1.
Role Of Herbal Polysaccharides As Immunomodulator
by Muhammed Zafar | Dr.Aftab Anjum | Dr.Muhammed Imran Najeeb | Prof.Dr.Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Compared to the birds in vaccinated groups that were kept without feeding Livol, the sera of the NDV vaccinated birds kept on Livol had higher antibody titers on day 42.amongst various treatment groups the highest Haemagluttination-Inhibtion titers was recorded in group C feed with Livol treated birds as compared to the other groups. The hematological parameters observed i.e. Packed Cell Volume, Hemoglobin and Total Leukocyte Count were higher in group C2 and C3 than in Group Cl, which shows that increasing Livol concentration have increased the above said parameters. The higher concentrations of Livol (Herbal Polysaccharides) have increased body weight gain than the birds fed with low concentrations of Livol (Herbal Polysaccharides). Treatment related changes in body weight, organ body weight ratio of thymus; spleen and Bursa of fabricius were also observed amongst the various groups. The addition of Livol (Herbal Polysaccharides feed to diminished the adverse/immunosuppressive effects of different vaccine on antibody titers against Newcastle and most relative organ weights. These findings suggested that Livol (Herbal Polysaccharide) can effectively stimulate/enhance the body weight gain, immunity in broiler chicks and Livol (Herbal Polysaccharides) can be potential ameliorator against various vaccines and its adverse/suppressive effects in broiler chicks.
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2.
Epidemiology Of Diarrheal Diseases Of Bovine Calves In Punjab
by Jawaria Ali Khan | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof.Dr.Azhar | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Arif Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1254,T] (1).
3.
Sero-Prevalence Of Brucellosis In Buffaloes And Cattle Of Swat Valley And Government Livestock Farms,Nwfp
by Azhar Khan | Prof.Dr.Masood Rabbani | Prof.Dr.Azhar | Prof.Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Brucellosis is an infectious zoonotic disease that is associated with chronic debilitating infections in humans and reproductive failure in domestic animals (Corbell, 1997). The sero-prevalence of brucellosis in buffaloes and cattle were undertaken by collecting samples from animals brought to various slaughterhouses and Private and Govt. farms in Swat valley and Peshawar division by screening through i-LLISA, MRT and RBPT. Out of 850 samples, 600 sera, 200 milk samples were collected along with 50 samples of slaughterhouse worker, butcher and veterinarian for this study.
All the serum samples tested through RBPT and I-ELISA showed the overall prevalence 3.67% and 4.33% in the cattle and buffaloes population respectively while the combined prevalence in the cattle, buffaloes and human population through RBPT was 3.38 % and through i-ELISA was 4%.
The high rate of brucellosis was recorded through RBPT and i-ELISA in buffaloes
( 4.75%,5.5%) while 0.0% prevalence in male buffaloes through RBPT and iELISA, where as in female buffaloes it was 4.85% through RBPT and through i-ELISA was 5.626%.
The comparatively low rate (1.5%) of brucellosis was noted in cattle through the RBPT and 2% through i-ELISA while in female cattle it was 1.587% through the RBPT and through i-ELISA 2.12% with 0.0% in males.
Among the serum samples (30) of buffalo and cattle having reproductive disorder were tested through the same tests which showed overall prevalence 16.6%. The prevalence at Cattle Breeding and Dairy farm 1-larichand and Livestock Research and Development Farm (Surrezai was 0.0% through Milk Ring Test and i-ELISA.
Also cattle milk samples (110) from private farms in swat valley showed prevalence through Milk Ring Test 0.9% and through i-ELISA prevalence was noted to be 1 .82%. As 50 human serum samples were tested through RBPT and i-ELISA but none of these samples were positive showed that the prevalence of brucellosis in human being is very low, The comparison of RBPT, MRT and i-ELISA (milk and serum) was also analyzed statistically by z-test, the data revealed insignificant results.
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4.
Effect Of Methionine Supplementation On Milk Production And Composition Of Nili Ravi Buffaloes
by Alla-ud-Din | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Mr.Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Prof.Dr.Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Feeding management experiment was conducted at Buffalo Research Institute (BRI) Pattokki, to determine the effect of two sources of methionine (metasmart and sartamine) supplementation on milk production and milk composition in Nih - Ravi buffaloes. The trial was conducted on 39 lactating buffaloes having same age, weight, and lactation and milk production for 28 days (4 weeks) including two (2) weeks of adjustment period. The buffaloes were divided in to three treatments, 13 animals in each group. Two methionine sources metasmart and smartamine were added daily in the concentrate ration at the time of feeding @ 15 gm and 10 gm / animal, respectively. The data on daily feed intake and concentrate intake, daily milk production, and fortnightly weight changes. Feed, milk and blood were collected for analysis on weekly basis.
The animals were assigned to three treatments A (control), B (metasmart) and C (smartamine) with 13 animals in each group. The animals were kept under tie stall intensive feeding management. Group A was treated as control and fed only green fodder and concentrate according to milk production. Group B was treated as metasmart and fed green fodder according to body weight plus concentrate ration according to milk production along with addition of metasmart 15g/anirnal/day. While group C was treated as smartamine and fed green fodder according to body weight plus concentrate ration according to milk production with addition of smartamanie 10g/animal/day.
