201.
Comparative Efficacy Of Salinomycin Sodium And Neem Fruit (Adadirachta Indica) As Feed Additive Anticoccidials
by Murtaza Ali tipu | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Mr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The study was designed to compare the anticoccidial efficacy of ionophorus anticoccidial, salinomycin and a herb, neem fruit (Azadirachta indica). A total of 240 day old broiler chicks were purchased and raised for 42 days in good husbandry and hygienic conditions. The birds were randomly divided into six groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F comprising of 40 birds each. Group A was given feed additive anticoccidial Kokcisan (salinomycin 12 %). In group B, C and D, ground neem fruit (Azadirachta indica) was used in the feed. But the dose of neem was different. Group B had 1 kg/ton neem fruit; group C had 2 kg/ton while group D had 3 kg/ton of feedneem fruit. Group E was infected unmedicated control while group F was uninfected unmedicated control. All the groups except that of group F were given challenge dose of infection on day 22m1. The oocyst count was done on 5th, 6th and 7th day infection. The feed consumption and weight gain were recorded weekly. Record of mortality was maintained and postmortem of dead birds were also performed. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using one way Analysis of Variance and least significant Difference (LSD) test, to detect the differences between treatments and means.
It was concluded that Azadirachta indica (neem fruit) 3 kg/ton of feed had excellent activity in terms of oocyst count and reduction in mortality as compared to other groups and especially to Kokcisan (salinomycin sodium 12 %). While Kokcisan (salinomycin Na 12 %) was better in terms of weight gain and feed efficiency over Azadirachta indica 3 kg/ton of feed but this difference was statistically non significant others dosages of neem were also effective.
The results of this study will help to the feed millers in choosing best and economical feed additive anticoccidial.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0760,T] (1).
202.
Effect Of Enzyme (Kemzyme Hf) Supplementation Of Sunflower Meal On The Performance Of Japanese Quails
by Hammad-ur-Rehman | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The quail has gamed an important place in the poultry farming due to its better growth rate, less space requirement that is 8 or 10 quails occupy the same space on which a broiler can be reared. They mature at an early age and the female birds are usually in full production by about 50 days of age, moreover quail meat has more protein than chicken meat. Its meat is very tasty and tender. It is fortified with nutrients required for human health and has a very low percentage of cholesterol More over quail meat has comparatively more protein percentage as compared to chicken meat and is a good source of certain B. vitamins.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) oil meal is a by-product obtained after the extraction of oil from the decorticated sunflower seed. Being good source of vegetable protein (34% CP) the sunflower meal can be developed as a good vegetable protein supplement for different poultry rations.
Sunflower meal is cheaper than soybean meal. It possesses high fiber content and chiorogenic acid an anti-nutritional factor, which can be reduce with the inclusion of enzymes.
Kemzyme is stabilized multi-enzyme product from Kemin Europa NV, Belgium. It contains alpha - amylase beta - glucanase, lipase, protease, cellulase and hemicellulase complex including pentosanase, xylanase, pectinase and cellubiase. The enzyme mixture is claimed to break down the non-starch polysacchardies (NSP), reduces the viscosity of gut content and improves the utilization of feed nutrients,mainly cellulase and hemicellulase complex of Kemzyme by degrading high amounts of crude fiber in the sunflower meal.
The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation on the nutritive value of diets containing different levels of sunflower meal on the performance of Japanese quails.
Two hundred and seventy (270) day old quail chicks of mixed sexes were purchased from local hatchery and randomly divided into six groups of 45 quails each. Then each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 15 quails each and were kept in battery cages. Six isocaloric and isonitrogenous rations were prepared using three levels of sunflower meal viz., 5, 10, 15% without enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation designated as A, B & C and with enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation (500 g/ton) designated as D, E & F.
The data on the weekly feed consumption and body weight recorded during the experiment. The total weight gain and feed consumption were used to calculate feed conversion ration and economics. At the end of the experiment three birds from each replicate were slaughtered to determine the dressing percentage. Proximate analysis of experimental rations were done according to AOAC (1984).
The data collected was analyzed by applying analysis of variance technique using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test to detect the difference among the treatments and means, were compared by using least significant difference test.
The results showed that the maximum weight gain (190 gm) feed consumption (515 gm), feed conversion efficiency (2.71) and dressing percentage (69%) were observed in the quails fed on ration E, containing 10% sunflower meal with enzyme supplementation. While the minimum weight gain (125 gm), lowest feed consumption (427 gm) poor feed conversion efficiency (3.41) and lowest dressing percentage (60%) were observed by the chicks fed on ration C containing 15% sunflower meal without enzyme supplementation.
Economics of different experimental rations fed to birds with and without enzyme supplementation revealed that enzyme supplementation sunflower meal based diets increased the profit margin by the reduction in feed cost per unit gain.
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of the results of present study the following conclusions may be drawn:
1. The optimum inclusion level of sunflower meal, without dietary modification in quail rations may be below 10 percent.
2. Enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation can improve the weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and dressing percentage and was the economical.
3. Enzyme (Kernzyme HF) supplementation of quail diets can only be feasible when sunflower meal used at 10 percent level.
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203.
Nutritive Value Of Sunflower Meal For Poultry Feeding As Effected By Heat Treatment
by Zia Karim, M | Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr. Ehtisham | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1988Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the effect of heat treatment and lysIne supplementation on the nutritive value of sunflower meal (SFM) , through biological trial, on the broiler chicks. It also included the estimation of lysIne contents of sunflower meal processed at different temperatures.
Two research experiments were conducted on day-old broiler chicks to evaluate the nutritive value of sunflower meal processed at different temperatures and subsequently supplemented with lysine. In the first experiment SFM was subjected to various heat treatments at 90°, 10.0°,110°, and 120° for 30 minutes. The results indicated an improvement in growth rate of the chicks fed ration H containing SFM processed at 90°C, while the chicks fed ration III to V containing SFM processed at 1000,1100 and 120°C showed a proportionate depression in weight gain, which might be due to the damage or unavailability of heat labile essential amino acid lysine. There was a non-significant difference in the feed consumption of chicks fed different experimental rations. The chicks fed ration II containing heat treated SFM at 90°C showed the best cumulative feed efficiency as the processing temperature of SFM was increased. The carcase weight of trie chicks fed different experimental rations showed almost the same trend as observed in "weight gain. However, a non-significant difference was observed in the dressing percentage and weight of internal organs of the chicks.
In the second experiment, chicks fed ration I containing SFM processed at 90°C showed the maximum weight gain while chicks fed rations II, IV and VI containing SFM processed at 100°, 1100 and 120°C showed a proportionate depression in the weight gain as well as feed efficiency. It might be attributed to the damage or unavailability of heat labile essential amino acid lysine. The depression in weight gain and feed efficiency of the chicks due to feeding of heat processed SFM was alleviated when fed rations II, V and VII, containing SFM processed at 1000,1100 and 120°C and supplemented accordingly with the synthetic lysine. The carcase weight of the chicks showed almost the same trend as observed in the weight gain. However, dressing percentage and weight of Internal organs of the chicks showed a non-significant difference. The lysine estimation of sunflower meal processed at 90°, 100°, 110° and 120°C revealed that the lysine content was proportionately decreased by 10,10.9,12.15 and 14.55 percent respectively. The results were substantiated through the biological trail of feeding heat processed sunflower meal to the broiler chicks, which showed that the weight gain and fee efficiency of the chicks were significantly improved when the heat processed SFM was supplemented with the corresponding amounts of synthetic lysine.
CONCLUSION
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of heat treatment at 900, 100°, 110° and 1200 and lysine supplementation of heat processed sunflower meal (SFN) on the growth rate, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage and weight of internal organs of the chicks.
The weight gain and feed efficiency were proportionately reduced when processing temperature was increased from 100°C onwards. The lysine supplementation improved the depressions significantly as was reflected in better weight gain and feed efficiency of the chicks. It indicated that heat processing made the lysine unavailable, which was confirmed through the analysis of lysine content of SFM.
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204.
Prevalence And Taxonomical Studies On Haemoparasites Of Equine And Their Effect On Blood Parameters During Winter Season
by Wasim Shehzad | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was conducted between November 1999 and January 2000 to find out the prevalence and to study the taxonomy of haemoparasites of horses. In addition, their effect on haematological parameters was also studied.
A total of 40 out of 435 horses were found positive for haemoparasites. The prevalence recorded was 9.20%. Out of positive animals 22(5.O6%) were positive for babesia species, of which 10 (45.45%) were infected with 6 (27.27%) were infected with B.caballi and 6 (27.27%) were positive with mixed infection of and B caballi out of remaining positive cases, 14 (3 22%) were positive for T.evansi and 4 (0.92%) were positive for P.multipapillosa.
Animals of group A, belonged to all the places of other groups. Animals of group B showed 10.52 % prevalence for haemoparasites, Babesia species was present in 6 (6.31%) and T.evansi was present in 4 (4.21%) animals respectively. Horses of group C showed prevalence as 14.28% haemoparasites out of which 6(8.57%) were positive for babesia species, and 4 (5.7l%) positive for T.evansi. Similarly, animals in group D, indicated 11.11 % prevalence of haemoparasites including babesia species 3 (3.33%), T.evansi 3 (3.3%) and P.multipapiltosa, 4 (4.44%) respectively. Ten out of 180 (5.56%) horses of group E were positive for haemoparasites and 7 (3.89%) were positive for Babesia spp. and 3 (1.66%) were positive for T.evansi.
Haematological examination revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, haemoglobin estimation, packed cell volume, neutrophils and basophils in the infected horses as compared with healthy horses. However, there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in lymphocytes and eosinophils in the infected horses as compared with healthy horses of group A
From the results of the present study it may be concluded that the horses belonging to the poor community need due attention for the control of haemoparasite diseases. Services must be extended to educate owners of these Tonga ponies for the control of haemoparasitic diseases and their vectors.
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205.
