1201.
Uswa Rasool Akram (SAW)
by Hazrat Arif | Dr. Muhammad Abdul Hai (R.A).
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297.63 Arif 32147 1st 2017 Islam] (1).
1202.
Talimat-e-Islam / 4th ed.
by Dr Muhammad Tahir Qadri.
Edition: 4th ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Muhammad Javaid; 2005Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297.07 Tahir 21744 4th 2005 Islam] (1).
1203.
Deni or AL deni Aloom Kay Islaah talab pehlu / 2nd ed.
by Dr Muhammad Tahir Qadri.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Availability: No items available
1204.
Qurani Falsafa / 2nd ed.
by Dr Muhammad Tahir Qadri.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Minhaj-ul-Quran; 2003Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636 Tahir 21893 2nd 2003 Islam] (1).
1205.
Hamra Deni Zawal / 4th ed.
by Dr. Muhammad Tahir Qadri.
Edition: 4th ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Minhaj-ul-Quran Publications; 2004Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297.77 Tahir 21886 4th 2004 Islam] (1).
1206.
Momin Kon h/6th ed
by Dr. Muhammad Tahir Qadri.
Edition: 6thMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore; Mihajul Quran; 2005Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297.44 Tahir 21906 6th 2005 Islam] (1).
1207.
Assessment Of Heavymetal Contaminants From Protein Sources
by Marriam Wasif (2014-VA-216) | Dr. Saif ur Rehman Kashif | Ms. Saman Saad | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Protein is one of the main ingredients of basic need of every human diet. Demand is more
than its production. This shortage is more in underdeveloped countries like Pakistan. Due to
industrial waste, many toxic heavy metals stay within the earth rather than its decomposition.
There is a cycle of circulation of these toxic heavy metals getting back into the tissues or organs
of grazing animals through feeds. (Nawaz, et al. 2015). These toxic heavy metals have no useful
impact on the body but instead, these cause extremely toxic effects even at their lower
concentration. In animal tissues bioaccumulation of heavy metals is hazardous to human health.
Heavy metals which are more likely to be present in animal tissues, are Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn,
As, Cd, Hg, Pb (Javed, 2005). Other source of contamination is vehicle emission and dirty
slaughter places. Meat especially body tissues, organ of livestock i.e. liver, kidney and stomach
sold by shopkeepers on road side or at open market are more vulnerable for deposition of
metals. (Mariam, et al. 2004). The second source of protein is poultry which has shorter time of
production of meat rather than red meat animals. Its demand in world increases due to reasonable
prices and its nutritive property. (Mahmoud, et al. 2015). The other protein source is hen eggs
which contain a large number of heavy metals which is due to contaminated feed and polluted
water. But still, there are some traces minerals which is very beneficial and nutritive to health
(Rehman, et al. 2013). Last main source of protein is fish, which is more susceptible
contamination of heavy metal. Dangerous level of heavy metals has evident deadly or ceaseless
impacts on fish (Qadir, et al. 2011). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2751-T] (1).
1208.
Effects Of Varying Dietary Crude Protein Supplies On Performance Of Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffalo Fed High Forage Based Diet
by Muhammad Uzair Akhtar (2008-VA-175) | Dr. Anjum Khalique | dr. Muhammad Qamar Shahid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Buffaloes contributed 61.1 percent to the total milk of Pakistan, which is world’s 4th largest milk
producing country. Protein requirements of buffalo appear to differ from those of cattle, yet
information on these nutritional requirements is limited. But establishing the protein and energy
requirements for animals is key point to lead the nutritionists for the optimum supply of these
nutrients. Thus, understanding the protein and N efficiency and an estimation of optimum protein
supply to buffalo is the need of time in terms of economics and animal production.
This study was conducted at “Dairy Animals Training and Research Center, University of
Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki” to check the performance of buffaloes in
response to increasing levels of dietary crude protein (CP) supplies (9.3, 10.0 and 11.5% of DM).
Design of the experiment was 3×3 Latin Square with two animals in each treatment, and total
duration of the study was 119 days. Different parameters were determined by using different but
recommended laboratory techniques. Milk parameters include milk yield, milk protein, fat, lactose
and density. Blood parameters include BUN, TG, NEFA and glucose. Fecal and urine sampling
and tests were performed using standard procedures to estimate the N efficiency and N balance.
Data was analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS.
DMI was similar among all the treatments with an average value of 14.36 kg/d. Milk production
increased from 7.75 to 8.04 kg/d in response to increase in dietary CP. Milk protein contents
increased from 3.86 to 3.92%, milk fat contents from 6.12 to 6.44 % and 4% fat corrected milk
from 10.05 to 10.92 kg/d, but milk lactose and milk density showed no response to increase in
dietary CP from 9.3 to 11.5% of DM. However, milk lactose yield increased, but body weight of
the animals decreased from 586 to 565 kg. Milk N efficiency also decreased from 21.9 to 18.7%,
SUMMARY
44
but an increase in N intake observed with higher CP levels. Feed efficiency also increased from
0.54 to 0.56.
Blood metabolites showed a positive response to increase in dietary CP. Glucose, BUN and NEFA
increased with increase in protein supplies. While, TG contents were not affected by the
treatments. Milk N excreted as gram per day increased but decreased as percent of N intake,
resulting in reduced N efficiency. Urinary and fecal N excretion as gram per day also showed a
slight linear increase. Retention of N remained unaffected by the treatments but the values are
higher than that of cow, still a point reported to be attached with genetics of buffalo to retain more
N in the form of BUN as its reserves.
Increasing CP supplies improved both of the milk quantity and quality, and resulted in increased
BUN, glucose, NEFA and N intake, but decreased N efficiency. In this sense, when buffalo is
compared with cow, cow utilizes its dietary N in better way than buffalo. But when we estimate
lactation performance of both, at different low and high levels of protein supplies, buffalo performs
better at low level of dietary CP as compared to high protein diet. Current experiment served as
opportunity to recommend the minimum level of dietary CP for buffaloes without effecting the
animal production to minimize the cost and environment wastage.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, increase in dietary protein supply results in improved quantity and quality of milk,
but meanwhile this increased supply causes a decrease in nitrogen use efficiency, because protein
supply above the required level starts to be excreted in urine and feces. And 11.5% CP of ration
DM is sufficient for Nili-Ravi buffalo at this production status. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2764-T] (1).
1209.
Snp Genotyping Of Cacna1a Gene Implicated In Childhood Absence Epilepsy (Cae)
by Wajeeha Tariq (2010-VA-487) | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Dr. Ali Raza Awan | Dr. Muhammad tayyab.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is more pediatric epileptic syndrome. It is about 5 to 15% of all childhood epilepsies. CAE is polygenic and multifactorial syndrome. Many different genes other than CACNA1A gene are involved to cause the CAE collectively. Mutation in P/Q type alpha 1 A subunit channel (Cav2.1) gene CACNA1A, leading to the reduction of Cav2.1 activity in both neurons and in expression system. Reduction in Cav2.1 channel activity altered the neurotransmitter release at neocortical synapses. Molecular genetics techniques have identified various mutation in the genes of ion channels such (CACNA1A, CACNA1G, CACNA1H, CACNB4), sodium channel genes (SCN1A, SCN1B and SCN2A) and GABA receptor genes (GABRD and GABRG2). CACNA1A ion channels are the standard mediator of neurotransmission in Central nervous system (CNS) and mutations in this gene play significant role in the generation of absence seizures. Pore forming alpha 1 a (Cav2.1) channels encoded by CACNA1A gene and are usually located in presynaptic neuron.
Present study was aimed to examine coding regions of CACNA1A gene for analyzing the mutations involve in epilepsy.
Blood samples (n = 40) of true CAE representatives were collected from Children hospital Lahore. DNA was isolated from all blood samples through standard organic method. Amplification of CACNA1A gene exon 36 regions was done with specially designed primers.
Later on, results were analyzed through sequencing of target region. Sequenced samples were analyzed through BioEdit software and alignment was done through Clustal Omega software.
It has been identified that absence epileptic patients of Pakistan showed Mutation in exon 36 of CACNA1A gene at position 281258bp and 281285bp which alter the protein sequence. Due to frame shift mutation a stop codon was detected at position 1813 in protein sequence. So a truncated and loss of function Cav2.1 channel might be formed. In epileptic patients, mutation is responsible for the absence seizures.
In the conclusion, we can say that additional study with large number sample is required to amend the effects of these mutations and their associated factors are precisely and perfectly identified. Further, there is need to investigate the other gene variation causing epilepsy in the local population of Punjab Pakistan. This study will ultimately help to develop genetic counseling strategies, gene therapies and parental diagnostic procedures for the Pakistani population.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2746-T] (1).
1210.
Assessment Of Post Prandial Glycemic Response Of Pasteurized Camel Milk In Comparison With Pasteurized Cow Milk Among Normal, Prediabetic And Diabetic Human Subjects
by Moeena Baig (2014-VA-770) | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Prof. Dr. Habib ur Rehman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Assessment Of Post Prandial Glycemic Response Of Pasteurized Camel Milk In Comparison With Pasteurized Cow Milk Among Normal, Prediabetic And Diabetic Human Subjects Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2739-T] (1).
1211.
Assessment Of Post Prandial Glycemic Response Of Pasteurized Camel Milk In Comparison With Pasteurized Cow Milk Among Normal, Prediabetic And Diabetic Human Subjects
by Moeena Baig (2014-VA-770) | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Prof. Dr. Habib ur Rehman | Dr. Zubair Farooq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Assessment Of Post Prandial Glycemic Response Of Pasteurized Camel Milk In Comparison With Pasteurized Cow Milk Among Normal, Prediabetic And Diabetic Human Subjects Availability: No items available
1212.
Comparison Of Response Of Oral Versus Injectible Vitamin D In Children Having Rickets
by Rabia Mazari (2014-VA-909) | Dr. Waqas Ahmad | Dr. Huma Imran | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Muhammad Bilal.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Nutritional rickets is a common problem in Pakistan as highlighted in different studies. Nutritional rickets is a childhood bone disorder in which bones become soften and deformity occurs. The main cause of this rickets is lack of vitamin D. In Pakistan, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among children has been reported as 40%.
Methodology consist of division of 2 groups (oral, injectable).A specific amount of doses (200,000 i.u) was given to both groups for about 3 months. All children were followed up for two more visits on thirty and ninety day. In the follow-up visits the children were subjected to clinical, biochemical and radiological examination and their findings were recorded.
Anthropometric measurements included wide wrist frontal bossing, and head circumference etc. Biochemical findings included different test for serum calcium level, serum phosphorous level, serum alkaline phosphatase and 25 dehydroxyvitamin D. Radiological examination was consisting of X-Ray reports of wrist and knee.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used. Means were compared for significance
through LSD. Level of significance was defined as ≤ 0.05.Cohort software version Costat 6.303 was used for all statistical analysis.
There were no undesirable side effects observed in either group of children and both oral and injectable forms of treatment were well-tolerated. The injectable route was little bit highly efficient than oral one as expected. But this difference in efficiency is not that much significant.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2742-T] (1).
1213.
Prevalence And Associated Risk Factors Of Needle Stick Injuries Among Health Care Workers In Government Tertiary Care Hospitals Of Lahore
by Gurdeep Singh (2014-VA-957) | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Ali Ahmad sheikh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In present study, seventy six percent (n=228) of respondents were involved in
sharp injuries and twenty four percent (n=72) were not involved. This study concluded there
was high occurrence of needle stick sharps injuries among healthcare workers in tertiary care
hospitals of Lahore. There are several risks associated with handling healthcare sharps
among healthcare workers which include, needle prick that could be contributed to cases of
occupational infections such as HIV/AIDS. Majority of reported cases were due to following
reasons , inadequate supply of barrier products ,unsafe practice such as recapping of needle
In paramedical staff due to failure in standard guide lines to handle medical sharps and lack
of reporting of sharps incidents and very lower ratio utilization of post exposure
prophylaxis. It was observed that risks of needle stick injuries were reduced with the
experience. Those who have work experience of 5 years or less had higher ratio of sharp
injuries than those who had work experience five to eight years. Respondents with nursing
profession and laboratory technicians were at high risk; their exposure to handle sharps is
greater and due to failure in precautionary measure risk of needle stick injuries in this
category is higher compared to other. While Females were at high exposure risk of sharp
injuries at tertiary care hospitals than male. Respondents with education level of diploma
were more exposed to needle stick injuries as compared with degree holders in paramedical
staff. It was observed that shift of eight hour work is absolute and healthcare workers were
normal with it. If work load increased and time was exceeded then it was difficult to manage
such injuries .while training on infection control and prevention has no effect in government
hospitals of Lahore to decrease the risk of sharps injury among healthcare workers.
Several recommendations which need to be implemented at the hospitals were
identified as discussed below. and special attention need to be given to nurses , cleaners ,
the critical care section and the department of medicines There is need of fully trained
Summary
38
health care workers in critical care units , medical and surgical ward Momentary to
developed infection control department in every government and private hospital of Lahore
and give them special training about the handling of medical sharps. adequate supply of
barrier products (gloves, masks, lab coats etc) Check and balance on proper use of barrier
product , there is need of timely collection of used medical sharps in puncture proof
containers such as safety boxes that should be ¾ full when emptying .Need of safe
transportation in a covered vehicle for incarnation .Administration of hospital need to
developed polices for reporting of needle stick injuries by designing a log form that capture
information on demographic data of the employee. Data and time of injury, type of sharp,
procedure involved, part of body involved where it occurred. So it’s important to analyzed
enter data in an order to understand root cause. It’s important to conduct surveillance and
prevent further injury. Infection control department should need to check post-exposure
prophylaxis status in health care workers go through counseling and are followed up to
enhance post exposure prophylaxis in health care workers it’s not up to individual effort it’s
a team work by involving administration and health care workers.. In government hospitals of
Lahore there is many factors which contribute to needle stick injuries it might be reduced by
strengthening of reporting system is necessary. The responsibility of government is to
strengthen the check and balance on use of barrier products (gloves, pads, lab coats etc.) and
create awareness on standard guidelines on handling of medical sharps. Thus rate of needle
stick injuries could be reduced to acceptable level. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2748-T] (1).
