1.
Phylohenetic Analysis Of Haemahhlutnin- Neuraminidase Hene Of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated From Lahore District
by Hasjaa, Habib | Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Muti- ur-.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Newcastle disease is still rendering huge economic losses to the poultry industry in Pakistan and available vaccines are not protecting the birds from the disease. Genetic variation is a salient feature among various viruses that makes it difficult to produce the vaccines that can protect birds against these viruses. Avian paramyxovirus, the causative agent of ND can also undergo such genetic variations. Various biological and serological methods have been used in the past to detect the ND virus. In recent times, the phylogenetic analysis of NDV had been proved to be a very useful application to find out epidemiological relatedness among the NDV isolates present around the globe. The present project was designed to obtain sequence data of the HN gene from different recently obtained ND virus isolates, in order to rule out any possible genetic variation among these isolates. One hundred ND suspected samples from chicken were collected from different sources and areas of Lahore district. These samples were subjected to different serological, biological and molecular evaluations. As a preliminary step, the suspected samples were processed and inoculated in 9-11 days old SPF chicken eggs for virus propagation and the infective allanto-amniotic fluid (AAF) were harvested. The spot HA test was performed and the positive AAF were subjected to haemagglutination test (HA). The samples showing positive haemagglutinating activity were selected. For the confirmation of HA positive AAF, the haemagglutination inhibition test (HI) was performed with known positive NDV antiserum and to check the cross reactivity, the HI was also performed with H5, H7 and H9 antisera. Only ten samples showed positive HI activity with NDV antiserum and were selected for biological and molecular studies. For the pathotyping of isolates, standard assays like intracerebral pathogenecity index (ICPI) was performed in day old chicks and mean death time (MDT) was performed in 9-11 days old embryonated chicken eggs. Five isolates were found lentogenic, three mesogenic and two were found as velogenic NDV. Reverse-transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) was performed for the molecular characterization of these isolates. For this purpose, the NDV genomic RNA was extracted from infective AAF of NDV isolates and the Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized. For the amplification of HN gene, the cDNA was used as template, initially to amplify the full length HN gene for the detection of NDV and later on a 519bp long segment of HN gene was amplified for the purpose of sequencing. The PCR products were purified from gel and were sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment results revealed that three isolates were lentogenic NDV having maximum similarity with clone30 strain and other two were velogenic NDV having close relationship with viruses of genotype VIIb. Nucleotide sequence analysis and amino acid comparison indicated that the HN gene sequence and the resulted amino acid sequence of UDL/Lahore/53 and UDL/Lahore/55 was highly different from those of NDV reference strains reported in chicken. Existing vaccines may not provide optimum protection against these strains, resulting in vaccination failure and leads to severe economic losses to poultry industry. Therefore a better understanding on the genotypic history of NDV might be helpful in the development of more effective vaccines.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1315,T] (1).
2.
Detection Of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Prevalent In Dairy Herds Of Punjab, Pakistan
by Humayun Gohar | Dr. Masood rabbani | Dr. Arfan ahmad | Factuly of veterinary science.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Mucosal disease virus (MDV)is a positive senseRNA virus having genome of
approximately 12.3 kb in length and is one of the most insidious and ubiquitous virus of
bovines throughout the world.The presence of persistently infected animals having no clinical
signs, need rapid screening whether they carry infectious agent or not. Now-a-days many
serological procedures and virus isolation techniques are used for diagnosis of bovine viral
diarrhea virus (BVDV) infected animals.BVDV is very difficult, laborious and time consuming
to isolate in cell culture or in laboratory animal. But it can be substituted by antigen capture
ELISA method which is very specific as well as sensitive and easy to perform. Therefore, the
detection of mucosal disease virus (MDV) by Antigen Capture ELISAhas become a sound
alternative to routine tests. Antigen Capture ELISAidentifies BVDV infected animals by
detecting virus in serum and blood samples, etc. The study was organized to detect BVDV in
dairy animals at selected areas Punjab and to evaluate comparative prevalence of BVDV in
cattle and buffaloes.One hundred and eighty four bovine blood samples were collected from
both public and private livestock farms. Blood samples were collected from Military Farms,
Lahore, BRI (Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki), LPRI (Livestock Production Research
Institute, Bahadarnagar, Okara), Government Livestock Farm, Rakh-Ghulamman, Kalurkot and
from private sector,Rizi dairiesChunia, Supreme Farm Multan Road, Lahore and Livestock and
Dairy Products Farm lumber, Lahore. The collected serum samples were screened for detecting
virus through indirect antigen capture ELISA.lt showed that 16.85% cattle and 6.31 % buffalo
were found positive for BVDV.lt was also found that prevalence of BVDV infection was lower
at private farms as compared to Government farms. Lowest prevalence (0%) was found in
Friesian cow, whereas, highest prevalence (50%) was found in Sahiwal cattle. The cross bred
animals were also infected by BVDV infection. Overall prevalence of BVDV infection in
buffalo was lower than cattle population.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1386,T] (1).