Effect Of Commercial Enzyme (Natugrain) Supplementation On The Nutritive Value And Inclusion Rate Of Guar Meal In Broiler
by Kamran, M | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Mr.Athar | Prof.Dr.Nisar Ahmad Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Protein plays an important role in the formation of a balanced diet. The human population is still confronting with the shortage of protein intake due to high production cost of poultry and other meat sources. Higher price of poultry meat is mainly due to higher costs of feed. The guar meal is the by product, which is obtained after the mechanical separation of endosperm from both hu1ls and germs of guar seed. It has a natural toxic substance trypsin inhibitor and residual guar gum. Despite, these deleterious effects, the guar meal is cheaper and is a good source of essential amino acids.
The experiment was designed to study the effect of commercial enzyme (Natugrain) supplementation on the nutritive value and inclusion rate of guar meal in broiler rations. The experiment was conducted at Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. 240, day old chicks were randomly divided into 2 main groups. Each main group was further divided into 4-sub groups of 30-chicks (3 replicates of 10-chicks) in each sub group. One main group was fed rations with enzyme supplementation and other without enzyme supplementation. The chicks were reared under standard environmental conditions. Eight isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental starter rations were formulated and fed to chicks for a period of 4 weeks. Rations A, B, C and D containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% guar meal, respectively supplemented with same level of enzyme (100 gram/ton). Rations F, F, G and H containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% guar meal, respectively without enzyme. Eight isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental finisher rations A, B, C, D, E, F, G & H were formulated in the same manner as starter rations and fed to chicks from 5-6 weeks. All the birds were weighed at the start of experiment (day old) and at weekly intervals, thereafter. Weekly feed consumption of each replicate was recorded and FCR was calculated.
The average feed consumed by the broiler chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D, F, F, G and H were 3631.2, 3797.16, 3601.0, 3086.56, 3664.33, 3736.2, 3604.93 and 3254.83 grams, respectively. The average weight gain of broiler chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H were 1817.77, 1813.6, 1648.77, 1169.0, 1796.1, 1723.9, 1538.44 and 1265.9 grams, respectively. The average feed conversion ratio values for broiler chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H were 1.97, 2.0, 2.17, 2.64, 1.99, 2.14, 2.33 and 2.56 per bird, respectively.
The values for dressing percentage in groups A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H were 67.50%, 64.13%, 64.07%, 61.73%, 66.20%, 63.33%, 63.70% and 61.33%, respectively. Mortality in groups A, D, E, G and H were 1, 4, 1, 1 and 2 birds, respectively. There was no mortality in groups B, C and F.
Data regarding feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and dressing percentage, when subjected to analysis of variance showed that there was non significant difference (P>0.05) among different experimental groups as far as enzyme supplementation was concerned. However, significant (P<0.05) differences were observed among the experimental groups on the basis of different levels of guar meal.
It was observed as the level of guar meal increased in the ration, cost per kg of feed decreased but as the level of guar meal increased, the cost per kg of live weight increased. Profit per Kg of live weight was higher from those groups fed on rations with enzyme supplementation as compared to those groups fed on rations without enzyme supplementation.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0769,T] (1).
206.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Ascariasis In Cross-Bred Calves In And Around Lahore
by Waqar Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Khalid Pervaiz | Dr. Muhamad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present project was designed to find out the prevalence of ascariasis in cross-bred calves in and around Lahore and to evaluate anthelmiiitic efficacy of albendazole, oxfendazole and fumaria parviflora against ascariasis.
For this purpose the faeces of 203 cross-bred calves under 3 months aged from various localities in and adjoining city of Lahore were examined for the presence of ascariasis. Forty calves were found positive. It was observed that the prevalence of ascariasis was 19.62%. Forty naturally infected calves having moderate to heavy infection were divided into 4 groups A, B, C and D, each having 10 calves. Ten calves were acted as non-infected and non-medicated (control) as group E. The anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole, oxfendazole and fumaria parviflora was studied by administering to group A, B and C respectively.
The efficacy of the drug was determined on the basis of reduction in number of ova count, present in the faeces after medication.
Anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole (@ 5mg/kg body weight), oxfendazole (@ 4.5mg/kg body weight) and fumaria parviflora (@ 2gm/kg body weight) was observed to be 83.67%, 95.09% and 0% at clay 5 respectively and at 10 days 99.65%, 100% and 20.15% respectively.
It was found that systamex was the most effective drug for the treatment of ascariasis in crossbred calves. Second was the albenclazole. None of these drugs produced any side effects.
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207.
Effect Of Suplementation Of Different Levels Of Vitamins On The Production Performance Of Broilers
by Mateen Ahmad | Mr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhamad | prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Vitamin means vital amines. They are organic regulators of metabolism that are required in the daily diet of bird for normal growth and maintenance of the body. They are mediators of synthetic and degenerative processes and exercise catalytic functions in the body because many of them function as co-enzymes. The present study was conducted in 200 day-old Hubbard broiler chicks to knew the effect of supplementation of different levels of vitamins in broiler starter and broiler finisher ration. The supplemented ration tested were ration A (NRC), ration B (NRC+l0%) ration C (NRC+20%), and ration D (NRC+30%). The experiment had a completely randomized design.
The chicks were randomly divided into 4 major groups comprising 50 chicks each. Each major group was further sub-divided into 5 replicates containing 10 chicks each. The supplemental rations were prepared according to NRC (Nutrient Requirement of domestic animals, 1994) requirement and with the addition of 10%, 20% and 30% vitamin. The four treatments were allotted to different groups of birds at random. The chicks were housed in a room compartment provided with battery cages-Experimental room temperature was 95F(35C) in the first week and then it was reduced SF each week. The birds were offered experimental rations and fresh clean water at ad libitum. The overall results showed that weight gain, FCR, weight gain per unit protein intake, liver and gizzard showed significant difference among the treatments. However feed consumption, protein intake and heart weight showed non-significant difference. The incidence of deficiency diseases was observed to be 8, 2, 0 and 0 percent fed on ration A, B, C and D respectively. However there was no mortality in any group. Net profit gain was higher for ration "D".
These results might be on account that supplementation improved the digestibility of dietary organic matter, protein fed and nitrogen free extract, thereby resulting in better utilization of these nutrients that ended to better performance. So in conclusion dietary vitamin inadequacy suppressed broiler performance and impaired the cellular mediated immunity. The recommendations for vitamin requirements and vitamins supplementation practices vary considerably throughout the world. So the updates of vitamin requirements extensively used in NRC journals are not always based on recent experiments. There is therefore a danger, that requirements stated for some vitamins might not reflect the need of modern poultry.
CONCLUSION
1. Experimental diet consistently showed better performance so vitamins in control diet are not optimal.
2. Normal needs of the birds and the recommended levels of the vitamins vary considerably.
3. The Official recommendations of the NRC cover only the lowerst possible needs so we will have to add substantional safety margins in the ration.
4. Improved performance in this experiment enable us to consider that further research is required to discover more efficient modalities of vitamin supplementation.
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208.
Prevalence Of Toxocariasis In Dogs And Its Treatment With Nigella Sativa Saussurea Lappa And Ivermectin
by Adnan Mushtaq | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0773,T] (1).
209.
Ovulation Induction And Synchronization In Nili-Ravi Buffaloes With Prolonged Post-Partum Period
by Mohammad Atif ikram | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aleem Bhatti | Prof. Dr. Rashid Ahmad Chaudhry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Estrus detection and correct tine insemination have been considered one of the important factors affecting the calving interval in 1)11 flab population. This study was undertaken to induce and synchronize ovu1a(on rather than esirtis in buffaloes. Ovsynch program ( ovulation synclronization) enables all fertile buffaloes to be bred at a fixed time by A.l.
Sixteen buffaloes of Nili-Ravi breed with a mean postpartum interval of 250±31.6 days were randomly divided into 2 equal groups viz A and B (ii=8). On day zero, Dalmeraline (25mcg/ml lecirilin; a GnRH analogue) was administered intramuscularly at the dose rate of 3cc. On day 7, 2cc Dalmazine (0.075mg/mi Cloprostenol) was injected intramuscularly. One day 9, second injection of Daimeraline (Lecirilin) was given intramuscularly at the dose rate of 3cc. Insemination was carried out 1 6 hours after second injection of GnRH analogue, Dalmeraline.
Buffaloes of group B were kept as control group. They were observed for naturally occurring estrus from day 0 to 26. Estrus was detected with the help of teaser bull. Artificial insemination was carried Out primarily on standing heat basis.
Buffaloes of group A responded to hormonal therapy and five out of 8 animals (62.5%) showed estrus behaviour and signs. All animals of group A were inseminated twice, once early in the morning and then in the evening with an interval of 12 hours.
Three animals (37.5%) from group A were conceived at induced and synchronized ovulation at first service, while one animal (12.5%) was conceived from group B.
It is concluded that the Ovsynch protocol is a useful regime in inducing and synchronizing ovulation with reasonably good conception rates. It is however, found that ovsynch protocol is also effective enough in buflaloes with longer postpartum intervals.
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210.
Comparative Immunogenicity Of Different Hydropericardium Syndrome (Hps) Vaccines In Broiolers
by Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Sameera Akhtar | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Shakeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Formaldehyde inactivated hydro-pericardium syndrome (HPS) vaccine without any adjuvant (F-HPS), an oil based HPS vaccine (0- HPS) and alum precipitated HPS vaccine (A-HPS) were prepared and comparative immunogenicity was evaluated in broilers. These vaccines were injected to each bird of groupG1, 02 and G3 sub-cutaneously on 14t day of their age, respectively while the birds of group G4 were kept non-HPS vaccinated control. Each of the bird of each group was also vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus-NDV (LaSota strain: eye droppings) while birds of group G5 served as ND non vaccinated control.
Each of the vaccine induced detectable level of anti-HPS virus indirect haemagglutination (IHA) antibody titre. The 0-HPS vaccine induced higher titre ofthe anti-HPSV-IHA antibody titre that of F-HPS and A-HPS vaccines. All of the three vaccines induced resistance in the birds that showed 100% protection when were given challenge infection on 14 days post-vaccination while the birds of control group showed zero percent protection. At the time of challenge infection, anti- Newcastle disease virus haemagglutination inhibition (ND V-HI) antibody titres were same in the HPS vaccinated and un-vaccinated broilers.
It is concluded that all the vaccines induced effective immunity in the birds. The 0-HPS vaccine induced higher levels of anti-HPS virus IHA antibody titres than that of F-HPS and A-HPS vaccines. Moreover, non of the vaccine induced detectable level of immuno-modulatory effect on the anti-NDV-HI antibody titre of birds to NDV vaccine.
