151.
Prevalence And Taxonomical Studies On Haemoparasites Of Equine And Their Effect On Blood Parameters During Winter
by Wasim Shehzad | Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Asim Aslam | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was conducted between November 1999 and January 2000 to find out the prevalence and to study the taxonomy of haemoparasites of horses. In addition, their effect on haematological parameters was also studied.
A total of 40 out of 435 horses were found positive for haemoparasites. The prevalence recorded was 9.20%. Out of positive animals 22(5.06%) were positive for babesia species, of which 10 (45.45%) were infected with B. equi, 6 (27.27%) were infected with B. caballi and 6 (27.27%) were positive with mixed infection of B.qui and B. caballi. out of remaining positive cases, 14 (3.22%) were positive for T.evansi and 4 (0.92%) were positive for P.multipapillosa.
Animals of group A, belonged to all the places of other groups. Animals of group B showed 10.52 % prevalence for haemoparasites, Babesia species was present in 6 (6.3l%) and T.envansi was present in 4 (4.2l%) animals respectively. Horses of group C showed prevalence as 14.28% haemoparasites out of which 6(8.57%) were positive for babesia species, and 4 (5.71%) positive for T.evansi . Similarly, animals in group D, indicated 11.11 % prevalence of haemoparasites including babesia species 3 (3.33%), T.evansi 3 (3.3%) and P.multipapillosa, 4 (4.44%) respectively. Ten out of 180 (5.56%) horses of group E were positive for haemoparasites and 7 (3.89%) were positive for Babesia spp. and 3 (1.66%) were positive for I.evansi.
Haematological examination revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, haemoglobin estimation, packed cell volume, neutrophils and basophils in the infected horses as compared with healthy horses. However, there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in lymphocytes and eosinophils in the infected horses as compared with healthy horses of group A.
From the results of the present study it may be concluded that the horses belonging to the poor community need due attention for the control of haemoparasite diseases. Services must be extended to educate owners of these Tonga ponies for the control of haemoparasitic diseases and their vectors.
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152.
Comparative Anthelmintic Efficacy Of Moxidectin, Ivermectin And Albendazole Against G.I.T. Nematodes Of Sheep Under Field Conditions
by Ali Abdullah Shah, M | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Haji Ahmad | Muhammad Athar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: In this experiment comparative anthelmentic efficacy of moxidectin, ivermectin and albendazole was studied in sheep under field conditions. For this purpose, 60 sheep positive for nematodal infestation and 20 negative based on faecal examination were selected from the field. They were divided into 4 groups A, B, C & D having 20 animals in each group. Animals of group-A, B, C were medicated with moxidectin (0.2 mg I kg SIC injection), ivermectin (0.2 mg / kg S/C injection) and albendazole (5 mg / kg, orally) respectively. Animals of group-D were kept as control group. Eggs per gram of faeces were counted by McMaster technique on day 0, 7th 141h day post medication. To calculate the weight gain by these animals, weight was measured on day 0, 28th day of post medication
Based on the reduction in the number of eggs per gram of faeces, efficacy of moxidectin was estimated to be 98.65% and 99.7% on day 7 and day 14 post medication respectively. Efficacy of ivermectin was estimated to be 98.9% and 100% while that of albendazole 94.96% and 97.67% on day 7, day 14 respectively. The weight gain observed after 281h day of post medication was 1.18 kg, 1.37 kg, 1.05 kg, 0.5 kg for animals treated with moxidectin, ivermectin, albendazole and control groups respectively.
In conclusion, moxidectin and ivermectin are injectable preparations available in the market and can be used for the treatment of nematodes in sheep under field conditions in this area quite successfully.
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153.
Effectr Of Different Physical & Chemical Treatments On The Protein Quality Of Defatted Rice Polishing
by Iftikhar Ahmad Saleemi | Anjum Khalique | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Muhammad.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to improve the nutritional value of defatted rice polishing by treating it with certain chemicals and physical methods. 108 male broiler chicks of approximately similar weight were selected out of 220-day-old male broiler chicks priory fed on commercial diets for 7 days settlement period. Seven experimental diets viz, commercial diet; 1-Id treated DFRP; HCI treated and extruded; 1-1202 treated; 11202 treated and extruded; raw DFRP and protein free diet were incorporated into 7 major groups i.e. A, B, C, D, B, F, and 0. The groups 13 to F were having 18 chicks each. Each group was further divided into 2 sub-groups having 9 chicks each and each sub group was dispersed into three replicates having three chicks each. The group A and G having 9 chicks each and divided into three replicate of 3 chicks each. All sub-groups of groups fed on different experimental diets included differently treated rice polishing at 10% and 20% levels respectively.
Over all results showed that weight gain (282g), Feed consumed (387), FCR (1.37), Protein efficiency ratio (3.64), Protein digestibility percentage (93.5), Net protein utilization (59.5), biological value (63.6) were significantly higher than other treatments. It might be due to the fact that 1-1202 treatment proved better to eliminate anti-nutritional factors i.e. phytate, hemoglutinin etc., from DFRP and convert indigestible fiber into digestible form by breaking ligno-cellulose bond.
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154.
Epidemiology And Economic Importance Of Various Diseases Of Cattle And Buffalo In Mohmand Agency (Fata)
by Said Akbar | Iftikhar Gull Ahmad | Khalid Saeed | Sajjad Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: An active surveillance study was conducted in 16-(I0%) of 1 60 villages of Mohmand Agency for one year period (June 1998 to May 1999) on epidemiology and economic importance of various diseases of cattle and buffalo. The informations were recprded on a questionnaire. Fecal samples were collected from 320 animals and sent to V.R.T, N.W.F.P. Peshawar for detection of parasite infection.
The data were analysed and the following conclusions were drawn, about the morbidity, mortality and case fatality of various diseases and their economic impact.
Black quarter disease was recorded only in cattle with an incidence rate of 42(0.83%) of 5067 in young and 179 (1.9%)out of 9427 total adult cattle population. The over all incidence was 1 .52%. The case fatality rate was 100% for all. Foot and mouth disease occurred in 14.67% young and 13.13% in adult buffalo population. In cattle the morbidity mortality and case fatality due to FMD vas recorded as 15.95%, 0.098% and 0.62% in young and 13.19%. 0.01% and 0.08% in adult cattle. Occurrence of haeniorrauic septicaemia was higher in buffalo than in cattle. In Buffalo the incidence in young and adult was 2.17% and 2.98% Case fatality was 100% for both the age groups. In cattle the incidence in adult was 0.026% with 100% fatality rate. In buffalo 16.85% young and 955% adult population was affected by endoparasite while in cattle 47.01% young and 25.34% adult population was affected.
Morbidity, mortality and case fatality of diarrhoea in young and adult buffalo was 19.02% and 12.83%, 7.06% and 0.6%, 37.14% and 4.65% respectively while in cattle these valuefor young cattle were 13.02%, 1.89% and 14.57% and in adult cattle 9%, 0.46% and 5.36% respectively. Ectoparasite affected 4.89% young and 5.07% adult buffalo population while cattle were affected by 8.82% young and 8.2 1% adults. Incidence, mortality and case fatality of milk fever in buffalo was 4.9%, 0.7% and 14.28% and in cattle 2.47%, 0.67% and 27.27% respectively, Repeat breeding occurred in 0.7% buffalo and 8.6% cattle. Incidence, mortality and case fatality of P.P. haemoglobinuria in buffalo was 1.4%, 0.35% and 25% and that in cattle 1.13%, 0.63%, and 55.8% respectively. Mastitis occurred in 9.12% buffalo and 4.55% cattle. Incidence of abortion in buffalo was 1 .4% and in cattle 2.58%. The incidence, mortality and case fatality olmetritis in buffalo was 6.66%, 1.4% and 21% and in cattle 3.38% 0.66% and 19.53%. Dystochia occurred in 2.8% buffalo and its incidence, mortality and case fatuity rates in cattle were 2.11%, 0.79, 37.5% respectively, 1.05% buffaloes and 3.73% cows retained placenta. The incidence mortality and case fatality of post-parturn prolapse in buffalo was 2.8%, 0.7% and 25% and in cattle 0.75% 0.22% and 29.8%, respectively. Anthrax occurred only in cattle with an incidence rate of 0.73% in young and 0.275% adult cattle with 100% case fatality rate in both the age groups.
Three-day-sickness affected 0.08% young and 3.28% adult cattle sudden deaths occurred 1.08% in young and 0.3% in adult buffalo and 0.24% in young and 0.17% in adult cattle. Monetary losses of Rs. 2 1650863/- annually were estimated due to various diseases of cattle and buffaloes in Mohmand Agency during one year (June 1998-May 1999).
Most of the villages are not in access to avail hospital facilities, for timely and appropriate treatment of their live - stock. Awareness about dewonning, vaccination, management and feeding of live stock was poor in the area.
Suggestions and Recommendations
The following suggestions are put forward to the live stock health and production policy maker which vi1l help in minimizing the disease prevalence in live stock and thus affect to minimize the economic loses due to these diseases.
1. Raising awareness in the farmers through mass media e.g. Radio, TV., newspapers and through extension workers about the deworming, vaccination, management, breed improvement, feeding.
2. Provision of high and appropriate quality vaccine well in time he fore an outbreak occurs.
3. Installation of new hospitals with the provision of quality health, Al. services, and diagnostic laboratories.
4. Check on import of live stock to prevent introduction of new diseases.
5. Strict enforcement of slaughter house rules to prevent spread of the diseases.
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155.
Study Of Incidence & Pathology Of Different Reproductive Disorders In Female Breeder Layers
by Imtiaz Ahmed Cheema | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr.Rashid Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: This study was carried out to find the incidence and pathology of reproductive disorders in breeder female layers. A total of 120 breeder female layers were randomly selected from various poultry sale centers of Lahore. Blood sample and female genital tract of each bird were collected. The ovaries and oviducts of all hens were thoroughly examined to detect any gross pathological lesion. Organs exhibiting gross pathological lesions were subjected to histopathological examination. The biometrical study of ovaries and oviducts of all birds was also conducted. Serologically, the incidence of Salmonella pullorum and Mycoplasma gallisepticurn was detected by adopting rapid method agglutination test and rapid slide agglutination test, respectively. This study also represented an endeavor to establish relationship between Salmonellosis and Mycoplasmosis infections and adverse types of reproductive abnormalities.
In this study 15 (12.5 %) birds exhibited seven pathological conditions i.e. cystic ovary, degenerated ovarian follicles, salpingitis, impaction of oviduct, ruptured oviduct, adenoma and underdeveloped tracts. Macro and microscopic pathological lesions were studied in all the above conditions. Out of 120 serum samples 57 ( 47.5 % ) were positive for Salmonella pullorum infection and 87 (72.5%) were positive for Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection.
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156.
Prevalence Of Canine Babesiosis In District Lahore & Comparative Efficacy Of Different Drugs Against Naturally Infected Dogs With Babesiosis
by Haroon Ahmad | Dr.Khalid Pervaiz | Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr.S.A.Jafri | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0655,T] (1).
157.
Comparative Prevalence And Taxonomy Of Amphistomes Infecting Cattle And Buffaloes And Their Effect On Various Blood Components
by Fareed Ahmad | Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Asinm Aslam | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was carried out to determine the incidence and taxonomy of various gastric amphistomes in buffaloes and cattle. I addition the effect of these amphistomes on different haematological parameters (TEC, PCV, Hb, ESR and DLC) was carried out.
For this purpose 151 compound stomachs (70 buffaloes and 81 cattle) of slaughtered ruminants were examined at Lahore abattoirs. The worms were collected and identified and taxonomical findings were recorded. In addition, faecal samples from the positive cases were also collected and examined to record the EPG count. The blood samples were also collected from the above mentioned animals to study the effect on different haematological parameters. The animals awaiting slaughter were selected irrespective of age and sex.