The buffaloes of group A (control) consumed daily 53.46 + 0.32 kg of green fodder and daily 3.82 ± 0.04 concentrate rations. Group B (metasmart) consumed daily 53.90 ± 0.32, kg of fresh matter and 3.92 ± 0.04 kg concentrate ration along with metasmart supplementation while group C (smartarnine) consumed daily 53.63 ± 0.32 kg of green fodder and 3.90 ± 0.04 kg concentrate ration. Statistical analysis of the fodder and feed intake was significant among weeks but non significant between the groups.
The milk production of the groups was recorded twice daily for each buffalo. The highest milk production was observed in group B (metasmart) 10.84±0.15 liters followed by group C (smartamine) 10.51±0.15 liters and lowest milk production in group A (control) 10.06±0.15 liters. Statistical analysis showed that data is highly significant between the groups as well as among the weeks.
The milk samples were collected on weekly basis for analysis of milk and its contents. The milk is analysed for milk fat percentage, solid hot fat (SNF), total solids (TS), milk protein and milk lactose.
The highest SNF %age was observed in group B (metasmart) 9.59±0.02 % then in group C (smartamine) 9.57±0.02 % and lowest in group A (control) 9.56± 0.02%.Buffaloes showed highest (15.84±0.12) levels of total solids contents on metasmart followed by smartamine (15.74±0.12) and lowest was showed by control group (15.68±0.12). Milk was also analyzed for the milk protein contents. Buffaloes showed highest (3.46±0.009) levels of protein contents on metasmarl and (3.37±0.009) in smartamine group followed by control (3.23±0.009). Milk lactose was high (4.22±0.01) levels of lactose contents on metasmart followed by control (4.2 1±0.01) and smartarnine (4.19±0.01) respectively. The fat level in milk of buffalo kept under treatments control, metasmart and smartamaine were 6,25±0.07, 6.25±0.07, and 6.14±0.07 respectively Milk fat % was highest (6.25±0.07) in buffaloes on metasmart supplementation.
Body weight of the animals was recorded early in the morning on fortnightly basis. The fortnightly body weight gain of the groups were 0.70±0007. O.71+0.OO7and 0.7 1±0.007 in control, metasmart and smartamine respectively.
Blood was also collected for different analysis. For this purpose blood was collected from 6 animals in each group. The blood was analyzed for serum total protein, serum triglycerides, serum urea, and serum cholesterol and serum glucose in WTO laboratory of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. The blood total protein contents were 7.65±0.32, 9.22±0.32, and 8.40±0.32 g/dl in buffaloes in groups A, B, and C. The blood triglyceride contents were 1.67±0.26, 1.73±0.26. and 2.78±0.26 in buffaloes in groups A, B, and C. The blood urea contents were 1.15U.28, 2.46±0.28, and 2.64±0.28 in buffaloes in groups A. B, and C respectively. The blood glucose contents were 17.65±1.52, 19.79±1.52, and 17.42±1.52 in buffaloes in groups A, B, and C respectively. The blood Cholesterol contents were 96.98±6.85, 103.06+6.85, and 102.81±6.85 in buffaloes in groups A, B. and C respectively.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that experiment diets (green fodder and concentrate) were not fulfilling the methionine requirement of Nili-Ravi buffaloes at early stage of lactation. Supplementation with methionine (metasmart 15gm/d & smartamine @ lOgm/d) enhanced milk production and positively changed protein % in milk and yield. Hence it can be recommended that methionine may necessary be supplemented at early stage of lactation in Nili-Ravi buffaloes at rate of 15 gmlanimal/day. Methionine supplementation in experimental ration responded positively in enhancing milk production, composition and weight gain in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
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5.
Comparative Therapeutic Efficacy Of Herbal Medicine(Cocciguard) With Standard Anticoccidial Drugs In Experimentally induced Coccidiosis in Broiler Chicks
by Khalid Khan | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof.Dr.Azhar | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: This study was designed to compare and evaluate therapeutic anticoccidial efficacy of herbal drug (steroidal sapogenin), suipha drug (suiphachiorpyrazine) and Amproliurn.
Total of 150, a day-old broiler chicks were reared for six weeks in good husbandry and hygienic conditions. Coccidiosis was induced in broiler chickens in cages (battery system). The oocysts were collected from already infected poultry guts and were processed and sporulated in potassium dichromate solution according to the standard method of floatation and then the sporulated oocysts were counted by McMaster technique and were inoculated into birds as per required dose rate to induce coccidiosis in birds of group A, B, C and D.
Coccidiosis was diagnosed on standard postmortem procedure and oocyst counting of the fecal droppings of the infected birds. Group A, B and C was medicated by sulphachlorpyarazine (Esb3), steroidal sapogenin (cocciguard) and amprolium (cocoban) respectively. Group D were infected but left un-medicated positive control and group E were left non infected and non medicated negative control.
The therapeutic efficacy of the above mentioned drugs were evaluated by oocyst counting in droppings of all the infected treated groups and by intestinal lesion scoring, bloody diarrhea. Morbidity and mortality were recorded in all infected groups before and after treatment. Oocyst counting was done in all groups after induction of coccidial infection and at the end of the treatment in all medicated groups.
Oocyst counting and intestinal lesion scoring were helpful in evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of the cocciguard (steroidal sapogenin) in comparison with the chemical anticoccidial drugs.
