000			06883nam a22002057a 4500
005			20151008130817.0
008			150610b2014 xxu||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
041			_aeng
082			_a2189,T
100			_aMuhammad Waqas _94907
245			_aEvaluation Of Different Preparations Of Allium Sativum (Garlic) Against Coccidiosis In Broilers _cDr. Muhammad Lateef
260			_c2014.
300			_a36p.;
502			_aPoultry industry is playing a pivotal role for the prosperity of Pakistan and is growing day by day. However, this sector is still facing many problems like coccidiosis which are hindering its progress (Saima et al. 2010). Coccidiosis with the protozoan parasite Eimeria as the infectious agent causes enormous economic losses, particularly in poultry farms (Dkhil et al. 2011). Eimeria are common parasites in the digestive tract of the hosts causing diarrhea and fluid loss. Infections begin with oral uptake of Eimerian oocysts which release sporozoites in the intestine. These in turn invade enterocytes in which they multiply, and finally, oocysts are released again with the faeces (Renaux et al. 2001). Medicinal plants as natural feed additives are recently used in poultry diet to enhance the performance and immune response of chicken (Tanweer et al. 2012). Coccidiosis of chickens is an enteric parasitic disease caused by multiple species of the protozoan parasite genus Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidia: Eimeriidae) and is one of the commonest and economically most important diseases of poultry world-wide (Shirley et al. 2005). It causes production losses, and high morbidity (due to acute, bloody enteritis) and mortality rates. While the control of coccidiosis has relied mainly on the preventive use of anticoccidial drugs together with the induction of species-specific natural immunity in chicken flocks (Shirley et al. 2005), this widely used approach is costly and has led to serious problems with drug resistance in Eimeria populations (Williams, 2006). Levine discovered that sulphanilamide would cure coccidiosis in chickens, various anticoccidial feed additives have been developed and added (Levine 1939). Efforts have always been made to add coccidiostats on regular basis in chicken’s diet. Consistent use of coccidiostats has not only narrowed the gap between cost of production and returns, it could be a potential threat to human being as a result Introduction 2 of their residual effects. The increasing resistance of avian coccidiosis to anti-coccidial drugs currently used by poultry industry together with the requirement for drug and antibiotic free production systems has meant that it is now important to look for new ways to control the disease. So, research initiated for possible use of herbal (natural) products against avian coccidiosis. Herbal products in past have been effectively used for the control and treatment of several ailments in poultry and human beings. Allium sativum a medicinal plant could be an effective substitute for coccidiostats because of its chemical nature and antimicrobial activities. Allium sativum (garlic) have been widely used for their broad range of pharmacological activities, including antiparasitic activities. Avian coccidiosis is one of the most costly and widespread parasitic diseases in the poultry industry, and has been mainly controlled by the use of different chemotherapeutic agents. Due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains, alternative control strategies are needed (Elbanna, 2012). Hence, further investigations are required to understand the exact mechanism underlying the effects of these feed additives, which are still in use in broiler nutrition as performance enhancers and as agents for controlling coccidiosis. Garlic (Allium sativum ) has been known as an herbal remedy to prevent and treat a variety of heart diseases and metabolic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension, dementia, cancer, and diabetes (Elbanna, 2012). Garlic has rich organosulfur compounds and precursors (allicin, diallyl sulfide, and diallyl trisulfide). The enzyme allinase that is responsible for converting alliin (S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide) to allicin is inactive. When garlic is chopped or crushed, the allinase enzyme present in garlic is activated and acts on alliin (present in whole garlic) to produce allicin (Tanweer et al. 2012). Many studies indicate that allicin is the potentially active component of garlic. These compounds provide garlic its characteristic odor flavor as well as most of its biological properties and have been identified as having the Introduction 3 hypocholesterolemic effect in human and animal products (Silagy and Neil, 1994; Konjufca et al., 1997; Chowdhury et al., 2002). Species of Eimeria in poultry are usually identified by the size and morphology of different stages of the life cycle of the parasite and the nature and location of lesions in the intestines. Differentiation of species in mixed infections, however, can be difficult because some species have similar characteristics (Long and Reid, 1982). Different workers have investigated the prevalence of eimeriosis in different classes of poultry birds and in different areas of Pakistan (Dar and Anwar, 1981; Anjum, 1990; Ayaz et al., 2003). Each Eimeria species has a particular predilection site in the chicken digestive tract; for example, E. tenella attacks the cecum. However, the most common and pathogenic species that affects the poultry industry in Pakistan is E. tenella, which results in high mortality (Ayaz et al., 2003; Abbas et al., 2008). The increasing resistance of avian coccidiosis to anti-coccidial drugs currently used by poultry industry together with the requirement for drug and a production systems which should be antibiotic free, it’s now very much necessary to go for the new and advanced methods to prevent this disease. Therefore, scientists started to work on medicinal use of herbal products to control this eimeriosis. In past for treatment of various human and poultry ailments the natural herbal products have been effectively used several times. Because of the anticoccidial nature and antibacterial effect, garlic could be served as a valuable alternative for coccidiostats as a medicinal plant. Previously it has been used for multipurpose like as an antibiotic, for antiinflammatory effects, for anti- eimerial response and as an anti-ulcer agent. Keeping in view the importance of poultry industry in Pakistan, the present project has been designed to “Evaluate different preparations of Allium sativum (Garlic) against coccidiosis in broilers”.
650			_aDepartment of Parasitology _94290
700			_aDr. Muhammad Ijaz _96093
700			_aDr. Haroon Akbar _94909
710			_aFaculty of Veterinary Sciences _94292
942			_cTH
999			_c4199 _d4199