1.
Efficacy Assessment Of Galacto-Oligosaccharide Fortified Cookies For Child Health Management
by Wardha Tahir | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Imran Javed | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Prebiotics (including galacto-oligosaccharides) are regarded as non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improve host health. They impart several important physiological effects depending on the composition and/or balance and activities of beneficial microflora i.e. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Recent findings propose that mal-nutrition and its synergistic relationship with preventable infectious diseases causes 21% deaths around the globe and disability adjusted life years in children's below five years of age. Children who are fed on infant formula are more susceptible to infectious diseases than breast fed children. Keeping in view the need for the improvement of child health through improving the immunity, the present research project was designed. The study was conducted in three different phases. In the first phase, characterization of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) was done. During the second phase blending of oligomate with all-purpose wheat flour at 12, 24, 36 and 48% (w/w) levels were done to prepare prebiotic fortified-wheat-flour cookies at 1, 2, 3 and 4 %. The cookies thus prepared were physically and organoleptically evaluated for the selection of optimum level of prebiotic fortification and the best treatment selected along with control was used for efficacy studies. During third stage, efficacy of GOS fortified cookies were evaluated on selected normal 2-5 years young children. During efficacy study 40 healthy children were recruited and divided into two groups. First group was taken as control and was given unfortified cookies whereas second group was given galacto-oligosaccharides fortified 8 cookies per day. Each individual subject was given GOS for 40 days. Urine and stool samples were collected at 0, 20 and 40 days of study for analysis. Weekly follow-up visits were scheduled and consisted of a detailed physical examination and other health and diet related information through pre-structured interviews and body measurements. The data obtained was statistically analyzed to check statistical significance and to compare means. Significant results were obtained for physical and chemical properties of oligomate. Physical and chemical analysis of cookies also showed significant results however within the treatment non-significant results were observed as well as the storage study also showed non-significant results. The analysis of variance shows the mean squares for colony forming units. The mean squares (2.53) and p-value (0.014*) for groups on various diets showed significant results. However, Mean squares for interval and the interaction between groups and study interval showed non-significant
The means show significant results for groups with respect to study interval. The highest mean value is seen for fortified cookies (8.48a) showing that the colony forming units have been significantly increased and the lowest was seen for control group (7.82c) in which opposite results were seen that is the colony forming units decreased instead of increasing. These results were in line with the study of Piirainen et al. (2008) who evaluated the effects of galacto-oligosaccharide.
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2.
Preparation And Quality Evalution Of Low Fatyoghurt Containing Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharide
by Awais Raza | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Dr. Imran Javed | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Prebiotics are considered as selectively cultured food ingredients that impart typical improvements in the activity of the gastrointestinal micro flora that are beneficial to the host well-being and health e.g. Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS), Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and Inulin. These are different types of prebiotics used in food based product. During the last decade consideration for prebiotics in diet is getting popular due to their benefits for human health. The GOS were reported to be beneficial prebiotics for human health.
Yoghurt is a fermented milk product, which is produced by the bacterial fermentation of milk. It is a rich source of calcium, protein and vitamin B-complex. Lactose-intolerant people can eat yoghurt without any harm as lactose is converted into lactic acid by the bacterial culture. Yoghurt is more nutritive then milk and possesses better digestibility. The benefit of yoghurt depends upon the presence of beneficial viable bacterial culture in adequate number. The bacterial cultures are used in the fermentation process to metabolize the lactose, secondly the proteolysis of protein for improving bioavailability and thirdly lactic acid bacteria for production of some B-complex vitamins and vitamin K. Yoghurt culture are responsible for the production of aromatic flavor compounds.
In Pakistan manufacture of probiotic yoghurt and prebiotic yoghurt is not common and there is not consumer awareness for such kind of products. Therefore, this study was designed to develop prebiotic yoghurt from prebiotic milk and compare it with control yoghurt.