The following recorded parameters, oocyst counting, morbidity, mortality, bloody diarrhea, intestinal lesion scoring were subjected to statistical analysis using one way analysis of variance, to detect the therapeutic efficacy difference between treatments and the results obtained are as follows.
Oocyst per gram was 1.49*0.78, 20.36±1.89, 2.66±1.47 and 47.7±4.3 for suiphachlorpyrazine, steroidal sapogenin, amprolium and positive control respectively.
Morbidity recorded was 1.5±0.87, 2.75±0.47, 2.25±0.25, and 2.25±0.25 for sulphachlorpyrazine, steroidal sapogenin amprolium and positive control respectively.
Mortality recorded was 0.40±0.24, 2.40±0.24, 1.80±0.2, and 2.40±0.24 for suiphachiorpyrazine, steroidal sapogenin, amprolium and positive control.
Intestinal lesion scoring recorded was 1.5±0.35, 2.5±0.20, and 1.62±0.12 for sulphachlorpyrazine, steroidal sapogenin, and amprolium respectively.
Survival rate recorded was 56%, 20%, 33.30%, 0%, and 93.3% in suiphachlorpyrazine, steroidal sapogenin, amprolium, positive control, and negative control group respectively.
Percent reduction in oocyst per gram was recorded 97.48%, 18.58%, and 97.19% in suiphachiorpyrazine, steroidal sapogenin and amprolium respectively.
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6.
Comparative Efficicy Of Peste Des Petits Ruminant (Ppr) Vaccine S Available In Pakistan In Sheep And Goats
by Muhammad Intizar | Prof.Dr.Manur-Din-Ahmad | Dr.Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof.Dr.Azhar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The present study was designed to evaluate the physical factors affecting the PPR 'vaccine and also to compare the efficacy of the locally available PPR vaccines in Pakistan in sheep and goats.
The current study was conducted on 120 different small ruminants ((60 sheep and goats). The humoral immune response was monitored by measuring the antibodies titre through Hl and AGID test. HI and AGID test are reliable and effective methods of diagnosing viral diseases and to evaluate the humoral immune response.
It was concluded that the vaccine should he stored either at -20°C or at 4 C.The vaccine stored at 27 C had a drop in HA titre and no HA activity was found at 40 C
To evaluate the HA activity of PPR virus it is better to use chicken or human group'O' R.B.Cs in a concentration of 1%. The diluent should have the pH 6.8- 7.0.
By evaluating the vaccine efficacy in sheep it was found that after 14th day of vaccination there was a gradual increase in the antibodies titer till the 56th day of vaccination. The locally manufactured vaccine was having a geometric mean titre (GMT)207.9 while the (GMT) of Pestivec was 73.3. 63d day post vaccination. In goats the locally manufactured vaccine was having a geometric mean titer (GMT) 147. while the (GMT) of Pestivec was 48.5.63rd day post vaccination. No antibodies production was there in any control group.
It was concluded form the study that locally produced vaccine is equally good and could be used confidently. It will save also helpful in saving the foreign reserves oh the country.
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7.
Antigenic Characterisation Of H9 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated Desi And Zoo Birds
by Farrukh Saleem | Dr.Muhammad Mahmood Mukhtar | Prof.Dr.Azhar | Prof.Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Avian influenza is a viral infection which affects mainly the respiratory system of birds. The H7N3 subtype influenza viruses were isolated for the first time in 1994 from breeder flock in northern areas of Pakistan. A second wave of avian influenza outbreak was detected in 1999. The causative agent of this outbreak was H9N2. The H9N2 considered as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus and continuously circulating in poultry flocks causing enormous economic losses to poultry industry of Pakistan. This showed that avian influenza viruses are present in commercial poultry. Most of the efforts to isolate avian influenza A viruses are from commercial poultry and these isolations are outbreak based. That is why we have mad’ an effon to isolate and identify H9 subtype avian influenza viruses from apparently healthy live desi and zoo birds (Lahore, Pakistan). We have successfully isolate H9 subtype influenza viruses from these birds during our study.
As these viruses have RNA genome and their RNA polymerase enzyme lacks proof reading activity which resulted in spontaneous mutation in surface glycoproteins (HA and NA) and reassortment of their genomic segments results in escape from host immune response produced by the vaccine. This is the reason that
every year we require a new candidate virus for vaccine preparation. We have made
an effort to isolate and identify avian influenza viruses from live desi and zoo birds of
Lahore and performed antigenic characterization. In this way, we have been able to
know the exact status of avian influenza virus strains present in the desi and zoo birds.
We also have seen that the imported vaccine have less interaction with the local strains and gives less protective titer although it gives best titers when we raise antisera against imported vaccine. The local vaccines although gives a little bit less titer when we raise the antisera against these vaccines but their antisera have more interaction with the local H9 subtype antigen so it gives better protective immune response. By this study we have seen that antisera obtained from infected chicken give more antibody titer as compare to antibody raised in the rabbits. Infected chicken antisera are more reactive as compare to rabbit antisera. This shows that our isolates have highest similarity with the currently circulating viruses.