A total of 70 buffaloes and 81 cattle had to be examined to obtain the 50 positive buffaloes and 50 positive cattle, infected with different species of amphistomes. The overall incidence of amphistomes was found to be 71.42% in buffaloes and 61.72% in cattle.
The various species of gastric trêmatodes identified were as follow i.e. Paramphistomum cervi, Cotylophoron cotylophorum, Gastrothvlax crumenifer and Carmverius spatiosus. The incidence of . cervi infection was higher both in buffaloes (54.48%) and in cattle (44.34%) as compared with the other species of the family Paramphistomatidae. The incidence of Cotvlophoron cotylophorum was found to be 50% in buffaloes and 39.5% in cattle. The incidence rate of Gastrothylax crumenifer and Carmyerius spatiosus was found to be 38.57% and 28.57% in buffaloes while 29.62% and 19.75% in cattle respectively.
The EPG of affected buffaloes and cattle carcasses was also undertaken and the average EPG recorded was 44.67 eggs/gram in buffaloes and 39.78 eggs/gram in cattle.
Haematological findings revealed that the Hb, PCV and TEC were decreased while the neutrophils and eosinophils were increased both in buffaloes and cattle suffering from amphistomiasis.
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158.
Comparative Immune Response Of Anticoccidial Monovalent And Polyvalent Vaccines On Nd Vaccinated Broiler
by Wajiha Maqsood | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad | Dr.Muhammad Afzal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The study was conducted to estimate the immune response of the three anticoccidial virus vaccines on NDV vaccinated broiler chicks. The vaccines used were, Eirneria tenella vaccine (ETV), Immucox and Coccivac. For this purpose a total of one hundred and five chicks were randomly divided into five groups, namely group A, B, C, D and E on day I Each group consisting of twenty one birds. All the chicks except those in group A, were occulonasally vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus vaccine using Mukteswar strain of virus on day I and 2 1
Chicks in group A were kept as non-i nfectecl, non-vaccinated controls. Group B was non-infected, hut vaccinated with NDV. group C was also vaccinated with Eimeria tenella vaccine on days 3 and 10 of age. Group D was administered with single dose of Immucox on day 5th of age and, group E was administered with Coccivac on day 6111.
After vaccination weekly mean weightgains, mean oocysts per gms of faeces (OPG), and mean feed conversion ratio of chicks in all the groups were recorded. Regular sera samples were also collected from the blood obtained from birds of all the groups, after administration of second dose of NDV on day 21 of age. All the sera samples were analyzed by using Haernagglutination (HA) and Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests.
obtained from birds of all the groups, after administration of second dose of NDV on day 21 of age. All the sea samples were analyzed by using Haemagglutination (HA) and Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests.
It was observed that no coccidiosis could be established in chicks of groups A, B and C. However oocysts were observed in the faecal material of chicks of group D and E after one week of administration of anticoccidial vaccines (immucox and coccivac) respectively. But OPG was gradually increase after second week of vaccination and one bird in group D died due to coccidiosis, OPG count reached to a peak after second week of vaccination and one bird in group D and one in group F died due to coccidiosis.
Mean weight gains per chick on day 1 was 41, 42, 40, 39 and 38 of groups A, B, C, D and F respectively. however the mean body weights were 1746, gms 1848, 1725, 1710 and 1695 gms for chicks in groups A, B, C, D and E respectively at Group B showed significant weight gain as compared to other groups and their difference of weight gain from group B was, 103, 123, 138, and 153 gms of groups A, C, D and F respectively. (P > 0.05).
Feed conversion ratio of groups A. B, C, D and F was 1.85, 1.99, 1 .88, 1.77 and 1.78 respectively at the end of experiment. Group B and C showed the best FCR as compared to other groups of the same age. But statistically the differences were non-signiFicant amongst all the test groups.
Morphometeric analysis of immuno modulatory organs revealed that group B showed highest organ weight and the organ body ratio as compared to other groups of same age at the end of experiment Besides group B, group C also showed the second highest of the organ body weights and the organ body ratios, as compared to other anticoccidial vaccinated groups D and E and among them group C showed the highest of organ weight and organ body ratio.
Antibody analysis revealed that geometric mean titre (GMT) in the chicks of group B (NDV vaccinated control group) showed the highest value (73.3) as compared to other groups of same age at the end of experiment. However group C showed the second highest value (68.6) on 49th day. Where as other anticoccidial vaccinated groups D and E showed their GMT value as 21.1 and 22.6 respectively, and antibody titre of group A (non-infected non vaccinated control group) was zero at the end of experiment.
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159.
Study Of Changes In Hematological Laboratory Profile Induced By Vinorelbine In Cancer Patients
by Taha Nazir | Prof.Dr.Saghir Ahmad Jafri | Dr.Muhammad Mehmood Khan | Prof.Dr.Muham.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was carried to investigate the hematological alterations in the patients diagnosed as cancer and were administered vinorelbine as part of their chemotherapy at Shoukat khanum memorial cancer hospital and research centre. It was carried in the chemotherapy department, pathology laboratory, medical record section, pharmacy department, and data processing department of the hospital. For investigating there were a total of 60 adult cancer patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCL), metastatic breast cancer (MBC), and cancer of cervix (CC), with age between 24 to 71 years (Mean±SEM: 42.73±2.69) selected. Which were divided into two groups: Group - I for those patients who were on the treatment protocol of Vinorelbine alone (25 mg/m2/day one, weekly x 4) and group - II for those patients who were on treatment protocol of Vinorelbine base combinations Vinorelbine/Doxorubicin (Vinorelbine - 20 mg/m2/day one and day eight, Doxorubicin - 50 mg/m2/day one only) and Vinorelbine/Cisplatin (Vinorelbine - 20 mg/m2/day one and day eight, Cisplatin - 40 mg/m2/day one only). The Laboratory tests (C.B.C.) of all the patients were performed in the Pathology Laboratory of the hospital. After completion of the study, the collected Hematological values were statistically analyzed by student pair test. By the overall comparison of mean values over time, there were significant leukopenia (neutrophile, eosinophil, & monocyte), anemia and decreased hematocrit value observed in the patients on chemotherapy protocol of Vinorelbine alone and significant leukopenia (neutrophile only), anemia and decreased hematocrit value and hemoglobine conc. observed in the patients on chemotherapy protocol of Vinorelbine based combinations. By an independent comparison of mean values of two groups at every week, there were significantly higher toxicities 1 e leukopenia at week-3 (neutrohpil at week-3, eosinophil at weekI, lymphocyte at week-i &2) and thrombocytopenia at week-i observed in the patients on the treatment protocol of Vinorelbine based combinations. When the mean values observed before therapy were compared with that of at week-4 of both of the groups, there were significant decreases noted in TLC, neutrophil count, monocyte count, erythrocyte count, hemotocrit value and Hb conc in the patients on treatment protocol of Vinorelbine alone, and erythrocyte count, hemotocrit value and hemoglobine conc. in the patients on treatment protocol of Vinorelbine based combinations. It is concluded from this study that, there is insignificant difference in the overall hematological toxicities produced by both of the chemotherapy protocols. The clinical oncologist, consultant physicians and pharmacist, therefore now suggested to select the either of the of the chemotherapy protocol with respect of the therapeutic efficacy only
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160.
Detection Of Stress Following Vaccination (Eimeria Vaccine) Against Coccidiosis In Broilers
by Asghar Ali | Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr.Shakil Akhtar Khan | Haji Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present project was designed to detect the stress following vaccination (Eimeria Vaccine) against coccidiosis in broilers and its management by using multivitamins and aspirin. In this study a total of 160 day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups designated as A, B, C and D Group A was kept as non vaccinated, non treated control and group B was vaccinated against coccidiosis but no other treatment was given. While group C and D were vaccinated against coccidiosis and treated with multivitamins vitamins and aspirin respectively.
The parameters studied were heterophil/lymnphocyte ratio, total serum protein, serum glucose, serum cholesterol estimation, for three consecutive post vaccination days. At the end of experiment, on 42nd day, adrenal gland body weight ratio and histopatholor of adrenal gland was performed to assess any change.
In our experiment there was no statistical significant difference among different groups. 1-lowever, group C which was given multivitamins showed maximum weight gain and minimum stress, while the aspirin therapy to the group D did not show any difference with group A and B.
In the adrenal body weight ratio, there was also no significant difference among different groups. No gross and histopathological changes were seen in any group.
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161.
Comparative Effect Of Raw & Stabilized Rice Polising On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Dawood Ahmad | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Talat Naseer Pasha.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Owing to cheap and abundant availability of rice polishing in Pakistan, researchers are attempting to enhance its inclusion level in poultry ratio. It also compares well with cereal grains in chemical composition. But the prevalence of rancidity due to high fat and other toxic factors limiting its use in poultry. Hence rice polishing was subjected to extrusion cooking for stabilizing the fat and improving its quality. The extrusion cooking of rice polishing was done at National Feed Mill, Sheikhupura.
Present experiment was conducted to observe the comparative effect of Raw and stabilized rice polishing on the performance of broiler chicks. Seven experimental rations (Starter and Finisher) were prepared designated as A, B, C, D, E, F and 0. All rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Starter and Finisher ration "A" was kept as control containing no rice polishing. In rations B, C, and D raw rice polishing was used at levels 20, 25 and 30% respectively while in rations E, F and 0 stabilized rice polishing was used at the same levels. Starter rations were fed for 28 days and finisher ration from 29 days to 42 days.
Two hundred and ten (210), one day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into 7-groups having thirty chicks in each groups and which were further sub-divided into three replicates comprising ten chicks in each.
Results of present study indicated that maximum weight gain was observed in birds fed on ration "E" whereas second best was observed in chicks fed on ration "B". The birds fad on rations E, F and 0 (extruded rice polishing) gained better weight than those fed on rations B, C and D (raw rice polishing) at same levels and of control ration.
Best feed utilization per unit gain was observed in chicks fed on ration "E" and it began to decline as level of rice polishing (raw and extruded) raised to 30%. Overall feed efficiency of birds fed on rations containing (extruded rice polishing) was better than those fed on ration containing raw rice polishing and at the same levels.
During the whole experimental period, 4% mortality was observed In birds fed on different rations. This was due to heat stress .e. due to high ambient temperature (June, July months). The average dressing percentage was 55.20, 56.00, 54.5, 54.40, 54.77, 56.07 and 54.34 respectively. A non-significant difference was observed regarding dressing percentage. The average pancrease weight also showed a non-significant difference among treatments. However, a slight increase in pancrease weight was observed in birds fed on rations containing raw rice polishing. This might be due to secretion of bile (Lipase Enzyme). With respect of cost per kg live weight gain, the rations containing extruded rice polishing were observed slightly economical as compared to ration containing raw rice polishing.
RECOMMENDATIONS
As extrusion processing holds great promise as a mean to improve efficiency of nutrient utilization, it is therefore recommended that the use of extruded feedstuff, especially for non-traditional, feed ingredients should be promoted in poultry ration. The level of extruded rice polishing can be raised safely upto 25%.
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162.
Effect Of Low Level Feeding Of Tylosin And Zinc Bacitracin On The Weight Gain And Immunity Of Broiler Chicks Vaccinated Against Newcastle Disease Virus
by Rahat Ali | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr.Iftikhar Gul Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was aimed to reveal the effect of low level feeding of Tylosin (tylan premix) and Zinc bacitracin (Albac) on the weight gain and immune response of broiler chicks vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus. Two hundred and forty day-old chicks were purchased from local market. They were divided into 3 groups i.e., A, B and C, each group was further divided into 2 sub-groups i.e. A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2. Group A was fed Tylosin (Tylan premix) at the dose rate of 20gm/50kg of feed, 10-42 days of age. Group B was fed Zinc bacitracin (Albac) at dose rate 12gm/50gm of feed, 1.42 days of age. Group C was fed on un-medicated feed A1, B1 and C1 were vaccinated at 7 and 21 days against NDV and A2, B2 and C2 were reared without vaccination.