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211.
Comparative Efficacy Of Various Drugs Against Gastrodiscus In Horses
by Wasim Ahmad Malik | Dr. Khalid Pervez, Prof.CMS | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Mr. Kamran | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: This study was conducted to work out the prevalence of gastrodiscus infection in Lahore district and to check the efficacy of three different drugs i.e. Oxfendazole, Albendazole and Ivermectin againstastrodiscus infection in horses. This disease is cosmopolitan in distribution.
Five hundred faecal samples of horses were collected and coprological examined by fresh smear method to determine 30 naturally infected horses by Qastrodiscus infection.
These animals were divided into three groups i.e. group A, group B and group C. Each group was comprising of 10 animals. Groups A, B and C were treated with Oxfendazole, Albendazole and Ivermectin, respectively. The prevalence of gastrodiscus infection at Lahore area o.nd out to be 6%. The eggs per gram (EPG) counts was estimated using MacMaster technique at zero day (pre-medication), 3rd day, 7th day and 14th day (post-medication). Groups A, B and C were treated with Oxfendazole, Albendazole and Ivermectin at companies recommended dose rate of 1.2 ml/2 kg body weight, 1 ml/13 kg body weight and 1.0 ml/50 kg body weight, respectively.
After medication at 3rd, 7th and 14th day EPG count was measured. It was observed that at 3rd day Oxfendazole, Albendazole and Ivermectin showed the efficacy 51.36%, 60.52% and 17.5%, respectively.
At 7th day the efficacy of Oxfendazole, Albendazole and Ivermectin was found to be 58.18%, 72.63% and 7.5%, respectively.
At 14th day the efficacy of Oxfendazole, Albendazole and Ivermectin was found to be 59.09%, 75.26% and 3.5%, respectively.
The average efficacy of Oxfendazole, Albendazole and Ivermectin was found to be 56.21%, 69.47% and 9.5%, respectively. Hence Oxfendazole and Abendazole showed better results as compared to Ivermectin. It was concluded Oxfendazole and Albendazole were safe against Gastrodiscus in horses.
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212.
Comparativge Efficacy Of Gnrh And Pgf2A For Oestrous Synchronization In Nili Ravi Buffalo
by Abdohoo Abdali, M | Dr.Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Dr.Masood | Dr.Rashid Ahmad Ch | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Buffaloes occupy an important role in agricultural economy of Pakistan as a triple purpose (milk, meat and draught) animals. Total population of buffalo in Pakistan is 21.6 million. '1'oal milk production in the Pakistan is 24,874 metric tons, out of which 16,665 in Punjab and the share of buffalo is 72.12%.
In buffalo husbandry seasonality in breeding is a problem of great importance, because seasonal variation in breeding, as its effects on calving profoundly affects the economy of milk production also.
The appearance of oestrous in buffalo is at the maximum (37.56%) during October to December. Therefore, population of the country parturate from July to October. Eventually, during the summer months there is a marked decline in total milk production but demand of milk escalates.
To device ways and methods to overcome summer shortage of milk we designed this project to change the breeding pattern of buffaloes by oestrous cycle synchronization in a way to have maximum milk yield during summer months.
In this study 30 non-suckling postpartum Nili-Ravi buffaloes were used having average age 2592.66±127.41 days and average weight 464.7U,±8.27 kgs. The 30 buffaloes were randomly divided into two groups viz group A and B, having 15 animals in each group respectively. The buffaloes in group A (n=15) received intramuscular injection of Dalmazine, analogue of PGF2 a 2CC, without palpation at 11 days interval.
In group B (n=15) received intramuscular injection of Dalmarelin, Analogue of GnRH 2CC without palpation at 11 days interval.
All the animals were observed for (a) Response of treatment (b) interval to the onset of oestrous post-treatment (c) Numbers of buffaloes showing symptoms of oestrous (d) duration of oestrous (e) conception rate (0 cost comparison of both injections per animal.
From the present experiment it was observed that, the response of oestrous in group A was 86.66% and in group B was 80%, the interval of oestrous in group A was 3.53±0.32 days while in group B was 12.5±0.34 days. The duration was 21.69±0.53 hours in group A and 20.9±0.67 hours in group B. The symptoms was frequent urination, bellowing, segregation from the herd, acceptance of teaser bull, vulvular sniffing, vulvular swelling and mucous discharge in both groups. The conception rate was 76.92% and 75% in group A and B respectively. The cost comparison was Rs.420 in group A and Rs.452/animal in group B which was more in group B, I .e. Rs.32/animal. It was concluded that PGF2 is more effective for oestrous synchronization, by less time, high conception rate, high percentage of response. However, a detailed study is required to determine the blood hormonal levels after the induction of both the injections, for better improvement.
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213.
Effect Of Various Extenders On Semen Characteristics Of Beetal Buck (Capra Hircus)
by Aoun Raza | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aleem Bhatti | Dr.Muhammad | Dr.Muhammad Ashfaq Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The artificial use of germ cells of genetcally superior bucks can enhance
the growth potential of goat population to meet the shortage of mutton meat in Pakistan for daily slaughtering, sacrificial events, skin, hair and goat milk too.
Beneficial use of superior germ cells can be made only when there is extension of life of germ cells for long periods, maintenance of motility of spermatozoa and increase in number of doses of ejaculate, for which an extender of choice has to be developed. Semen characteristics of forty ejaculates of bucks were evaluated. Pooled samples of ejaculates having motility estimates of at least 60% were used for evaluation. After washing of seminal plasma with physiological normal saline (20% ringer solution) and centrifugation at l000xg for 10 minutes to remove the sperm toxic factor Lecithinase-A. Pooled semen samples were extended in Tris yolk fructose citric acid (TYFCA), milk yolk (MY) and egg yolk citrate (EYC) extenders. Samples were extended using one
step extension at a ratio of 1:60 in such a way that each milliliter of semen contained 30x106 progressively motile spermatozoa. Finally extended semen samples were placed at 5°C and 37°C for evaluation of motility percentage after every 24 hours interval and livability (hours) and absolute index of livability o spermatozoa, respectively. Mean±S.E. values of ejaculates of bucks for volume, pH, mass motility, individual motility percentage, sperm cell concentration, live and dead percentage, sperm abnormalities was recorded and post-extension motility percentage at 5oC, livability (hours) and absolute index of livability of of' spermatozoa of pooled semen at 37°C was recorded. Significant differences were observed (P<0.01) in post extension motility percentage at 5°C, at all intervals except at 120 hours interval where deference vas non-significant (P>0.05) between milk yolk and egg yolk citrate extenders. Post extension motility percentage at 5°C was highest in TYFCA than MY and EYC e\tenders. Post extension livability (hours) at 37°C was significantly different among three extenders at a level of probability (P<0.05) but non-significantly different among three extenders at a level of' probability (P>0.01). Absolute index of' livability at 37°C shows significant differences (P<0.01) for all extenders under statistical analysis. Livability (hours) and absolute index of' livability was higher in TYFCA than MY and EYC extenders. Based on these results and effect of extenders on semen characteristics of Beetal Buck, Tris- Yolk-Fructose-Citric Acid was developed as an extender of choice for short term preservation of' semen of' Beetal Buck.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0798,T] (1).
214.
Effect Of Varying Levels Of Threonine In The Vegetable Protein Based Diets On The Performance Of Brilers
by Mujahid Farooq | Dr.Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Mr.Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Two major components of rations are energy and protein. Protein is the second major part of a ration. It is mainly supplied by vegetable and animal protein sources. Animal protein sources are of superior quality due to its more balance profile of essential amino acids. High cost and mal-practice of adultering the animal protein sources compelled the nutritionists to use vegetable protein sources. Vegetable protein sources are cheaper and available in more quantity but deficient in certain critical amino acids. Threonine is an important amino acid in nutrition of both mammals and birds. Practically, in diets threonine is usually either second, third or fourth limiting amino acid depending on the types of diets (Radke and Lewis, 1992). Vegetable protein sources can efficiently be incorporated in poultry ration by supplementing with synthetic sources of amino acids to bring them at par or near to that of animal protein sources.
Two hundred day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into five groups. Each group was further sub-divided into four replicates containing 10 chicks each and were reared in battery cages. Starter rations A, B, C, D and E containing 20% crude protein, 2900 k.cal ME/kg and threonine 1eve1s 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85 and 0.90 per cent, respectively were fed upto 28th day of age. Similarly finisher rations A, B, C, D and E containing crude protein 18.5%, 3000 k.cal ME/kg and 0.66, 0.70, 0.74, 0.78 and 0.82 per cent threonine levels were fed from 29th to 35th day of age, respectively. The chicks were weighed individually at day old and also at weekly intervals upto the end of the experiment. Weekly feed consumption was recorded for each experimental units separately. At the end of the experiment, three birds from each experimental units were picked up randomly and slaughtered to record he slaughtered data.
The weight gain of the birds fed on various experimental rations A, B, C, D and E from 0-5 weeks of age were 810.50, 1935.00, 1861.25, 1802.49 and 1748.00 gms, respectively. Significantly more weight gain was observed in birds fed on ration B, C, D and E containing various levels of threonine as compared to chicks fed on ration A. However, the result revealed non-significant difference between B&C and D&E.
The results of feed consumption indicated that birds on different experimental rations A, B, C, D and E were 1423.12, 2970.22, 2924.72, 3011.22 and 3015.07 gms, respectively. Significantly more feed was consumed by the chicks fed on rations B, C, D and E as compared to chicks fed on ration A.
Feed efficiency of the birds on different experimental rations A, B, C, D and E were 1.76, 1.54, 1.57, 1.67 and 1.72, respectively. Significantly better feed utilization was noticed in birds fed on ration B, while the birds fed on ration A was less efficient in feed utilization. However, non-significant difference in feed efficiency was observed between the chicks fed on ration A&E, B&C, E&D.
The abdominal fat percentage of the birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D and E were 2.25, 2.15, 2.10, 2.05 and 2.08 per cent, respectively. The birds fed on ration D deposited less, while birds on ration A was high in abdominal fat. However, nonsignificant difference were observed among the chicks fed on ration A&B, B, C, D & E.