All above results helped us to devise a new control strategy against avian influenza viral infections present in these local birds. The antigenic characterization of these avian influenza isolates helped us to see the antigenic differences between the isolates of this study and H9 subtype avian influenza viruses used in vaccines. Therefore, this study clearly suggests that a new local H9 subtype avian influenza virus should be used as vaccinal candidate every year for the effective control of influenza viral infections of poultry.
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8.
Determination Of Feed Digestibility And Growth Performance Of Indian Major Carps (Catla Catla, Cirrhinus Mrigala And Labeo Rohita) Reared Under Similar Feeding Conditions
by Farzana Abbas | Prof. Dr. Naureen Aziz Qureshi | Prof. Dr. Azhar | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Artificial feed plays an important role in semi-intensive fish farming, where density of fish is high. Fish feed development is the least developed sector in aquaculture, particularly in third world countries. The formulation of nutritionally balanced and acceptable diet for fish feed is possible only if information regarding its digestibility is available. It is well known that these two parameters, nutritionally balanced diet and its digestibility, play a key role for the development of artificial feed for fish. Determination of nutrient digestibility is the first step in evaluating the potential of an ingredient for use in the diet of reared species. Information on digestibility coefficients of feed ingredients is very useful not only to enable formulation of diets that maximize fish growth by providing appropriate amounts of available nutrients but also to reduce fish wastes.
The present study was therefore, designed to find out the digestibility of nutritionally balanced diet that contains cheap and easily available ingredients. The experimental and reference diets were evaluated for comparative growth and diet utilization efficiency in three Indian major carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus rnrigala). The highest weight gain was observed in the Cirrhinus miri gala (20.57 ± 2.8 g & 0.7 ± 0.4 cm) followed by Labeo rohita (19.17 ± 3.02g & 1.1 ± 0.4 cm) and Catla catla (19.23 ± 3.Og & 0.4 ± 0.3cm), with the experimental or test diet (TD). The lowest growth was also observed in the Catla catla (14.6 ± 3.8 g & 0.2 ± 0.1cm) with reference diet (RD). Growth, FCR and digestibility of nutrients (Protein, EE, DE) were assessed. Proximate analysis (i.e., crude protein, gross energy, dry matter and marker estimation) of feed ingredients and formulated diets was also done. The highest protein digestibility was observed in Labeo rohita (83.4±3.5%) followed by Cirrhinus mn gala (82.2 ± 4.2) and Catla catla (81.8± 4.6%) The over all digestibility's of nutrients was higher for experimental diet in three fish species i.e. crude protein (84.4 ± 2.1), dry matter (33.3 ± 8.4), crude fat (82.1± 3.1) and gross energy (61.0 ± 5.1). Nutrient digestibility of reference diet were lower (crude protein 77.2 ± 1.3, dry matter 53.0 ± 3.0, crude fat 78.7 ± 0.58 and gross energy 58.3 ± 4.5) as compared to the experimental diet.
Similarly the FCR and FCE values for experimental diet (3.1 ± 0.12 and 32.4 ± 0.69) were better than the reference diet (3.8 ± 0.06 and 25.6 ± 0.58). Among three fish species the Cirrlzinus miri gala has better FCR and FCE (3.4 ± 0.57 and 29.6 ± 5.1) followed by Cat/a catla (3.5 ± 0.42 and 29 ±.0 4.2) and Labeo rohita (3.5 ± 0.49 and 28.5 ± 4.95), respectively. FCR and FCE ratios for reference diet was the lowest in the Labeo rohita (3.9 and 25.0), whereas Cirrhinus mrigala and Cat/a cat/a showed similar ratios (3.8 0 and 26.0), respectively.
Key physico-chemical parameters viz, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, were regularly monitored during the study period. All the parameters showed positive significant correlation with each other except DO which showed negative significant correlation. The correlation of physico-chemical parameters with growth was negatively significant whereas positive correlation was observed between DO and growths indicating that DO have a significant effect on the growth.
The over all results showed that the experimental diet (40% protein level) has better growth and nutrient digestibility as compared to the reference diet (24.5% protein level) which resulted poorer growth and digestibility values.
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9.
A Study Of Parasitic Causes Of Diarrhea In Cattle Calves In District Gujranwala
by Muhammad Salman | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The loss of fluids through diarrhea can- cause severe dehydration which is one cause of death on diarrhea sufferers. In present study cattle calves up to six months of age in district Gujranwala were examined for parasitic infestation. The samples were collected from different Government farms, veterinary hospitals and from villagers having livestock. A total number of 300 cattle calves were examined during the period of three months. The effect of parasitic diarrhea according to the factors like sex and age were studied, the percentage of parasitic diarrhea in cattle calves were also studied. Collected samples were processed at medicine laboratory of university of veterinary and animal sciences Lahore.
Fecal samples were processed for different coporological tests, including direct smear, floatation, sedimentation, McMaster and for cryptosporidial examination, staining of fecal smears were used. Blood parameters like Hemoglobin level, TLC & DLC was also be studied. The faecal samples result showed that 147 samples were positive from parasitic diarrhea out of 300 samples and percentage was 49 % including cryptosporidium, cooperia, oesophagostomum, fashiodorous, toxocara, coccidian & eurytrema. The samples were collected age wise as 0-1 months, 42 samples were positive out of 90 samples showing 46.6%, in 1-3 months 47 samples were positive out of 95 samples showing 49.47 %, 1n3- 6 months 58 samples were positive out of 115 showing 50.43 %.while the blood parameters Hb level, TLC & DLC were altered in parasitic diarrhea which showed milk decrease in TLC & DLC as compared to normal values while Hb level was also decreased in parasitic diarrhea.