1214.
Comparitive Study Of Biogas Production From Wastewater Sludge Of Tehsil Municiple Administration (Tma) Ravi Town Drains In Lahore
by Hira Khalid (2014-VA-229) | Dr. Saif ur Rehman Kashif | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Global expansion in energy demand has convinced energetic search for alternative energy
sources. Biogas is an energy-rich combination of mainly methane and carbon dioxide and can be
used for active purposes. It is a cheap way to meet energy crises. It is an odorless, colorless and
flammable gas with an energy content of 37.3 MJ/m3. It is produced by process of anaerobic
digestion comprising of three steps i.e. hydrolysis, acidogenesis/acetogenesis and
methanogenesis. Out of the 14 drains in Lahore, sludge samples were collected from Samanabad,
outfall and Gulshan-e-Ravi drains. These samples were analyzed for Electrical conductivity (HI
8633 EC meter), pH (HI 2210 pH meter), BOD5 (HI 9146 DO meter), Total carbon content,
Nitrogen (Kjeldhal’s method), Phosphorus (V-110 spectrophotometer), Potassium (Multichannel
Flame photometer-AFP 100) and Heavy metals (including Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni by
Polarized Zeeman Z-8230 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer).
pH went from 6.37 to 7.66 (from slightly acidic to basic in nature) inside the biogas digesters
while temperature inside the biogas digesters ranged from 26.1°C-32.2°C. Electrical conductivity
of sludge samples varied from 1.38 mS/cm to 2.23 mS/cm and TDS ranged from 883.2 mg/l to
1427.2 mg/l. Carbon content of wastewater sludge ranged from 1.3983 g to 2.3677 g while total
Kjeldhal’s nitrogen varied from 40.6 mg/l to 59.2 mg/l. Nutrients like Phosphorus varied from
15750 ppm to 17250 ppm and Potassium ranged from 602.5 ppm to 9775.5 ppm in sludge
samples. Concentration of heavy metals i.e. Lead (Pb) in sludge samples varied from 2.58 ppm
to 2.94 ppm, Copper (Cu) went from 0.05 ppm to 0.79 ppm, Zinc went from 5.13 ppm to 5.28
ppm, Nickel (Ni) ranged from 0.11 ppm to 0.35 ppm while Chromium (Cr) was not detected in
samples.
Summary
43
Variation in water concentration in the digesters of drain A made a difference of 900.800 ppm in
CH4 concentration, 0.016 % vol of CO2, 0.020 in pH and 1.090 °C in temperature. While
variation in water concentration in the digesters of drain B made a difference of 483.499 ppm in
CH4 concentration, 0.331 % vol of CO2, 0.019 in pH and 0.110 °C in temperature. And in that of
the digesters of drain C made a difference of 238.295 ppm in CH4 concentration, 0.187 % vol of
CO2, 0.015 in pH and 0.490 °C in temperature. Highest methane potential was found in Drain A,
followed by drain B and C. Absence of H2S shows that the biogas produced anaerobically from
the municipal wastewater sludge can be an environmentally friendly source of energy. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2756-T] (1).
1215.
Evaluation Of Vehicles Exhaust Gases And Its Contribution Toward Urban Air Quality In Lahore
by Sadia Ismail Shah (2014-VA-215) | Dr.Saif -ur- Rahman Kashif | Dr. Fariha Arooj | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pollution caused by vehicles is directly released into the atmosphere. It contains carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and oxides of sulphur, in comparison to NEQS standards existing situation put alarming air pollution in Lahore Automobile emission is responsible for two third of air pollution in urban areas. It contributed 60-70 % degradation of air quality. The main sources of air pollution are vehicular emission and industrial emission in Pakistan. Vehicular emission can be reduced by using alternative fuels. This study is about to measure the concentration of pollutants (CO, SO2, O2, NO2, NO, HC, H2S) of five vehicles groups (Motor bikes, Qingqi and Rickshaw, Local cars, Imported cars and Vans) through flue gas analyzer. Heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Fe. Ni, Cr, Cu and Mn) have been detected in soil and plants through Hitachi Z-8230 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Minerals (Na, Ca and K)have been detected by using flame photometer the following site has selected for analysis of vehicle exhaust gases and soil and vegetative sampling e.g. Outfall road, Mall road and Lower Mall, `Lahore. The soil and vegetative samples has been collected from adjacent site of road.The outcome of the study deduced that high concentration of carbon monoxide is emitted from vans; bikes then followed by the motor bikes, qingqi and riskshaw and locally manufactured cars. Qingqi and rickshaw emitted high concentration of sulphur dixode and nitrogen dioxide. High concentration of nitric oxide emitted by locally manufactured cars. High concentration of hydrocarbons emitted by Vans and qingqi and Rickshaw. Locally manufacturing cars, imported cars and vans produce high concentration of hydrogen sulfide. These pollutants emissions have been associated with poor maintenance, wear and tear of the combustion chamber and other mechanical parts of the vehicles, high speed driving, influence of external heat and to unadjusted AFR.Soil samples have been taken from outfall, lower mall and mall road; areas experiencing high traffic loads resulting in direct exposure of soils to vehicular exhaust. These are expected to have greater concentration of heavy metals than reference soil sample taken from within UVAS and standard have been used for comparison. The concentration of Zn and Pb in the soil and vegetative samples are higher in observe sites. Fe and Mn concentration either approach or exceed their prescribed level. Cu, Ni and Cu have been detected in low concentration from site sites. Plants accumulating sodium and potassium at all the three sites greater than in the reference vegetative sample. Sodium concentration is low in soil samples of observe sites than the reference site. Calcium is high in the soil tan in reference soil. It is concluded that Public transport vehicles i.e. qingqi and rickshaw and vans contribute more towards atmospheric pollution. Both locally manufacturing cars and imported cars are comparatively cleaner. All the different types of vehicles emit gaseous pollutant much higher than their standard. It cannot be concluded that vehicular exhaust is the only source of heavy metals in the plants analyzed. Heavy metals in soil and vegetation exposed to vehicular exhausts are higher than their concentration in reference samples. Heavy metals in the soil taken from the three sites (Outfall, Lower mall and Mall road) may not only be coming from vehicle exhaust. All the heavy metals are within prescribed limits expect iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). Iron and manganese in soil and vegetative samples are particularly high followed by lead and zinc. Among minerals calcium is high in the control soil sample, potassium is lower in control soil sample and sodium is negligible detected in soil sample. High level of potassium is detected in the vegetation sample of mall road, moderate levels of calcium and sodium are present in all vegetative samples
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2752-T] (1).
1216.
Development And Evaluation Of Vaccines Prepared From Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates Of Camel Mastitis
by Amjad Islam Aqib (2013-VA-947) | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Riaz Hussain | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Development And Evaluation Of Vaccines Prepared From Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates Of Camel Mastitis Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2750-T] (1).
1217.
Clinico Epidemiology of tick Borne Hemoparasitic Diseases Using Single Round And Multiplex PCR Along With their Phylogenetic Analysis In Bovine
by Shahid Hussain Farooqi (2012-VA-447) | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Muhammad Hassan saleem.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: CD Crupt Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2760-T] (1).
1218.
Clinico Epidemiology of tick Borne Hemoparasitic Diseases Using Single Round And Multiplex PCR Along With their Phylogenetic Analysis In Bovine
by Shahid Hussain Farooqi (2012-VA-447) | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Muhammad Hassan saleem | Dr. Muhammad Imran Rashid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: CD Crupt Availability: No items available
1219.
Anthelmintic Activity Of Euphorbia Plant Against Gastrointestinal (Git) Nematodes In Goats In District Killa Saifullah, Balochistan
by Wseem Khan (2008-VA-214) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Saadullah Jan | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad Avais.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: With the passage of each day, the parasites are becoming more and more drug resistant thus reducing the options for their treatment. There is a need to explore herbal products having anthelmintic activity. The aim of this study was be to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of Euphorbia plant against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats. It is documented that Euphorbia plant extracts have efficacy against GIT nematodes in goats. (CP) and (CME) of the plants were used to evaluate the effect of the plant on GIT nematode in goats. Eighty goats positive for GIT nematodes were selected for GIT nematodes in vivo study of the plant and Albendazole. Goats were divided into 8 groups and each group containing 10 goats. Animals in group A were positive Control Untreated Group, in group B that is B1, B2 and B3 were treated with 1g/kg b.wt. CP of Euphorbia 2g/kg b.wt. CP of Euphorbia and 3g/kg b.wt. CP of Euphorbia respectively. Animals in group C that is C1, C2 and C3 were treated with CME of Euphorbia. At the equivalent dose rate of 1g/kg b.wt CP, CME of Euphorbia at the equivalent dose rate of 2g/kg b.wt CP and CME of Euphorbia at the equivalent dose rate of 3g/kg b.wt CP. Group D were treated with Albendazole at recommended dose rate of 3.8mg/kg body weight. Animals were treated on day zero with crude methyl extract of Euphorbia plant, crude powder of Euphorbia plant, and Albendazole. Sampling was done on day 0 pre-treatment 7, 14 and 21 post-treatment to determine eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces. Data was tabulated and subjected to SPSS and one way ANOVA was performed to find out treatment differences. Potential anthelmintic efficacy of Euphorbia plant against GIT nematodes of goats was a good herbal alternate for treatment of GIT nematode worm infections. Albendazole gave the best results in the in-vivo drug trial. The efficacy of the drug was 99.26%. This efficacy of 99.26% showed by animals in group D was highest in all treated groups. The effect of Albendazole at 21st day post treatment was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other groups treated with Euphorbia plant preparations. Crude powder of Euphorbia was highly effective as (P < 0.05) compared to the untreated control group of animals. The crude powder showed dose and time dependent decline in EPG of the nematodes infested animals. Highest efficacy was shown by the dose rate of 3g/kg body weight monitored for 21 days post treatment. The efficacy of crude powder 1g/kg body weight, 2g/kg body weight and 3g/kg body weight was 17.86%, 20.34% and 36.24% respectively. Highest efficacy was shown by crude methyl extract of the plant given orally at the dose rate equivalent to 3g/kg body weight of the animal. The efficacy of the CME of plant was 53.96% at 21st day post treatment. The old-fashioned remedy used for the cure of helminthes Euphrbia an herbal medicinal plant exhibit the anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal nematodes. It may be suggested that the herbal plants used traditionally as curative agent should be tested out extensively for their efficacy against GIT nematodes. Further studies are required to be carried out for the Euphorbia plant and identification of active principles of the plant and toxicity studies.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2769-T] (1).
1220.
Comparative Freestall Occupancy Behavior Of Nili Ravi Buffalo And Holstein Cattle
by Sayyad Hussain Magsi | Dr. Muhammad Qamar Shahid | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Naveed-ul-Haque.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Livestock has great economic importance for our country, with 11.6% share to the total GDP of Pakistan (GOP, 2015-2016). It plays a major role in poverty alleviation in rural area of the country. Buffalo is the major milk producing animal. The share of buffalo milk is 61% of the total milk produced in the country (GOP, 2015-16). Buffaloes are managed under traditional housing where these animals are kept tethered most of the time. The lying surface always remains wet with their urine and feces thereby compromising animal production potential and health. Freestall housing is a better housing option with the specific purpose of providing a comfortable place for dairy cattle to lie down while motivating defecation and urination in the alley outside of the freestall. This system of housing in buffalo can improve their performance and needs to be explored.The current trial was conducted at Dairy Animal Training and Research Center, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus. The comparative freestall occupancy behavior of Nili Ravi buffaloes and Holstein pregnant heifers had been assessed. Thirty Nili Ravi (primiparous and multiparous) pregnant buffaloes and 30 Holstein pregnant heifers was introduced in a naturally ventilated shed having freestall. These animal were given free choice to sit in the sand bedded freestalls, in alleys with concrete floor or in open area with dirt for seven days and their stall occupancy behavior was observed.In second phase, animals restricted under covered area to forcibly (against one’s will) choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night. The descriptive statistics was presented in %age of stall usage for every day till maximum stall filling. The logistic regression was used to compare the effect of parity, and weight on stall usage. Kaplan Meier survival curve was estimated to compare stall occupancy between parity.
When buffaloeswere given free choice to lie in freestall, or on concrete floor alleys or to lie on dirt floor in open area, they preferred to lie in open dirt area as compared to freestalls. When
Holstein heifers were given free choice, initially they preferred to lie in open dirt area but gradually the percentage of lying in freestalls increased. Similarly whenBuffaloes and Holstein heifers were restricted under covered area to forcibly choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night, Holstein heifers started to lie in cubicles quickly as compared to buffaloes.Holstein heifers prefer to lie in freestalls when given free choice in comparison to buffaloes. Buffaloes having 4th and 3rd parity started to lie in cubicles earlier as compared to buffaloes having 2nd and 1stparty.This study could provide an important bench mark for freestall housing in buffaloes.