Statistical analysis of the data revealed non-significant effect of treatment on dressing percentage and weight of giblets i.e. gizzard, heart, spleen and liver.
The data regarding economical aspect of ration revealed that the average feed cost per kg of live weight of chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D and E were 15.47, 14.00, 14.42, 15.44 and 16.00 rupees, respectively. Apparently ration B was most economical in comparison with other rations.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0803,T] (1).
215.
Studies On The Effect Of Ammoniation On The Nutritive Value Of Different Roughages In The Fattening Of Lambs
by Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr . Manzoor | Dr.Saghir Ahmad Jafri.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: Sufficient quantity of agricultural by-products in the form of dry roughages are available in the Country for livestock feeding. The nutritive improvement of these roughages could be accomplished by proper chemical treatments. Ammoniation is one of the methods employed to improve the nutritive value of dry roughages for feeding of livestock.
A fattening trial was conducted on four groups of 64 male of Lohi lambs breed to study the effect of ammoniatin on the nutritive value of wheat straw and sugarcane pith. The roughages were treated with ammonia at 3.5 % level for 15 days and used at 22.5 % level of the four experimental rations having untreated and ammonia treated wheat straw and sugarcane pith. The experiment lasted for 84 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency and digestibility of the animals were recorded.
There was a significant (PLO.05) improvement in the weight gain and feed efficiency of the lambs fed ammonia treated roughages as compared with the non-treated roughages. However, there was no significant difference in the feed consumption of the animals fed different experimental rations. The digestibility trial revealed that the differences with regard to the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein,crude fibre, ether extract and nitrogen free extract between treated and untreated sugarcane pith and wheat straw were F; non-significant. But when both the roughages whether ammonia treated or untreated were compared with each other, wheat straw had significantly higher values of nutrients digestibility as compared with sugarcane pith.
The study indicated that ammoniation of wheat straw and sugarcane pith improve their nutritive value at a significant level (PLO.05) for the fattening of lambs.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0804,T] (1).
216.
Prevalence Of Parasites Of Zoonotic Importance In Public Parks Of Lahore
by Mahmood Ahmad Tahir | Dr.H.A.Hashmi | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: To find out the prevalence of parasitic larvae/eggs of zoonotic importance at VaI1OLIS public places, 600 samples (200 canine faeces, 200 lierbage and 200 soil samples) were collected and processed according to the techniques mentioned in the text. Five samples for each material were collected fortnightly from and around five different public parks namely: "lqbal Park, Nasir Bagh, Bagh-e-Jinnah, Gulshan-e-Iqbal and Race Course Park" during the period from 1st September to 31st December, 2002. The impact of meteorological conditions on the prevalence of various parasitic eggs/larvae was studied. Forty nine (24.5%) out of 200 faecal samples were sound to he positive amongst which 11(22.45%) were positive for T. canis. and 34 (69.39%) were positive for A. caninum whereas 4 samples (8.1 %) were found positive for other parasites namely: D. canium, Trichuris vulpis, Teania spp. and Strongyloides sp. Out of 200 soil samples 29 (14.5%) were found positive for parasites amongst which 8 (27.59%) and 19 (65.5%) were positive for T canis and A. Caninum respectively, whereas only 2 (6.90%) were positive for other parasites. Out of 200 herbage samples 69 (34.5%) were positive for parasite eggs/larvae amongst which 22 (31.88%), 42 (60.86%) and 5 (7.26%) were positive for T. canis, A. can/null and other parasites respectively.
Overall contamination of parks including all types of samples was recorded as 24.5%. It was observed that during the period of study (1st September to 31st December, 2002), the contamination of parks was the highest between 1st October to 30th November, 2002 when environmental temperature became optimal (27-30°C) and humidity being 75-76%. Inspite of the fact, rainfall did not occur during the highest prevalence of contamination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0811,T] (1).
217.
Bioavailability And Pharmacokingetics Of Ampicillin In Volunteeers
by Naseer Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of ampicillin were investigated in six healthy male volunteers after intravenous and oral administration of penbritin 500mg and relative bioavailability of ampicap 500mg after oral administration. The blood samples were collected at various time intervals following administration of single dose of 500mg to each individual volunteer. The concentrations of ampicillin in serum samples were determined by using microbiological assay. The serum concentrations of ampicilin at different time intervals were plotted on semi-logarithmic graph paper. The bioavailabilty and pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated and expressed as mean + S.D.
The peack oncerntration of 8.58+0.02 ug/ml reached in 2.30+0.002 hours after oral administration. By calculating the AUC i/v and AUC oral the bioavailability of penbritin 500mg oral was calculated and was 51.60+ 2.2.0 and that of ampicap was 50.00+10.00. The relative bioavailability (Bioequivalence ) of ampicap was determined by dividing the AUC (Ampicap) by AUC (penbritin) and it was 96.94+5.18%. Time to reach the maximum concerntration of penbritin orally was 2.30+0.002 and that of ampicap was 2.31+0.006 hours
The half-live of elimination after i/v administration of penbritin was 1.005+0.00 hours, after oral administration was 1.21+0.001 hours and that of ampicap was 1.21+0.004, respectively. The volume of distribution after pendbritin i/v, penbritin orally and ampicap orally was 11.08+0.091, 25.92+0.76 and 26.64+0.82 liters, respectively. The total body clearance of penbritin was 127.84+10.53, 246.70+104.13 and 254.46+45.32 ml/minutres, respectively after penbritin i/v, penbritin orally and ampicap.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0812,T] (1).
218.
Effect Of Partial And Complete Nephrectomy On Various Blood Parasmeters In Dogs
by Wasif Latif, Sh | Dr.Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr.Asim Khalid Mahmood | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Certain diseased conditions like renal calculi, renal cyst, malignant tumors, trauma, congenital anomalies, immune mediated, genetic, aging, poisoning, bacteria, virus and parasite leads to loss of partial or complete renal activity. This loss is usually irreversible so partial or complete removal of damaged kidney is necessary to save the animal from these life threatening conditions.
The present study was undertaken to ensure the effects of partial and complete nephrectomy on various blood parameters. The purpose of any surgical procedure is restoration of normal anatomy and rapid return of function. For this purpose, partial nephrectomy and complete nephrectomy was experienced in group A and B, comprising 4 animals each.
Effects of both the techniques were evaluated on the basis of clinical parameters, blood chemistry, hematological findings, radiographic examination and histopathological findings.
It was observed that both the techniques are effective to save the life of animal but in completely nephrectomized dogs the values observed at different intervals i.e. 1S 4th and 8th post-operative week were recorded high. Two animals from group A were kept for longer duration i.e. 4 months in which all the values were in normal limits when tested after 4 months. On the other hand, partially nephrectomized dogs in group B showed normal clinical, biochemical and hematological values at the end of experimental period i.e. 8th week.
Hence, it is concluded that loss of partial or complete function of one kidney is compensated by the contra lateral organ in the presence or by removal of damaged partner. Research has proved that both the techniques (complete and partial nephrectomy) do not bring any significant change in the biochemistry of the animal so that these techniques can be tried to save the life of patient in proportion to the extent of defect.
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219.
Passive Immunistion Of Pasteurella Multocida Infected Rabbits
by Ali Ahmad | Dr. Masood Rabbani, Asso.Prof., CDL | Dr. Khushi Muhammad, Associate Prof | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS), an important bacterial disease of buffaloes and cattle, is caused by Pasteurella multocida. Improved management practices and regular vaccination programme have significantly contributed to lowering the incidence of the HS disease in our country. The outbreaks are mostly experienced in young animals, especially, calves (Sheikh et al., 1996). Present study was conducted to determine the contribution of passive immunization against HS in infected rabbits. In this study, 5 rabbits were vaccinated thrice at 21 days interval, using oil base haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine (OBHSV). A high titre of anti-Pasteurella multocida-antibodies in blood serum was determined on 56th day post boosting using indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test. A virulent Pasteurella multocida with mean lethal dose (LD50) of 10-6.749 was used for challenging the rabbits. The hyperimmune serum (1 ml, 256 IHA units) injected intravenously to Pasteurella multocida challenged rabbit showed 100% protection as compared that of intramuscularly injected serum, which showed 66.66% protection. Similarly the antigen control group showed 0% protection. Moreover, it was found suitable to passively immunize the animals before exposure or simultaneously with the exposure of Pasteurella multocida. It is concluded that the hyperimmune serum can therapeutically be used to cure the Pasteurella multocida infected rabbits.
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220.
Prevalence Of Ascariasis Buffalo And Cow Calves Salughtered At Lahore Abbatoir And Its Impact On Some Blood Parameters
by Umer khan | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar khan | Dr.Muhammad Athar khan | Dr.Nasir Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Ascariasis is a major veterinary problem in most of the developed and under-developing countires of the world. It is considered to be highly responbsible for substantial economic losses. The present project was designed to achieve the following objectives:
1) To detect the Prevalence of Ascariasis in buffaloe and cow calves.
2) To study the effect of Ascarids on various blood parameters (Hb, TLC and DLC).
For this purpose 230 buffalo calves and 210 cow calves were selected which were brought to Lahore abbattoir for slaughtering purpose and samples were collected before slaughtering.
For the prevalence of Ascariasis in young buffalo and cow calves, faecal samples of 230 buffalo calves and 210 cow calves were processed through coprological examination. Out of 230 buffalo calves faecal samples 31 were found to be positive for Ascariasis giving a percentage of 13.47%. Similarly out of 210 faecal samples of cow calves, 26 wre found to be postitive for Ascariasis giving a percentage of 12.38%.
Similarly in these animals blood prmeters ie. Hb estimation total leukocytic count and differential leukocytic count were tested. Result showed varying values due to some other mixed infection.
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221.
A Comparision Of Biological And Medicinal Contro Of Coccidiosis In Broilers Under Field Condition
by Mirza Waqar Baig | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad | Prof. Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The present study was designed to estimate the efficacy of different locally prepared anticoccidial vaccines against E. tenella infections i.e. irradiated non-sporulated vaccine and irradiated sporulated E. tenella vaccine, herbal anticoccidial (Coxigon) and cemical anlicoccidial (Suipha Diverdine). For estimation of the efficacy of the said anticoccidials, OPG counts, weight gain, FCR and mortality records were compared amongst the control and test groups.