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10.
Microbial Evaluation Of Raw Meat At Abattoirs And Retail Outlests (Lahore)
by Abid Sarwar | Prof. Dr. Mansur ud Din Ahmad | Dr. Imran Najeeb | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of meat. The present study was planed to determine the aerobic plate count on meat obtained from the abattoirs and local market. A total of 90 meat samples that were collected for determining the microbiological quality of meat. Half of the meat samples (n=45) were collected from various abattoirs and half of the meat samples (n=45) were collected from retail outlets in Lahore City to get an idea of contamination from slaughtering point to retail outlets.
These samples were processed for Aerobic plate counts, E.coli, S.aureus and Salmonella counts. Overall, this study revealed that the level of contamination on meat carcasses was higher in retail meat shops compared to the abattoir. However, the microbial contamination in the abattoir were high if we compare these results to the reports from developing countries like India, Iran and Bangladesh.
Bacterial isolates identified and counted from this study were Staphylococcus aureus (44) out of 90 samples was the most abundant as 48.88%, followed by E. coli (43) 47.77% and Salmonella (26) 28.88%.
Statistical analysis revealed that analysis of variance between various abattoir and the retail meat shops for E.coli, Salmonella and S.aureus showed significant differences with some exceptions. E.coli counts were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the meat shops and abattoirs. For E.coli most of the data were significant at 5% level (P < 0.05) with some exception in case of beef and goat samples taken from abattoirs which were non significant because of the unhygienic environments. Analysis of variance for Salmonella between various abattoir and the retail outlets were significant at 5% level (P < 0.05). For S.aureus between various abattoir and the retail outlets showed non significant at 5% level (P > 0.05) with some exceptions in case of beef abattoir and goat retail outlet samples taken which were significant at 5% level (P < 0.05).
The higher incidence of microbial load in fresh meat obtained in this study might be attributed to unhygienic and improper handling of animals during slaughter, dressing, evisceration, transportation and unhygienic environments at the retail shops. The usual practice of washing the carcass with the same water in which intestines and offal had been washed was considered as one of the predominant reasons for increased microbial counts of the carcasses. A complete ignorance on the part of the meat handlers/ butchers in hygienic handling of carcasses during slaughter and retailing processes might be the main factors for producing meat with high microbial load.
Levels of microbial contamination in Pakistani abattoirs and traditional retail meat shops reflect the hygiene status of meat production in the developing world. Education of the meat retailers' community which runs the traditional meat shops, in terms of the importance of hygienic and sanitary precautions would go a long way towards providing wholesome and safe meat to the consumers.
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11.
Differntial Diagnosis Of Malaria And Dengue Fever On The Basis Of Clinical Findings And Laboratory Investigations
by Aqeel Ahmad | Prof. Dr. M. Younus Rana | Dr. Muti ur Rehman | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: I took two hundred (200) patients in total for purpose of my study. I included all cases with pyrexia of unknown origin with chills and rigors with 6-7 days history. These cases were first evaluated for Malaria by making their thin and thick films for malarial parasites.
There were thirty patients out of two hundred who were positive for malarial parasites. There complete blood picture was done that is RBC count, Heamogolobin percentage, platelet count, WBC count and ESR. The cases who were negative from malaria were further evaluated for dengue viral infection by doing capture ELISA 1gM. Before doing ELISA 1gM dengue strip method test was done and the cases who were positive on strip (Paper Chromatography) were included in 1gM ELISA study. The cases that were positive for 1gM ELISA were studied for same blood investigation which was mentioned earlier. It was also found that there had been some incidence of dual dengue infection and malaria and the incidence rate was 2%.
Now after collecting the data it was analyzed by SPSS. It was inferred afterwards from the data that all the patients +ve for dengue 1gM had been facing with low platelet count increased reticulocyte count, increased hemoglobin, decreased WBC and no significant effect on ESR had been seen. About 83% of dengue 1gM patients were having decrease platelet count. This thrombocytopenia varies from person to person and an inverse relationship has been found between dengue 1gM and platelet of the patients.
The intensity of thromobocytopenia was more in old age patients or in patients with poor health status or in those patients in which tire of anti dengue 1gM was very high. This thromobocytopenia can be used as a diagnostic tool in addition to clinical history in patients who live in periphery where the facility of ELISA is not available. The rise in platelet number indicates recovery of the patients and it should be monitored daily till the complete recovery of patients is achieved.
The rise in hemoglobin concentration has also been noticed due to hemo concentration about 76% of patients with anti dengue 1gM positive were having elevated level of hemoglobin that is ranging from 17-19 gram/dl. The increase in RBC count has also been noticed in association with increased hemoglobin concentration a mild fall in WBC count has also been noticed i-e upto 4000 in 76% of the patients. In those patients who were +ve for malarial parasites and negative for dengue 1gM, such changes in blood pictures were not appreciated although the vector of both diseases is same but AD's mosquitoes which is the carrier of dengue virus (an ARBO virus) causes more severe form of disease.
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12.