3.
Evaluation Of Comparative Antiviral Activity Of Indomethacin, Naproxen & Mefenamic Acid Against Avian Influenza H9 Virus
by Shahida Jamil Ahmed (2013-VA-850) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs play a vital role due to their multi therapeutic approach. In this study, the antiviral activity of indomethacin, naproxen, and mefenamic acid against avian influenza H9 virus was evaluated In ovo. The stock solutions of each drug were prepared in their perspective solvent and preserved. From the stock, three different dilutions (10µg/ml, 20µg/ml, 40µg/ml of indomethacin, 25µg/ml, 50µg/ml, 100µg/ml of naproxen and 20µg/ml, 40µg/ml, 80µg/ml of mefenamic acid) of each drug were prepared. For each of drug to be tested, 25 embryonated chicken eggs were assigned to 5 groups having 5 eggs each, to evaluate both antiviral activity and embryonic toxicity parameters.
For evaluating antiviral activity, the groups of embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with 4HA virus, antibiotics and different concentrations of indomethacin, naproxen and mefenamic acid. For evaluation of embryonic toxicity, embryos of each group were injected with normal saline, antibiotics and different concentrations of indomethacin, naproxen and mefenamic acid. Two controls i.e. positive control of virus (received 4HA Virus only) and negative control (received normal saline) were also included to validate the test results.
With avian influenza H9 virus the different concentrations of each drug were mixed and 0.2 ml of this suspension was inoculated to 9th to 10th day embryonated eggs along with positive and negative controls having only virus and normal saline respectively. Amantadine, standard drug, was inoculated by following the mentioned manner. These inoculated embryonated chicken eggs were incubated at 37oC and were checked after 12 – 72 hours. After 72 hours of post inoculation, chilling was done by placing all the eggs at 4oC in fridge for overnight section of time and the allantoic fluid was collected.
The embryo survival percentage, positive or negative spot haemagglutination activity and determination of virus titre by haemagglutination test confirmed the antiviral activity. The embryonic toxicity effects of indomethacin, naproxen, mefenamic acid and amantadine were assessed by only inoculating the drug of respective concentrations as used for antiviral activity in embryonated chicken eggs and incubating for 72 hours. Among the three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), indomethacin showed significant antiviral activity against influenza H9 virus as compared to naproxen and mefenamic acid. Naproxen showed antiviral activity against influenza H9 virus greater than that of mefenamic acid. However, antiviral activity of mefenamic acid as compared to naproxen and indomethacin is negligible against influenza H9 virus when confirmed by Spot Hemagglutination test while reduction in viral titre was observed by Hemagglutination test.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2432-T] (1).
4.
Detection of Antibodies For Mycobacterium Avium Sub-Specie Paratuberculosis in Sheep Population Along With Its Associated Risk Factors in District Rahim Yar Khan
by Muhammad Arif Rizwan (2014-VA-228) | Dr. Waseem Yaqub | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Johne’s disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, is a chronic enteric disease of ruminants. The disease manifest itself in sense of trade restrictions production losses. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis(MAP) is manifested by an incubation period of several years. During subclinical stage of infection, paratuberculosis pass out in feces through which the disease get approaches to other animals in herd. It is also shed in the milk of infected animal, cannot be killed even on pasteurization and in human beings cause a disease (Crohn's disease). Johne’s disease is somewhat difficult to detect in animals having sub clinical infection.
Moreover, the animals in the early stages of infection is often has an immune response that is detectable by ELISA which is not elicited by the animal in time. ELISA is affordable, efficient, one-step and in sheep and goats is very sensitive for the detection of antibodies. So, keeping in mind the economic and public health importance of this disease, present study was formulated with the purpose to detect the MAP in sheep in district in Rahim Yar Khan.