A total of 150 day-old broilers were equally divided into six different groups on day 3 namely; A, B, C, D, E and F. Each group comprised of 25 chicks. ND vaccine was administered on day 1 and 21 of age to the chicks of all groups. rIhe test groups were infected through contamination of the bedding of the chicks by spraying sporulated oocysts between day 12 and 17 of the experinient. Group A acted as non-infected control, .13 as infected control, C was infected but vaccinated with irradiated non-sporulated E. tenella vaccine on day 3 and 10 @ 1000 oocysls per bird. Group D was infected and treated with Coxigon (herbal medicine), E was infected but treated with Coxidal (Sulpha diverdine). Similarly group F' was infected and vaccinated with irradiated but sporulated oocyst on day 3 and 10 @ 1000 oocysts per bird. To access the comparative efficucies of different groups mean OPG, mean weight gains and mean FCR of control and test groups were compared. The OPG counts were conducted on each 4th day from day 18th to 42. The results indicated that the first observation of OPG counts (day-18) showed heavy infection in all control (infected) and test groups. In group 13, 264523 oocysts were observed on day 18 which gradually reduced to 15773 on day 42. Group C (vaccinated with non sporulated, irradiated oocysts) showed 14214 OPG counts, which sharply declined on each observation and showed 89.00 QPG and day 38 followed by '0, by the end of the experiment, showing significaht difference from the control (1? <0.05). Group D (Coxigon) and groap E (Coxidar) showed gradual decline like infected control group and
735 OPG counts were observed in group E even on day 42. In group F the first observation showed 150428 OPG counts, which abruptly declined to 119 on day 38 followed by '0' on day 42. So group C and F' showed comparable and the best results as compared to groups D and E.
Weight gains were almost equal in all the test and control groups by day 14. The difference appeared on third observation (on day 21) between infected control and other groups. At the end of the experiment members of groups A, C, D, E and F gained 31%, 14%, 11.83%, 10.92% and 12% greater weights than group B. rphe FOR in ranked order was calculated in groups A, F, C, D, E and B, showing the cfCicacy of irradiated - sporulated vaccine. Mortalities occurred in groups B, C, D, E and F as 5, 2, 1, 4 and 1, respectively.
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222.
Effect Of Type Of Initial Feeding On Yolk Sac In Broiler Infected With Escherichia Coli
by Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Dr.Zafar Iqbal | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad sarwar khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The project was designed to observe the effect of type of initial feeding on yolk sac in broilers experimentally infected with Escherichia coil.
For this purpose chicks were divided into 7 groups having 20 chicks each. On day 1, yolk sac infection was introduced in groups A, B, C, D, B and F while group 0 remained as control. Group A was fed wheat bran, group B fed on ground maize, group C fed on commercial starter ration (CSR) and 2% glucose solution, group D fed on CSR and 6% canola oil, group B fed on CSR and enzymes mixture (Driselase), group F fed on CSR and group G fed on CSR for first five days of experiment. Simple commercial starter ration was fed to all groups after 5th day of experiment.
Body weight, yolk sac weight, yolk sac/body weight index, estimated yolk sac absorption and chemical composition of yolk was studied for each group. Results of experiment showed that simple commercial starter ration give better results as initial feed in broilers infected with E. coli infection rather than using wheat bran, ground maize, 2% glucose solution with CSR, 6% canola oil with CSR or enzymes with CSR. It was observed that feeding commercial starter ration in E coli infection, in early life of chick led to increase weight gain, decrease in yolk sac weight and yolk sac/body weight index, increased estimated yolk absorption and better absorption of moisture and protein from yolk
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223.
Identification And Effect Of Gigantocotyle Expalnatum On The Haematology And The Liver Enzymes Of Buffaloes
by Rizwan Muhammad Samee | Mr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Mr.Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Amphistomosis is a wide spread disease of buffaloes,cattle,sheep and goats.acute disease has been reported in young animals while older animals arecapable of withstanding massive infection.Heavy infection of amphistomes both in rumen and liver are mostly insidious and generally do not cause serious damage t the host. In the redent study, ist has bveen concluded that due to its mild subl\clinical nature, deworming for the control of biliary amphistomes is n\done very rarely and large animals, once infected carry this trematode throughout rest of thi\eir life. The prevalence of the Gigntocotyle explanatutum detercted in Lahore district was 42.1%. Statistically ono-signifcant difference in prevalence was observed during different months of study which may be attributed to the lack of dewormingfor the control of biliary amphistomosisis done very rarely and large animals, once infected carrys this infection throughout there lives. The prevalence of the Gigantocotyle explanatum detected in Lahore Ditrict was 42.1%.Statistically non significant differences in prevalence was observed during different months of study which may be attributed to the lack of deworming practices in animals.High prevalence in buffaloes might be due to wallowing habit and grazing grasses and weeds.The infected buffaloes had significant decrease in Hb concentration (30.43%) ,and PCV (29.2%).However,there was no significant increase in TLC (1.93%).No significant decrease in neutrophils(3.71%),monocytes(13.41%),lymphocytes(1.50%)and basophils(13.33%) counts was observed. There was significant increase in eophilic counts(52.74%).The ALT and AST were also estimated in infected andhealthy buffaloes.The statistical analysis showed significant increase in AST (28.5%) and non significant increase in ALT (13.0%).
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224.
Use Of Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone For Estrus Synchronization In Nili Ravi Buffalo
by Abdul Majeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aleem Bhatti | Prof. Dr. Rashid Ahmad Chaudhry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Sixteen Nih Ravi buffaloes having postpartum period of 197±27.48 (Mean ±SE) days were randomly divided into 2 equal groups viz A and B (n=8). Estrus was induced and synchronized in buffaloes of group A by administering 75 mcg GnRH analogue (25 mcg/ml) intramuscularly on day 0 (first day of experiment). The buffaloes, showing estrus during day 0 to 7 were inseminated and were not given PGF2 alpha injection. The animals those did not exhibit signs of estrus till day 7, were injected with 0.150 mg Cloprostenol (0.075 mg/mi) intramuscularly. Buffaloes of group B served as control group and were not given any hormonal treatment. Animals in group A were observed for estrus from day 0 to 16 of the experiment, whereas the buffaloes of group B were bserved for natural estrus from day 0 to 26. Estrus was detected with the help of teaser bull. Artificial insemination was carried out mainly on the basis of standing heat. In group A, 4 buffaloes responded to the treatment and exhibited the estrus. One buffalo exhibited the estrus on day 5 following the injection of GnRH whereas three buffaloes exhibited the estrus on day 2, 4 and day 5 following the injection of PGF2 alpha. In group B, 2 buffaloes exhibited natural estrus, one on day 3 and the second on day 11 of the experiment.
Variation in the interval to estrus may be because of huge difference in the postpartum days of animals. The duration of estrus in group A (24.62±O.96h) was significantly different (P>O.05) as compared to group B (20.25±O.33h). No difference was observed between group A and B towards the expression of estrus symptoms. Two animals from group A, conceived at induced and synchronized estrus at first service, whereas one animal conceived from group B.
It is concluded that the select synch protocol is useful for synchronization of estrus in buffaloes with promising conception results. It is indicated that select synch protocol is also applicable for induction of estrus in buffaloes of variable postpartum intervals, it seems that select synch protocol will be an effective tool if used in cycling buffaloes during early postpartum days.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0832,T] (1).
225.
Effect Of Replacement Of Feed Additive Antibiotics (Flavomycin)With Differet Levels Of Propionic Acid,On Bralier
by Hafiz Nadeem Ahmad Nasir Bhatti | Dr.Muhammad Athar khan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr.M.Sarwar khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Main theme of this study was to seek out the effects of replacement of feed additive antibiotic (Flavomycin) with different levels of propionic acids on broiler performance.
To conduct this study a private poultry farm was chosen to see the results in field condition and parameters observed were growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, mortality and economics. Two hundred day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into 5 groups of 40 chicks each. These birds were examined for 42 days. Group A was the control group, whereas groups B, C and D were supplemented with 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% propionic acid, respectively. F'lavornycin was supplemented in feed for group E.
The data thus collected was analyzed statistically. The results showed that group A (control) served to be the best with minimum feed intake. Group-B (0.4% propionic acid) resulted in good FCR, more feed intake but was not economical. Group-C (0.6% propionic acid) did not prove beneficial in any aspect whereas group-I) (0.8% propionic acid) proved good weight gain, more feed consumption, but it was not economical. Group-E (Flavomycin) consumed more feed and resulted in good weight gain. This was the only group which proved economical supplementation.
It was concluded that production results gained by Flavomycin (growth promoting antibiotics) were better than the addition of propionic acid (organic acid) but propionic acid also improved production results. The use of propionic acid was not economical as compared to Flavomycin. Overall results of propionic acid were poorer than Flavomycin but better than control.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0833,T] (1).
226.
Passive Immunization Against Canine Parvovirus In Dogs
by Umer Ahmad | Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Asim Khalid | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0836,T] (1).
227.
The Chick Growth Inhibition Of Soybean Meal (Sbm) As Affected By Autoclaving Under Varying Conditions
by Hafiz Anwar Ahmad | Dr Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr Nisar Ahmad | Dr Tufail Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1987Dissertation note: Soybean meal (SBM) is the by-product left after extraction of oil from the seeds either by solvent extracton or mechanical expeller. After animal protein sources, SBM is the best vegetable protein supplement for feeding of poultry. It is now commercially available in the country, but its use in different poultry feeds is limited due to its growth inhibitory factor(s).
The present study was planned to find, out suitable methods of heat treatments to reduce/remove the growth inhibitory factor(s) present in indigenous SBM. Effect of different levels of supplementation of methionine, the limiting amino acid was also studied. Two experiments were conducted using day old 'Hubbard" broiler chicks as experimental birds. In the first experiment effect of different levels of moisture and autociaving time on the nutritional value of SBM was studied. Growth rate, feed consumption and efficiency of feed utilization of the chicks were recorded. Effect of the heat-treatments of SBM on the dressing percentage and internal organs of the chicks was also studied.