The parameters studied were (1) the effect of low level feeding of Tylosin and Zinc bacitracin in broiler chicks on weight gain, (2) feed conversion ratio and HI titre of Newcastle disease virus vaccination was monitored on weekly basis upto 42nd day of age.
This study indicated that Tylosin and Zinc bacitracin when used at recommended dosage levels (20gm/50kg feed and 12gm/50kg feed respectively) did not interfere with the development of birds, immune response of birds in vaccinated groups. Their medication in feed rather produced beneficial effects on weight gain and antibody production due to heavier weight and good health status.
Their weight gain studies indicated that the medicated and vaccinated birds fed on Tylosin and Zinc bacitracin medicated feeds had significantly higher body weights than those fed on nonmedicated and non-vaccinated group at 42 days of age. The immune response of vaccinated birds was higher than those of non-vaccinated birds in the presence of medication. However, there was a need for further investigation.
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163.
Influence Of Varying Levels Of Energy With Constant Levels Of Protein On The Performance Of Japanese Quails
by Shahid Siddique | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Dr.Javed Ahmad Qureshi | Dr.Muhammad.
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Present experiment was conducted to study the influence of varying level of energy with constant level of protein on the performance of Japanese quail. For this purpose 300 day old Japanese quail were reared upto 42 days. Quails were randomly divided into five groups, each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 20 quails each . Starter rations Al, Bi, Cl, Dl and El were given to each group for first 21 days and from 22 - 42 days finisher rations A2, B2, C2, D2 and E2 were given. Starter rations contained 24.5% protein and 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 Kcal/Kg Metabolizable Energy respectively. Finisher rations contained 19.5% protein and 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 Kcal/Kg Metabolizable Energy respectively. On starter rations quail chicks gained weight 66.77, 63.54, 69.28, 62.36 and 61.50 grams respectively. The highest weight gain of 69.28 grams was obtained with chicks fed on ration Cl containing Metabolizable Energy 3000 Kcal/Kg with calorie-protein ratio 122. Feed consumed by the quail chicks was 133.73, 128.38, 126.71, 122.60 and 119.50 grams respectively. Chicks fed on ration Al consumed maximum feed having 2800 Kcal/Kg Metabolizable Energy, while minimum feed consumption was on ration El having 3200 Kcal/Kg Metabolizable Energy. The average feed efficiency was 2.00, 2.02, 1.82, 1.96 and 1.94 respectively. The chicks fed on ration C1 containing Metabolizable Energy of 3000 Kcal/Kg with calorie-protein ratio 122 was more efficient in feed utilization.
On finisher rations A2, B2, C2, D2 and/ E2 weight gained was 67.62, 72.03, 74.25, 70.46 and 68.05 grams respectively. The highest weight gain 74.25 grams was obtained with chicks, fed on ration C2 containing Metabolizable Energy 3000 KcaI/Kg with calorie-protein ratio 153. Feed consumed by quail chicks on finisher rations was 311.33, 293.93, 299.9, 287.4 and 276.17 grams. Highest amount o feed i.e. 311.33 grams was consumed by chicks fed on ration A2 having Metabolizable Energy 2800 Kcal/Kg , while the lowest amount of feed consumed by quail chicks on ration E2 containing Metabolizable Energy 3200 Kcal/Kg. Similarly the feed conversion ratio was 4.60, 4.08, 4.04, 4.07 and 4.05 to the quail chicks fed on finisher rations. The chicks fed on ration C2 containing Metabolizable Energy 3000 Kcal/Kg with calorie-protein ratio 153 was more efficient in feed utilization.
The results indicated that ration containing Metabolizable Energy 3000 Kcal/Kg with calorie-protein ratio 122 in starter rations and ration containing Metabolizable Energy 3000 KcalIKg with calorie-protein ratio 153 in finisher ration were economical, showed better weight gain and comparatively more efficient in feed utilization in quail chicks. It was observed that the rate of weight gain was decreased when energy levels were increased or decreased from 3000 Kcal/Kg in starter and finisher rations respectively. It was noticed that as the level of energy with constant level of protein in ration increased, the feed consumption was decreased. Feed efficiency was poor at high and low energy rations with constant level of protein.
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164.
Serological Surey Of Brucellosis In Man & Various Age Groups Of Cattle And Buffaloes
by Abbas Chaudhry, M | Dr.Irshad Ahmad Ch | Dr.Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Prof.Dr Akram | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The sero-prevalence of brucellosis in cattle, buffaloes and various personnel employed at Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadar Nagar, District Okara, was surveyed. Four hundred and seventy blood samples of different age groups of various groups of cattle, buffaloes and man were analyzed for the seroprevalence of Brucellosis. The various serological tests used for this investigation included the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Serum Agglutination Test (SAT). The higher incidence of the disease was observed in cattle than buffaloes. The seroprevalence of disease in man was found to be related with the prevalence of Brucellosis in animals.
The overall prevalence of Brucellosis in clinically healthy buffaloes and cattle was found to be 7.64% and 10.0% respectively, by SAT and 11.17% and 14.11% respectively by RBPT.
A prevalence of 36.67% by RBPT and 26.67% and 23.33% by SAT in clinically sick buffaloes and cattle was recorded.
The serum samples from workers subjected to RBPT and SAT revealed prevalence of 15.71% and 11.43%, respectively. The incidence of Brucellosis in adult buffaloes and cattle above 2-10 years of age was 11% and 13%, respectively by SAT. Whereas in young buffaloes and cattle under 2 years of age, it was found to be 2.86% and 5.71%, respectively by SAT. The RBPT indicated 15% and 5.7 1% incidence of the disease in adult and young buffaloes, respectively.
Similarly prevalence of 19% and 7.14% in adult and young cattle, respectively was found to be demonstrated by RBPT. rpIe SAT and RBPT established a greater incidence of brucellosis in female animals than male cows 10.67% and buffaloes 8.67% by SAT.
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165.
Effects Of Different Commercially Available Antifungal Compounds On Feed Quality & Broiler Performance
by Abdul Hamid | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr . Masood | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the effects of different commercially available antifungal compounds on feed quality and broiler performance. Six experimental rations i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F were prepared for this trial. Ration A was positive control (containing no antifungal compounds), ration B (containing 0.5 kg Mycostat / ton), ration C (containing 0.5 kg Mycocurb\ ton), ration D (containing 15% moisture without any antifungal compounds), ration E (containing 1 .0 kg Mycostat / ton with 1 5% moisture) and ration F (containing 1 .0 kg Mycocurh/ ton with 15% moisture).
These experimental rations were stored for one month. During storage period the representative feed samples were collected from all the rations and were analysed for mould growth and aflatoxins level.
A total of 240 day-old-broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 groups having 40 birds in each group and which were further subdivided into 4 replicates comprising of 10 birds in each. The body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of each two weeks. Mortality percentage and comparative economic study of antifungal compounds were determined at the end of experiment. The experiment was completed in six weeks.
The results of feed consumption indicated that birds led on different cxperimen(af rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 3173, 3230, 3215, 2310, 1972 and 2243 gnis respectively. However, apparently the birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat consumed more Iced as compared to other groups.
The weight gain of the birds fed on various experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 1710, 1770, 1 760, 965, 845 and 980 gms respectively. However, apparently more weight gain was observed in the birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat.
The data on feed efficiency indicated that birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 1.855, 1.82, 1.83, 2.392, 2.34 and 2.283, respectively. However, better feed utilization was observed in birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat as compared to chicks fed on other rations.
The feed mould count values for groups D, E and F were 4.0 10E4, 1.1 10E4 and 1.0 10E4 respectively, and the Aflatoxins levels for groups D, E and F were (G1<0.1, G2<0.1, B1-33.5 B2-2.4), (GI<0.l, G2<O.1, B1-26.5, B2-1.9) and (G1<0.1, G2<0.l, B1-35.5, B2-2.5) respectively.
It is concluded that Mycostat is comparatively better antifungal compound commercially available as compared to Mycocurb in terms of improving the performance of the broiler birds.
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166.
Comparative Efficacy Of Different Drugs Used Against Mange Mite Infestation In Sheep
by Zafar Iqbal, Syed | Dr . Lftikhar Gul Ahmad | Dr . Asif | Dr . Muhammad Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Parasitic inFestation arc the major problem that hinder in the smooth rearing of sheep. Among the parasitic infestations ecto parasites are of major importance. Among the ecto-parasites mange mites are of prime importance as they damage skin, hide, wool etc. Mange mile infestation is considered to be highly responsible for substantial economic losses in the livestock industry (Hourrign, 1979).
The present study was conducted to determine the comparative efficacy of different drugs used against mange mites in sheep. For this purpose a total of 60 animals diagnosed positive by skin scraping technique (Tarry, 1991) were randomly divided into 3 groups (A, B and C) each group comprising of 20 animals. Group A was treated with Ivojec (Ivernwctin 1%) at a dose rate of lml/50 kg body weight. Group B was treated with Seguvon (Trichiorphon) at a dose rate of 10gm/lit/animal. Group C was kept as positive untreated control. Observations were made at one week intervals for 3 weeks.
The overall efficacy of Ivermectin and Seguvon at the end of study was 90% and 80% respectively.
Animals were also observed for any side effect of the product. No side effect was observed during and after the study completion in both groups i.e. A and B group. No spontaneous recovery was noted in control group.
From the present study it is concluded that Ivojec (Ivermectin) is the drug of choice for the treatment of mange mite infestation in sheep.
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167.
Comparative Efficacy Of Herbal Medicines For The Immuno Modulatory And Antistress Effect Against Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) in Broiler Chickens
by Sajid Hussain Butt | Dr . Saghir Ahmad Jafri | Dr . Muhammad Ovais Omer.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Main aim of the study was to estimate the immunosuppression induced by Infectious bursal disease vaccination and management of the immunosuppression with indigenous Herbal medicine (nefrone). For this purpose on hundred and sixty day old broiler chicks were procured from the local market. Chicks were kept on floor under standard conditions of management in Experimental Room of Pharmacology Section, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore Chicks were divided into four groups comprising of 40 birds in each designated as A (control and vaccinated, B (Vaccinated+Nefrone), C (Vaccinated+Lisovit) and D (Vaccinated+ herbal mixture) for control of vaccine stress and to study the immunomodulatory effect of Nefrone, Lisovit and herbal mixture. Birds were fed commercial feed and water ad libitum
The brides were vaccinated with D-78 and 228-E on day 3rd and 21st. Biochemical substances were examined on 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours at 1st and 2nd post vaccination shots against IBD vaccine. The birds were also vaccinated against Newcastle disease on 10th day and Hydropericardium syndrome on 18th day of the experiment. Blood samples were collected from randomly selected ten birds of each group after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post-vaccination for ascertaining the following parameters: (i) Heterophil/Lymphocyte ratio (ii) Serum biochemical substances (protein, glucose and Cholesterol). On day 42nd, adrenal gland/body weight ratio and pathological leions in adrenal gland were noted. An effort was also made to ascertain the economics of flock at the end of the experiment. Vaccine did not cause detectable stress in broilers due to prophylactic use of Nefrone, Lisovit and herbal mixture. Nefrone therapy showed positive effects on the immune response and growth traits of the birds.
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168.