First of all milk was pastuerised and then cool to 45°C. After that ?-galactosidase was added. Transgalactosylation was carried out at 45oC with 3 hr reaction time. Enzyme was
denatured by applying heat and starter culture was inoculatedand 4-5 hours were given for fermentation.
During storage the prepared control and prebiotic yoghurt was evaluated for its physiochemical analysis and sensory qualities. Mean values of fresh yoghurt and prebiotic yoghurt are presented in tables 4.4 to 4.8 show that lactose (1.44±0.03) while for fat, protein, pH and acidity (3.43±0.15), (4.2±0.1), (4.47±0.05) and (0.92±0.01) respectively.
A panel of 10 judges evaluated the yoghurt samples for appearance, taste, color and overall acceptability on 15cm unstructured lines (15 = like extremely; 1 = dislike extremely). The sensory evaluation of the product at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 day was carried out in the Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore.
Fat, pH and ash contents were continuous decreased while protein, total solid and acidity values show continuous increase in of all treatments.
All the results obtained were analyzed through Analysis of Variance Technique (ANOVA) by using Costat software.
Prebiotic milk and prebiotic yoghurt can be prepared on industrial scale because it is highly acceptable. This could be a value added product in which we can produce prebiotic economically.
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3.
Development Of Cottage Cheese Containing Prebiotic Galactooligosaccharides Through The Process of Transgalactosylation
by Muhammad Usman | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Dr. Imran Javed | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khaliq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: GOS are the prebiotics, indigestible by human, feed for the intestinal microbiota that confers the host's wellbeing and health. GOS, are prebiotics produced from the lactose through a machanistic reaction known as trans-galactosylation. GOS are generally abrevated as GOS and used to relive gastrointestinal problems including prevention of constipation, diarrhea, lowering of blood cholesterol, blood pressure, and colon cancer prevention. They have stability at pH 2 on 37°C for various months so can be fortified in non refrigerated fruit juices, while in the presence of single type of linkages ingredients have resistance in acidic medium. They are not affected on treating for 10min at 160° C pH 7, after treatment for 10min at 120°C pH 3 or for 10min at 100°C pH 2, hence have wide range of food applications. Their sweetness is 0.3 to 0.6 times the sucrose sweetness so are mildly sweet and can be utilized in very sweet food to enhance food flavors.
This study was conducted in three stages. 1st phase was the conversion of lactose, milk sugar, into GOS by the action of enzyme known as ?-galactosidase, through the process of transgalactosylation in the milk after pasteurizing the milk and was followed by heating of milk at 90 oC to denature the enzyme. 2nd stage will be preparation of cottage cheese having galacto-oligosacchrides from the prepared prebiotic milk by citric acid coagulation. 3rd phase will be consist on the physico-chemical analysis including Protein determination, Fat percentage, Moisture percentage, Glucose, Galactose, Lactose, GOS, ?-galactosidase test and sensory evaluation for the parameters i.e. appearance, taste/flavor and over all acceptability by using 9 point hedonic scale.
It was concluded that cottage cheese prepared from the milk containing prebiotics GOS also have GOS and after conducted sensory evaluation prebiotic cheese is more acceptable than cheese having no GOS.
Recommendations
Cheese is a dairy product very healthy and nutritive product as it contain casein protein, calcium and many vitamins. We produce prebiotics cheese by transgalactosylation in Pakistan. Prebiotics is non-digestible fiber contents which have beneficial effects by stimulating the growth of probiotics in colon. After having results of sensory evaluation and storage analysis it is recommended prebiotics cheese is more nutritional effects and more consumer acceptance. It must be manufactured on industrial scale.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1791,T] (1).
4.
Isolation And Molecular Characteracterization Of Staphylococcus Aureus From Raw Milk
by Ibrar hussain | Prof. Dr. Muhammad ayaz | Dr. Imran javed | Prof. Dr. Aftab ahmad anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1853,T] (1).
5.