Heat treatments of SBM involving different levels of moisture andautocalving time significantly (P< 0.01) improved its nutritional value as was reflected by better growth rate of the chicks. The improved quality of the treated SBM was sub stantiated by the reduced urease activity of the meal. Both moisture and autoclaving had linear effect in improving the nutritional value of SBM. Higher moisture levels with lower heating time was equally effective as lower moisture level with higher heating time in improving the nutritional value of SBM. The chicks fed rations containing SBM with 10 percent moisture and autoclaved for 45 minutes or 20 percent moisture and autoclaved for 30 minutes showed the best growth rate of the chicks; fed ration containing raw SBM might be due to the presence of growth inhibitory factor(s) which was partially/completely removed by heat treatment of the meal.
The second experiment was designed to study the effect of supplementation of different levels of methionine, on the nutritive value of heat treated soybean cake (SBC). For the purpose, methionine was supplemented at 0.05, 0. 15, 0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 percent of the rations containing heat treated SBC as the sole source of protein.
Methionine supplementation of heat treated SBC significantly (P <0.01) improved the growth rate and feed efficiency of the chicks as compared to the control ration, without methionine supplementation. Best weight gain and feed efficiency was found in the chicks fed ration containing 0. 35 percent methionine supplementation. This indicated that methionine was the most limiting amino acid in SBC and 0. 35 percent supplementation of methionine was enough to compensate the deficiency of the amino acid.
CONCLUSION
i) Results of the experiments indicated a significant chick growth depression along with poor utilization of feed by chicks fed ration containing raw SBM.
ii) Heat treatment involving additional moisture and autoclaving significantly improved the nutritive value of SBM, as indicated by better growth rate and feed utilization of the chicks. Lower moisture level (10% along with higher autoclaving time (45 minutes) was equally effective as the higher moisture (20%) along with lower autoclaving time (30 minutes) in improving the nutritive value of raw SBM. The improvement in the nutritive value of heat treated SBM was substantiated by the reduced urease activity of the meal.
iii) Methionine supplementation of heat treated SBC further significantly improved its nutritive value. The best level of methionine supplementation was 0. 35% of the ration containing heat treated SBC as the sole source of protein.
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228.
Effect Of Prophylactic Measures Against Coccidiosis In Broiler Breeder Chicks
by Imtiaz Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The experiment was designed to study the effect of coccidiosis vaccine in comparasion with chemo-prophylactic and therapeutic measures against coccidiosis and their effect on weight gain, mortality and blood parameters in broiler breeder birds. For this purpose one hundred and twenty day-old broiler breeder chicks were obtained from local market and reared in the Experimental room of the Medicine Section, College of Veterinary Sciences (CVS), Lahore under standard managemental conditions upto 49 days of age. The birds were fed on commercial coccidiostat free feed purchased from the market The following materials (vaccines, medicine, caeca) were used
1. Local vaccine (Eimeria vaccine) was obtained from Parasitology Laboratory, CVS., Lahore.
2. Imported vaccine (Immucox; Vetec Laboratories, Canada) was purchased from the market.
3. Amprolium 60% was purchased from Grace Pharma, Lahore.
4. The infected caeca of broiler chicks was obtained from different farms and diagnostic laboratories.
One hundred and twenty day-old broiler breeder birds were divided into eight groups comprising of 15 birds in each group. Different groups were arranged according to the following pattern:
Group A. was non-infected control group, group-B was infected control group. Infection was given on day 22, group-C was vaccinated infected group. Local vaccine was given on 3rd and 10th day of age followed by the dose of 30,000 sporulated oocyst at 22nd day of age. Group-D was vaccinated with local vaccine (non infected). Group-E was vaccinated infected group. Imported vaccine was given at 7th day followed by infection at 22nd day. Group-F was vaccinated with imported coccidial vaccine, non-infected group. Group-G was infected and treated group. Infection was given on day 22 of age and the birds will be treated with Amprolium 60% at the dose of lg/2 litre of drinking water for 5 consecutive days. Group-H was non-Infected, treated with Amprolium 60% at the dose of lg/2 litre of drinking water for 5 consecutive days.
The weight of birds was weekly recorded starting from day one upto the end (42nd day) of the experiment. Faecal examination for the counting of oocyst per gram of faeces were recorded after every 4th day of the administration of infection.
It was observed that the performance of the birds of group D (noninfected, vaccinated with local vaccine) was the best as compared to all other experimental groups. However, group E (infected, vaccinated with Imported coccidial vaccine) was also given good performance.
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229.
Effect Of Locally Produced Phytase Enzyme On Growth Of Layer Chicks
by Farhan Ahmad | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Azhar | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The objectives of this study were, to produce phytase on large scale and to make sure its effectiveness in utilization of phytate P in diet of growing pullets. The fungal species Aspergilus niger was used as fermentation organism, for the production of extra cellular high active phytase enzyme on defatted rice bran through solid state fermentation (SSF). Cultivation conditions for phytase production including substrate; water ratio, temperature, were optimized. Phytase production was found maximum after 96 hrs of incubation, at 40% moisture level. The developed conditions were then utilized for production of phytase on large scale basis. After production, the activity of enzyme was measured. Then this phytase was supplemented to layer grower negative control diet (NPP 0.3 1%) in different proportions i.e., 0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 tg/kg of diet to increase the bioavailability of phosphorus. Rice polishing was used as a major ingredient, as it contains high phytate contents. During experiment, feed intake, weight gain and FCR of birds were measured on weekly basis. Excreta were collected at the end of experiment to determine the effect of phytase on P availability. Also samples of toes were collected and percentage toe ash was measured.
The total feed consumption from 9-18 wk of pullets fed on diet A, B, C and D was 2919.7, 2861.9, 2913.6 and 2930.9g respectively. Weigh gain was 743.15, 718.37, 749.70 and 768.OOg respectively and FCR was 3.93, 3.99, 3.89 and 3.81 respectively.
The results showed that when low P diet (0.31% NPP) was supplemented with different levels of phytase, there was slight improvement in the performance of birds with the addition of phytase in respect of feed consumption, weight gain and FCR. Group "D", fed with diet containing 0.31% non phytate phosphorus (NPP) plus phytase (2000 igfKg of diet) showed best performance than all other groups. Group "B", fed with diet containing 0.3 1% NPP plus phytase (1000 j.tg/Kg of diet), showed poorest performance. While the performance of group "C", fed with diet containing 0.3% NPP plus phytase (l500.ig/Kg of diet) was almost similar to control group (A) fed with diet containing 0.4% NPP without phytase. The data was subjected to statistical analysis, using completely randomized design (CRD). The statistical analysis revealed non-significant difference (P> 0.05) among all treatments in respect of feed consumption, weight gain and FCR. The results were non-significant; it indicates that even lowest level of phytase (1OO0tg/Kg of diet) with 50% DCP was sufficient to maintain optimum performance of pullets. It also indicates that further investigations are required to decrease the DCP level below 50% with addition of different levels of phytase.
Phosphorus availability percentage of groups A, B, C and D was 42.67, 50.00, 54.68 and 60.67% respectively. While percentage of toe ash was 11.9, 11.2, 12.1 and 12.7% respectively. The results of P availability measured from the P intake through feed and P voided through feces showed that there was significant linear increase (P < 0.05) in percentage of P availability with increase in level of phytase. In group D (2000ig phytase 1Kg of diet) there was highest availability of P while in control group there was lowest availability of P.
In respect of toe ash there was significant difference (P < 0.05) among different experimental pullet groups. Highest toe ash percentage was in D (2000.tg phytase /Kg of diet) group while lowest in group B (l000.tg phytase /Kg of diet). Toe ash percentage of group C (1 500.tg phytase 1Kg of diet) was slightly better than group A (control). Statistically groups A and C were better then group B, but non-significant among each other. Toe ash was higher (P < 0.05) in group D than all other groups except group C.
Conclusion
- We can reduce 50% of inorganic source of phosphorus i.e. DCP with the addition of phytase, in the diet of growing pullets, with out any adverse effect on the performance of pullets.
- Other benefit of phytase supplementation is that we can improve availability of P and ultimately can reduce P in feces of birds and thus can reduce the environmental pollution.
- Further investigations are required to reduce DCP level more than 50% or even up to 0 levels with the addition of phytase.
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230.
Effect Of Autoclaving And Extrausion Of Rice Polishing On Apparent And True Metabolizable Energy In Cockerels
by Muhammad Fayyaz Ahmad | Dr. Anjum Kahliq | Dr. Ishfaq | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
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Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The project was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and true metabolizabole energy (TME) of untreated, autoclaved and extended rice polishing in cockerels by force-feeding method. Three feedstuffs commonly used in poultry rations were assayed. Forty birds of uniform weight and size were selected out of 60 birds for experimental purpose. Each rice polishing sample was force fed to 10 cockerels for estimation of AME and TME. Ten birds were kept as control for the estimation of endogenous energy losses. The pre feeding fasting period was 24 hours and excreta were collected over a period of 24 hours. Proximate analysis for Moisture, Crude Protein, Ash, Fiber and Nitrogen free extract were carried out. The gross energy of the ingredients and the excreta were measured by using adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter. AME and TME were worked out; the AME values of untreated and autoclavedrice rice polishing were statistically non significant (P>0.05).
There was no affect of autoclaving on metabolizable energy contents in rice polishing. It might be due to the fact that water soluble nutrient lost during autoclaving. The values of extruded rice polishing were statistically high than untreated and autoclaved rice polishing (3255 kcal/kg). This was due to provision of heat during treatment. This high temperature may be cause of denaturing of complex carbohydrates and thus increase of soluble carbohydrates. The treatments also improve the nutritional value of rp in terms of protein, energy vitamin, minerals etc., it was noted that there was direct relationship between the crude fiber content and AME of feed stuffs. As crude fiber content of feed stuffs increased the AME values decreased and vice versa.
True metabolizable energy values were obtained by the addition of metabolic faecal and endogenous urinary energy (Fe + UE) to AME. True metabolizable energy of untreated rice polishing, autoclaved and extruded were 3532, 3516 and 3650 kcal/kg, respectively.
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231.