Livestock has great economic importance for our country, with 11.6% share to the total GDP of Pakistan (GOP, 2015-2016). It plays a major role in poverty alleviation in rural area of the country. Buffalo is the major milk producing animal. The share of buffalo milk is 61% of the total milk produced in the country (GOP, 2015-16). Buffaloes are managed under traditional housing where these animals are kept tethered most of the time. The lying surface always remains wet with their urine and feces thereby compromising animal production potential and health. Freestall housing is a better housing option with the specific purpose of providing a comfortable place for dairy cattle to lie down while motivating defecation and urination in the alley outside of the freestall. This system of housing in buffalo can improve their performance and needs to be explored.The current trial was conducted at Dairy Animal Training and Research Center, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus. The comparative freestall occupancy behavior of Nili Ravi buffaloes and Holstein pregnant heifers had been assessed. Thirty Nili Ravi (primiparous and multiparous) pregnant buffaloes and 30 Holstein pregnant heifers was introduced in a naturally ventilated shed having freestall. These animal were given free choice to sit in the sand bedded freestalls, in alleys with concrete floor or in open area with dirt for seven days and their stall occupancy behavior was observed.In second phase, animals restricted under covered area to forcibly (against one’s will) choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night. The descriptive statistics was presented in %age of stall usage for every day till maximum stall filling. The logistic regression was used to compare the effect of parity, and weight on stall usage. Kaplan Meier survival curve was estimated to compare stall occupancy between parity.
When buffaloeswere given free choice to lie in freestall, or on concrete floor alleys or to lie on dirt floor in open area, they preferred to lie in open dirt area as compared to freestalls. When
Holstein heifers were given free choice, initially they preferred to lie in open dirt area but gradually the percentage of lying in freestalls increased. Similarly whenBuffaloes and Holstein heifers were restricted under covered area to forcibly choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night, Holstein heifers started to lie in cubicles quickly as compared to buffaloes.Holstein heifers prefer to lie in freestalls when given free choice in comparison to buffaloes. Buffaloes having 4th and 3rd parity started to lie in cubicles earlier as compared to buffaloes having 2nd and 1stparty.This study could provide an important bench mark for freestall housing in buffaloes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2766-T] (1).
1221.
Microbial And Physicochemical Analysis Of Drinking Water Quality Of Government Installed Water Filtration Plants Of Lahore In Comparison With Tap Water
by Syed Mubeen-ur-Rehman (2014-VA-945) | Ms. Isbah Hammed | Dr. Saif-ur-Rehman Kashif | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Water is an important constituent for survival after oxygen. Internationally, hazardous
drinking water passing through poor hygiene kills almost 1.6 million children below the age of
five annually. Various physical parameters that represent the quality of drinking water should be
in safe limit. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), Arsenic (As), Nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and
chromium (Cr) have adverse effects on humans. Drinking water should not contain any
pathogenic organism or any bacteria indicating bacterial contamination. Presence of coliforms in
water is considered as bacterial contamination. In this study three filtration plants were selected
randomly from each town three samples of tap water and filtered water were taken after 15 days
respectively. Overall 162 samples were collected for the study. Parameters that were used to
determine the physical characteristics of water were Color, total Hardness as CACO3, Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS) and pH. Chemical characteristics included detection of Arsenic,
Calcium, Chloride, Chromium, Copper. Toxic inorganics included Lead, Manganese, Nickel,
Selenium and Zinc were analyzed. Microbiological quality of water was examined in terms of
Escherichia coli (must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample) and total coliforms (Must not be
detectable in any 100 ml sample). The results observed are as follows: pH of tap water ranged
from 5.56 to 8.49 in tap water while that of filtered water ranged from 7.46 to 8.37, TDS in tap
water varied from 52 mg/L to 1025.3 mg/L while that in filtered water was 217.91 mg/L to
1098.6 mg/L, chlorides in tap water ranged from 47.5 meq/L to 592.8 meq/L while that in
filtered water were from 41.5 meq/L to 520.6 meq/L, Hardness of tap water samples varied from
20.1 mg/L to 260 mg/L while that of filtered water samples were from 40.4 mg/L to 290.9 mg/L,
calcium (Ca) in tap water ranged from 17.8 mg/L to 48.3 mg/L while that in filtered water was
Summary
41
14.7 mg/L to 51 mg/L, Manganese (Mn) in tap water ranged from 0.01 mg/L to 0.19 mg/L while
in filtered water it ranged from 0.01 mg/L to 0.13 mg/L, Zinc (Zn) in tap water samples varied
from 0.01 mg/L to 0.25 mg/L while in filtered water samples it went from 0.01 mg/L to 0.09
mg/L, Arsenic (As) ranged from 0 to 0.05 mg/L in tap water while in filtered water it went from
0 to 0.023 mg/L, Lead (Pb) in tap water ranged from 0 to 0.06 mg/L while in filtered water it
ranged from 0 to 0.01 mg/L, Chromium (Cr) in tap water varied from 0 to 0.6 mg/L while in
filtered water it went from 0 to 0.2 mg/L while Copper (Cu), Selenium (Se) and Nickel (Ni) were
not detected in tap water samples as well as in filtered water samples. 3.7% coliforms were
present in filtered water samples while tap water had 7.4% of total coliforms. 22.2 % E. coli were
present in filtered water samples while 40.7% E. coli were present in tap water samples. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2759-T] (1).
1222.
Efects Of Feeding Mannanoligosaccharides On Serum Minerals Profile In Beetal Goats
by Zil-E-Huma (2014-VA-11) | Dr. Muhammad Shabaz Yousaf | Prof .Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani | Dr. Saif-ur-Rehman Kashif.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The need of minerals is increased during gestation and lactation to support fetal growth and milk production respectively and prebiotics are considered to increase mineral absorption during gestation. Mannan-oligosaccharide supplementation can enhance minerals absorption during pregnancy. The study was conducted in the experimental shed of University Of Veterinary and Animal Science, Pattoki for a period of 60 days. Total of 24 pregnant goats were taken and kept under normal temperature. The pregnant goats will be divided into 3 groups. Group-I containing 8 pregnant goats served as control group and throughout the experiment basal feed was given to this group. Group-II and III served as experimental groups each containing 8 pregnant goats. In Group-II and III eight pregnant goats were given 5g and 10g manan-oligosaccharide with basal feed, respectively. Sampling was done after one week of MOS supplementation and before 2 weeks of parturition. The research data was evaluated by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). This study helped to evaluate importance of prebiotics (MOS) in mineral absorption during gestation. The results of minerals concentration in pregnant goats with basal diet revealed that without supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharides no significant effect on serum minerals was observed.In our study mannan-oligosaccharides supplementation significantly modulated calcium and iron serum levels rest of the minerals including copper and zinc did not showed any significant modulations in their concentrations under the effect of mannan oligosaccharide supplementation. The supplementation of MOS at 5g and 10g increased serum calcium concentration (P < 0.05) while the status of the group, before birth and after birth did not showed significant effect (P > 0.05) on serum calcium concentration. The supplementation of MOS at 5g and 10g increased serum iron concentration (P < 0.05) while the status of the group, before birth and after birth also showed significant effect (P < 0.05) on serum iron concentration. Zinc and copper concentration were not modulated under the effect 5g and 10g MOS supplementation (P > 0.05). The serum concentration of zinc and copper were not influenced by group status of before and after parturition (P > 0.05).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2774-T] (1).
1223.
Assessment Of Glycemic Modulation In Diabetic Sprague Dawley Rats Through Feeding Camel Milk Whey
by Rabia Akram (2014-VA-769) | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Prof. Dr. Habib-ur-Rehman | Dr. Zubair Farooq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The number of people diagnosed with diabetes is increasing tremendously exhausting the ability of health care systems to deal with the epidemic. Therefore it is necessary to find scientific merits in traditional folk remedies to justify their claims. Number of investigational studies on the traditional belief that regular consumption of camel milk helps in the prevention and control of diabetes are done by experimentations on different animal models have given significant results. Therefore present project was designed for evaluation of camel milk whey as functional food against diabetes mellitus. In the first part of study whey was extracted and in the second part of study efficacy of camel milk whey as functional food against diabetes mellitus was evaluated in male Sprague dawley rats. Seventy two rats were induced diabetes by injecting Streptozotocin (50 mg/ kg) dissolved in cold 10mM of citrate buffer at pH of 4.5. Diabetes was induced in group I, II and III rats and feed on three types of diet (standard diet + water, standard diet + raw camel milk and standard diet + camel milk whey) respectively. After the induction of diabetes it was confirmed by checking the 8 hour fastening blood glucose level using the Abbot glucometer, rats with blood glucose greater than 200mg/dl were considered diabetic. Base line reading were recorded by decapitating 6 rats from each group. Parameters which were consider included serum blood glucose level(mg/dl), TGL (mg/dl), cholesterol (mg/dl), HDL (mg/dl) and LDL (mg/dl) further more to observe the changes at cellular level histopathology of liver and pancreas was also performed. Therefore the present study consisting of duration of 6 weeks showed that camel milk whey is concentrated with number of beneficial proteins that are helpful in reducing the blood glucose level significantly in diabetic rats as well as it also remarkably in creased the level of LDL. The histopathology report of organs i.e. liver and pancreas showed improvement gradually with the ongoing treatment and these improvements strongly prove
Summary
38
that composition of serum not only improved temporarily but long term use of camel milk whey could not only help to improve serum composition but it also cases regeneration of degraded cells of pancreas and also improved the sinusoidal congestion in liver. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2773-T] (1).
1224.
Assessment Of Loode Milk Supply Chain In Lahore Throogh Milk quality Analysis And Structured interview Form Milkman And Milk Shops
by Muhammad Asim Shahzad (2008-VA-413) | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Azmat Ullah Khan | Dr. Ghulam Mustafa.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pakistan is currently producing 52.63 billion liters of milk and holds 4th position among world top milk producing countries. Out of the total milkproduced, 97% is in the informal sector (i.e.loose milk sold through “Gawallas” in the villages and in cities which is of poor quality because of the unhygienic conditions and lack of standards). A total of 66.22% of milk is collected by milkmen from farmers and dairy farms in peri-urban areas. Milk collected by milkmen is distributed either directly to the end consumer or it reaches the end consumer through different intermediate channels. The civic population of Lahore city are mostly tend to consume milk from milkmen which is why a total of 41.78% of milk from milkmen is delivered directly to end consumer’s home. Whole sale milk shops and milk sale points are the main source of milk after milkmen as the remaining 58.22% of the milk from milkmen is distributed through these channels in urban areas of Lahore. Some of the milk is also distributed through hotels/restaurants, tea stalls/canteens and halwai which is also a big part of milk supply chain in peri-urban areas of Lahore. This milk is either directly consumed by the end consumer or it is used to make different by-products. The proposed study was expected to assess the current scenario of loose milk supply chain in different regions of Lahore with special reference to food safety knowledge, attitude, practices adopted for handling and gaps among replacing loose milk supply with pasteurized milk by engaging the currently involved people (Gawalas) with this distribution chain.
The results of the physicochemical organization and milk debasement plainly demonstrated that the milk sold at these spots was widely put to the acts of neglect, for example, skimming and defilement of milk with water, urea, formalin, hydrogen peroxide and cane sugarwhich was done amid the treatment of milk beginning from milking till the getting by end buyer. In this way the milk advertised at these spots couldn't be considered as "Milk" in its genuine sense as it was just white milky watery liquid rather than wholesome milk. Most likely everybody required in the milk showcasing affix dilution of milk to some degree specifically or in a roundabout way however deliberately.
Milk samples from Milkmen and Milk shops in all regions showed10.46% and 5.56% less protein; 16.4% and 17.4% less fat; 31.56% and 29.67% less SNF and 33.69% and 32.83% less lactosethan that of standard milk composition described in APPENDIX II (12.1.1 & 12.1.8) of The Punjab Pure Food Rules, 2011.Keeping in view the current milk analysis situation it is hard to believe the universally accepted statement that "milk is a perfect food". This statement is not applicable to the milk obtained from various regions of Lahore city. It is very unfortunate that the consumers are enforced to consume that milky colored fluid. That milk has loosened its wholesomeness, color, taste and nutritive value due to deceivable skimming and fraudulent adulteration when ultimately it reaches to the consumer.Milk samples were analyzed to detect adulterants from milk samples. According to the results some of the adulterants have been detected in these milk samples which are formalin, detergent, cane sugar, sorbitol, quaternary ammonium compound while the others such as urea, starch, salt, hydrogen peroxide, glucose, hypochlorite, boric acid, and carbonate were not detected in 180 milk samples that were collected from all nine towns of Lahore city.
The highest proportion of milk which was sold was as mixed, followed by buffalo and cow milk. The data shows that 3.11% of milkmen use bicycle, 65.78% use motor bike, 4% use animal carts, 7.11% use rickshaw, 8.89% use van and 11.11% use other means of transportation. The largest portion of milk is supplied to households by the milkmen which are 41.78% and a significantly less portion of milk from milkmen is supplied to hotel/restaurants. According to the data 10.67% sensory evaluation, 4.44% chemical testing and 13.78% other testing procedures are adopted by milkmen while the other 71.11% do not perform any quality testing in Lahore city. The data showed that 60.89% of the leftover milk is used for the production of dahi, 19.56% is used for khoya production, 5.78% for both and 13.78% is used for domestic purposes. The total average price of loose milk sold is 75.7 Rs. by milkmen and 70.1 Rs. by milk shops in Lahore city. It took an average of 2.09 hours to supply milk by milkmen and 11.96 hours to complete sale of milk by milk shops in Lahore city. The total average of consumers that buy milk from milkmen is 16.03 and that of milk shops is 142.49 in Lahore city.
Poor literacy rate, lake of professional trainings, inefficient enforcement of food safety policies by the government, absence of organized setups to control unhygienic malicious practices, negligence of end consumer regarding milk handling concerns etc. are the main causes for such malpractices and poor condition of milk supply chain.Milkman and milk shopkeepers are so involved in these malpractices that they take it as their right and will not stop doing that until enforced by legal framework. The incorporation of pasteurization facilities in the loose milk supply chain is not feasible until and unless the competent authority take necessary actions to bring all stockholders on board and spread awareness about the comparative benefits of pasteurized milk as compare to loose milk.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2768-T] (1).