Study On The Comparative Efficacy Of Phenothiazine, Levamisole And Ivermetin Against Gastro Intestinal Nematodes In Horses
by Ashfaq Ullah Hashmi | Dr . Nisar Ahmad | Dr . Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The study was undertaken to find out the comparative efficacy of Phenothiazine, levamisole and Ivermectin against GIT nematodes in horses at Lahore. For the purpose one hundred horses irrespective 'of age, breed and sex were exam for the presence of various species of gastro-intestinal nematodes in horses. The coprological examination showed a positive percentage of 64% while 36 cases (36%) were found to be negative. The positive cases had mixed infestation of large and small strongyIids, Parascaris equorum and Oxyuris equi species. Forty naturally infested horses divided in four groups (A, B, C and D), were selected for the drug trial. The drugs used were Phenothiazine @ 55 mg/kg body weight, levamisole @ 7.5 mg/kg body weight (1 mI/2 kg b.w) Ivermectin @ 0.2 mg/kg body weight to the groups A, B, C and D, while the animals of group D acted as non-medicated control.
The mean EPG count was carried out pre-medication and post medication of the said anthelmintics.
Based upon EPG count, conducted on 3rd, 7th and 14th day for each anthelmintic; it was revealed that the mean EPG count of group A (Phenothiazine) showed 62.99, 82.67 and 95.27% reduction in ova output while the animals of group D (medicated with levamisole exhibited 53, 82 and 93% reduction in the said equines). The group C (medicated with Ivermectin showed reduction ofEPG as 79.83,95.16 and 100% on 3rd, 7th and 14th day post medication).
From the results of this study it is concluded that Ivermectin was the most effective as compared to Phenothiazine and levamisole. Therefore, it is stressed that Ivermectin should be used in equines for the effective control of gastro intestinal nematodes. The drug is quite safe and without any adverse effects on these animals.
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169.
Correlation Of Leptospiral, Antibodies To The Non Functional Ovaries & Biometrical Observations In The Slaughtered Buffaloes & Cattle
by Ishtiaq Ahmad | Dr . Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Dr . Rashid Ahmad Chaudhry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: A slaughter house based study was initiated for a period of six months during which a total of 5490 buffaloes and 2120 cattle were rectally palpated from which 150 buffaloes and 50 cattle respectively, were found with non-functional ovaries and were therefore selected for the study project.
Blood samples from all the animals with non-functional ovaries were collected for serological purposes. The female genitalia were collected, examined and all those animals were excluded from the project if their genitalia were found having graafian follicles and/or corpus luteum and/or ovarian cysts during biometry.
The serum samples were tested against 13 serovars of Leptospira interrogans var australis, autumnalis, hallum, bataviae, bratislava, canicola, copenhagni, grippotyphosa, hardio, Domona, pyrogenes, sejQ, tarasovi.
From a total 150 serum samples of buffaloes with non-functional ovaries, 128 serum samples were found positive against one or more serovars of Leptospira interrogans with a seropositivity of 85%.Seropositivity of 74% (37 cattle) from a total of 50 cattle with non-functional ovaries was observed.
However non-significance difference (P> 0.05) in seropositivity against Leptospira interrogans in the animals of functional ovaries versus non-functional ovaries were observed in both cattle and buffaloes.
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170.
Chemotherapeutic Studies On Experimentally Induced Ascaridia Galli Infection In Broilers
by Basir Ahmed | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Iftikhar Gul Ahmad | Dr.Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of albendazole and oxfendazole. It was found that abendazole at dose rate of 10 mg / kg bodyweight (once orally) was 87.87% effective and oxfendazole at dose rate of 7.5 mg / kg bodyweight (once orally) was 90.90% effective against Ascaridia gjjJ infection. Parasite effected the live weight of birds and thymus weight significantly. Similarly, the total serum protein level, serum glucose and haemaglobin level were reduced significantly in infected groups as compared with group A (control non infected). The infected groups C & D were treated with albendazole and oxfendazole respectively, although treatment had reduced the number of worms but the live bodyweight, thymus weight, total serum protein, serum glucose and haemoglobin values were not significantly increased in five days post treatment as compared with group B (control infected).
The GMHI titre (Geomatric Mean Haemagglutination Inhibition Titre) against Newcastle disease vaccine was much low in infected groups (B, C and D), than control non-infected group (A). The GMHI titre in medicated groups (C&D) having some improvement of GMHI titre than control infected (B) in five days, but comparatively much low than group A.
The development in poultry improvement is possible if there is anthelmentic treatment which not only increases the bodyweight of the bird, but also help in better immune response against different diseases of the bird. It is suggested that sub clinical I un observed parasitic infection should be checked with oxfendazole and albendazole treatment and particularly the layers type of birds should be dewormed at an interval of 90 days at least.
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171.
Influence Of Varying Levels Of Protein And Energy On The Performnace Of Japanese Quails
by Dr . Aamir Mahmood, Rana | Dr . Jaweed Ahmad Qureshi | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Talat Naseer Pasha.
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The project was designed to find out the efficacy of ivermectin and Coumaphos against ectoparasites in cattle and buffaloes. Thirty buffaloes infested for ectoparasites were selected for the treatn,ent trials and divided into three groups i.e. Bi, B2 and B3 having ten animals in each group and thirty cattle infested for ectoparasites were selected for the treatment trials and also were divided into Cl, C2 and C3 groups.
The comparative acaricidal drug trials were conducted on 20 infested animals against ectoparasites of group Bi and Cl having ten animal in each were medicated with Ivermectin (Ivomec: MSD) injected once by s/c route at dose rate of 200 pg/kg body weight. Observation were made on 7th and 14th day post-medication. Skin scrapping examination was done. The overall efficacy of invermectin on 7th and 14th day in buffaloes was 40% and 80% and in cattle 50% and 90% respectively.
The comparative acaricidal drug trials were conducted on 20 infested animals for ectoparasites of B2 and C2 having ten animals in each were treated with Coumaphos (Asuntol: Bayer) at the dose rate of 30-50 gm/animal. On the 7th and 14th day post medication skin scraping examination was done. The efficacy of Coumaphos on 7th and 14th day in buffaloes was 50%, 50% and in cattle 70%, 70% respectively.
Animals were also observed for any side effect of both medicine. No side effects were observed during the period from treatment to last observation in any group i.e. groups Bi, Cl and B2, C2 groups. On last observation no spontaneous recovery was noted. In B3 and C3 in untreated and control groups.
From the results of present study it is concluded that lvermectin (Ivomec MSD) is the drug of choice for the treatment of ectoparasites in cattle and buffaloes when it is given at the dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg body weight by subcutaneous injection.
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172.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Lysine In Vegetable Protein Based Rations On The Performance Of Japanese Qualils
by Khalid Siddique | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Talat Naseer Pasha.
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Besides the protein levels, amino acid profile is considered to be more important at the time of ration formulation. The plant protein sources have been proved to be better source of protein because there is no danger of adulteration and also they have appropriate prices but at the same time most of the cereal are deficient in essential amino acids including lysine, methionine, therionine and tryptophane. under practical conditions these limitations may be rectified by judicious use of suitable protein rich ingredients and pure amino acids supplementation. The present study was planed to check the effect of different levels of lysine in vegetable protein based diets on the performance of Japanese quails (courtnix courtnix Japonica).
Three hundred quail chicks were randomly divided into five groups of 60 quails each and each group was further subdivided into 20 quails each. five experimental rations A, B, C, D, and E having lysine levels 1.10%, 1.20%, 1.30%, 1.40% and 1.50% were prepared.
The average total weight gain of chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D and E was 154.53, 148.13, 148.37, 145.73 and 139.86 gms respectively. The chicks fed on ration A having lysine level 1.10% gained more weight than all the other groups. The total feed consumption per chick on experimental rations A, B, C, D and E was 486.23, 503.66, 519.33, 521.00 and 502.60 gms respectively. The total feed consumed by chicks fed on ration D with lysine leveLi.40%was highest. When the data was subjected to statistical analysis, a non-significant difference was observed among the chicks fed on various experimental rations. The average commutative FCR of groups A, B, C, D and E was 3.26, 3.38, 3.40, 3.44 and 3.48 respectively. Best FCR was observed in chicks fed on ration A with lysine level 1.10%. The difference in FCR of ration A was also found to be more significant than all the other groups. The average values of dressing percentage of birds fed on rations A, B, C, D and E was 69.03, 69.65, 69.71, 68.29 and 68.61 gms respectively. The dressing percentage of chicks fed on ration C with lysine level 1.30% was best to all the other rations. Non- significant difference was observed in dressing percentage on five levels of lysine.
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173.
Studies On Economic Impacts Of Artificial Insemination With Specific Reference To Producxtive And Reproductive Traits Of Local and Holstein Friesian Crossbred Cows in Bannu, NWFP
by Jan Mir Khan | Dr . Lmtiaz Hussain Khan | Dr . Rashid Ahmad Chaudhry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The main aim of the present study was to observe the economical impacts of artificial insemination with specific reference to the productive and reproductive performance of the local bred and Holstein Friesian cross bred cattle in Bannu region. The interaction of some productive and reproductive parameters had been studied. The outcome of the present study in respect of various parameters of productive and reproductive performance are summarized as below:
1. The mean for age at maturity in Holstein Friesian crossbred and local bred cattle were 610.3, 878.7 days, respectively. The difference calculated was 268.4 days. The mean for age at first calving in holstein Friesian and local bred were 970.3, 1244.6 days, respectively. The age at maturity and age at first calving was highly significant (P < 0.01).
2. The mean for conception rate in Holstein Friesian crossbred and local bred cattle were 15%, 62%, 23% and 14%, 70%, 16%, on 1st, 2nd and 3rd insemination, respectively. There was significant difference in conception rate of both the breed.
3. Calf survival for local bred averaged 68.5 days while for Holstein Friesian crossbred averaged 81.5 days, respectively. Again there is significant difference between the twq breeds.
4. The means for calving interval in Iloistein Friesian crossbred and local bred cattle were 393.3, 418.3 days, respectively. The difference was 28 days, which is significant (P<0.05)
5. The mean for the dry period in Holstein Friesian crossbred and local bred cattle were 89.3, 152.6 days, respectively. The difference was 64 days, which is highly significant (P<0.01).
6. The mean for milk production in Holstein Friesian crossbred and local bred cattle were 2404.08, 1173.12 litres/lactation.The difference was 90 days, which is highly significant (P < 0.01).
The findings of this study indicate that the productive and reproductive potential of Holstein Friesian crossbred is better than the local bred cattle. The productive potential of local cattle can be increased by using exotic semen of genetically superior sires, through intensive management and with effective disease control programme.
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174.
Studies On Productive Ability & Fertility Trials Of Standard And Routine Donors Buffalo Bulls Kept At Semen Production
by Ali Raza, Capt. M | Dr . Rashid Ahmad Chaudhry | Dr . Haji Ahmad | Dr . Muhammad Aleem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The mature breeding buffalo bull at the Semen Production Unit has greater importance to produce maximum doses and higher fertility rate in the field. The sire should not only be of high genetic make-up but should also be in good sexual health for the production of large number of fertile germ cells based on seminal characteristics.
The present project was designed to investigate the production potential and reproductive performance (fertility trials) of the donor buffalo bulls. On the basis of available data the investigations were carried out in two groups comprising of standard bulls and routine donors. The standard bulls were offered mixed bull ration while routine donors were kept on routine management and available fodder regime.
It is evident from the results that standard buffalo bulls had better and encouraging performance. The mean values of all the seminal parameters among different age groups were comparatively higher .in the bulls fed on additional mixed bull ration than the group of bulls kept on green fodder and routine maintenance ration only.
Although superior seminal values were obtained but statistically the differences within age groups were found to be nonsignificant for both feeding regimes. It may be due to limited duration. However, within various seminal characteristics highly significant differences were observed. After evaluating the semen in the laboratory it is of utmost importance to test this semen in the field conditions because the ultimate determinant of the semen fertility is the conception rate. A total of 3807 doses of semen from ten bulls were distributed in 10 selected A.I. centers. The first insemination resulted in an average fertility rate of 56.52±3.97% whereas the fertility rate of second insemination was 60.37%. The average fertility resulted from all bulls were 56.52±3.97%. Among the bulls the fertility rates were non significantly different. Similarly, mean fertility rates from each A.I. center were not significantly different. It was also observed that there was no significant difference in the fertility rates among various months of semen collection and insemination. The fertility results are better in aged buffaloes when compared to those of heifers (57.99 Vs 54.74%).