Photo-Oxidation Of Pasteurized Milk In Polyethylene Pouch Packs
by Asif anwar | Dr. Muhammad Nadeem | Dr. Imran javed | Prof. DR. Masroor ellahi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1938,T] (1).
6.
Effect Of Various Concen Trayious Of Hydrogen Pereoxide On Chemical And Microbiogical Quality Of Raw Buffalo Milk
by Muhammad Ilyas Alam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Dr. Imran Javed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Milk is a complex mixture of fat, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and other miscellaneous constituents dispersed in water. Milk production in flush season is much more than in the normal. Milk production and supply fluctuate through out the year and during winter it is surplus to its demand. Surplus milk is available in winter due to new calving, less consumption of milk by the consumer. In winter season ample amount of green fodder is available to the animals which in turn increase the milk production.
Milk and milk products being very delicate and perishable food require special handling prior to the consumption and further treatment. Pakistan due to its harsh climatic conditions people are using different methods, for the preservation of milk. They are using different chemicals, additives and antibiotics to enhance the keeping quality of milk. Present study was planned to investigate the various concentration of hydrogen peroxide or raw buffalo milk and its effect on chemical and microbiological quality of raw buffalo milk.
Raw buffalo milk samples were collected from Dairy Animal Training and Research Centre, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi campus Pattoki Fifty samples of raw buffalo milk (100ml each) were collected to studied the nutritional composition and microbiological quality of the milk after adding the hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide of different concentration i.e. 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.075%and 0.1% were used in this study. There was no significant change in the result regarding various nutritional composition of raw buffalo milk after adding the various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. There is a slight change in the lactose % during study of 48 h storage of milk at different temperature. Statistically the change which occurred in lactose during storage is significant whereas over all decrease in Solid Not Fat is non significant
Mean value of TPC of raw buffalo milk treated with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide storage at the three different temperatures indicated that at 10° C TPC was very less as compared to control. TPC at 30° C after 48 h was 9.83x106.Which was very less as compared to TPC of control i.e. 1.195 x107.
The effect of H2O2 on the quality of the milk is negligible as compared to the losses suffered without it. The hydrogen peroxide definitely have its effect as a preservative.. The use of preservative in milk and dairy products are not new in the countries where ambient temperature remains quite high. Our study suggests that the concentration of hydrogen peroxide to be used for the preservation of raw milk is 0.05 % to 0.1 %
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7.
Survival Of Probiotic Bacteria In Commercial Infant Foods And Their Antimcrobial Activity Against Food Borne
by Rana Faheem Sakhawat Ali | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Imran Javed | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Novel bio-therapeutic agents (Probiotics) are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate number provide health benefits to the consumer. Functional foods contain viable probiotic bacteria in sufficient population. Some manufacturing companies of multi national fame claim the presence of probiotics in their dairy and cereal products especially for the consumption of infants and growing children of different age groups. But neither a legal definition nor specific regulations governing probiotic food exist. There is no approved list of human foods and any bacterial strain of a known species that is traditionally used can be added. Pakistani parents spent huge amount to purchase the different infant formulas for the better nourishment of their children. Any information basing on scientific grounds which confirms the presence or absence of gut friendly bacteria will be of great value for the general consumers. It is important to ensure a high survival rate of these bacteria during the product shelf life to maintain consumer confidence in probiotic products.
This study is presented to assess the viability, label correctness and diversity of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species in powder milk and cereals recommended for infants. The viability of the probiotic microorganisms was evaluated throughout the shelf life. Antibacterial activity of the recovered strains was also measured against the common food borne pathogens. Isolation, identification and count of micro-organisms was carried out by serial ten fold dilutions prepared in PBS solution using the pour plate technique. Strains were propagated by inoculating the Lactobacillus in de Man Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) and Bifidobacterium species in Reinforced Clostridium Agar under anaerobic conditions at 42°C.Typical cell morphology, colony characteristics and biochemical tests are used for the identification of isolates. Survival rate of the microorganisms was calculated by the viable cell count which represents the original concentration of probiotics in the infant formulation. Out of the total 45 analyses it is concluded that cereal food contains Bifidobacterium species only and the number of Bifidobacterium species in all three products is more than the Lactobacillus species. Moreover, survival rate of both organisms showed a decline pattern in the terminal stage of shelf life.