Biocoversion Of Rice Bran With Arachnoitusspp And Candidu Utilis To Protein Biomass And Its Evaluation
by Hussain Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof.Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Rice bran was subjected to proximate analysis to know its nutritive potential. Arachniotus spp and Candida utilis were used as fermentating agents to carry out solid state fermentation of 5 g rice bran after determining the optimum conditions such as incubation period (3 days), water: substrate (1:2 w/v), ionic concentrations. (MgSO4.7H20, 0.05 %; CaCl2, 0.075 % KlIPO4, 0.250 %) carbon to nitrogen ratio(12:1), molasses (1 nil), yeast sludge (0.6 ml) and corn steep liquor (2.0 ml) for i1racli,,iuiu spp while for Candida utilis molasses (2 ml ) and urea (0.25 g) for maximum production of biomass protein. The biomass (fungal and yeast) protein produced under these conditions on large scale in Koji fermenter. It contains crude protein. 30. 13 %: true protein, 23.74 %; ash, 14.71 % and RNA content 3.383 %.1t was observed that on large scale biornass production, there was more need of optimization of conditions like agitation, pH and supply of oxygen.
The fermented biomass protein vas also analyzed for amino acid profile. To evaluate biologically the quality of protein of the biomass a feeding trial was conducted using day old broiler chicks. These chicks were fed rations in which 5 % (B). 10 0/) (C). 15 % (D), and 20 % (E) Soya bean were replaced with biomass protein from a basal diet (A) for 42 days.
The quality of biomass protein was evaluated in terms of feed conversion ratio. weight gain, feed consumption and protein efficiency ratio. It was observed that the difference between the values of feed conversion ratio, and Protein efficiency ratio total weight gain and total feed consumption were statistically significant. It was that group A had better FCR of 2.24, group C had more teed consumption 4131 g / chick, group C had more weight gain which was 1764.5 g / chick while group A had better PER which was 2.30.
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232.
Effect Of Potassium Chloride And Sodium Bicarbonate Suplementation On Thermotolerance Of Broileers Exposed to Heat Stress
by Muhammad Tahir Naseem | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. Kamran | Prof. Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: A total of 100-day-old broiler chicken were randomly divided into five groups and kept under elevated temperature (95-98.6ºF) to observe the effect of potassium chloride and sodium bicarbonate on the weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), serum potassium and serum bicarbonate level. Thermostress lead to significant in decrease (P<0.05) weight gain, serum potassium and serum bicarbonate level, while FCR was increased. During heat stress, KCl and NaHCO3 at levels of 1.5% and 0.5% respectively, improved weight gain, and FCR and significantly increased (P<0.05) serum potassium and bicarbonate level. The results showed that combination of KCl and NaHCO3 supplementation alleviated the negative effects of heat stress in broilers.
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233.
Clinico-Biochemical Studies On Detomidine Analgesia And Effects Of Its Combinatios On Animals
by Muhammad Arif Khan | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Khalid Pervez | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the newly introduced imidazole derivative, drug "detomidine" with alpha-2 adr2noceptor binding properties, and its various combinations in animals. A clinico-hiochemical study was carried out to explore the various aspects of a novel sedative and analgesic drug. Analgesia was evaluated by performing castration in small ruminants, rumenal fistulization in large ruminants, skin prick test, electric stimulation, and developing an experimental colic model in donkeys. The parameters used to evaluate analgesia revealed that detomidine has greater potential to lessen the pain during minor and major surgical interventions in different animals. However, its local usage to achieve paravertebral and epidural analgesia proved that detomidine produces general effect after getting into the circulation and very poor local effect. It has been concluded that the drug can be used as preanaesthetic with chloral hydrate and pentothal sodium anaesthesia to perform major surgical exercises in equine and canine respectively. In addition it has an edge over other sedative drugs on account of its undetrimental effect on various physiological parameters of the animals. Clinical trials have proved that detomidine "a novel sedative and analgesic" is a drug of choice for restraining, examination, and minor and major surgical manipulations on equine, bovine, caprine, ovine and canine species without any untoward effects.
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234.
Effect Of Virginiamycin And Zinc Bacitracin On New Castle Disease Virus Vaccinated Broiler Chicks
by Muhammad Sohail Azhar | Prof.Dr. Muhamamd Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The project was designed to study the effects of Virginiamycin and Zinc bacitracin on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccinated broilers. Two hundred broilers were divided into four groups comprising fifty in each. These groups were treated with Virginiamycin (Stafac-500), Zincbacitracin (Albac) and Cyclophosphamide at the dose rate of 20ppm/50kg, 25 gm/50kg and 0.3ml/bird, respectively. Effect of the treatments on weight gain, lymphoid organs and humoral immune response was evaluated. The virginiamycin treated group had higher body weight than the Zinc bacitracin and Cyclophosphamide treated or untreated control groups. Both virginiamycin and Zinc bacitracin treatments did not adversely affect the weights of bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver of the birds. Cyclophosphamide treatment of birds in early life induced the bursal atrophy and slight depression in splenic weight gain. As compared to Cyclophosphamide treated and non-medicated control groups, the sera of virginiamycin / Zinc bacitracin treated groups had higher anti-NDV antibody titres at 42 days of age. The post-challenge sera of NDV vaccinated birds fed virginiamycin and Zinc bacitracin also had higher antibody titre as compared to NDV vaccinated Cyclophosphamide treated birds. The NDV vaccinated birds fed on virginiamycin / Zinc bacitracin medicated rations and those on non-medicated rations did not have any significant post-challenge mortality.
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235.
Standardizaion Of Indirect Elisa For Detection Of Antibodies Against Newcastle Disease Virus
by Muhammad Imran Najeeb | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Azhar | Dr. Masood Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: An Indirect ELISA was developed to detect Newcastle disease virus antibodies in chicken sera. Out of solid phases used flat bottom 96 well microtitration polystyrene plates proved best. Out of four types of antigens tested, crude antigen and alcohol precipitated antigen gave inconsistent results. An ultracentrifuged virus passed through sucrose gradient prepared from infectious allantoic-amniotic fluids (AAF) was proven best for ELISA antigen. However, an ammonium sulphate precipitated antigen prepared from AAF was also satisfactory. A comparison was made between the HI titers of chicken sera and the corresponding ELISA values. The ELISA is much more sensitive than the HI test.
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236.
Standardization Of Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay For Detection Of Antibodies Against Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Sdrotype "O"
by Yasmeen Siddique | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: An indirect ELISA was standardized for titration of anti-FMD-serotype-specific antibodies. In this test polystyrene plates were coated with known FMD serotype "O" virus using carbonate/bicarbonate buffer. The blank spaces were blocked with horse serum. The immunoplate was coated with anti-FMD "O" virus specific serum from vaccinated calves. After washing, the plate was coated with rabbit anti-bovine-Ig-specific-antibodies-horse radish peroxidase conjugate. After washing, the plate was coated with HRP specific substrate. Development of color was recorded in form of OD value using ELISA reader. During the standardization of ELISA, flat bottom ELISA plates among all types of plates, 1:10 diluted virus among different dilutions of FMD "O" type virus, 1:10 diluted serum from buffalo calves vaccinated with FMD "O" type specific vaccine, 1:4000 dilution of conjugate and incubation of 4º C for coating the virus showed good results. In each experiment, plateau region, test back ground and plate back ground was recorded. Results of the study will help in establishment of an economical, sensitive, reliable indirect ELISA that subsequently be helpful to understand the percent prevalence of FMD serotypes in Pakistan and efficacy of FMD vaccines.
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237.
Propagation Of Hydropericrdium Syndrome Virus In Laboratory Host Systems
by Basharat Mahmood | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Azhar | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Hydropericardium syndrome primarily affects the broilers between the age of 2-7 weeks. A vaccine prepared from infected liver extract treated with formaldehyde is being used to protect the broilers from the disease. The current study was carried out to propagate the hydropericardium syndrome virus in various laboratory host systems i.e. embryonated hen eggs, primary chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells, chicken embryo kidney (CKC) cells, chicken embryo (CEF) fibroblasts and BHK 21 cell line. The protocol for cultivation of primary chicken embryo liver cells, chicken embryo fibroblasts, chicken embryo kidney cells were standardized under local conditions. Liver samples were collected from HPS affected birds were processed and propagated in embryonated hen eggs, chicken embryo liver cells, chicken embryo kidney cells, chicken embryo fibroblasts and BHK-21 cell line. The comparative sensitivity to hydropericardium syndrome virus was studied. Five field samples were recovered out of seven after reproducing the disease in susceptible healthy broilers. These five liver samples were propagated in all laboratory host systems. It was recorded that hydropericardium syndrome virus could be propagated in chicken embryo liver cells and chicken embryo kidney cells. Hydropericardium syndrome virus could not be detected in AAF of embryonated hen eggs inoculated through allantoic, chicken embryo fibroblasts and BHK-21 cell line. Microtitration technique was used to determine the titer of the propagated virus. The serological techniques used to confirm the presence of HPS virus in cell culture supernatant and the allento- amniotic fluid were AGP test and serum neutralisation. Polyclonal antisera was raised using formalized liver homogenate vaccine and oil- based cell culture propagated vaccine. Polyclonal antiserum against HPS virus using oil-based cell culture propagated vaccine was found to Specific against liver homogenate collected from HPS affected birds.
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238.
Immunomodulatory Effects Of Flumequine And Enrofloxacin On Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccinated
by Waseem Abbas | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: An experiment was conducted to determine whether Flumequine and Enrofloxacin supplementation has any immunomodulatory effects on broiler chicks. A total of 192 one day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of 48 chicks. Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups of 24 chicks. The chicks in group 1st were administered Flumequine, those in group 2 were treated with, Enrofloxacin and those in group 3 were treated with cyclophosphamide. Chicks in group 4 were not given any treatment. The parameters of investigation included the effects of Flumequine and Enrofloxacin treatment on live weight gain, feed conversion ratio, effect on various lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen and liver) and immune response of treated chicks to NDV-vaccination, post field NDV challenge mortality. Data presented in this study indicated that the Flumequine treated chicks had higher mean body weights, better FCR, higher NDV HI antibody, lesser overall mortality, no NDV post challenge mortality and no detrimental effects on their lymphoid organs, compared to the cyclophosphamide treated, and untreated chicks. The overall findings of this study clearly demonstrate that the use of Flumequine has good effect on growth and performance of the treated chickens. (Key words: Flumequine, Enrofloxacin, Immunomodulation, Broiler)
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239.