1225.
Prevalence And Treatment Of Helminths In Race Horses During Summer Season In Lahore
by Syeda Qurrat-Ul-Ainn Zanjani (2008-VA-162) | Dr. Waseem Yaqub | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Nasir Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Horses and humans interact in many ways including a wide variety of sports competition, police work, agriculture, entertainment and warfare. The transport of horses across national boundaries for shows and performance competitions make the issue of worm control and containment of resistant strains a matter of global importance.
Among the diseases affecting horses, helminths infections are much extended. These parasites continue to be a significant threat to the health of horses. The nature or extent of damage varies with the parasites. They cause loss of nutrients, blood and serious economic losses. The control of nematodes in horses has been challenging for some years and there is general recognition that improvements should be made to commonly used worm control programs. These improvements should be based on scientific knowledge of the parasites, appropriate diagnostic techniques and should take into account the presence or potential selection for resistance to available anthelmintic. Horses of all ages are affected without sex or breed susceptibility. There is, therefore, a need to understand the current status of the prevalence and intensity of infection of helminths in horses
The prevalence and intensity of infection of helminths is influenced by the origin, age, and sex of animals. Horse breeders should regularly contact veterinarians for prophylactic and curative treatment of their animals and also, pasture management should be strictly respected. So, keeping in view the importance and economic losses rendered due to parasitic diseases.The background of this study is to diagnose the prevalence of helminths in race horses through fecal examination techniques.
The study was carried out at the Lahore Race Club for 6 months. A total of 300 horses were examined randomly.Fecal samples were collected from sampled horses and processed by Direct microscopic examination, Salt floatation, McMaster egg counting techniques. The data regarding age of animals, clinical history, feeding, housing and various treatment protocols as well as feedback were entered in the questionnaire. 45 horses were found infected with various parasites with the overall prevalence of 13.33%. Out of 45 horses, 10 horseswere infected with strongylus. 2 with trichostrongylus, 8 with oxyuris, 14 with parascaris, 6 with strongyloides and 5 with mixed infection. So, the prevalence for strongylus, trichostrongylus, oxyuris, parascaris, strongyloides and mixed infection was 3.33%, 0.66%, 2.66%, 4.66%, 2.0% and 1.66% respectively.
Drug trials were carried on positive animals. 5 grams of fecal sample from each animal was collected and drug trials were carried into 4 groups, i.e. A, B, C and D. Each group comprises of 10 animals,Pyrantelpamoate at 19mg/kg B.W. once orally,Ivermectin at 2mg/kg B.W. orally as single dose,Oxfendazoleat 10mg/kg B.W. once, Neem leaves orally at 375mg/kg B.W. once, were used in these four groups. The feces were examined on day 3, 7, 11 and 14 post-medication. The efficacy of the drugs was calculated on the basis of reductions in the number of ova per gram of feces.
The efficacy of pyrantelpamoate was 53.32%, 53.08%, 51.0% and 50.52% on days 3,7,11 and 14 respectively. The efficacy of ivermectin was 71.67%, 93.32% ,97.56% and 98.78% on days 3, 7, 11 and 14 respectively. The efficacy of oxfendazole was61.5%, 69.06%, 72.47%, and74.72% on days 3, 7, 11 and 14 respectively. The efficacy of neem leaves was 41.37%, 40.32%, 38.76% and 38.74% on days 3, 7, 11 and 14 respectively. It was concluded that ivermectin was most effective.
In hematological examination hemoglobin estimation, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count and differential leukocytic count was performed followed by the collection of 5ml of the blood aseptically. Groups A and D had low hemoglobin values. The values get improved in groups B and C after 4days, consecutive treatment of positive horses, the sample was drawn days from the relative groups to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment for lowering the EPG.
This study helped to control helminthic load. Comparative efficacy of the drugs was also help in choosing the most effective drug against these parasites.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2775-T] (1).
1226.
Effects Of Dietary Supplementation Of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder On Redox Status, Hepatic And Kidney Function In Rats Exposed To Heat Stress
by Noor Muhammad Khan (2015-VA-07) | Dr. Khalid Abdul Majeed | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: here are a number of stressors which adversely affects the normal homeostasis of the body. One of them is heat stress which has marked damaging effect on the normal physiology of an individual. Moringa oleifera is a versatile plant from Moringaceae family. Moringa oleifera is a best food plant but it also has a large potential as a medicinal plant. Due to rich source of flavonoids, Beta- carotenes, vitamin A & D, Moringa oleifera is known as a best natural anti-oxidant. The leaves of Moringa oleifera also possess hepato-protective and renal protective activities due to its rich anti-oxidant potential.
Hypothesis:It was hypothesized that Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation will ameliorate the redox status, hepatic and kidney function in rats exposed to heat stress.
Methodology: Adult male wistar rats (n= 24) were procured and housed in stainless steel cages in the experimental animal shed of department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan. After acclimatization, rats were divided in to four groups (One control and 3 MOLP treated groups). Rats were exposed to high environmental temperature (37±1°C ) for one hour daily(12.00 PM-1.00 PM) throughout the experimental period of 21 days for the induction of heat stress(Sinha. 2007). Anti-stress properties of Moringa oleifera leaf powderwere examined by measuring biochemical parameters, i.e. redox by estimating serum malondialdehyde through assay used by(Ohkawa et al. 1979) and catalase by the same spectrophotometric protocol in accordance with the study (Hadwan et al. 2016). Analysis of liver function enzymes (Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase and Alkaline phosphatase), kidney function (Blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and serum creatinine), serum
Summary
38
glucose and lactate dehydrogenasewere carried out by using commercially available kits provided by Human Diagnostics, Germany.
Results:The present study revealed that Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation during heat stress has a significant effect (P<0.05) on serum redox status. Serum malondialdehyde and catalase were significantly reduced by Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation. On the other hand, Moringa oleifera leaf powder demonstrated a non-significant effect (P>0.05) on hepatic and kidney function. Serum Glucose was also not altered by powdered leaf supplementation of Moringa oleifera.
Statistical analysis: The data was analyzed by using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS software. The group differences were compared by the Tukey’s Test. Differences were considered significant at P<0.05.
Conclusion: From this study, it was concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) has a potent antioxidant potential without any marked ameliorative or deteriorative effect on hepatic and kidney functioning in heat stressed rats. Further studies are required to explore the potential of other portions of this plant in heat stress. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2783-T] (1).
1227.
Effect Of Season (Breeding Vs. Low Breeding) And Breeding Method (Natural Vs. Ai) On Fertility, Embryonic And Fetal Losses In Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffalo Either Bred Naturally Or Artificially
by Arslan Qayyum (2015-VA-1076) | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Abdul Rehman | Dr. Muhammad Husaan Saleem.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Buffalo reproductive efficiency is challenging due to seasonal anestrus, lowered fertility and higher embryonic losses. Basic information on reproductive norms is generally lacking in buffalo. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of method of breeding and season on pregnancy rate, and cumulative embryonic and fetal losses in Nili-Ravi buffalo. Buffalo (n = 130) ranging from 4-8 years of age, having 350-550 kg body weight and 60-200 days post-partum were enrolled in this study. Estrus detection was performed twice a day by an apronized teaser buffalo bull for one hour each. A 2X2 factorial design was used to address method of breeding and season. Buffalo (n = 130) exhibiting estrus along with the presence of a large sized (>12 mm) follicle were randomly assigned to be bred either in peak breeding season (PBS; n = 80) or low breeding season (LBS; n = 50). Within each season buffalo were divided to receive either natural service (NS; n = 65) or artificial insemination (AI; n = 65). For natural service, buffalo, in estrus, was allowed to remain with the bull until mating. Artificial insemination was achieved, using frozen thawed semen of bull of known fertility, 24 hours after the onset of standing estrus. PBS comprised of September to December and LBS were from May to July. Serial ultrasonography was done on Day 30, 45, 60 and 90 after breeding (Day 0) to monitor pregnancy rate, embryonic mortality and fetal losses. Results revealed that the pregnancy rate when determined on Day 30 after breeding was higher in NS as compared to AI group (63% vs 43%; P < 0.05) during PBS while it did not differ (48% vs 32%; P > 0.05) in LBS. The cumulative embryonic and fetal losses between Day 31- 90, were significantly lower in PBS than LBS (33% vs 60%; P < 0.05), ignoring breeding method. In conclusion, pregnancy rates are better with natural service in peak breeding season and cumulative embryonic fetal losses were
SUMMARY
higher in low breeding season in Nili-Ravi buffalo. It is implied that this base line information can help in devising strategies to improve reproduction in buffal Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2784-T] (1).
1228.
Islami Qanun Ki Khasoosiyat
by Prof. Dr. Muhammad Tahir Qadri.
Edition: 1st/ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Zia: 1995Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297.55 Qadri 21895 1st 1995 Islam] (1).
1229.
Effect Of Bacillus Subtilis And Sodium Butyrate On The Morphometry Of The Small Intestine And Immune System In Healthy And Salmonella-Challenged Broiler Chickens
by Arbab Sikandar (2005-VA-154) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. muhammad Younus | Dr. Sima Masood | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Supplementation ofBacillus subtilis and microencapsulated sodium butyrate in the feed is being practiced as a substitute for antibiotics growth promoters. An expansive range of encouraging health-related properties exhibited by B. subtilis and SB has been published, but their exact effect on gut and immune system is not completely understood. Consequently, the evaluation of B. subtilis andSB as feed supplements is desired. To achieve this goal, the present study was aimed to investigate the effects of B. subtilis and SB on performance, immune system, gut and lymphoid organs microarchitecture in healthy and Salmonella-challenged broiler chickens.
In the first experiment the research was targeted to investigate the effects of B. subtilis on performance, immune system, gut and lymphoid organ microarchitecture in broilers. A total of 120 d-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four groups, each group with three replicates containing 10 birds per replicate. The birds were fed a corn-soy-based basal diet (BD, control) or BD supplemented with 10% zinc bacitracin (ZnB), and 0.05g/kg or 0.1g/kg of B. subtilis, respectively. On d 21 and 35, six birds from each group were killed to collect blood and visceral organs (thymus, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, liver and small intestine). Parameters evaluated included growth performance, immune responses, relative organ weights, lymphoid organs and gut mucosal morphometry, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) count and goblet cell histochemistry in mucosa. Results showed that the group fed 0.1g/kg of B. subtilis had superior (P<0.05) mean body weight and weight gain, and lower FCR compared to the non-supplemented or ZnB-fed groups.The BS-0.1 group revealed higher antibody titer against Newcastle disease (ND) virus and the supplemented groups against sheep RBCs (SRBCs) on d 35. Cell-mediated immune response post-phytohemagglutinin-P injection was attained (P<0.05) by birds in the BS-0.1 group at 24h, and by both the BS-0.1 and BS-0.05 groups at 48 and 72h compared to the ZnB and control groups. The BS-0.1 group gained higher (P<0.05) relative bursal weight on d 21 compared to the other groups. Compared to the control group, the liver, spleen and thymus weighed more (P<0.05) in the experimental groups on d 35. The histomorphological study revealed increased (P<0.05) thymus cortical width, and cortex/medulla ratio in the BS-0.1 group compared to the control. The area of the bursal follicles and germinal centers of the spleen also improved (P<0.05) in the BS-0.1 group compared to the control. Compared to the ZnB and control, higher (P<0.05) villus height, villus surface area and villus crypt ratio of the duodenum and jejunum were recorded on d 21, and higher (P<0.05) villus heightof the duodenum and ileum was noted on d 35 in the BS-0.1 and BS-0.05 groups. The number of goblet cells having acid mucin was significantly higher in the ileal mucosae of the BS-0.1 group chickens compared to the ZnB and control. In conclusion, B. subtilis type probiotics effectuated better growth performance, improved immune system and modulated morphology of lymphoid organs and gut mucosa in broilers.
The second experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of sodium butyrate on growth performance, immune status, organ weights and the microarchitecture of lymphoid organs and the small intestine compared to the effects brought about by an antibiotic. The cell-mediated immune response at 48 h post-phytohemagglutinin-P injection, and antibody titer against NDV and sheep RBCs on d 35 was higher (P < 0.05) in SB-1 chicks compared to those in the ZnB and control groups. Higher (P < 0.05) weight gain, and lower (P < 0.05) FCR were attained by the supplemented groups compared to the control. The thymus and spleen weighed more (P < 0.05) in the SB-1 group and bursa registered more (P < 0.05) weight in both SB groups compared to the control. On d 21, areas of the thymus medulla and the spleen germinal centers were larger (P < 0.05) in SB-1 chicks compared to ZnB and control chicks. The VH and VSA increased (P < 0.05) in the duodenum and jejunum in both SB groups on d 21, and in SB-1 on d 35 compared to the ZnB and control groups. The villus to crypt ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in the duodenum in SB-1 chicks compared to ZnB and control chicks. On d 35, VH in all segments and VSA in the duodenum and jejunum increased (P < 0.05) in SB-1 chicks compared to ZnB and control chicks. Statistically, IEL count was not significant among supplemented groups. On d 21, the number of goblet cells containing acidic mucin increased (P < 0.05) in all the segments of the small intestines in the SB-1 group compared to the control group and on d 35 in the ileum compared to the other groups. In conclusion sodium butyrate elicited better growth performance, improved immune system and modulated the morphology of lymphoid organs and the gut mucosa in broiler chickens.
