status of school children in the study area. There’s need for the government to set up support and enforce minimum hygiene.
• There is need for the government to provide proper system that ensures proper hygiene standards of the orphanage. Management of the orphanages must take important steps to maintain good personal hygiene practices among the children.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2898-T] (1).