Similarly, to compare the effect of three diets, having crude proteins and digestible nutrients from different sources on seminal attributes had indicated better results for implementation at the Semen Production Unit. Seasonality month of the year affected all the seminal attributes. Values of the winter months (November to January) were better than the other three seasons. October was the best month, while the June had worst effect on the semen quality.
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175.
Studies On Sodium Alginate And Other Adjuvants For Improving Efficacy Of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Vaccine
by Khalid Mahmood Shad | Dr . Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr . Haji Ahmad | Dr . Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present study was conducted on 80 cow and buffalo calves to determine the effect of incorporation of sodium alginate, potassium aluminum sulphate and liquid paraffin on the immunogenicity of H.S. vaccines. The study was carried out 3 months old cow calves and buffalo calves (40 each). The calves were divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D comprising ten animals of each species. Group B, C and D were innoculated with oil adjuvants vaccine, potassium aluminium sulphate vaccine and sodium alignate vaccine respectively, while group A wa kept unvaccinated control. The blood samples were collected for IHA antibody titre on day one i.e. before vaccination and then fortnightly post vaccination till the end of the project i.e. 90th day.
The IHA antibody titre of all experimental animals on day one was nearly same ranging from GMT 7.20-11.20. After vaccination IHA antibody titre rose, in all groups of vaccinated animals of both species to GMT 192.00-204.80, 128.00-147.00 and 108.00 in groups B, C and D, respectively. The maximum GMT antibody titre was observed in group B followed by D and C. The IHA antibody titre in group A remained nearly the same as on day 1. The antibody titre was significantly higher (P<0.01) in vaccinated groups than non vaccinated group. While in group B (OAV) IHA antibody titre was significantly higher (P<0.05) than group C (PAV) and D (SAV). But the plus point with SAV is that, it is very simple to prepared, easy to stoe and administred, and have a longer shelf life.
From these findings it can be concluded that oil adjuvant vaccine provided better immunity to both buffalo calves and cow calves, as only one shot of this vaccine could protect an animal for one year. However, there is need for further investigation.
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176.
Studies Of The Production And Detection Of Haemolytic Toxin In In Vitro Culture Of Clostridium Perfringens Type D
by Bakht Sultan | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Dr . Haji Ahmad | Dr . Sameera Akhtar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Physicochemical factors modulating the production of haemolysin in culture of Clostridium perfringens (type-D) were evaluated. It was observed that toxin was produced in all the three media. The maximum titer of (4184) was achieved in RCM. The titer in thioglycollate was 2088 and in RCM with K2HPO4 were 1248 after 24 hours incubation. It was observed that pH 6.5, 7.0 and 7.5 of the medium before incubation resulted 1024, 4184 and 1576 haemolytic titers. Anaerobic environment and neutral pH during incubation augmented the haemolysin production in the culture. Trypsin 0.1 percent in the culture filtrate converted the prototoxin into haemolysin which exhibited maximum lytic activity in 60 minutes interaction time. Trypsin solution (1 percent) alone failed to induce haemolysis while the haemolysin showed maximum haemolytic activity at 37°C. The trypsinised culture supernatant (haemolysin) induced lysis of erythrocytes of sheep, goat, horse and chicken.
The resultant high titer of haemolysin unveiled the propects of preparation of combined vaccines for sheep and goats.
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177.
Serological Investigations Into Caprine Brucellosis
by Zulfiqar Ahmad | Dr . Khalid Pervez | Dr . Mubashar | Dr . Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: In the present study an attempt was made to measure the incidence of brucellosis in goats. A total number of five hundred blood samples were collected from animals including 237 males and 263 females, belonging to various age groups, different sources and different breeds. The clear serum was separated and subjected to microscopic slide agglutination test and serum tube agglutination test. On the basis of microscopic slide agglutination test 5.2% goats were found positive for brucellosis. By serum tube agglutination test the percentage of positive cases was 1.2%. A total number of 159 milk samples from the individual animals were subjected to milk ring test. Of these samples 5.03% were found positive for the disease.
A comparison amongst the methods used for diagnosis of brucellosis indicated that serum tube agglutination test was the most reliable test for diagnosis of caprine brucellosis. Anyhow, the other two test can be used for screening under field condition. The overall incidence of caprine brucellosis recorded in this study was 1.2%
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0702,T] (1).
178.
Effect Of Phytase On The Low Phosphorus Layer Diets Based On Canola Meal
by Shahid Nadeem, M | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to asertain the effect of Phytase on the low phosphorus layer diets based on .Canola meal and egg production, egg weights, egg specific gravity, eggshell weights, eggshell thickness, feed consumption, feed efficiency, body weight gain, cost per dozen eggs and mortality were recorded.
Phytase enzyme is primarily responsible for the better conversion of minerals i.e. phosphorus, calcium and zinc. Phyase in tern generally results in the reduction of nutrients excreted with the faeces. It is now known to cause the release of phosphorus from phytic acid by catalysing a series of hydrolysis reactions. Phytate has been recognized as a nutrient because it contains phosphorus. It is also considered as anti-nutritional factor, which binds certain essential metals and reduces their availability for absorption from the diet and re-absorption after their secretion in digestive juices by forming insoluble compounds in the intestine. Phytase can hydrolyse the phytic acid present in canola meal. Canola meal is widely accepted and used ingredient in poultry and is a by-product of oil industry, available after extraction of oil from the seeds by solvent extraction.
Thirty weeks old 162 layers of Babcock 13300 strain were housed in cages (two birds in a cage). Birds were dived into 6 groups and offered different experimental rations having different levels of phosphorus i.e. 0.40%, 0.35%, 0.3%, 0.25%, 0.2% and 0.15% and then further each group was subdivided into 3 replicates having 9 birds in each replicate. Each replicate was reared as an experimental unit.
Phytase level was used as 400 FTU/kg of feed in each group having decreasing levels of phosphorus except control group (A). Seven days preliminary period was observed to remove the effects of previous diets. All the inanagemenial conditions like Feeding, watering, lighting, ventilation and temperature were provided according to requirements of strain.
The results of the study revealed that there was nonsignificant difference in egg weight, egg specific gravity, eggshell weights and eggshell thickness. There was a significant difference in egg production, feed efficiency, body weight gain and Feed consumption. For comparison of means of significant differed parameters, leist significant difference (LSD) test was applied. It was further revealed that there was non-significant difference between groups A (control with 0.4% Avl.P), B (with 0.3 5% Avl.P), C (with 0.3% Avl.P) in egg production and feed consumption and there was also improvement in feed efficiency and body weight gain. Economics analysis of different diets showed that phytase may be used in feeding of layers for getting eggs at low price.
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179.
Study Of Combined Effect Of Probiotic And Antibiotic As A Feed Additive On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Major Akhtar, M | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Jaweed Ahmad Qureshi.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Fermacto and Flavomycin-80 singly and in combination on the performance of broiler chicks. Two hundred and forty day-old broiler chicks were purchased from Big Bird Hatchary and randomly divided into 4 groups designated as A, B, C and D consisting of 60 birds each. Each group was further sub-divided into 6 replicates of 10 chicks each. Group A was kept as control, group B was fed on ration containing Fermacto at the rate of 2kg/ton feed, group C was given Flavomycin80 at the rate of 0.113 kg/ton of feed whereas group D was given combination of Fermacto and Flavomycin-80 at the same levels. The parameters studied were growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, dressing percentage and mortality. Weekly feed intake and body weight gain were recorded. At the end of the experiment 10 birds from each group were randomly selected and slaughtered to determine the dressing percentage. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the difference between the means was revealed by using least significant different (LSD) test.
It was concluded that the supplementation of Fermacto, Flavomycin-80 and their combination gave significant (P <0.05) improvement in the broiler chicks in terms of weight gain and feed efficiency. However, single use of Fermacto was the most economical as compared to the remaining two treatments.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0709,T] (1).
180.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Namatode Infestation In Sheep
by Ghulam Murtaza | Dr . Lftikhar Gul Ahmad | Dr . Khalid | Dr . Khizar Hayat | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present project was designed to find out the prevalence of nematodes and to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Albendazole, Levamisole and Oxfedazole against naturally occurring gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep under field conditions in and around Bhakkar city.
For this purpose the faecal samples of two hundred sheep were processed through coprological examination. Out of 200 sheep, 127 were found positive, so the prevalence of nematode was 63.5%. Out of positive animals 40 were randomly divided into four groups (10 sheep in each group). Group A: Albendazole (Albazole, Nawan Lab.) was given at dose rate of 5 mg/kg body weight. Group B: Levamisole
(Nilverm, ICI) was given at dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg body weight. Group C: Oxfendazole (Oxafax, Glaxowelicome) was given at dose rate of 4.5 mg/kg body weight, while group D was kept as positive control non-medicated.
The efficacy of anthelmintics was evaluated on the basis of reduction of eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces on 7th, 14th and 21st day post-medication. Efficacy of Albendazole (Albazole) was 96.33%, 97.61% and 98.89% on 7th, 14th and 21st day, respectively. Efficacy of Levamisole (Nilverm) was 99.26%, 100% and 100% on 7th, 14th and 21st day, respectively. Efficacy of Oxfendazole (Oxafax) was 98.39%, 99.46% and 99.82% on 7th, 14th and 21st day, respectively.
It was concluded from the above results that Levarnisole (Nilverm) was more effective than Albendazole (Albazole) or Oxfendazole (Oxafax). However, Oxfendazole showed better efficacy than that of Albendazole.
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181.
Studies On The Babesia Canis And Ticks Of Dogs
by Abdul Haseeb Khan | Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Khalid Pervez | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present study was conducted from September to November, 2000 to find out the prevalence and taxonomy of ticks and Babesia canis of dogs. In addition, their effect on haematological parameters was also studied. To find out the prevalence, 759 dogs were included in the study. The samples were collected from the dogs brought to Dog Hospital, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore, Private Veterinary clinics and from different Private Kennels present in and around Lahore.
Out of the total 759 dogs, 205 (27 %) dogs were found positive for single species of ticks i.e. Rhipicephalus sanguineous and 179 (23.5%) dogs were found positive for Babesia canis. Seventy four (9.7%) dogs were infested with only ticks and 48 (6.3%) dogs were found positive for only Babesia canis. Out of total 205 ticks infested dogs, 131 (63.3%) were found positive for Babesia canis.
For haematological study from the total examined dogs 80 (60 infected, 20 healthy) were selected and divided in to four groups A (mixed infection of ticks and Babesia), B (ticks only), C (Babesia only) and D (non-infected). Each group comprising of 20 animals.
The total erythrocytic count were 2.5x106±0.28/,il, 3.2x106±0.21/iil, 3.6x106±0.13/id and 4.9x106±0.18/j.d of group A, B, C and ID respectively. There was significant difference amongst group A, B, and C as compared to the control group-D. A significant difference amongst A-B, A-C was also noted. But no significant difference between group B and C could be recorded.
Hemoglobin estimation in group A was 7.1±0.33 g %, in B was 9.2±0.30 g % and in group C was 9.8±0.30 g %. It was revealed that there was significant decrease in hemoglobin contents as compared to group 'D' which showed 12.01±0.6 g %. There was significant difference between group A-B and A-C, but no significant difference between group B-C (P<0.05) was noted.
The animals belonging to group A, B, C and D had ESR as 40.15±3 mm/hour, 32.25±0.17 mm/hour, 25.2±1.1 mm/hour, and 16.3±1.3 mm/hour respectively. There was significant difference amongst the groups A, B, C as compared to group D. There were also significant difference amongst groups A-B, A-C and B-C (P<0.05). The RBC of the groups A, B, and C were found crenated and macrocytic hypochromic.