The third experiment was focused to assess the effect of B. subtilis and SB on gut development, growth performance and immune system in broilers challenged with S. Gallinarum. Better growth performance was reported in the supplemented groups compared to the NC-S group due to better feed efficiency. The B. subtilis-supplemented group exhibited higher (P < 0.05) cellular immunity and antibody titer against NDV compared to the PC-S and NC-S groups. Furthermore, B. subtilis¬- and SB-supplemented groups reflected higher (P < 0.05) relative thymus and bursa weights, and improved microarchitecture of the lymphoid organs compared to the NC-S group. On d 21, villus surface area in the jejunum and ileum increased (P < 0.05) in sodium butyrate-treated birds. The crypt depth of the jejunum decreased (P < 0.05) in B. subtilis and sodium butyrate groups compared to NC-S and PC-S groups. On d 35, the villus height, villus surface area and VH:CD ratio of the duodenum increased (P < 0.05) in the supplemented groups compared to the NC-S group. The FCR, Salmonella population in ceca and mortality were higher (P < 0.05) in the NC-S group. In conclusion, the prophylactic use of the B. subtilis probiotic and SB alleviated stress associated with SalmonellaGallinarum infection and improved performance, immune function, lymphoid organs and gut mucosal development in infected broilers. Further analyses are needed to reveal the mechanism(s) by which B. subtilis and sodium butyrate produce such effects.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2790-T] (1).
1230.
Effect Of Resynchronization With Ovsynch Or Cidr On Cumulative Pregnancy And Embryonic Losses In Cidr-Gnrh Synchronized Nili-Ravi Buffalo
by Usman Arshad (2010-VA-235) | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Main Abdul Sattar | Dr. Muhammad Hussan Saleem.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of resynchronization with either GnRH or P4 on Day 23 (controlled internal drug release device containing progesterone; CIDR) on pregnancy rate, cumulative pregnancy, and embryonic and fetal losses in CIDR-GnRH synchronized Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Buffaloes (n = 181) of mixed parity, lactating, 181 ± 73 days postpartum, a body condition score (BCS) of 3.2 ± 0.5 (scale of 1-5), and 450-600 kg weight were subjected to synchronization and resynchronization. All buffaloes received CIDR on Day -9.5. In addition, GnRH was injected 36 h after CIDR removal, and fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) was performed 18 h later (Day 0). On Day 23, buffaloes were randomly assigned to receive one of the following treatments: 1) CON (n = 63), 2) P4 (n = 55), and 3) GnRH (n = 63) for resynchronization (2nd AI). Pregnancy rate and embryonic and fetal losses were monitored by serial ultrasonography on Days 30, 45, 60, and 90 after synchronization (1st AI), respectively. The pregnancy retention rate in GnRH-treated buffaloes remained significantly and consistently higher (P < 0.05) than in the CON group at Days 30, 45, 60, and 90 after 1st FTAI. Based on the pregnancy diagnosis, on Day 30 post 1st AI, buffaloes in the CON, P4, and GnRH groups received: 1) Artificial insemination on detected estrus (AIDE; n = 37), 2) CIDR-GnRH protocol (CIDR; n = 27), and 3) Ovsynch protocol (OVS; n = 23), respectively. The pregnancy rate in resynchronized buffaloes did not differ (P > 0.05) between the OVS and CIDR groups, whereas the cumulative pregnancy rate in GnRH + OVS buffaloes (81%) after the 1st and 2nd FTAI when determined on Day 64 was higher (P < 0.05) than that in CON + AIDE (59%) buffaloes. The embryonic losses were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in GnRH-treated (18%) buffaloes than in CON (42%) buffaloes on Day 45 post 1st AI. Fetal losses were fewer and did not differ (P > 0.05) due to treatments on Day 60 or 90 post- 1st AI. In conclusion, 1) the
Summary
28
pregnancy rate and cumulative pregnancy rate in GnRH + OVS buffaloes were higher than in CON + AIDE buffaloes when determined on Day 64 after synchronization and resynchronization and 2) embryonic and fetal losses were lower in GnRH-treated buffaloes than in CON buffaloes when determined from Day 31 - 90. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2787-T] (1).
1231.
Molecular Detection & Isolation Of Benzimidazole Resistant Haemonchus Contortus And Evaluation Of Anthelmintic Activity Of Herbal Extracts
by Kazmi Ali (2009-VA-392) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad FaizwQamar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Iahtasham Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Recently, DNA-based techniques have been applied for specific identification and characterization of parasites and also to evaluate the level of infections. The most commonly used group of anthelmintics is Benzimidazoles (BZ). BZ includes Thiabendazole, Mebendazole, Albendazole, Oxfendazole, Oxibendazole, Febantel and Netobimin. It binds to β- tubulin and inhibits polymerization of tubulin dimers to microtubules H. contortus involves mutations in β-tubulin genes at specific amino acid sites determine the BZ resistance. This study involves the Haemnochus contortus (barber pole worm) present in abomasums of small ruminants. n= 300 total samples were randomly be collected from the different sampling locations. Out of 300 samples of worms, 30 worms had been subjected to DNA extraction and PCR reaction. PCR recipe was prepared with following composition with total volume of 20μl, Master mix (enzynomics) 10μl, Distilled water 4μl, Forward primer 2μl, Reverse primer 2μl and genomic DNA 2μl. After PCR product has been obtained, gel extraction was done by PureLink Quick Gel Extraction Kit of INVITROGEN for purifying the DNA to allow it for gene sequencing. Only selected positive amplification products had been subjected to DNA gene sequencing and were sent to Philco company for ABI type sequencing. The polymorphic sites had been identified by using the standard set of ambiguity nucleotides through BLAST searches at NCBI/primers used to generate the β- tubulin gene sequence from H. contortus. DNA nucleotide sequences obtained are aligned on BIO EDIT SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT EDITOR software to understand the mutation, deletion, replacement of nucleotides. Genetic variation exists in all the samples sent for gene sequencing. These findings show that genetic diversity and genetic variation existing in β-tubulin isotype 1 of the H. contortus population of small ruminants in Jhang and Toba Tek Singh districts of Central Punjab, Pakistan. Samples exhibits different gene sequence and are from Jhang and Toba Tek Singh district. Genetic sequences are retrieved with the sequence and research papers of previously work done on GENBANK NCBI shows 100% query cover and ident with the isolates and clone of China, UK, USA, Australia, Brazil and somewhat similarity of 94% query cover and 100% ident with isolates of India. Some of those H. contortus worms which have been identified as BZ resistant strains were subjected in vitro anthelmintic activity of the herbal extract. Herbal formulation manifests the anthelmintic activity in dose-dependent manner in AMA and EHT. Mortality of worms was comparable with the reference drug used Levamisole at 200mg/ml concentration just from the start of exposure in AMA. Conclusion drawn from the experiment is that the herbal extract efficacy is comparable with the efficacy of the synthetic anthelmintics and can be marketed as these are field friendly, environment safely, economically and socially efficient. However before starts commercialization and marketing of such products at large scale, these materials must be subjected to standardized protocols and procedures of parasitology to be accomplished.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2792-T] (1).
1232.
Comparison Of Carcass Grading And Meat Quality Evaluation Of Young Indigenous, Crossbred Cattle And Buffalo
by Muhammad Kashif Yar (2015-VA-460) | Dr. Muhammad Hayat Jaspal | Mr. Jamal Nasir | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Pakistan has an agricultural economy in which livestock has a major role. Meat industry in Pakistan is a sub-sector of livestock. Meat from Pakistan is exported to other countries in the form of whole carcass and primal meat cuts. Little work has been reported so far regarding the effect of age on meat quality, grading and meat cuts standardization of indigenous, crossbred cattle and buffalo of Pakistan. The present study was conducted at the Department of Meat Science and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. In the first experiment samples of meat cuts from total 48 male cattle and buffalo, 12 from 18 months and 12 from 26 months of age groups were taken. The animals were slaughtered in the experimental unit of the department. The color parameters of steaks of different meat cuts were measured with the help of Minolta chroma meter. Steaks were vacuumed packed in polyethylene bagsand cooked in water bath until all the steaks attained the core temperature of 72°C. Cooking loss was calculated in percentage. 1cm2strips of meat were obtained from each sample of different meat cuts parallel to the muscle fibers and were sheared under the 'V-Slot' blade of Texture Analyzer to obtain shear force values which indicated the tenderness of different meat cuts.The second experiment was done on indigenous (Sahiwal) and crossbred (Friesian × Sahiwal) cattle which were brought out from different farms of Punjab and slaughtered in the experimental unit of the department. Total 24 cattle, 12 indigenous (Sahiwal) and 12 crossbred (Friesian × Sahiwal) cattle of 24 months of age were selected for the experiment. Carcass weight and offal’s weight were taken after slaughtering of animals. Carcass and meat cuts grading were done according to "EUROP" and Meat Standard Australia (MSA) respectively. All the data were analyzed by using complete randomized design. The data were analyzed byt-test with the help of SAS (9.1). P ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. The results of this study showed that the color of tenderloin, cube roll and silver side were lighter in 18
months cattle than 26 months. Redness (a*), yellowness (b*), hue angle (h) and chroma (c) were non-significant between both age groups. Only rump showed a significance difference in cooking loss. WBSF values of rump, round, topside and silver side were lower in 18 months cattle than 26 months of age. TheL* value of tenderloin was higher in 18 months buffalo than 26 months. The a* values of round and eye of silverside were higher at 18 months whereas, a* values of sirloin, cube roll and blade were lower at 18 months of age. The b* values of cube roll and blade were lower at 18 months of age. The C* values of rump and cube roll were lower at 18 months while C* values of the eye of silverside were higher at 18 months than 26 months of age. The hue angles of cube roll, round, silverside and the blade were lower 18 months. The cooking loss (%) of tenderloin, cube roll and eye of silver side was higher at 18 months of age. The WBSF values of tenderloin and rump were lower 18 months of age. Between 18 months cattle and buffalo, the values of L*, a*, b*, C* and hue angles of most of the meat cuts were higher in cattle than buffalo. Cooking loss (%) of tenderloin and sirloin were lower in cattle. WBSF values of tenderloin, cube roll and blade were significantly lower in cattle than buffalo. Similarly, between 26 months cattle and buffalo the values of L*, a*, b*, C* and hue angles of most of the meat cuts were higher in cattle than buffalo. The WBSF values of tenderloin, blade and eye of silverside were lower in cattle and WBSF values of round, topside and silverside were higher in cattle than buffalo.There was no significant difference in carcass conformation and marbling score. Indigenous breed showed more carcass surface fat than crossbred. Live animal weight, hot carcass weight, weight of offals and weights of meat cuts percentages (Chuck, blade, brisket, cube roll, boneless ribs, fore shin, flank, tenderloin, sirloin, rump, round, topside, silverside hind shin) were non-significant between indigenous and crossbred cattle.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded from this study that:
1. Meat quality, especially tenderness of most of the meat cuts at the age of 26 months of cattle and buffalo is comparable to the tenderness at the age of 18 months, thus animals should raise at least up to two years of age which will increase the carcass yield and dressing percentage than at 18 months of age without affecting the tenderness.
2. Meat quality, especially tenderness of cattle and buffalo is almost comparable at the same age groups. Thus buffalo meat can be used as the replacement of beef.
3. At the same age group, indigenous and crossbred cattle have same conformation, dressing (%) and meat cuts (%).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2793-T] (1).
1233.
Comparison Of Carcass Traits And Meat Quality Characteristics Of Four Commercial Broiler Strains Available In Pakistan
by Iftikhar Hussain Badar (2004-VA-38) | Dr. Muhammad Hayat Jaspal | Dr. Sher Ali | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: During the last five decades intensive research in the genetic selection resulted in significant improvement in broiler performance. Modern trends in poultry processing lead to a point where success is based on better cut up yield, as a result breeding companies have developed several marketable broiler strains .In Pakistan there are four broiler strains i.e. Hubbard®, Arbor acre®, Ross® and Cobb®. Presently general perception in the industry is that Ross and Cobb strains have higher boneless yield owing to relatively heavy breast as compared to Hubbard. In a country like Pakistan, where only imported strains of broiler are being used, comparative evaluation of different broiler strains and expression of their potential under climatic condition of Pakistan is necessary for mutual benefit of farmers, processors and consumers.
The present study was conducted at department of Meat Science and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore.Total 360 birds from four broiler strains were divided into three body weight categories (Low 1800±50 g, Medium 2100±50 g, and Heavy 2400±50).These birds were procured from R&D Farm, Hi-Tech Pvt. Ltd. 18 km Raiwind Road, Lahore for slaughtering under Randomized Complete Block Design.
For slaughtering, each bird was tagged and transported in specific crates. After bleeding, birds were de-feathered, deskinned and weighed to record deskinned weight. The birds were eviscerated and after removal of heads and shanks birds weighed again to record the carcass weight. After Chilling the carcasses were processed in deboning hall, the birds were weighed and cut in to major parts i.e. first as legs, whole breast, neck, back and wings. Then legs were further cut into drumsticks and thighs.Then each part was deboned to get weight of boneless meat of each cut. Percentage of boneless meat of specific part on the basis of carcass weight was calculated.
The pH of the meat was recorded from pectoralis major muscle with the help of pH meter.Color wasmeasured from the same breast fillet used to measure pH, for drip loss percentage six breast fillet were randomly selected from each strain and each body weight category after deboning.For marination total 18 breast fillet were selected randomly of each body weight category of every strain.