Study Of Hepatic Dysfunction In Patients Infected With Dengue Virus
by Aiysha Ejaz | Prof. Dr. Younus Rana | Dr. Muti ur Rehman | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Dengue is the mosquito born viral illness which causes a broad spectrum of disease ranging from in apparent infection, flu like mild undifferentiated fever and classical DF to the most severe form DHF and DSS in which rate of morbidity and mortality is very high. Dengue infection also causes liver damage and this liver impairment is more marked in case of DHF. My study was also aimed at depicting the fact that dengue infection also causes hepatic impairment which is directly related.to the level of dengue 1gM in the body. The serum liver enzyme level rises as the infection progress.
I conducted my study over 200 patients of different age groups including both sexes. All of the patients were having history of pyrexia of unknown origin for the last 7-lO days not subsiding inspite of taking treatment. Some of them presented with mild to moderate petechiae rashes on their body. I categorized the patients into two categorize according to the WHO criteria that is the patients having high grade fever with rash and thrombocytopenia were designated as dengue hemorrhagic fever while those without rash and hemorrhagic manifestations were said to be dengue fever group. Firstly I screened all patients for anti dengue 1gM by rapid strip testing method which shows dark pink line in addition to control line in positive cases within few minutes. The strip +ve cases were further confirmed by using capture ELISA, The Dengue 1gM Capture ELISA (MACELISA) is the immunoenzymatic system recommended by the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization for the serological diagnosis of dengue virus infection due to its high sensitivity, ease of performance, and use of a single acute- phase serum sample. Then all the ELISA +ve cases were estimated for hepatic dysfunction by performing their liver function test. For performing liver function test the serum was obtained by centrifuge machine and enzyme including AST, ALT and Alkaline phosphatase were done by using Merck biochemistry Analyzer which calculated the enzyme itself and displayed the reading in U/L. The analysis established that DF is more common in 21-30 years of age group, more prevalent in males and the level of serum liver enzyme rises as the serum level of dengue 1gM raises that is with the increase of severity of infection.
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13.
Molecular Diversity Analysis Of Sheep And Goat Breeds Of Pakistan Using Microsatellites.
by Misbah Shaheen | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Mr. Tanveer Hussain | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Pakistan is rich in Animal Genetics Resource (AnGR) and has various breeds of sheep and goat but the genetic data in these different breeds is lacking which needs to be established for their genetic identification. The advent of molecular techniques has led to an increase in the studies that focus on the genetic characterization of domestic breeds using genetic markers. Due to their reliability and availability, the microsatellites have become preferred method for the genome mapping. Microsatellites or STRs are the 1-6 nucleotide tandem repeats present in both coding and non coding regions of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Microsatellites are powerful tools in genome mapping, forensic DNA studies, paternity testing, population genetics and conservation! management of biological resources. The present study was conducted on the molecular diversity analysis of sheep and goat breeds of Pakistan using FAQ recommended unlabelled microsatellites. Blood samples of unrelated true representative animals of two sheep and goat breeds were selected from their breeding tracts and different Government Livestock Farms throughout the country. DNA was extracted with the standard protocol and amplification of DNA was done with a set of 16 microsatellite markers in Molecular Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory in the Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology. The products of touch-down PCR were examined on non denaturing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE). Genotyping results were analyzed through the sofiware POPGENE version 3.3 for calculating the number of alleles, expected and observed heterozygosity, homozygosity, Polymorphic Information Content (PlC).
Average observed heterozygosity, average observed homozygosity, observed and effective number of alleles for all loci and populations were 0.8394, 0.1606, 3.6875 and 2.8693 respectively. Almost all of the microsatellite markers showed significant variations in both breeds of sheep and goat. Genotyping results of microsatellite markers were clearly different for four different breeds showing a distinct genetic distance between sheep and goat breed's.
This work provided the genetic data which will be helpful in breed identification and making effective breeding policies and conservational activities in future according to FAO global Farm Anithal Genetic resource data. Moreover this study can become the basis for further research investigations in sheep and goat in Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1200,T] (1).
14.
Remodeling Of Histopathological Changes And Immunostimulatory Effect Of Probiotic Vitamin E-Selenium And Aniseed Supplementation in IBD Vaccinated Broiler Birds
by Aima Idrees | Dr.Asim Aslam | Prof.Dr.Azhar | Prof.Dr.M.Younus Rana.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1275,T] (1).
15.
Comparayive Efficacy Of Chemotherapeutic Trails Against Hypodermosis In Cattle In Rajanpur
by Muhammad Zahid | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Study was carried out in district Rajanpur from February, 2011 to April, 2011 to find out percentage of infestation and to study chemotherapeutic trails against warble fly infestation in cattle in three tehsils namely Rojhan, Rajanpur and Jampur of district Rajanpur. In each tehsil 200 cattle were examined to record clinical signs of hypodermosis. For treatment of affected animals drug trail were done with Trichlorophon (Tagafon Star,Pakistan) and Ivermectin (Imec, SJG, Pakistan) 1% subcutaneously @ 0.2mg/kg body weight. Study included percentage of infestation in cattle in the households, veterinary hospitals and private farms. Average percentage of warbles in cattle was calculated and found 10 %, 17% and 16.5% in Rojhan, Rajanpur and Jampur respectively. It was found that percentage of infestation was 12% to 18% in hilly areas as compared to semi-hilly areas with 8% to16% and riverine areas 8% to 18% warble fly infestation in cattle. It was observed that warble fly infestation in cattle was absent in some plane areas in tehsil Jampur.