The overall results showed that effects of mixed infection of ticks and Babesia on haematology were more adverse as compared to the single infections of ticks or Babesia.
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182.
Nuclear Morphology & Meiotic Competence Of Buffalo Oocytes Relative To Follicle Diameter
by Rizwan Yousaf, M | Dr.Kasim Raza Chohan | Dr.Rashid Ahmad Chaudhry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The nuclear morphology and subsequent meiotic development of buffalo oocytes was compared relative to follicle size before and after in vitro maturation (IVM). Follicles were dissected from ovaries of adult buffaloes at slaughter. Isolated follicles were classified according to size (<2, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 6 mm and >6 mm in diameter) and cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected by puncturing the follicles. Cumulus cells were emoved using 3 mg/mI hyaluronidase in saline and repeated pipetting. Denuded oocytes were measured, fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde, stained with DAPI and evaluated for nuclear morphology under fluorescent microscopy. COCs were also matured for 24 hours in . itro in medium 199 (M-199) supplemented with 10 g/unl FSH, 10 ug/ml LH, 1.5 ug/ml estradiol, 75ug/ml streptomycin, 100 lU/mi penicillin, 10 mM hepes and 10% fetal calf serum. Matured oocytes were fixed, stained and evaluated as above for nuclear morphology, namely stage of germinal vesicle (GV) and subsequent melotic development (oocyte reaching metaphase-Il). Data for oocyte diameter wa analyzed by ANOVA while, chi square analysis was used for comparison of GV stages and ineiotic development of oocytes. Oocytes from follicles of <2mm, 2-3mm, 3-4mm were smaller (P < 0.05) in diameter than oocytes from >4 mm follicle size groups. The ma.ioity of the oocytes (P<0.05) from <2mm follicles were at GV stage I (24.0%) and 11(20.4%). An increasing trend towards development to later GV stages was observed with an increase in follicle size beyond 2 mm before IVM. Oocytes from 4 to 6 mm follicles were at GV stage IV (35.0%) and V\ (49.1%). Poor IVM rates (30.2 to 32.7%) to metaphase-Il were\ observed for oocytes from <4mm follicles (P<0.05). However, for oocytes from 4 to 6 mm follicles, maturation to metaphase-Il was (67.1%). Buffalo oocytes from > 6mm follicles showed better maturation rate (79.1%). These results indicated that maturation to M-II for oocytes depends on the stage of G' development of the buffalo oocyte before IVM. Oocytes harvested from <4mm follicles showed poor in vitro maturation rates. In conclusion, oocytes from >4 mm follicle in diameter can be successfully used for better in vitro maturation rates in buffalo JVF protocols.
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183.
Chemotherapy Of Gastro Intestinal Nematodes In Common Peafowl (Pvo Cristatus) At Lahore Zoo
by Faisal Noman Waraich | Dr.Iftikhar Gul Ahmad | Dr.Khalid | Dr.Muhammad Sajid Afzal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of gastro-intestinal nematodes in common peafowl (Pavo cristatus) at Lahore Zoo and to evaluite the comparative efficacy of Albendazole (Farbenda; Farvet), Levamisole HC1 (Nilverm; ICI) and Oxfendazole (Systamax; Id). Fifty two faecal samples of the birds were examined in Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore with direct smear method and also flotation techniques for the identification of nematode ova. Forty two samples out of 52 were found positive (80.77%) for single or mixed infections of Capillaria spp., Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinae, the individual percentages being 59.62%, 38.46% and 13.46%, respectively.
Out of forty two infected birds, forty were chosen for medication and divided into four groups, each consisting of 10 birds. (A= infected treated with Albendazole, B= infected and treated with Levamisole, C= infected and treated with Oxfendazole and group D= infected & untreated control).
Faecal samples of experimental birds were examined for counting of eggs/gram of faeces on day'O' (pre-medication) with McMaster technique (Soulsby, 1982). The group D was kept as untreated infected controls. Faecal egg counts were again carried out on days 5 and 10 of medication and percentage reduction of EPG calculated. Oxfendazole was found to be the most effective (98.88%) among the three anthelmintics and levamisole the second most effective (97.93%). The Albendazole was the least effective (95.60%) anthelmintic in the study.
The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in common peafowl was found 80.77%.
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184.
Effect Of Cumuus Cells On In Vitro Maturation Of Buffalo Oocytes
by Hassan Mahmood Warriach | Dr.Kazim Raza Chohan | Dr.Rashid Ahmad Chaudhry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: In present study, the meiotic competence of buffalo oocytes with different number of cumulus cell layers was compared. A total of 775 ovaries in 9-replicates were collected from Nili-Ravi buffaloes from a local abattoir. A total of 441 oocytes were aspirated with a disposable syringe using 18 gauge needle and an average of 0.78 oocytes were collected per ovary. Oocytes were divided into four groups as, oocytes with 3-5 layers of cumulus cells, oocytes with 1-2 layers of cumulus cells, denuded oocytes and oocytes to be co-cultured with cumulus cells. Oocytes in all four groups were matured in mediurn-199 with Earle's salts supplemented with 100 rng/Lglutamine, 2.2 g/L NaHCO3, 10ug/mI streptornycin, 100 IU/mi penicillin, 10 mM HEPES and 10% fetal calf serum. Around 100 oocytes in each group from 9 replicates were transferred to 100 u1 droplets (5 to 8 oocytes/drop) of maturation medium under sterile mineral oil in 60 x 35 mm sterile plastic dishes for 24 hours at 39°C and 5% CO2. After 24 hours of culture, cumulus cells were removed from oocytes. Denuded oocytes were fixed, stained with DAPI and evaluated for rneiotic competence (oocytes reaching to metaphase-Il) under fluorescent microscope. The oocytes with 3-5 layers of cumulus cells showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher maturation rates (64.5%) than denuded (8.6%) and co-cultured oocytes (34.5%) but did not differ (P> 0.05) from oocytes having 1-2 layers of cumulus cells (51.4%). The degenerate rates were significantly higher (P <0.05) for denuded oocytes (51%) than all other groups (Average: 13.8% to 17.4%). In conclusion the results of present study suggested that cumulus cells have positive influence on oocyte maturation and co-culture of denuded oocytes with cumulus cells improved meiotic competence.
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185.
Biocontrol Of Caecal Coccidiosis In Broilers
by Nadeem Afzal, M | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present study was designed to estimate the efficacy of two types of monovalent . tenella vaccines i.e. Formalin treated . tenella oocysts for 48 (FEV-48) and/or 96 (FEV-96) hours and irradiated . tenella vaccine. For estimation of the efficacy of the said vaccines, OPG counts weight gain, FCR and mortality records were compared amongst the control and test groups.
A total of 105 day-old broilers were equally divided into 5 different groups namely; A, B, C, D and E on day 3, each group comprising of 21 chicks. NDV vaccine was administered on day land 21 of age of chicks of all the groups. Group A acted as non-infected control, B as infected control, C was vaccinated with FEV-48, D was vaccinated with FEV-96 and E was vaccinated with 1EV on day 3 and 10 of age. Spread of contaminated faeces over the bedding with . tenella oocysts was commenced on day 12 upto day 17 of age of chicks. The OPG counts were conducted on each 4th day from day 18th to 52.
The results indicated that the first observation of OPG counts (day-18) showed heavy infection in all the control (infected) and test groups. In group B, 222200 oocysts were observed on day 18 which gradually reduced to 5300 on day 50 followed by zero on day 52. Group C (FEV-48) showed 131400 OPG counts, which sharply declined on each observation and showed 100 OPG on day 38 followed by '0' afterwards and showing significant differences from the control (P < 0.05). Group D showed gradual decline like infected control upto day 34, but ironically on days 38 and 42, 196.3% and 376.4% increase was noted, respectively as compared to group B, which again declined by day 50 with significant difference. In group E the first observation showed 119460. OPG counts which abruptly declined to 75 on day 38 followed by '0' on day 42. Groups C and E showed comparable results.
Weight gains were almost equal in all the test and control groups by day 14. The difference appeared on third observation between infected control and other groups. At the end of the experiment members of groups A, C, D and E gained 31%, 14%, 11.83% and 10.92% greater weights than group B. The FCR in ranked order was shown as A, C, E, D and B, showing the efficacy of FEV-48. Mortalities occurred in groups B, C, D and E as 4 (19%), 2 (9.5%), 1 (4.76%) and 3 (14.28%), respectively.
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186.
Taxonomy And Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites Of Sparrows (Passer Domesticus)
by Anjum Mahmood | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and taxonomy of the gastro-intestinal tract helminths in 200 sparrows that were naturally parasitized. In addition, the blood examination was carried out to record the effect of worm infestation on different blood parameters namely Haemoglobin (Hb) estimation, Total leukocyte count (TLC), Packed cell volume (PCV) and Differential leukocyte count (DLC) and these values were compared with the normal values.
Two hundred sparrows purchased from the market were kept in cages in Parasitology Section, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. The birds were slaughtered at due intervals. Blood was collected and gastro-intestinal tract was searched for the collection and identification of the helminthic species.
The results revealed that out of 200 sparrows, 120 had the worm infestation, showing an overall incidence as 60%. The worms collected were subjected to the taxonomical study which was carried out in the laboratory of PaLrasitology Section.
Two species namely Ascaridia galli (36%) and Heterakis gallinarum (24%) were found inhabiting the small intestine and caeca of the infested birds, respectively. No trematodes and cestodal species were recorded from the GIT of these experimental sparrows. Blood examination revealed slight increase in TLC and Heterophils, while basophils and monocytes were not affected. However, Hb levels, PCV and lymphocytes showed decrease resulting into anaemia and retarded growth of the affected birds versus non-infected ones.
The eggs per gram (EPG) ranged between 200-1000 in case of Ascaridia galli and 400-1000 in Heterakis gallinarum infestation in naturally parasitized sparrows. The main EPG count recorded was 516.666 and 660.41 in case of Ascardia galli and Heterakis gallinarum infestation, respectively.
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187.
Study On Ticks And Haemoparasitic Diseases Of Local And Cross Bred Cattle In Malakand Agency
by Nazir Ahmad | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Ticks infestation and piroplasmosis are serious problems of domestic cattle. The present study was conducted to find out the prevalent species of ticks and the piroplasms transmitted by these ticks. The effect of ticks and blood parasites on various blood parameters was also studied. The parameters included: RBC count, WBC count, Haemoglobin (Hb) estimation, erythrocytic sedimentation rate (ESR) and differential leukocytic count (DLC). The study was conducted from June to August, 2001.
A total of 80 cattle (40 local nondiscript cattle and 40 crossbred) were selected. Each type was divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D. The cattle of group-A were free from any infestation/infection. The animals of group B were only tick infested. Animals of group-C were only piroplasm infected and the animals of group-D were infested with ticks and the piroplasms. Each group from both the breeds consisted of 10 animals.
Haemotological examination revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in TEC, Hb and TLC in groups B, C and D as compared to group-A relating to each breed.
The lymphocytes were decreased from normal in all test groups in both the breeds, significantly. However, neutrophil and eosinophils were increased significantly in test groups as compared to control group (A). The values of erythrocytic sedimentation rate (ESR) showed a significant increase in groups B, C and D of both types of cattle as compared to the control group (A).
The overall results showed that the effect of mixed infection on haematology was greater than the single infection of ticks or piroplasm.
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188.
Prevalence Of Ectoparasites And Chemotherapy Of Lices In Cattle And Buffaloes
by Manzoor Hussain | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Iftikhar Gul Ahmad | Dr.Kamran | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Ectoparasites are serious problem of domestic cattle in Malakand Agency, N.W.F.P. The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of ectoparasites on cattle and buffaloes and the effect of ectoparasites on various blood parameters were also studied, like TlC, llaemoglobin (Hb) estimation and differential leukocytic count and also to find out the comparative efficacy of (Endectin; ICI Pakistan) and Ivermectin (Ivoject; China) against ectoparasites in cattle and but laloes. The study was conducted from May to August, 2001.