The Cobb broilers showed highest dressing (%). The skin and feathers (%), offals (%), legs (%), drumstick (%), back (%), neck (%), wings (%), leg meat (%) and drumstick boneless (%) were highest in Hubbard broilers. The Hubbard and Arbor acre broilers showed highest thigh (%) and boneless thigh meat (%). The Ross broilers had highest whole breast (%), outer fillet (%), inner fillet (%), wing boneless (%) and total boneless meat (%).Among different broiler strains, Cobb broilers showed significantly higher pH at 4hr and Hubbard showed highest pH after 24 hour .The Ross broilers had significantly higher L* as compared to the other strains.Among different broiler strains Cobb and Ross showed significantly higher drip loss (%),marinade uptake (%) and brine loss (%) as compared to Arbor acre and Hubbard. Whereas, cooking loss (%) and shear force value with marination was significantly higher in Ross broilers.Among different strains, Hubbard broilers had highest cooking yield after marination as compared to rest of strains.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the present study it can be concluded that:
1. Ross, Cobb and Arbor Acre strains showed better dressing percentage as compared to Hubbard.
2. The Ross broilers has highest whole breast (%) followed by those of Cobb, Arbor acre and Hubbard and among different body weight categories lowest body weight broilers (1800g) has highest breast (%).
3. The Ross broilers showed highest fillet (%) followed by those of Cobb, Arbor acre and Hubbard and among different body weight categories highestbody weight broilers (2400g) has highest breast fillet (%).
4. The Hubbard broilers showed highest whole legs and boneless leg meat (%) followed by those of Arbor Acre and least in Ross and Cobb broilers.
5. The Ross broilers had highest total boneless (%) followed by those of Arbor acre, Cobb, and Hubbard.
6. Hubbard broilers has highest cooking yield after marination as compared to rest of strains.
7. Marination has improved cooking yield and tenderness of meat in all strains.
8. Yellow shank strains ( Ross and Cobb) showed better dressing percentage, whole breast yield, fillet yield and total boneless yield as compared to the white shank strain ( Hubbard)
9. White shank strain (Hubbard) showed better legs meat yield and cooking yield after marination as compared to yellow shank strains (Ross and Cobb).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2794-T] (1).
1234.
Influence Of Animal Age, Post-Slaughter Chilling Rate And Ageing Time On Meat Quality Characteristics Of Young Cattle And Buffalo
by Muawuz Ijaz (2010-VA-182) | Dr. Muhammad Hayat Jaspal | Dr. Sher Ali | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: In Pakistan, livestock contributes 58.6% to agriculture and 11.6% to overall GDP. While, total meat production is 3873 thousand tonsannually from which beef contributes 56% of it. Most of the red meat is being exported to the Middle East countries. Globally, Pakistan is competing with other countries by slaughtering of young animals. Because processor thinks that meat quality is only affected by the age of animal. While, ignores the other factors like post-slaughter chilling rate and ageing time that also affect the meat quality attributes. Therefore, objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of age (18 and 26 months), post-slaughter chilling rate (delayed and rapid) and ageing time (7 days and 14 days) on meat quality traits of M. longissimus dorsi (LD) of cattle and buffalo calves.
In this experiment 48 animals were selected (24 were cattle calves out of which 12 were 18 months and other 12 were 26 months of age; other 24 were buffalo calves out of which 12 were 18 months and other 12 were 26 months of age). After slaughtering, carcasses were splitted into two halves, one for delayed and another for rapid chilling. Temperature and pH were taken at intervals of 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 18 and 24 hours post slaughter. After overnight chilling and achieving the rigor mortis, both strip-loins were deboned and cut down into nine steaks. Nine strip-loin steaks from each treatment (delayed and rapid chilling) were processed at 1, 7 and 14 days of ageing. Thereafter, striploins were evaluated for meat quality attributes like color, tenderness, purge loss and cooking loss %.
The results of the present experiment showed that cattle age at slaughter showed a significant effect on warner-bratzler shear force (WBSF) values. Bulls with age of 18 months were tender than 26 months of age. Because, collagen starts depositing within muscles as the age of the animal advances, which is a major factor of texture of cooked meat. Meat redness (a*) and chroma (C*) values were higher at 18 months of animal age. While, buffalo meat showed a
non-significant effect of animal age on WBSF values. Moreover, cooking loss percentage was also increased with the advancement of animal age.
In both species, chilling rate significantly affect the WBSF values of LD muscle of 18 months old animals. While, effect of the chilling was non-significant at 26 months of animal age. This could be due to lighter weight and leaner carcasses at 18 months of slaughtering age and were unable to hit the pH/temperature window and faced the cold shortening. Whereas only in cattle calves, hunter L* and a* values were affected by rigor temperature and recorded higher during delayed chilling of carcasses from 18 month old animals. While, chilling rate showed a non-significant effect on cooking loss percentage.
Similarly, in 7 and 14 day aged strip-loin steaks, WBSF values decreased significantly at 18 and 26 month of animals’ age in both cattle and buffalo calves. The rate of tenderization decreased as storage time increased and recorded a 79 and 82 % reduction in WBSF values during first 7 days in meat of cattle and buffalo calves respectively. The improvement in tenderness during storage of steaks could be attributed to the degradation of myofibrillar and associated proteins with help of endogenous protease enzymes. Likewise, all color parameter values were also improved with the storage of meat in 18 and 26 month old animals of both species. In the same way, cooking loss and purge loss percentage values increased linearly with ageing of meat.
CONCLUSION
Based on the findings of the present study it can be concluded that:
There is no obvious difference of meat quality between the animals of 18 and 26 months of age in cattle and buffalo. Thus, instead of early age slaughtering, animals should be raised at least up to two years of age, which may help to increase in overall meat production of the country.
Immediate after slaughtering, rapid chilling of beef carcasses leads to toughening of meat.The effect is more obvious in 18 month old animals in both species. So it is suggested that, pre-chilling or electrical stimulation of carcasses should be exercised rather than rapid chilling in order to elude the chances of cold shortening.
Ageing of striploin steaks improves the tenderness and color of the meat. Effect ismore pronounced during first 7 days of storage. Therefor ageing should be practiced within Pakistan in order to compete globally.Secondly, as beef is being exported by air with high airfreight charges. If this meat is shipped by sea after vacuum packaging at 0⁰C, it may decrease the transportation cost and its ageing will also be done because it takes around 7 days to reach Middle East countries. While in case of other destinations, it will take even more time for shipment.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2795-T] (1).
1235.
Effect Of Age, Sex And Chilling Method On Meat Quality Traits Of Indigenous Goats
by Muhammad Umair Farid (2010-VA-221) | Mr. Jamal Nasir | Dr. Muhammad Hayat Jaspal | Prof .Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Agriculture sector of Pakistan is crucial for the economy of the country, livestock constitutes major part of it. Livestock products like meat and milk are important source of protein for the human beings. With the rise in incomes and increasing urbanization, use of animal based protein source is increasing at a faster rate. Mutton in general and goat meat in particular is being preferred by the local consumers as well as by export destinations like Middle East. There are certain quality issues associated with goat meat like discoloration and toughening of meat. These problems are linked with age and sex of animal and processing factors like chilling. As the animal age, sex and chilling rate has significant effect on ultimate goat meat quality parameters like color, cooking loss and tenderness. So it is required to optimize age, sex and chilling rate in order to improve goat meat quality. Present study was designed to investigate the effect of age, sex and chilling regime of goat carcasses.
Animals were procured from Local animal market (mandi) and then slaughtered according to Halal standard method. After slaughtering, carcass were split into two halves longitudinally and one half for delayed and another for rapid chilling. Temperature and pH of the sirloin muscle were measured by inserting pH meter and food grade thermometer. For color determination Minolta® chroma meter was used and for tenderness determination texture analyzer was used.All the collected data was analyzed by using t-test under Complete Randomized Design and level of significance among different interaction were studied by using One Way ANOVA with the help of SAS 9.1. Results showed that,rapid chilling caused sudden fall in temperature but the rate of pH fall was slower than the delayed chilled carcass. After 2hour of slaughtering, rapidly chilled milk teeth animals had lower carcass temperature as compare to two teeth. While in case of sex, female goats had lower carcass temperature in contrast to male. Results revealed that age either
milk or twoteeth animals had non-significant effect on Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) values. Similarly color measurement also had no effect of age except lightness (L*), which was higher in milk teeth than two teeth animals. Animal sex had no effect on Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) and color values like lightness (L)*, redness (a*), yellowness (b*), chroma (C*) and hue angle (h). While sex have higher cooking loss % in male as compare to female. Chilling method directly related to the mean tenderness value.As, rapid chilling cause toughness of meat due to the difference in temperature and pH fall as compare to delayed chilling. In case of rapid chilling, mean Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) values were higher as compare to carcass which were subjected to delay chilling.
Based on the results of the present study, it has established fact that chilling has major effect on the quality of meat. Rapid chilling can lead to cold shortening of meat and as a result the end product could become tougher. While delayed chilling leads to more tender meat. As far as age of the animal is concerned, there is non-significant difference between milk teeth and two teeth goats. It is also common in Pakistan that consumers like to eat mutton from milk teeth and two teeth goats. However, mutton obtained from goats older than two teeth need investigation regarding meat quality. In the same way, exporters are exporting goat carcasses of milk and two teeth animals but the chilling method adopted by processors in not proper. It is common practice that due to shortage of time, processors do not allow the carcasses to stay for pre-chilling and put the carcasses in chillers directly. Ultimately the carcasses lead to cold shortening and consumers’ complaint about the tenderness of the meat. Secondly the age of the goat is directly linked with lightness of meat color, i.e. older animals have higher myoglobin content and this is the reason that older animals have dark colored meat.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2796-T] (1).
1236.
Sikh, Muslim Taluqat
by Dr. Muhammad Jahangir Tamimi.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Punjab University; 2007Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 294.615 Jahangir 22919 1st Religion] (1).
1237.
Comparative Efficacy of Different Techniques in Tracheal End to End Anastomosis
by Muhammad Saad Uzair (2009-VA-181) | Dr. Naveed Hussain | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: CD Corrupt. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2808-T] (1).
1238.
Clinico-Epidemiological Study Of Multiple Drug Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus From Bovine Mastitis
by Muhammad Abdul Rauf Malik (2015-VA-832) | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Bovine mastitis is one of the most significant problems of livestock causing huge economic losses in dairy industry of Pakistan. Among other bacterial etiology of bovine mastitis, the Staphylococcus aureus is overwhelming to control and is well-known to cause subclinical and contagious mastitis. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is our prevailing field issue. In view of the economic importance of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis, the current project was designed to study the Clinico-epidemiology of multiple drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis.
A total number of 900 milk samples (n=450 cattle, n=450 buffalo) were collected from Faisalabad district of Punjab, The collected samples were processed in laboratory of Microbiology and Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Primarily, screening of subclinical mastitis was done by Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT). Milk samples were spread out primarily on blood agar to rule out possibility of loss of later growth. Colonies with round and golden color characteristic were put to sub-culturing on Mannitol salt agar as differential and selective medium. The morphological and microscopic clarification was done under microscope using Gram’s staining technique. Various biochemical tests including coagulase and catalase were applied.
Prevalence of subclinical mastitis was found 55% (495/900), however significant differences were found among different tehsils of district Faisalabad. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in cattle from district Faisalabad was found 54% (243/450) that upon comparison between different cities presented significant difference. While buffaloes presented 56% of subclinical mastitis. Comparisons of subclinical mastitis among different tehsils were
Summary
86
found significant.
Among quarter based prevalence of subclinical mastitis and prevalence of blocked quarters the number of blocked quarters were found 5.58% (201/3600) with highest percentage of blocked quarter noted in case of front right followed by rear right , front left , and rear left with 6.89, 6.56, 4.67, and 4.22%, respectively. However, the quarter based prevalence was found 32% (1088/3399) from bovine. The association of bovine subclinical mastitis with different risk factors presented significant association with few exceptions. Age, parity and body health status of animal were found non- significant with prevalence of mastitis. The breed and open rearing system presented significant relation with chances of mastitis. Chi-square test was used to statistically correlate the risk factors and prevalence of subclinical mastitis. P-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant.
Molecular confirmation of S. aureus was done by using coag gene through PCR technique. The S. aureus which were isolated from milk samples were put to antibiotic (oxacillin) sensitivity test for estimation of prevalence of methicillin resistant S. aureus from the bovine mastitis. Molecular identification of mec-A gene in staphylococcus aureus was done through PCR. The PCR confirmed methicillin resistant S. aureus isolates from cattle (n=20) and buffalo (n=20) were tested for their in-vitro drug response. However, Ciprofloxcin, Moxifloxacine, Linezolid, and Trimethoprim + Sulphamethoxazole were found 100% effective against multiple drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Levofloxacin showed 90% efficacy in bovine. While Oxytetracycline, Tylosin, Gentamycin, Amikacin, Vancomycin, and Fusidic acid were also found sensitive moderately except cefoxitin which was responsible for 100% resistane in bovine. Gentamycin was found to much more effective in buffaloes rather than cattle.
Summary
87
The study provided current status of Staphylococcus aureus infection with higher percentage in bovine mastitis. The prevalence of mecA gene revealed variation in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In-vitro drug trial provided effective treatment possibilities against multiple drug resistance Staphylococcus aureus. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2815-T] (1).
1239.
Comparative Efficacy Of Ketamine-Xylazine-Tramadol Combination With Ketamine-Xylazine-Ketorolac Tromethamine In Dogs
by Ameer Hamza Rabbani (2009-VA-58) | Dr. Hamad Bin Rashid | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The study was designed on the premise that use of Ketamine-Xylazine-Tramadol combination was more efficacious in providing better depth of anesthesia and postoperative analgesia than the combination of Ketamine-Xylazine-Ketorolac tromethamine.
Two separate combinations of anesthetic cocktails i.e. ketamine-xylazine-tramadol and ketamine-xylazine-Ketorolac tromethamine were tested for their comparative efficacies. A total of 8 mongrel adult clinically healthy male dogs between 1 to 2 years of age which were presented to clinic for castration, were managed in to two groups comprising 4 (n=4) individuals in each. These groups were designated as group A and B. General and clinical examination of the animal, LFT and RFT were performed prior to surgery. Atropine was administered at dose rate of 0.04mg/kg SC twenty minutes prior to the surgery. Both anesthetic regiments were used respectively in either groups and their efficacy was tested based upon the depth of anesthesia and postoperative analgesia.