5 ml blood samples, total 100 (n=100 sheep) blood sample out of which 50 animals were selected on the basis of clinical signs (shooting diarrhea, decrease in milk production and weight loss in spite of good appetite) and 50 animals were selected from the surrounding exhibiting no clinical signs but on suspicion of being carrier from local animal markets, different slaughtering site of animals and in periphery of District, RahimYar Khan. The data regarding all the animals was collected on a predesigned questionnaire. Serum was separated by centrifugation and was stored in deep freezer having temperature (-400 C) until analyzed by indirect ELISA through commercial ELISA, Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis Antibody Test Kit (IDEXX Paratuberculosis Screening) and results was recorded through ELISA reader. The ELISA positive serum samples was processed further for the estimation of serum protein analysis. Sero-detection of antibodies for Mycobacterium avium sub-specie paratuberculosis (MAP) was estimated based on indirect ELISA results.
In present study the overall prevalence in sheep for mycobacterium avium sub specie paratuberculosis in district Rahim Yar Khan in different marketed and slaughtering animals irrespective of breed age and sex. When the serum samples of the suspected sheep were subjected to the serum biochemistry for analysis of total proteins in the body of sheep, it was overall decrease in the serum proteins of the sheep (p<0.05) which were infected with MAP while using the paired t-test statistics. On the other hand, it was found 92% malnutrition, 77% poor sanitation, 85% combine housing, 87% open grazing and 29% tick infestation they may act as a source of infection for spreading of paratuberculosis.
Sheep than goats is high in the prevalence of the MAP. There is no doubt that Johne’s disease infected herds may suffer severely. However, as a whole, the economic loss to the sheep industry is of questionable significance. Johne's disease is zoonotic potential threat that it represents as a problem. The sheep industry is in an exceptional position, given its low incidence or occurrence of paratuberculosis to set in motion a strategy to confine or control the spread of malady. The national control of MAP will be a huge undertaking because of subtle nature of this disease and relatively poor performance of tests that are currently available.
It is necessary to develop specific best management practices in the sheep industry, taking into account the biology and ecology of the disease. The implementation of the program against Johne's disease is an important proactive step.However, MAP has struck the sheep industry for many years and will probably continue to remain a major challenge for the foreseeable future.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2519-T] (1).
5.
Survey To Assess Knowledge About Poultry Disease, Vaccination And Zoonoses In Backyard Poultry Keepers Around Lahore
by Rabia Saleem (2009-VA-460) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhary | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The term backyard chicken production designates poultry birds which are reared on small scale by a household. In this type of poultry rearing, usually a few birds are kept primarily for family use. The surplus birds and eggs are sold in the village or nearby market and the cash were utilized for fulfilling other needs of the household. This was a common practice in the rural area of all over the Pakistan.
Backyard poultry keepers are not well aware of management practices and poultry diseases. For that purpose nine rural areas were selected from Lahore by convenient sampling method. The households in each of the village were also conveniently select. 200 respondents were interview through a model questionnaire to assess knowledge about poultry diseases, zoonotic diseases and vaccination of poultry in backyard poultry keepers.
After compilation of the research data only 25.00% respondents know about poultry disease and only 48.74% use vaccination and medication for their birds if they got sick otherwise they never vaccinate or medicate.73.73% people do vaccination against New castle disease out of those who use vaccination/treatment but according to data they have no proper knowledge even New castle disease. 55.56% farmer observed diseases and sign and symptoms in their flock from which mites and ticks are 55.56%, respiratory sound and nasal discharge 44.45%, coughing, sneezing and greenish diarrhea 33.34%, swollen joints and ocular discharge 22.23%.Respiratory diseases are prevalent in that area.
70.00% people of the study have information about zoonotic diseases while only 26.00 people know about poultry zoonotic diseases. They are not properly educated about poultry zoonotic diseases
This study will help to collect the information about the knowledge of zoonotic disease, poultry disease and vaccination through survey from backyard poultry farmers. Results of the study are helpful to point out the main issue of poultry diseases and mortality. It is a need of hour to properly manage the back yard poultry on an early basis while a timed procedure should be developed to educate the rural farmers. Currently no proper regulatory body is working for the Poultry sector, PPA (Pakistan Poultry Association) working privately without any authoritative power. These points can be easily improved to help the poultry farmers in the sense of developing skillful backyard poultry producers to boost up poultry sector.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2577-T] (1).
6.
