000			04090nam a22002057a 4500
005			20160815113510.0
008			160815b2016 xxu||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
041			_aeng
082			_a2501-T
100			_aIqra Asif (2010-VA-279) _925460
110			_cProf. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum _925461
245			_aAntibiotic Resistance Pattern Of Staphlococcus Aureus And Its Resistance Modulation Using Medicinal Plant Extracts
260			_c2016.
300			_a84p.;
502			_aThis project was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Chloroform and ethanol extracts of Calotropis procera (C .procera) and Eucalyptus globulus (E. globulus) against Multiple Drug Resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus isolated from human origin. This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of C. procera and E. globulus alone and in combination with antibiotics to check synergism between medicinal plants and resistant antibiotics. S.aureus is a major pathogen which causes various infections. Infectious diseases affect millions of people around the world and in the history these diseases are major cause of mortality and morbidity across the globe. In past few decades rate of mortalities are continuously increasing because of acquired resistance of S. aureus against multiple drugs, thus it is utter need of time to discover some alternatives to antibiotics so that we can resolve this dilemma of antibiotic resistance. Plant extracts are hope for this purpose as they have many compounds which have potential to lower down the number of micro-organisms. Plants have benefits over other as they are non toxic, non-reactive and have least side effects. Total 20 samples of human origins were procured from Department of Microbiology, UVAS Lahore and were subjected to check their antibiotic resistance profile against Erythromycin, Amoxicillin and Ciprofloxacin by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion assay. Out of 20, nine resistant isolates were separated. Among them three were resistant to Erythromycin, three to Amoxicillin and three to Ciprofloxacin. Summary 72 Leaves of C. procera and E. globulus were processed in Chloroform and ethanol Solvents. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar gel well diffusion assay in which zone of inhibitions were measured. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts was evaluated by micro broth dilution method. Best antimicrobial activity was observed by ethanolic extract of E. globulus. Then combine effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations (SICs) of plant extracts and minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics were determined by Well Diffusion assay. Four different sub inhibitory concentrations of plant extracts i.e.10μg/ml, 20μg/ml, 40μg/ml and 80μg/ml were used in combination with fixed concentration of antibiotics i.e.100μg/ml to check combinational effect of both. At selected sub-inhibitory concentration plant extract alone did not show any antibacterial activity. Two of the isolates had shown modulation when amoxicillin and plant extracts combination was used against them. The isolate labeled as S.aureus 4 showed modulation with the use of Ethanolic extract of Calotropis procera and S.aureus 5 had shown modulation with the use of chloroform extract of Calotropis procera. For further confirmation two more concentrations of 160μg/ml and 320μg/ml were used along with100μg/ml Amoxicillin against same isolates S.aureus 4 and 5. Zone of inhibition was observed with increased diameter indicating modulation of two isolates. While erythromycin and ciprofloxacin resistant isolates didn’t show any modulation. Data of antibiotic resistance and resistance modulation using plant extracts was analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range(DMR) posthoc test using Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) 17.0 Statistical software at α < 0.05.
650			_aDepartment of Microbiology _94609
700			_aProf. Dr. Khushi Muhammad _925462
700			_aMs. Tehreem Hussain _925463
942			_cTH
999			_c8979 _d8978