In case of group A ketamine was used at a dose rate of 6mg/kg, xylazine at 0.5mg/kg and tramadol at a dose rate of 2mg/kg. These anesthetic agents were administered intramuscularly. The time it took for onset of sedation and depth of anesthesia was monitored, while presence of ocular, oropharyngeal, and anal sphincter reflexes indicated induction, depth, maintenance and recovery from sedation. In case of group B, ketamine was used at a dose rate of 6mg/kg, xylazine at 0.5mg/kg and ketorolac tromethamine at a dose rate of 0.5mg/kg. These anesthetic agents were administered intramuscularly. The time it took for onset of sedation and depth of anesthesia were monitored, while presence of ocular, oropharyngeal, and anal sphincter reflexes indicated induction, depth, maintenance and recovery from sedation. Surgical procedure for castration was
SUMMARY
58
performed as surgical plane of anesthesia was acquired. Postoperatively, Intramuscular antibiotics were injected for 5 days to avoid secondary bacterial infections to wounds. Cleaning of the wound with good antiseptic solution and excellent hygienic measures were adopted to minimize infection. Balanced diet was given to improve health of animals. LFT and RFT were performed preoperatively (baseline), and one hour postoperatively in each dog. The measurements were analyzed as change from baseline in each dog.
The results were statistically analyzed using t-test with significant level 0.05% (p≤0.05), using statistical analysis software Statistica. The results of temperature, pulse and respiration were statistically analyzed using t-test with significant level 0.05% (p≤0.05). Observations pertaining to depth and quality of sedation were analyzed by using t-test with statistical analysis software Statistica. Statistical significance was assigned at p≤0.05.
This study was helpful in determining efficacy of tramadol an opioid against ketorolac tromethamine which is an NSAID. This study emphasized upon discovering the most efficacious adjuvant to anesthetic combination of ketamine and xylazine. This study aimed to reduce the dose of xylazine without compromising the anesthetic effect of the combination while mitigating its side effects as well. This study provided us with a viable analgesic agent which may be administered peri-operatively to provide analgesia during immediate post-surgery period. Furthermore magnitude of improvement in depth of anesthesia helped determine an effective and cheap adjuvant to ketamine-xylazine combination. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2807-T] (1).
1240.
Development Of A Cost-Effective Serodiagnostic Assay For Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
by Tahira Hanif (2015-VA-1060) | Dr.Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr.Aamer Bin Zahur | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a highly contagious newly developing disease of Small ruminants (sheep and goats). Currently the poor small ruminant’s farmers in Pakistan are facing huge economic losses due to PPR virus. In Pakistan PPR causes economic losses of Rs. 20.5 billion annually. The objectives of present study were to develop a cost effective sero-diagnostic assay for PPR (active haemagglutination inhibition and passive haemagglutination inhibition) and determination of comparative efficacy of active and passive haemagglutination inhibition assay (HI and PHA respectively) for detection of PPR virus infection.
In the present study, n= 300 sera samples were collected from sheep and goats during the (15 Februry 2016 to 2 January 2017).The serum samples were collected from kotli AJK :20(8 goats and 12 sheep),from gilgit:30 serum (20 goats and 10 sheep),from mansehra:22 serum (13 goats and 9 sheep),from mithi:112 (60 goats and 52 sheep) and 116 serum samples (88goats and 28 sheep) from Dhera ghazi khan.None of the animal was known to have been vaccinated against PPR previously or at the time of sampling.
These samples were collected from animals showed symptoms of PPR suggestive of PPR disease as well as from healthy animals. The sera were transferred into sterile tubes and were preserved on ice packs while shifting to the laboratory. PPR virus isolate was originally isolated from an outbreak in Taxila village, district Rawalpindi, the isolate was attenuated serially onto the Vero cell lines up to 20 passages. After, which antigen was titrated using a micotiter haemagglutination (HA) test with chicken RBCs and stored at -70◦c until use as a PPR antigen in a HI test.
In this study Active haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and passive haemagglutination inhibition were developed. The Haemagglutination Assay was standardized by different factors i.e. diluents, Temperature of incubation, Time of Incubation and concentration of Chicken R.B.C̓s. An additional test passive haemagglutination inhibition was performed to check the comparative efficacy of Active and Passive haemagglutination inhibition. In passive haemagglutination inhibition tanned sensitized cells remains effective due to their long effective life when stored at 4̊c and its makes an ideal test for diagnosis of PPR. Newly developed assays were compared against cELISA for PPR using kappa statistics and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were determined.
The results of both assays were compared with results of competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In this study cELISA was considered as golden standard. The relative sensitivity and specificity of Active haemagglutination inhibition is 94.9% and 97.9% respectively. (Kappa 0.9264). However the sensitivity and specificity of Passive haemagglutination inhibition is 91.1% and 95.0% respectively.(kappa 0.8595). This study describes the serological detection of PPR virus by Active haemagglutination and passive haemagglutination inhibition (HI and PHA respectively). It was also concluded the comparative efficacy of (PHA and HI) that Active haemagglutination inhibition is more reliable technique than passive haemagglutination inhibition assay for the diagnosis of PPR disease in small ruminants (sheep and goats). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2816-T] (1).
1241.
Comparative Efficacy of Different Surgical Techniques and Suturing Patterns for Cystotomy in Rabbits
by Uroosa Anjum (2015-VA-601) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Sadaf Aslam | Dr. Raheela Akhtar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: CD Corrupt. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2814-T] (1).
1242.
Effect Of Probiotics On Growth Rate And Occurrence Of Diarrhea In Neonatal Holstein Friesian Calves
by Muhammad Ayaz Ahmad (2010-VA-236) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Dairy sector commercialization is growing in Pakistan. The import of Holstein cows has been dramatically increased from last decade. Calf mortality is the major constraint in the field of livestock. Calves are considered as the future of dairy farm and mainly responsible for the replacement of stock. Certain diseases cause calf mortality among which bacterial infections carry prime importance.Supplementation of probiotics in milk will reduce the occurrence of diarrhea and increase the body weight, growth rate and average daily gain in Holstein Friesian calves.Holstein Friesian calves (n=60) will be taken from their dams at six days of age and all calves on the basis of initial weight and sex will be selected for the trial. There will be (n=40) calves in the probiotic group and (n=20) calves in the control group.Each group will be further sub-divided into two sub-groups i.e. (n=20) in Group B and (n=25) in Group C. The initial average weight of the calves will be determinedin the two groups. The health status of the calves will be monitored daily with particular attention paid to the occurrence of diarrhea. The actual trial period will start at weaning (day 0) when the calves will be six days old and will be stopped 56 days later. All calves in probiotic group will be offered milk containing probiotic (Calf PRE RD, TechMix, LLCTM, USA) at the dose rate of 4gm per calf per day. The health status, body weight, average daily weight gain and occurrence of diarrhea will be monitored on daily basis. All calves will be given a diarrhea score according to the following scale: 0 = firm, no signs of diarrhea, 1 = soft, slightly loose feacal consistency and 2 = liquid, very loose feacal consistency(Jatkauskas et al., 2010). For each calf the daily scores and the number of days with liquid feaces (score 2) will be summed into an index of the severity of the diarrhea.
Data on occurrence of diarrhea will be compared among groups by using Chi-square (χ2) test whereas data on growth rate, body weight and average daily gain will be measured using t-test. All data will be analyzed using SPSS (statistical package for social sciences),P< 0.05 will be considered significant.
The current study will help in reducing the occurrence of diarrheain Holstein Friesian calves. Further, it will also assist in finding out the efficacy of probiotics supplementation in reducing the incidence of calf mortality.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2811-T] (1).
1243.
Evaluation Of The Quality Of Drinking Water In District Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
by Muhammad Akram (2009-VA-458) | Dr. Zubair Farooq | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: In District Dera Ghazi Khan, water borne illnesses had been happening for quite a while
especially hepatitis, diarrhea and kidney issues were occurring because of the heavy metals in
drinking water. To this end, it is important to assess the drinking water of District Dera Ghazi
Khan. One hundred and forty-four samples of drinking water were collected from hand pump,
motor pump and tube well in three different Tehsils of District Dera Ghazi Khan. Heavy metals
like lead, nickel, manganese, copper, iron and zinc concentration in water samples were
determined utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer in the department of Environmental
Sciences UVAS, Lahore. pH was determined in the previous department; for microbial quality like
E-coli and Total Coliform in water samples were counted in University Diagnostic Laboratory
UVAS, Lahore. Data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA technique using PROC GLM in
SAS software, significant means were compared by using LSD test. Water quality with respect to
different water sources, heavy metal load remained above the recommended level set by WHO
except Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu) which remained significant. Similarly, microbiology showed
25% and 15% above the WHO recommendation of fecal coliforms and E. coli respectively. In
addition, pH also remained above the WHO recommendation. Water quality regarding different
tehsils, heavy metal load remained above the recommended level set by WHO except Zinc (Zn)
and Copper (Cu) which remained significant. Similarly, microbiology showed 20% and 13%
above the WHO recommendation of fecal coliforms and E. coli respectively. In addition, pH also
remained above the WHO recommendation except in tehsil Dera Ghazi Khan.
46
6.1. Suggestion and Recommendation
On the basis of this study, it is recommended that:
Tube well water has the minimum heavy metal load so that it is healthy for human consumption.
Less chances of water borne illnesses (diarrhoea, typhoid and kidney problems) could be observed
by using the tube well water.
Future researchers should also check the level of arsenic and antimony in tube well water to
improve the quality of water for human consumption.
Same treatments should be applied in other districts to check the level of these heavy metals so
that water quality may be improved. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2806-T] (1).
1244.
Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors And Treatment Of Toxocariasis In Small Holders’ Buffalo Calves
by Muhammad Qasim Sharif (2007-VA-488) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Aijaz Ali Channa.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Present study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of Toxocariasis in buffalo calves in outskirts of Lahore. For this 5g fecal samples from 369 buffalo calves were collected directly from the rectum to avoid the soil contamination. For this purpose, buffalo calves between 1 to 20 weeks of age were selected. Data regarding each calf and possible associated risk factor was entered in data capture form. The data capture form included information on species, sex, breed, age, physical condition, weaning time, fecal score, feeding, housing and management etc. After collection the fecal samples were immediately transferred to ice box for transportation to Medicine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. The fecal samples were analyzed by Direct Smear Method as described by Souls by (1982).
Positive samples for T. vitulorum were further subjected to McMaster Technique for Egg per gram (EPG) count.
A total of twenty-four (n=24) calves which were detected as positive for Toxocara. Vitulorum, were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups i.e. Group A, B, C and D, with each group having six calves. Calves in group A were treated with Albendazole at the dose rate of 10 mg/ kg of body weight via oral route while the calves in group B were given Levamisole at dose rate of 8 mg/kg of body weight orally. The animals in group C were treated with Doramectin at 0.2 mg/ kg of body weight via sub-cutaneous route whereas calves in group D were given Chenopodium album at the dose rate of 2g/kg of body weight. All the treatments were given once. The fecal samples from calves in each group were collected at days 0 (pre-treatment) and then at day 4, 7, 14, and 21 (post-treatment) for EPG count through modified McMaster technique. Efficacy of particular treatment was calculated on the basis of fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT).
Data on prevalence was analyzed using chi square test while Odd Ratio (OR) was determined for association of T. vitulorum with different risk factors. The data on EPG at various days was analyzed through two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 20, at a significance level of 5%.
Out of total 369 buffalo calves, 87 (23.58%). buffalo calves were found to excrete T. vitulorum eggs in their feces. While 212 (76.42 %) buffalo calves were found normal with no fecal egg excretion. 23 calves (26.44 %) with age of 1-4 weeks, 37 calves (42.53 %) with age of 5-10 weeks and 27 calves (31.03 %) were found positive. Percentages of male and female infected calves were 25.79 % and 21.23 % respectively. Number of non-infected calves in healthy and sick animals were 236 (80.55 %) and 54 (71.05 %) respectively. While infected calves in healthy and sick animals were 57 (19.45 %) and 22 (28.95 %). Numbers of sick and healthy mothers of calves were 54 and 315 respectively. 13 calves (24.07%) were infected with T. vitulorum infestation whom mother was sick, while 67 calves (21.27%) were infected with Toxocaravitulorum whom mother was healthy. 77 calves had diarrhea while remaining 292 calves did not have. 28 calves (36.36%) out of 77 (calves suffered from diarrhea) were found as positive for T. vitulorum infestations, while 62 calves (21.23%) out of 292 calves (did not suffer from diarrhea) were infected with T.vitulorum. 280 calves (75.88%) had normal body coat, while 89 calves (24.12%) had abnormal body coat. Number of calves infected with T. vitulorum were 27 (30.34%) and 58 (20.71%), in calves with abnormal and normal body coat respectively.
While after treatment trial it was concluded that Albendazole and Levamisole had effectively reduced the eggs per gram in effected calves. Albendazole eliminate the fecal eggs up to 100 % till day 14. While, Levamisole, Doramectin did the same on day 21. While oral chenopodium album have no significant effect. So it can be concluded that Albendazole can be used in field where there is chances of outbreak of Toxocariasis in calves especially in buffalo calves.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2738-T] (1).
1245.