Out of 392, 21 positive cattle and buffaloes were divided into three equal groups (A, B and C) comprising 7 animals each. However, group D was kept as control group i.e. free from ectoparasites.
Seven animals of group-A (4 buffaloes and 3 cattle) were injected lvermcctiii (lndectin, 1CI Pakistan) @ 1 mg/50 kg body weight once and the seven animals of group-B were treated with iverinecti ii (I voject; China) at the same dose rate. The results were recorded on day 10th post-medication for [he presence of lice. More than 92% lices (6 out of 7) were disappeared after the injection of Endectin; ICI Pakistan and only 72% (5 out of 7) of lices were recovered in these animals.
Group-C out of 7 animals (3 cattle and 4 buffaloes), all were positive for lices. These animals were not given any type of medication or injection. They were kept under observation after environmental exposure to check the immunity of the bodies, from day zero. At day 10 the animals were checked again and found remained positive for lices.
The animals of group-D were untreated control. They were examined on day zero and found free for lices. They were further examined on day 10, and found negative for lices.
From the results of present study it has been concluded that Endectin (Ivermectin) was the drug of choice for the treatment of ectoparnsitcs in cattle and buffaloes when it is given at the dose rate of 1 mg/5() kg body weight by subcutaneous injection.
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189.
A Study On The Effects Of Chemotherapy On Experimentally Induced Heterakis Gallinarum Infestation Of Layer Chicks
by Aatif Haseeb Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Khalid Pervez | Dr.Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Heterakis gallinarum is the commonest nematode inhibiting the digestive tract of poultry that inflects heavy economic losses in poultry industry through causing anaemia, reduced production and loss of weight. These symptoms show that parasitic diseases are the constraints in the development of profitable poultry industry. The present study was conducted to access the effectiveness of Albendazole (Farbenda 10%, Farvet) and Fenbendazole (Hunter 10, Frontline) against j gallinarum and effects of parasitism on blood parameters such as haemoglobin, TLC, DLC and weight gain in layer chicks.
For this purpose, 80, 6-week old layer (Fayoumi) were purchased from the local market and 60 birds were infected with . gallinarum ova (100 ova/bird) through oral route while 20 bird were kept as non-infected (control). Five randomly selected birds were slaughtered post infection period at 15th day to confirm the maturity of worms. On 28th day post infection, birds were divided into 3 groups A, B and C (15 bird/group), 15 birds remained as control group D. Five randomly selected birds from each group were slaughtered and worm count was done. On the same day treatment trial were started. On 33rd day post-infection (5th day post-medication), all birds were slaughtered and effect of Albendazole and Fenbendazole was ascertained on the parasite by counting them. According to results obtained, Albendazole which was given to group A, was 78.88% effective while Fenbendazole which was given to group B was 72.22% effective against H. gallinarum.
Blood samples were taken on 28th day and 33rd day post infection (5th day post-medication) for haematological studies. Significantly lower values of haemoglobin were estimated in infected groups A, B and C as compared to control group D, while higher values were obtained for heterophil, monocyte, eosinophil and basophil resulting in overall increase in total leukocyte count (TLC).
Chicks of group A, B, C and D were weighed on weekly basis starting from 12th day post infection to see the effect of II. gallinarum on body weight. There was a significant decrease in weight in group A, B and C as compare to control group D. Clinical signs of the diseased birds were noted and at the end of experiment, post-mortem examination was done to examine the intestinal lesions.
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190.
Comparative Efficacy Of Polypropylene Mesh Graft And Jejunal Graft For The Repair Of Abdominal Wall Defect In Dogs
by Umar Farooq | Dr.M.Arif Khan | Dr.M.Sarwar Khan | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Abdomen is a very delicate portion of the body. It is prone to trauma and clinical cases like malignant soft tissue tumors, abdominal hernias are quite common in both young and mature dogs. In massive abdominal wall defect the use of graft becomes mandatory to achieve desirable results. Different techniques have been performed to overcome this challenge.
The present project was launched to find out the efficacy of two techniques for repair of abdominal wall defect. The study was conducted on 10 mongrel dogs of either sex. The dogs were divided into two groups i.e. group-A and group-B, comprising 5 dogs each. In group-A abdominal wall defect was repaired by polypropylene mesh and in group-B it was repaired by auto genousjejunal graft with intact blood supply.
All the dogs were kept in kennels in Surgery Department College of Veterinary Sciences Lahore for a period of 60 days and results were evaluated on basis of clinical and postmortem findings.
In group-A, all the dogs survived and they did not show any mortality and herniation through operative site. Whereas in group-B, a lot of postoperative complications were seen.
The results of the study clearly indicated that polypropylene mesh graft was better choice over the autogenous jejunal graft for the repair of abdominal wall defect in dogs. Although polypropylene mesh is bit expensive as compare to auto grafting, but as far as life of animal is concerned it is need of modern surgery and an ideal choice dealing in emergency cases where life of animal is main objective.
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191.
A Study On The Prevalence Taxonomy And Control Of Mange Mites Infestation In Equines And Their Effect On Blood
by Arshad, M | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present research project was designed to find out the prevalence, taxonomy and control of mange mites infestation in equines and to record the effects of mange on different blood parameters of the said animals.
For this purpose, a total of 200 equines suspected for mange mites infestation were examined during June August (1999). Out of these 200 suspected equines, 24 were found positive, indicating an overall prevalence of mange mites as 12%. Out of the positive animals, 20 naturally infested animals were selected for further investigation and divided into two Groups-A & B having 10 animals in each. Ten animals of Group-A were medicated with ivomac injection by (Rhone Poulenc) at a dose rate of 0.2 mg / kg body weight or (1 ml / 50 kg b.wt.) subcutaneously and the 10 infested animals of Group-B served as untreated controls. The efficacy of drug was assessed by examination of skin scrapping and the animals were re-examined at 7th, 14th and 28th day post treatment with ivomac injection. Taxonomy of the identified species was also carried out.
In addition, the effect of mange mite infestation on different blood parameters of equines was also recorded. Haematological parameter showed significant reduction in total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin (Hb) level and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) while Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) was increased in infected animals. Differential leukocyte count (DLC) showed reduction in the neutrophils and lymphocytes but eosinophils, basophils and monocytes were increased in number in mite infested horses.
From the results of the present study, it was concluded that the skin scrapings examination of the animals showing irritation and pruritis should be carried out on regular basis and those found positive should be given prompt acaricidal treatment. Ivomac injection @ 0.02 pg / kg body weight has proved the most beneficial as a single injection was found to be quite effective to cure the mange mites infestation in these animals. Hence, the farmers, Tonga pony owners and other equine lovers should use Ivomac Injection to treat and control the mange mites infestation in horses, mules and donkeys. This will not only result in the improvement of the health status of these animals but also increase income of the owners.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0733,T] (1).
192.
Oocyst Production Potential In Experimentally Infected Broiler With Eimeria Tenella
by Khalid Younas, M | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present study was designed to observe the periodicity of oocyst shedding, the ratio of administered oocysts with the oocysts found in the faeces or intestinal contents of infected birds and effect of artificially induced coccidiosis at different ages on weight gain, FCR, OPG count, mortality and lesion scores. For this purpose 84 day-old chicks were purchased from the market and vaccinated against NDV on day 1 and 21 (Mukteswar strain). The birds were divided into 4 groups i.e. A, B, C and D comprising oC 21 birds each. Group A was kept as non-infected control. Virulent Elmeria en at a dose rate of 50,000 sporulated oocysts/bird was given to group B, C and D on day 15, 25 and 35 of age, respectively.
There was no oocyst excretion in faeces of birds in group A. OPG of faeces in group B was higher than in groups C and 1). rFIe OPO of faeces reached the peak on 6th day post-infection in infected groups, but group D again obtained the peak on 17th day postinfection. The highest caecal oocyst counts were observed in group B than C and 1) groups. It was observed that the recovery of the number of oocysts in purified isolates was 58.74%, 50.05% and 26.87% in B, C and D, respectively as compared to OPG counts. It was also noted that the caecal output of oocyst counts was always lower than the total OPG counts per chick during the period of infection in different groups.
Group A showed the highest weight gain (2155 gms) than the infected groups B (1985 grns), C (1930 gms) and D (1978 grns). Feed conversion ratio in groups A, B, C and D was significantly different showing the values as 1.62, 2.26, 1.89 and 1.82, respectively. Group A being uninfected gave the best FCR followed by the birds in groups D and C. While birds in group B gave the poorest values, it was observed that the weight of faeces per chick was almost equal in groups C (163 gms) and D (166.5 gms), but was significantly lower in B (123.5 gms). However, the highest OPG counts occured in group B and the number of oocysts acquired were the best in this group.
The highest mortality was observed in group B (28%) followed by group D (14%) and group C (10%), while no mortality was recorded in group A.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0734,T] (1).
193.
Studies On The Libido, Matting Behaviour And Breeding Efficienty Of Lohi & Awasi Breeds Of Rams At Different Stage Of Age
by Mansoor Ahmad | Dr . Naeem Ullah Khan | Dr . Rashid Ahmad Chaudhry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: Present study was made to assess the relationship beween libido, mating behaviour and breeding performance of two different breeds of rams (Lohi VS Awasi) at different stages of age. In past no parameters have been fixed to investigate the effect of sexual activities on the semen production and breeding potential of rams, at their optimum age in relation to maximum fertility.
A. Six Luhi rams with following age groups.
Group-1: 3 rams of 24-36 months of age
Group-2: 3 rams of 36-48 months of age
B. Six Awasi rms with following age groups.
Group-3: 3 rams of 24-36 months of age
Group-4: 3 rams of 36-40 months of age.
Three hundred ewes of Lohi breed and 300 ewes of Awasi breed with variable parity were selected for this study. The ewes of each breed were randomly divided in to 6 groups (50 ewes per group). Every selected ram of each breed was allocated to one group of ewes. Libido, mating behaviour and breeding potential has been evaluated by using various tests for different physical parameters by recording lambing percentage of artificially inseminated ewes.
A significant difference was observed in the libido and mating behaviour indices within the breeds and within the age groups i.e. 86.997. ± 1.25 vs. 83.557. ± 3.89 (group I vs. II), 82.997. ± 3.17 vs. 79.447. ± 0.49 (group III vs. IV) and 85.837. ± 0.83 vs. 84.847. ± 3.69 (group I vs. II), 81.797. ± 2.50 vs. 84.097. ± 1.04 (group III vs. IV). Whereas a significant difference was also observed in the volumes of ejaculates, percentage of live/dead spermatozoa, percentage of tail and mid piece abnormalities and the average fertility percentage between the rams of all the four groups i.e. 0.98m1 ± 0.03 vs. 1.02m1 ± 0.05 (group I vs. II), 1.2m1 ± 0.04 vs. 1.25ml ± 0.09 (group III vs. IV) and 5.147. ± 0.37 vs. 3.987. ± 0.29 and 6.157. ± 0.45 vs. 4.327. ± 0.42 respectively. Whereas for mid piece abnormalities it was 7.017. ± 0.24 vs. 1.487. ± 0.16 and 6.017. ± 0.2 vs. 1.327. ± 0.9 respectively and 757., 897., 647., 697. for groups I to IV. A high significant difference was also recorded for sperm cell concentration per ml and the percentage of total morphologically abnormal spermetozoa within the breed and within the age groups ie. 2903.83 x i06 ± 24.35 vs. 3829.03 x 106± 40.22 (group I vs. II) and 2992.34 x 106 ± 26.83 vs. 3776.74 x 106 ± 39.73 (group III vs. IV) and 15.977% ± 0.74 vs. 4.74 ± 0.29 (group I vs. II), 16.987. ±0.8 vs. 3.95%. ± .25 (group III vs. IV) . A non-significant difference was found in mass motility, percentage of head abnormalities and percentage of presence of plasma droplet.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0737,T] (1).