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species were identified and differentiated by the application of various biochemical tests including Catalase test, Carbohydrate fermentation profile and growth response at different temperature and NaCl concentration. Gram positive and catalase negative isolates fermented the glucose without the production of CO2.
Isolates were tested for their antimicrobial activity using the Stab overlay, Cross streak and Agar well diffusion method against the common food borne pathogenic bacteria i.e. E.coli, Staphylococcs aureus, Salmonella species and Bacillus subtilus. After the completion of experiments it is concluded that Bifidobacterium species have more inhibition effect against the pathogens as compare to Lactobacillus species. Overall effect of isolates was mild to strong inhibition. Bacillus subtilus was resistant to probiotics as compare to the rest of three pathogenic bacteria.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1292,T] (1).
8.
Effect Of Mannan Oligosaccharides On The Performance Of Neonatal Cross Bred Calves
by Muhammad Adeel Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Dr. Imran Javed | Dr. Jalees Ahmed Bhatti.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1418,T] (1).
9.
In Vitro Comparative Evaluation Of Mutagenicity Of Milk Adulterants Formalin, Hydrogen Peroxide And Melamine Alone and in Combination
by Muhammad Amer | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Imran Javed | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1683,T] (1).
10.
Improving Nutritional Value And Acceptability Of Dairy Products With Lower Contents Of Saturated Fatty
by Muhammad Nadeem | Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Imran Javed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1742,T] (1).
11.
Quality Enhancement Of Soy Milk And Soy Yoghurt Blender With Buffalo Milk
by Muhammad Asad Hameed | Dr. Saima Inayat | Dr. Imran Javed | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Yoghurt is a fermented milk product, which is produced by the bacterial fermentation of milk. It is a rich source of calcium, protein and vitamin B-complex. Lactose-intolerant people can eat yoghurt without any harm as lactose is converted into lactic acid by the bacterial culture. Yoghurt is more nutritive then milk and possesses better digestibility. The benefit of yoghurt depends upon the presence of beneficial viable bacterial culture in adequate number. The bacterial cultures are used in the fermentation process to metabolize the lactose, secondly the proteolysis of protein for improving bioavailability and thirdly lactic acid bacteria for production of some B-complex vitamins and vitamin K. Yoghurt culture are responsible for the production of aromatic flavor compounds.
In Pakistan the production of soy milk and soy yoghurt isnot common because ofconsumerunawareness for such kind of products. Therefore, this study was designed to develop soy milk and soy yoghurt by using different concentrations of buffalo milk. To produce soy yoghurt, soy milk and whole milk was pasteurized at 85°C for 30 minutes to kill the pathogenic microorganism. Thencooled at 42°C. This milk was used for the production of yoghurt.Thecommercial starter culture was used for the manufacturing of soy yoghurt. This culture was imported from Italy.
During storage the prepared soy yoghurt was evaluated for its sensory qualities. A panel of judges evaluated the yoghurt samples for appearance, taste, color and overall acceptability on 9-point hedonic scale (9 = like extremely; 1 = dislike extremely). The sensory evaluation of the product at 0, 7, 14 and 21 day was carried out in the Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki. There was significant effect of storage on sensory attributes of soy yoghurt. Highest score was awarded to T0. Soy yoghurts were evaluated for physico-chemical parameters (Fat, protein, total solid, acidity, pH and ash) during storage of 21 days with 7 days interval. Fat, pH and ash contents were continuously decreased while protein, total solid and acidity values show continuous increase in all treatments. Soy yoghurt was also evaluated for microbiological examination (total plate). Highest microbial count was observed in T0.
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