Effect Of Β-Carotene And Tocopherol On Pregnancy Rate In Cidr Synchronized Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Muhammad Bilal Munawar (2015-VA-16) | Prof. Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Buffalo is of unique importance in livestock and dairy industry of Pakistan due to its high milk production and shares 65% of total milk production. Reproduction is important to get good production and profit in dairy sector. Reproduction in buffalo is compromised due to its small size ovaries, poor ovarian reserves and less pronounced estrus intensity, resulting as low fertility. Synchronization techniques including CIDR based protocols are well established in cows and getting popularity in buffaloes but with low results, comparatively. Therefore, some modifications are required based on physiology of estrus cycle in buffalo. This was hypothesized that additional injection of Dalmavital in CIDR base protocol will enhance the pregnancy rates and embryonic liability by minimizing the oxidative stress. Therefore, present study is conducted to evaluate the effect Dalmavital on estrus response, Estrus intensity, Pregnancy rates and embryonic losses in CIDR synchronized Nili-Ravi buffalo. For this, buffaloes were scanned ultrasonically for the reproductive tract evaluation. Reproductively sound buffaloes were selected and randomly allocated to one of the two treatment group. 86 buffaloes with normal reproductive tract were assigned in two groups 1; CIDR group (n = 43) and 2; CIDR+D (n = 43). AI was performed twice at 48 and 60 hours after CIDR removal. Estrus response (ER) did not differ significantly (P >0.05) in groups, CIDR and CIDR-D but estrus intensity (EI) was statistically significant (P<0.05) in treatment group. Pregnancy rates were also non-significant (P>0.05) in treatment and control group but improved comparatively in CIDR-D group (63% in CIDR-D group and 56% in CIDR group). Embryonic and fetal losses were also non-significant (P>0.05) between the control and treatment group. Results were also compared in cyclic and non-cyclic, Milking and dry, BCS and parity. Results were non-significant in milking and dry, BCS and Parity. Pregnancy rates were found different significantly (P<0.05) in cyclic and non-cyclic animals, when treatment
Summary
27
is ignored. From the present study it can be concluded that Dalmavital may have good effect on estrus intensity in CIDR synchronized Nili-Ravi buffalo.
Nili-Ravi buffalo is known as black gold of Pakistan. They produce about 2500 liters of milk with 6.5% butter fat. Despite of benefits, this breed is highly influenced with low reproductive activity that include prolonged pubertal period, poor exhibition of estrus, inadequate ovarian activity, long calving interval, high embryonic mortality and low fertility rate with artificial insemination. These factors reduce buffalo’s reproduction which leads to great economic losses. Therefore, there is dire need to address these problems and to orchestrate novel approaches to enhance the reproductive efficiency of buffalo. In cows, during last six to decades, researchers have considerably devised certain strategies to synchronize estrus with the help of prostaglandins, progestagens and estrogens. The advent of these hormones or synchronization protocols helped significantly in improving reproductive management. Moreover, the use of fixed time artificial insemination protocols resulted in acceptable fertility. However, these tools provide inconsistent results to manage reproduction in buffalo. Therefore, unprecedented approaches are required to facilitate and improve the buffalo reproduction. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2803-T] (1).
1246.
Comparative Productive And Processing Performance And Fatty Acid Analysis Of Cobb Sasso, Desi And Commercial Broiler Available In Local Market
by Inam ur Rehman (2010-VA-606) | Dr. Muhammad Hayat Jaspal | Dr. Sher Ali | Dr. Waqas Ahmed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Keeping in view the today’s consumer concern, the broiler industry needed a bird having better growth rate as well as resistant to environmental challenges. Cobb Sasso has better livability and may be reared without using antibiotics. Its relatively slow growth may impart better flavor and unique tenderness. This study was conducted at Department of Meat Science and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Total of 48 birds from Cobb sasso, broiler and desi chicken (16 birds per strain and 8 birds per sex) were purchased from local farm and brought to slaughtering facility. After slaughtering, dressing percentage was calculated by removing the feather, shanks, viscera and head. Further, shanks, liver, gizzard, drum sticks, fillets, inner fillets, back, wings, boneless meat and bones percentage was calculated. The pH of muscles was recorded by using pH meter and color by Minolta meter. Tenderness was analyzed by Texture analyzer. Meat sample from breast fillet were used for fatty acid profiling by Gas chromatograph, Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). Collected data was analyzed using factorial ANOVA under completely randomized design and means were compared using Fisher’s LSD test. Results showed significantly higher dressing, breast fillets, inner fillets and boneless percentage in broiler while thighs, drumsticks and wings percentages were found significantly higher in cobb sasso. By products shanks, liver, gizzard percentages were higher in desi. pH remained significantly higher in broiler at o hour, 45 minutes and 2 hours of slaughtering. Warner Bretzler Shear force remained highest for desi followed by cobb sasso and broiler which indicates that slow growing birds are tougher. L* was highest for broiler while a* was highest in desi chicken at 2 and 24 hours recorded readings. b* was higher in broiler at 2 hours but after 24 hours its value was higher in cobb sasso although it was not statistically significant. Saturated fatty acids were higher in desi. Mono-unsaturated fatty acids were higher in cobb sasso. Poly-unsaturated fatty acids were non-significant between broiler and desi but significantly low in cobb sasso. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2801-T] (1).
1247.
Evaluation Of Physico-Chemical Properties And Germination Efficiency Of Onion (Allium Cepa) And Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea) Seeds Grown Under Stress Of Tannery
by Tooba Ayyaz (2014-VA-212) | Ms. Saman Saad | Dr. Saif-ur-Reheman Kashif | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In the process of rapid urbanization industries are being establishing at a high rate and waste water discharges from these industries are unavoidable and lead to cause water and soil pollution. This water pollution has become a great threat to existence of plants and animals life. Pakistan tanning industry is a major contributor of chromium pollution. There are about 750 tanneries in different provinces of Pakistan and Kasur city has more over 230 tanneries in different areas. In this process different types of waste are released which contain chromium, salts, ammonia and organic compounds and it enters in our food chain through irrigation system and cause serious diseases such as cancer, lungs infection, liver infection and respiratory diseases. Therefore special attention on the management of industrial waste water is needed. The present study was carried out to investigate the Physico-chemical properties of tannery waste water and their impacts on the seed germination of Onion and Cauliflower plants. Samples were collected from Kasur Tannery Waste Management Agency (KTWMA) near Dipalpor road. Seeds were germinated in petri dishes for 14 days under control conditions. Different concentrations of diluted tannery effluents was applied ranges from; 0 %, 10 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, 100 % respectively. All physico-chemical parameters of effluents were analyzed such as Color, odor, EC, pH, TDS, TSS, Na, K, Ca, P, Cl, BOD, CO3 , HCO3, heavy metals Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cr, Mg. At different time intervals rate of germination was measured and morphological parameters of plants were examined such as shoot and root length, fresh and dry weigh, seedling vigor index after harvastation. Antioxidant enzymes such as Catalase, Peroxidase and Superoxide dismutase were estimated. After digestion of seedlings heavy metals
Summary
72
such as chromium, iron, copper, zinc, lead, and nickel were determined. SPSS software was used to apply descriptive statistics and ANOVA 1. Results showed that all physico chemical parameters were higher form prescribed values except pH, TDS and Cu recommended by NEQS. All observed parameters of both plants included seed germination, root length, shoot length, seedling length and seedling vigor index, fresh and dry weight strongly depends on concentrations of effluents. All morphological parameters were decreased with the increase of concentrations. Growth of cauliflower seeds was inhibited after T5 treatment whereas in onion plant growth was ceased after T4 treatment. A result of heavy metals showed that amount of chromium was significantly higher in both plants as compared to other metals. Antioxidant assay of enzymes showed that catalatic activity decreases as concentrations of effluents increases whereas Peroxidase and Superoxide dismutase activity increases with the increase of concentrations. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2737-T] (1).
1248.
Influence Of Multiple Freeze Thaw Cycles On Texture And Water Holding Capacity Of Red And White Meat
by Aaqib Khalil (2009-VA-130) | Dr. Sher Ali | Dr. Muhammad Hayat Jaspal | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Freezing has become the preferred choice in the global meat export market. During freezing & thawing, foods are damaged by chemical and physical changes especially during transportation and storage. These freeze-thaw cycles may be repeated several times and cause high drip loss which leads to economic losses. So, multiple freeze thaw cycles damage the meat in rigorous way. Multiple freeze and thaw cycles may have different effects on the water holding capacity and texture of meat which are detrimental for the meat quality
Sixty samples of fresh broiler chicken breasts and sixty samples of beef sirloin was collected from the commercial market. Samples were cut into 10 × 7.5 × 2.5 cmᶟ after cleaning and removal of visible fat and connective tissue from the surface of the samples. Initial data (weighting, pH and color) of all the samples were taken. All the samples were packed into polythene zip bags which wasnon-permeable. Samples (broiler breasts & beef sirloin) were arranged into five groups by random selection. Each group represented each cycle and five cycles were evaluated. Each group contains twelve random sample. First cycle was evaluated on the zero day that was a control group remaining groups were kept in horizontal freezer having -20 C temperature. After four days all samples were thaw at 4 C temperature for 12 hours. After thawing, second group or cycle was evaluated for proposed parameter and remaining three groups/cycles were again subjected to freeze. Every group was evaluated one by one after the period of four days each. Each sample was evaluated for pH, thawing loss, cooking loss, Drip loss, TBARS, meat color and shear force value. The collected data was analyzed by using general linear model under one-way ANOVA. The groups were further analyzed and compared by using post hock test i.e. Tukey test.
This study reveals the effect of different freeze-thaw cycles on physico-chemical changes in red and white meat. This study is helpful to determine the quality and structural changes taking place in red and white meat during different freezing and thawing cycles.
It is recommended to avoid refreezing over and over again. Fast freezing should be used instead of slow freezing for the export of meat. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2797-T] (1).
1249.
Comparative Genomic Study of Motor Neuron Disease in Horses and Human
by Shakeela Daud (2011-VA-534) | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: cd not submitted Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2810-T] (1).
1250.
Epidemiology Of Major Bacterial And Parasitic Causes Of Foal Diarrhea
by Ikramul Haq (2010-VA-60) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Present study was carried out in District Lahore and District Sargodha, Punjab province of Pakistan, from January, 2016 to December, 2016. The study was conducted to study the prevalence of Diarrhea in foals and to identify the major viral, bacterial and parasitic causes of diarrhea in foals in these districts. The foals that passed lose feces a least 4 to 5 times a day were considered diarrheic. The results showed that the prevalence of diarrhea was 72.8% in the foals. District wise prevalence showed that the prevalence of diarrhea in foals were 73.7% in district Sargodha and were 72% in District Lahore. According to the results the prevalence of diarrhea in male foals was 74% and in female foal were 72%. The diarrhea was more prevalent in donkeys at is 76.6% as compaired to horses which was 74.5%.
The viral (rotavirus), bacterial (Salmonella, Clostridium perfirengens and E. coli) and parasitic causes of diarrhea were identified by appropriate technique. The viral causes were diagnosed using ELISA technique. The bacteria were isolated by culturing and were confirmed by polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The parasitic causes studied using microscopic examination. To identify the cause of diarrhea 400 samples (200 from each district) were collected and processed for viral, bacterial and parasitic detection.
The results showed that 91.1% of the samples were positive for one or more infectious agents. District wise results showed that the prevalence of more or more than infectious agents were higher in district Lahore (95.5%) as compared to district Sargodha which was 87.5%. The isolation of one or more than one infectious agents were higher in males it is 92.7% while were low in females which was 90.5%. The results showed that the prevalence of one or more than one infectious agents were higher in horses (92.4%) in comparision with donkey which was 87.8%.
Experiment No. I: Investigation of Parasitic causes of Foal Diarrhea
Fecal samples were preserved in 10% formalin and transported to the laboratory for diagnosis of parasites. The fecal samples from foals suffering from diarrhea were processed by using following parasitological examination.
4. Direct microscopic examination
The sample negative with direct microscopic examination was examined using simple floatation examination.
5. Simple floatation examination
The sample negative with Simple floatation examination was examined by using sedimentation floatation technique.
6. Sedimentation floatation Technique
The sample negative by using Sedimentation technique was recorded as negative for parasites.
The results show that 340 (85%) out of 400 samples were positive for one or more than one endo-parasites. The prevalence of endo-parasites was higher in district Sargodha it is 87.5% as compared to district Lahore, which was 82.5% (Table No.7). Gastrodiscus Spp were the higher prevalent endo-parasite and 308 (77%) (Table No. 10) of the samples were positive for Gastrodiscus Spp while the lowest prevalent endo-parasite was Anoplocephala spp with (3) 0.75% prevalence (Table No. 12). other helmenth such as Dictyocaulus Spp. (22.5%), Oxyuris Spp. (15.75%), Strongyloides Spp. (15.75%), Ascaris equorum (4.75), Tridontophorus Spp. (2%), Trichomena spp. (1.5%) Strongylus spp. (1.5%), and Paranoplocephala Spp. (5%)
Experiment No. II: Molecular Diagnosis of Bacteria Causes of Foal Diarrhea
The samples were culture for Salmonella, E.coli and Clostridium perfirengins on respective selective media and DNA was extracted from the culture. DNA was amplified by PCR and the bacteria were confirm using PCR. To diagnose Lasonia the DNA was extracted directly from fecal sample and were processed for lawsonia. The result show that 55% of the samples were positive for one or more than one type of bacteria. Maximum prevalence were observe of E. coli 48.75% and none of the sample were positive for lawsonia. The other isolated bacteria were Salmonella 18.24% and Clostridium perfiengens 18%.
Experiment No. III: Investigation of Viral causes of Foal Diarrhea
Foal suffering from diarrhea were screened and analyzed for presence of rotavirus by using commercially available ELISA kit
The result of detection of rotavirus shows that rotavirus was detected in (70) 17.5% of the sample processed for the diagnosis of rotavirus.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2800-T] (1).