The comparison of different chemotherapeutic trails against Hypodermosis in cattle were observed and recorded. Three groups of cattle were made for chemotherapeutic trails against hypodermosis. Application of Tagafon in two different groups of cattle was carried out to evaluate their efficacy against Hypodemosis. In one group Trichlorophon (Tagafon Star,Pakistan) was applied with cotton gauzes by swabbing and spraying method with 5% solution of trichlorophon. In second group Trichlorophon (Tagafon Star, Pakistan) was given by drenching method with 2% solution at a dose rate of 0.2ml/kg body weight. In third group (Inj.Imec, SJG, Pakistan) Ivermectin 1% at dose rate of 0.2mg/kg body weight subcutaneous injection was carried out. Ivermectin1% was found to be 100% effective. Tagafon (Trichlorophon) was found 90% effective by swabbing and spraying method with 5% solution and Tagafon (Trichlorophon) by drenching method with 2% solution was found 85%effective against warble fly infestation in cattle in the study area. The data was analyzed statistically and found significant.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1297,T] (1).
16.
Compaiativ Efficacy Of Different Electrolyte Solutions On Heat Stress And Their Efiect On Hematology And Blood
by Hafiz Tariq Mehmood | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Hassan Saleem | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present project had been designed to study the effect of heat stress on cattle calves and to evaluate the efficacy of electrolytes solution (Normal Saline and Ringer Lactate) on various blood parameters. Five groups of calves comprising 10 in each group were selected for experimental study. Group A: Affected calves with heat stress were provided shade after taking TPR and the effect of shade were checked after one hour. Group B: Heat stressed calves of same age group were given Normal Saline IV according to their body weight and the effect were checked through TPR, hematology and blood electrolyte. Group C: Heat stressed calves of same age group were given Ringer's Lactate IV according to their body weight and the effect were checked through TPR, hematology and blood electrolyte. Group D: calves of same age group affected with heat stress were taken as the positive control. Group E: calves of same age group were normal healthy calves (negative control). Temperature was taken at regular intervals of one hour daily. Respiration was observed by placing the hand in front of nostrils. Heart rate was observed by stethoscope daily in morning and evening. The blood sample of each calf was collected both for control and experimental animals through disposable syringe from jugular vein. The blood was shifted to University Diagnostic laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore. The samples were taken before and after therapeutic trials. Blood samples were taken for blood electrolyte examination and hematology. Serum of the blood was separated by centrifugation for electrolytes measurements. The flame photometer was utilized to measure the serum sodium (Na+) potassium (K+) Chloride (Cl+) and Bicarbonate (HCO3) concentration. The physical sign of experimental group before cooling were noted .sever sweating and panting were observed under physical sign. The pulse rate, respiration and rectal temperature of experimental group before cooling were increased. Changes found in CBC and blood electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate were measure by flam photometry.
These all observation showed that the animal of experimental group before cooling were suffering from electrolyte imbalance ,but it was not so serious which may result in death of the animal, however the persistence of that condition might result in heat stroke which is often lethal.
It is concluded that serum electrolyte concentration, CBC and pulse rate, respiration and rectal temperature help in accessing the condition of animal suffering form the heat stress. From the present study it can be concluded that heat stress cause changes in biochemical and Hematological parameters in calves. These changes can be overcome by giving animal's fluid therapy and by providing good shade in hot summer. Further studied are required to Conducted on other species of animals to understand the effect of heat stress .Other biochemical and hematological parameters should be studied in bovine calves and other animals for the better understanding the effects of heat stress.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1309,T] (1).
17.
Molecular Diagnosis Of Bovine Anaplasmosis In District Lahore
by Aqsa Mushtaq | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Hassan Saleem | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present study was designed to determine diagnosis and infection percentage of Bovine anaplasmosis in cattle and buffalo of different age groups in and around District Lahore, and to study the comparative efficacy of diagnostic methods that is Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Microscopic Examination. For this purpose 160 blood samples were collected from cattle and buffaloes ,randomly from eight villages , during the month of May, June, July, August of 2010 in and around District Lahore.80 samples were collected from cattle and 80 were collected from buffaloes and these samples were further categorized into two age groups that is 40 samples were collected from calves of 1 month to 6 month of age and 40 samples were collected from calves of 7 month to 12 month of age of each species. Screening was done by blood smears, stained by Giemsa'wright staining technique and later the blood samples from the same animals were also processed by PCR.