Effect Of Probiotics On Growth Rate And Occurrence Of Diarrhea In Neonatal Holstein Friesian Calves
by Muhammad Ayaz Ahmad (2010-VA-236) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Dairy sector commercialization is growing in Pakistan. The import of Holstein cows has been dramatically increased from last decade. Calf mortality is the major constraint in the field of livestock. Calves are considered as the future of dairy farm and mainly responsible for the replacement of stock. Certain diseases cause calf mortality among which bacterial infections carry prime importance.Supplementation of probiotics in milk will reduce the occurrence of diarrhea and increase the body weight, growth rate and average daily gain in Holstein Friesian calves.Holstein Friesian calves (n=60) will be taken from their dams at six days of age and all calves on the basis of initial weight and sex will be selected for the trial. There will be (n=40) calves in the probiotic group and (n=20) calves in the control group.Each group will be further sub-divided into two sub-groups i.e. (n=20) in Group B and (n=25) in Group C. The initial average weight of the calves will be determinedin the two groups. The health status of the calves will be monitored daily with particular attention paid to the occurrence of diarrhea. The actual trial period will start at weaning (day 0) when the calves will be six days old and will be stopped 56 days later. All calves in probiotic group will be offered milk containing probiotic (Calf PRE RD, TechMix, LLCTM, USA) at the dose rate of 4gm per calf per day. The health status, body weight, average daily weight gain and occurrence of diarrhea will be monitored on daily basis. All calves will be given a diarrhea score according to the following scale: 0 = firm, no signs of diarrhea, 1 = soft, slightly loose feacal consistency and 2 = liquid, very loose feacal consistency(Jatkauskas et al., 2010). For each calf the daily scores and the number of days with liquid feaces (score 2) will be summed into an index of the severity of the diarrhea.
Data on occurrence of diarrhea will be compared among groups by using Chi-square (χ2) test whereas data on growth rate, body weight and average daily gain will be measured using t-test. All data will be analyzed using SPSS (statistical package for social sciences),P< 0.05 will be considered significant.
The current study will help in reducing the occurrence of diarrheain Holstein Friesian calves. Further, it will also assist in finding out the efficacy of probiotics supplementation in reducing the incidence of calf mortality.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2811-T] (1).
7.
Comparative Efficacy Of Water Sanitizers And Ozonisation To Improve Microbiological Quality Of Poultry Drinking Water
by Saher saeed(2011-VA-395) | Dr. Jawad Nazir | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Water is a vital nutrient and plays significant role in poultry metabolism, digestion and absorption of food. One of the most important segments in health management for poultry production is water quality. Drinking water of poultry may act as source of microbial Mirobiological quality testing of the water is necessary for human and animal consumption. Acceptable limit of fecal coliform and total coliform for poultry drinking water is zero and 50 CFU/ml, respectively. This is why proper treatment of the water to reduce bacterial loads is highly recommended.
The antimicrobial efficacy of four water sanitizers and ozone was tested and compared in reducing the microbial counts in artificially contaminated water. Water sample collected from a commercial poultry farm was artificially contaminated with ATCC culture of E. coli (1.0 McFarland units). The water sample was treated with sanitizers and ozone at recommended dose and contact time period. After each experiment, microorganisms were recovered and enumerated by spread plate method. For each disinfectant, residual antimicrobial activity was also checked at regular intervals of one hour up-to four hours post treatment. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. Efficacy of disinfectants was measured as log reduction values were calculated after enumeration of microbes on treated samples and untreated samples. The results were analyzed by one way ANOVA using SPSS software.
All of the sanitizers and ozone treatment at recommended doses resulted into more than two logs reduction in the microbial counts. Ozone treatment of the water samples resulted into maximum log reduction following initial interaction. Mean log reduction values (MLR) for ozone at 15, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes post treatment are 2.65, 3.74, 3.64, 4.44 and 5.40 respectively.
Summary
60
Statistical analysis show that the MLR within all sanitizers and ozone did not significantly vary from each other at 15 minutes, one hours and three hours post treatment. At 2 hours post treatment MLR value of Quatovet was significantly higher as compared to other sanitizers and ozone. While at four hours post treatment Dutrion and Quatovet treated groups have significantly higher log reduction values in comparison to other sanitizers and ozone
Results of present study show that all of the tested water sanitizers and ozone can destroy more than 99 % of the microbes present in the water after treatment with the recommended doses. Ozone has the highest efficacy among all sanitizers following initial treatment. However, QAC based (Quatovet) and chlorine based (Dutrion) sanitizers have maximum residual antimicrobial activity. Keeping in view of the efficacy and safety of the tested products, the QAC are supposed to be superior among all other agents. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2828-T] (1).