194.
Comparative Effecacy Of Different Prophylactic Measures Against Cocidiosis In Broilers
by Faisal Masood | Dr. kamran Ashraf | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Muhamad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was designed to look into the comparative efficacy of different prophylactic measure against coccidiosis in broilers. One hundred and fifty, day old broiler chickens were reared under controlled conditions. They were equally divided into five groups, on day 1, i.e. A, B, C, D and E. Group 'A' was kept as uninfected, unmedicated control whereas all other test groups B, C, D and E were infected with 30,000 sporulated virulent oocysts. Group 'B' acted as infected and unmedicated control at day 20 and 30 of age. Group 'C' acted as infected and treated with Diasul-S at the rate of 1/2 gm/lit of drinking water for 3 days and group 'D' was treated with coxicure A-K at the rate of 1/4 gm/lit drinking water for 3days. The birds of group E received locally prepared Eimeria tenella vaccine (ETV) on day 3 and 10 of age of birds.
No coccidiosis in the birds of group A and E was noted through out the experiment. The oocysts per gram (OPG) of faeces in group A and E was nil Members of group 'B' showed the highest counts than any other group. The birds of group 'C' and 'D' showed the moderate counts but towards the completion of experiment, the OPG counts gradually reduced in both groups.
Weekly average weight gain record showed that average weight gain by the birds of group 'A' were the highest as compared with all other groups. The average weight gain of group E showed the second highest weight gains. The members of group 'B' showed the lowest weight gains while the members of groups 'C' and 'D' were ranked as 3rd and 4th in weight gains. The weight gains observed in groups A, C, D and E as compared with groups B were significantly higher (PO.O5) N. P.. In groups 'A', 'C' and 'E' the morbidity was nil. While in groups 'B' 30% morbidity was observed. Group 'D' showed low morbidity and one bird died due to coccidiosis.
The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in groups 'A' and followed by groups 'E', 'C' and 'D'. The feed conversion ratio in groups 'C' and 'D' was equally good. Worst feed conversion ratio was observed in group 'B'.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0740,T] (1).
195.
Effects Of Phytase On The Performance Of Broilers Fed On Sorghum Based Diets
by Manzoor Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: In Pakistan, sorghum (jawar) occupies 4th place with a production of 218.6 thousand tons (Economic survey of Pakistan 2000-200 1) after wheat, maize and rice. Its use is limited in poultry feed because it contains antinutritional factor i.e. tannin, phytic acid (68% of Total phosphorus). The low tannin sorghum varieties can replace maize up to 50%, and sorghum high in tannin can replace maize up to 25% in poultry diet.
While considering different nutrients for broiler feed formulation minerals are also very important. Among minerals phosphorus plays an important role for poultry production. Balancing the phosphorus in compound feed is difficult task because less than one third of the phosphorus in the feedstuffs of plant origin is biologically available to monogastric animals (NRC, 1994). The organic phosphorus exists in the bran of grain, consisting mainly of phytic phosphorus,
Phytase is an enzyme that liberates P from vegetable materials, destroys the antinutritional properties of phytate. Phytase was one of the first enzyme to be described in the literature. As early as 1907 the release of phosphorus from an organic phosphorus containing substrate was described by Suzuki and others (Maga 1982). The enzyme "phytase" is now known to cause the release of phosphate from phytic acid by catalyzing a series of hydrolysis reactions.
Keeping in view the above facts an experiment was conducted to study the effects of phytase on the performance of broiler fed on sorghum- based diets.
Two hundred broiler chicks were purchased from Big Bird Poultry Breeders and divided in to five groups. These groups were further subdivided in four replicates, having ten chicks in each. The chicks were kept in starter batteries for the first four weeks and then shifted to grower batteries till the end of experiment (six week). Five starter and five finisher rations (sorghum based) A, B, C, D, and E were prepared. "A" was control having 0.45 and 0.35% AP in starter and finisher rations respectively. While B, C, D and E supplemented with phytase enzyme (600 FTU/kg of feed) having 0.40, 0.35, 0.30 and 0.25% AP in starter and 0.30, 0.25, 0.20 and 0.15% AP in finisher rations respectively. Light, feed and fresh clean water was provided round the clock.
The parameters studied were weight gain, feed consumed, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, mortality, phosphorus availability and economic. The data thus collected was subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that the weight gain of chicks fed on rations B and C were comparable to ration A (control). The chicks fed on rations D & E significantly (P<O.05) showed poor perfonnance as compared to those fed on rations A, B and C. Significantly (P<O.05) more feed was consumed by chicks fed on ration B as compared to those fed on D and E. However, nonsignificant difference was observed between feed consumption of chicks fed on rations A, B and C. Non-significant differences were observed in feed conversion ratio of chicks fed on different experimental rations (Starter & Finisher). However, the feed conversion ratio of chicks fed on ration "C" was comparable to the chicks fed on ration "A"(Control). The dressing percentage of the chicks showed improvement with supplementation of phytase enzyme but the difference were non-significant between chicks fed on different experimental rations. Phytase supplementation significantly (P<O.05) improved the availability of P in chicks fed on rations B, C, D, & E as compare to those fed on ration A (control). The total cost incurred on one kg live weight for chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D and E were Rs. 31.98, 30.58, 31.86, 33.18 and 33.76, respectively. While net profits per one-kg live weights were Rs. 16.02, 17.41, 16.14, 14.82 and 14.24 respectively. Maximum profit was observed in birds fed on ration "B" supplemented with phytase enzyme. Overall it was found that by using phytase enzyme in broiler ration more profit could be earned.
RECOMMENDATION
1. By the use of phytase in poultry feed phosphorus availability could be increased.
2. Use of phytase enzyme is economical.
3. By the use of phytase enzyme 0.1% available phosphorus can be decreased in the broiler ration.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0741,T] (1).
196.
Influence Of Varying Levels Of Protein & Energy On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Shafiq-ur-Rehman | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Ehtisham | Dr. Jawad Ahmad Qureshi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: A study was undertaken to investigate the influence of varying levels of protein and energy on the performance of broiler chicks. The performance of chicks were studied under the heading of weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, organs weight, abdominal fat and economics.
Nine experimental rations containing metabolizable energy 2600, 2900 and 3200 Kcal ME/kg with 18, 20 and 22% crude protein were tried on two hundred and seventy day old broiler chicks of both sexes for the period of 50 days.
The results showed that the ration containing 20% C.P. and 2600 KCa1 ME/kg were best in promoting weight gain, feed utilization and were economical as compared to other experimental rations.
Different energy-protein levels did not influenced the dressing percentage and organs weight, but the diet containing high energy resulted siginificantly more deposition of the abdominal fat.
It was concluded that low energy and high protein combination in poultry feed formulation improved the growth rate, feed efficiency, feed conversion ratio and could be economical as compared to the high energy and high protein ration.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0749,T] (1).
197.
An Experimental Study Of End-To-End Intestinal Anastomosis In The Dog
by Mumtaz Ahmad Khan | Mr. Nusrat Iqbal Chaudhry | Mr. Anwar-ul-Haq | Mr. Tariq Aziz | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1981Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0750,T] (1).
198.
Effect Of Different Fasciolicides Against Fascioliasis In Buffalo Cows
by Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Mohammad Irfan | Iqbal Ahmad | Mubashar Saeed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1981Dissertation note: A total of 275 buffaloes in and around Lahore showing chronic debility were examined for the presence of liverfluke infestation. Fascioliasis was confirmed by faecal examination in 183 animals, of which 80 showed heavy infection. These animals wre divided into four groups A, B, C and D, each having 20 animals. Animals in group A, B and C were treated with Zanil, Fascol super and Trodsax respectively. Group D was kept as control. Most of the animals cleared up after the first treatment whereas others were given a second dose on 21st day after the first treatment. The efficacy of the drug was calculated on the basis of reduction in the number of ova discharge in the faces after medication as confirmed by faecal examination on 3rd, 7th 18th, 28th and 35th day after treatment. Zanil, faxcol super and Trodax caused 85.7 percent 82.8 percent and 80 percent reduction it he number of ova when used as a signle dose and 100 percent, 97.1 perecent and 95.7 percent reduction respectively after the second dose.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0752,T] (1).
199.
Comparative Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Pasciolosis In Cattle Of Lahore And Attock Areas
by Tahir Hamid | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the comparative prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle in two different areas (plane area and sub-hilly area) having different climatic and environmental conditions in terms of temperature, humidity, rain fall and water resources etc. For the purpose, Lahore and Attock were selected. In this present study, the efficacy of newly introduced homeopathic drug "Trematox" against fasciolosis in cattle was determined by comparing it with nitroxynil (Trodax 34%) and Albendazole (Farbenda 10%).
The prevalence was observed in such a way that at both the places i.e. Lahore and Attock, the animals were examined to select 80 positive cases (40 at Lahore and 40 at Attock). Subsequently, the animals were divided into 8 groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H. Groups A, B, C and D were kept at Lahore and groups E, F, G and H were kept at Attock. Groups A and E were untreated control groups.
The eggs per gram (EPG) counts are estimated by using McMaster technique at day zero (before medication) and day 7. Then groups B&F, C&G, D&H were treated with Nitroxynil, Albendazole and Trernatox, respectively. Nitroxynil and Albendazole were used @ 10 mg/kg body weight each. The Homeopathic drug "Trematox" was injected 5 ml to each animal i/rn.
At day 7, post-medication the EPG was measured. It was observed that at 7th day Nitroxynil showed the efficacy of 92.49%, Albendazole 77.77% and Trematox 42.75%. No side effects in any animal were observed during the experiment. Hence Nitroxynil, Albendazole and Trematox were concluded to be the safe drugs against fasciolosis in cattle.
It was observed that medium temperature between 10-25°C and high humidity offer optimal conditions for the occurrence of fasciolosis.
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200.
Effects Of Supplementation Of Selenium And Zing Alone And In Combination On The Immune Response Of Broiler Chicks
by Ashfaq Ahmad | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present project was designed to investigate whether different levels of selenium and zinc alone and in combination in diet had any effect on the immune response of broiler chickens. For this purpose two hundred and twenty five day-old broiler chicks were taken and equally divided into three different trials i.e. A, B and C. Trial A was supplemented with selenium (Se) at four different rates 0.18, 0.5, 1.0 and 0.0 mg/kg in groups Al, A2, A3 and A4, respectively. Trial B was supplemented with zinc (Zn) at four different rates 40, 80, 120 an zero mg/kg in groups Bi, B2, B3 and B4, respectively. Trial C was supplemented with Se + Zn at rates of 0.18±40, 0.5±80, l.0±120 and 0.0±0 in groups Cl, C2, C3 and C4, respectively. Immunomodulatory effects o Se and Zn were evaluated by conducting hurnoral immune response against Newcastle disease vaccine (ND vaccine), delayed hypersensitivity reaction, weights of immune organs, growth traits and economy. Highest humoral immune response was observed in groups A3 (Se 1.0 mg/kg), B3 (Zn = 120 mg/kg), C3 (Se = 1.0 mg/kg + Zn = 120 mg/kg). rp1.e groups A4, B4 and 04 which were kept without Se and Zn supplementation had the lowest Immoral immune response. Delayed hypersensitivity index was highest in groups A3, B3 and C3, while lowest in control groups A4, B4 and C4. There was positive effect of Se and Zn on the histopathology of bursa of Fabricius, thyrnus and spleen. Body weight gains were also highest in A3, B3 and C3 and FCR was best in groups A3, B3 and C3. Weights of bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen were also highest in groups A3, B3 and C3, while lowest in the control groups A4, B4 and C4.
On the whole immunomodulatory effects of supplementation of Se and Zn ir combination were better than individual supplementation of Se and Zn.
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