The blood smears showed Anaplasma marginale as dense , round, deeply stained body, approximately 0.3-1.0um in diameter. Most of them were located on or near the margin of the erythrocyte.On the basis of Microscopic examination overall 11.25% (18\160) prevalence was recorded. On the basis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) prevalence of Anaplasma marginale 25.6%(41\160) was recorded, showing the presence of carrier animals in District Lahore. The blood smears showed maximum prevelance in cattle of age 7 months to 12 months of age that is 20% (8\40) than animals of age 1 month to 6 month of age 10% (4\40).The blood smears showed maximum prevelance in buffalo calves of age 7 months to 12 months of age that is 10% (4\40) than animals of age 1 month to 6 month of age 5% (2\40). The blood smears showed that the prevelance of Bovine anaplasmosis is more in cattle 15% (12\80) than buffalo 7.5% (6\80). The overall prevalence 25.6% (41\160) was recorded for Bovine anaplasmosis , during summer season on the basis of PCR. The Polymerase chain reaction showed maximum prevelance in cattle of age 7 months to 12 months of age that is45 % (18\40) than animals of age 1 month to 6 month of age 20% (8\40). The Polymerase chain reaction showed maximum prevelance in buffalo animals of age 7 months to 12 months of age that is 27.5% (11\40) than animals of age 1 month to 6 month of age 10% (4\40). The Polymerase chain reaction showed that the prevelance of Bovine anaplasmosis is more in cattle 32.5% (26\80) than buffalo18.75 % (15\80).The results have shown high efficacy of PCR as compare to Microscopic Examination.
It is anticipated that present study was proved helpful in diagnosis of Anaplasma in infected as well as in carrier animals in District Lahore , and will be beneficial for further study.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1346,T] (1).
18.
Knowledge, Attitude And Practices Of Mothers Towards Infant Care And Feeding
by Sadia Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ur-Din Ahmad | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1464,T] (1).
19.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Theileriosis In Equines In And Around Lahore
by Muhammad Azhar | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Theileriosis is an infectious malady of equidae characterized by intermittent fever, loss of appetite, anemia, loss of weight, dyspnea, pale mucous membranes, jaundice and recumbency. Considering the significance and utilization of equines in our country and the substantial losses rendered by theileriosis, the present study was designed to study prevalence and chemotherapy of theileriosis in equines in and around Lahore.
For this purpose 300 equines (Horses=100; mules=100; donkeys=100) were examined for theileria infection.The blood was collected by ear tip puncture and from Jugular venipuncture. Then thin blood smear slide was prepared and dried up in air and stained with Geimsa's staining method and examined under microscope. Theileriaequiwere identified by their morphological characteristics as described by Rashid et al. (2009) and Guimaraeset al. (1997).Over all prevalence of Theileriaequiin equines was estimated as 58%. There was also a mixed infection of Theileriaequi and Babesiacaballiin some cases. Individually there was 54%, 64% and 56% prevalence of Theileriaequi found in horses, mules and donkeys respectively.
The effect of theileriosis on various blood parameters (Hb, ESR, TEC, TLC, DLC and PCV) was determined in 30 equines (Horses= 10; mules= 10; donkeys= 10). The remarkable decrease in hemoglobin, TEC, PCV and lymphocytes was observed. The value of ESR increased while there were no remarkable changes in TLC, monocytes, basophils, neutrophils and eosinophil.
For chemotherapy, 36 equines (Horses=12; mules=12; donkeys=12) positive for theileriosiswere divided into three groups (A, B, and C). Each group was further subdivided into three subgroups comprising of 4 animals in each subgroup. The animals of group A (Horses=4; mules=4; donkeys=4) were treated with Imidocarbdipropionate (Imizol®, ICI, Pakistan) @ 2 mg/kg BW I/M, and the efficacy of drug was found 91.7% in equines against theileriosis.The group B (Horses=4; mules=4; donkeys=4) was treated with Buparvaquone (Butalex®, ICI, Pakistan) @ 2 mg/kg BW I/M alone and was observed 66.7% effective. While the group C (Horses=4; mules=4; donkeys=4) was treated with Auk(Calotropisprocera)@ 0.3mg/kg BW, 8 doses at alternate days (local treatment), which was found 58.3% effective. The efficacy of drugs was measured on the basis of disappearance of clinical signs and blood smear examination at day 2, 4, 6 and 10 of post-medication. The efficacy of each drug was measured through recovery rate of the animals.
Finally, the data on prevalence of theileriosis was estimated by Pearson's chi-square test for significance whereas data on hematology was analyzed by Student's T-test using statistical software package STATA 9.1 (College Station T×77845, USA), P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Considering the significance and utilization of equine in our country and the substantial losses rendered by theileriosis, the present project was designed to check prevalence and chemotherapy of theileriosis in equines in and around Lahore. The results of this study will help farmers and veterinary practitioners in field.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1487,T] (1).
20.
Identification Of Ticks And Tick-Borne Hemo-Parasitic Diseases Along With Therapeutic Trial Of Tick Infestation
by Sadaqat Ali | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1601,T] (1).
21.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Anaplasmosis In Clinically Affected Small Ruminants Of Distric Lahore.
by Akhtar Ali | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1610,T] (1).
22.
Identification Of Ticks And Tick Bornehemoparasitic Diseases In Equines Of District Lahore.
by Khadija Javed | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1651,T] (1).
23.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Prevalence and Chemotherapy of Balantidium Coli in Sheep And Goats in And Around Lahore
by Mustafa jamil | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1885,T] (1).
24.
Comparative Efficacy Of Selenium Vitamin E And Ocium Sanctum (Tulsi) Leaves On Sub Clinical Mastitis In Cattle
by Syed waqas hameed | Dr. Syed saleem ahmad | Dr. Muhammad avais | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1888,T] (1).
25.
Effect Of Gallic Acid On Oxidative Stress In Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
by Sadia yaseen | Dr. Muhammad quaid zaman | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz yousaf | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2061,T] (1).