Effect Of Norgestomet And Gnrh On Besumptio Nof Cyclicity And Pertility In Early Postpartum Non-Suckled Buffaloes
by Attiq Ullah | Dr. Muhammad Amir Saeed | Dr. Khalid | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: Delayed resumption of postpartum estrus activity is the most vital factor responsible for poor reproductive efficiency of dairy buffaloes. This study was designed to induce ovulation in early postpartum buffaloes (30-37 days). Fifteen Nili-Ravi buffaloes with a mean postpartum period 32.6±2.72 were randomly divided into three equal groups A, B and C (n=5) on the basis of parity, postpartum period, age and milk production. The animals in group A were given Norgestomet implant at day 32.8±2.94 postpartum period for 9 days. One day after removal of implants animals were given Dalmeralin (Leciren). The animals of group B given only Norgestomet implant at day 32.4±2.50 postpartum for 9 days. Group C animals acted as control and did not receive any treatment.
Same number of animals (4/5) exhibited estrus in both groups A and B. None of the buffaloes in-group C showed estrus. It is concluded that treatment of norgestomet or norgestomet + GnRH in early postpartum buffaloes, are able to induce estrus, however, fertility remain compromised.
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240.
Effect Of Different Dietary Energy & Perfomance Of Broiler Chicks
by Muhammad Azam Chaudhri | Dr Nisar Ahmad | Dr Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Mr Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1989Dissertation note: A research project was undertaken to study the effect of different dietary energy and protein ratios on the performance of broiler chicks. The performance of chicks were studied under the headings of weight gain, feed efficiency, feed consumption, dressing percentage and economics. Four starter rations containing calorie protein ratios of 167, 149, 136 and 123 and four finisher rations containing calorie protein ratios of 199, 178, 159 and 145 were tried on one hundred and twenty day old broiler chicks of both sexes for a period of 50 days. The starter rations were fed up to 28 days of age and remaining 22 days the finisher rations were fed.
The results showed that the starter rations containing calorie protein ratios of 136 and finisher ration containing calorie protein ratio of 159 were best in promoting weight gain, feed utilization and were economical as compared to other calories protein ratios. Different calorie protein ratios did not influence the dressing percentage of broiler chicks.
It was concluded that careful combinations of energy and protein in poultry feed formulations
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241.
Prevalence And Schedding Intensity Of Giardia Duodenalis Cysts In Buffaloes
by Khurrum Goraya | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. M. Sarwar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: A total of 300 faecal samples from buffaloes were collected to determine the prevalence and shedding intensity of G. duodenalis. Information about age, sex, breed and faecal consistency were also recorded.
The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis was 33.0 per cent (99/300). Prevalence of Giardia was higher (43.0 %) in buffaloes of Group I (<1 year of age) followed by 28.7 and 27.5 per cent in Group 2 (1-3 years of age) and Group 3 (< 3 years of age), respectively. The prevalence of Giardia in buffaloes with normal faeces was 23.3 % (28/120) and in abnormal faeces was 39.4 % (71/180). The prevalence of G. duodenalis in male animals was 25.5 % (15/60) and 35.0 % (84/240) in females
The cysts counted in the faccal samples of buffaloes of Group I (<1 year of age) were 45383 per gram of faeces. Whereas, the cysts counted in the faecal samples of buiThiocs of Group 2 (1-3 years of age) were 28652. Group 3 (<3 years of age) showed 17273 cysts per gram of faeces. Mean shedding intensity of Giardia cysts per gram of normal faeces was 2705 and 43729 in abnormal faeces.
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242.
Seroprevalence Of Ftoxoplasma Gondii Infection In Sheep And Goats
by Sher Hayat Khan | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Keeping in view the zoonotic importance of Toxoplasmosis the present study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and goats using commercially available kit "Toxopalasmosis Latex" based on the principal of Latex agglutination. . For this purpose 100 blood samples (50 sheep & 50 goats) were collected randomly from slaughter house of Lahore and local sheep & goat forms, the serum was separated and analyzed for anti Toxoplasma antibodies. The animals were divided in three groups, Group I included animals below one year, Group II 1-4 years and Group III included animals aged 4 years and above. The overall 8% and 6% seroprevalence were recorded in sheep and goats respectively. Age titer relationship in sheep showed that Group III had (12.5%), Group 11(7.6 %) and Group I had no positive cases in sheep examined. In goats Group III had (10 %), Group II (5.7%) and no seropositive cases in Group I could be recorded. These results indicate that the infection was higher in older animal than young ones, Breed wise seroprevalence indicated that, Kchhi sheep 14.28%, Desi (non descript) 8.33% and no seropositive case in Lohi and Thali breeds was recorded. In goats Teddy breed had 11.11%, Desi (non descript) 5.55% while no seropositive case in Beetal goats could be recorded.
From the data analyzed it is concluded that although the seroprevalence of T gondii infection in sheep and goats is relatively low in this area as compared to the other parts of the world. Yet adequate management might be useful and essential to further minimize the infection in sheep and goats herds. Consequently, preventive measures could further reduce the exposure of toxoplasmosis in the human population.
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243.
Studies On The Incidence Of Iodine Deficiency In Lahore
by Farrukh zahoor | Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr. Nisar | Dr. Saghir Ahmad Jafri.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 1983Dissertation note: The iodine which is so necessary for normal thyroid function is obtained from the food we eat, and to a much less extent: , from the water we drink4 Iodine deficiency is the commonest cause of goitre. Deficient dietary intake is the most important single cause of iodine deficiency, and its role is especially important in districts with a high prevalence of simple goitre. The best known areas of high prevalence of iodine deficiency in the world are mountanious, e.g. the Alps, the Himalayas and the Andes, but high prevalence was also found in certain low lying areas. In countries where most of the population receive iodized salt and where iodine-containing foods are widely distributed, this condition is becoming less common.
Pakistan is one of the developing countries of the world which faces malnutrition as a serious public health problem. Trace mineral imbalance and deficiency are one of the causes of malnutrition in people of the country. Surveys carried Out in recent years have shown goitrous areas particularly North-West of Pakistan. Iodine prophylaxis has been introduced in some of such areas with success and the disease has been practically controlled.
The present study was therefore designed to determine the iodine status of the people of Lahore city and collect information of the factors that interfere with the availability and utilization of iodine.
A total number of 1,000 patients of thyroid dysfunction were selected at random at the Atomic Energy Medical Centre, Mayo Hospital Lahore. The observations on the incidence of iodine deficiency and its relation to age, sex, type of thyroid diseases and financial status of the patients were recorded.
The map of Lahore city was divided into five experimental areas and the numbers of patients from each area were counted.
Clinical tests showed a wide variety of thyroid problems including iodine deficiency goitre, simple goitre, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, puberty goitre, thyroid cancer,etc. Some patients were proved to be normal.
Results of the survey showed that there was a highly significant (P/ 0.01) occurrence of thyroid patients in the experimental area II, i.e. North West of Lahore city. It showed the highest frequency of 42.1% of thyroid patients, as compared to other experimental areas I, III, IV and V having 19.3, 18.8, 9.0, 10.8% frequency respectively.
Comparison of different thyroid diseases showed that there was highest profusion of iodine deficiency goitre in the patients. There was highly significant (PLO.01) occurrence of iodine deficiency goitre of 37.0% as compared to simple goitre, hypothyroidism and miscellaneous thyroid diseases, which were 14.2, 13.5, and 4.2% respectively. Prevalence of iodine deficiency goitre was also significantly (PLO.05) higher i.e. 37.0% in occurrence as compared to hyperthyroidism)i.e. 27.0%. Only 4.1% patients were found normal.
It was revealed that there was highly significant (L 0.01) occurrence of iodine deficiency goitre in the patients of the experimental area II as compared to the experimental areas IV,V,III and I.
The survey revealed that there was highly significant (L 0.01) occurrence of the patients having thyroid problems from 30-40 years of age as compared to the patients of thyroid dysfunction from 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 40-50 and 50-above years of age.
It was observed that there was a much higher occurrence,i.e 76.2 % of thyroid complaints in females than in males.i.e 23.8%. The results showed that there was a higher occurrence of iodine deficiency goitre in females, i.e 30.2% as compared to males,i.e 6.8%. )
The survey revealed that thyroid dysfunction was prevalent in the patients belonging to the three categories of incomei.e upper class, middle class and lower class. But there was no significant difference between the three classes.
Out of a total number of 50 samples of drinking water from the five experimental areas 30 samples were found deficient in iodine,i.e having lower than 40 microgram of iodine per liter. 20 Samples were found normal in iodine level having more than 40 microgram of iodine per liter of water. The highest iodine level of 44.0 microgram per litre of water was found in the experimental area V and the lowest iodine level,i.e 20.0 microgram per litre of water was found in the experimental area II, having the highest thyroid dysfunction rate of 40.3% of the patients.
There was highly significant (P/_0.01) occurrence of iodine deficiency in the blood of the patients having thyroid dysfunction. Iodine deficiency in the blood was highly significant (P/_0.01) in the patients of group II as compared to the patients of group III.
The results of water test and blood test were in agreement with the findings of the general survey of the patients suffering from thyroid dysfunction. The experimental area II had the highest number of patients suffering from thyroid dysfunction, i.e 42.1% and the larger number of patients having deficiency of blood iodine was also observed in the same' area,i.e 70%. The lowest iodine level of 20.0 microgram per litre of water was also found in the same experimental area.
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244.
Comparative Efficacy Of Five Diffrent Brands Of Commercial Newcastle Disease Lasota Viurs Vaccines In Broilers
by Tariq Abbas | Prof. Dr. Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The aim of the study was to compare five major commercial NDV (LaSota strain) vaccines being used in Pakistan with respect to potency, efficacy, thcrnioslability and influence on production performance in briolier chicks. The representative vials of the live NDV LaSota strain vaccines namely A, B, C, D and E were procured from local market. The vaccines were assayed for 50% infectivity (BID50) and Haemagglutinative ability (HA). A 3-log10 difference oF EJD50 and two- to-eight fold difference of HA activity was found was found among the various vaccines. Onc hundred and fifty day- old broiler chicks were divided into six groups and managed separately. The birds in group I, II, Ill, IV and V were actively immunized against ND on day 7 and 21 using vaccines A, B, C, D and E respectively. The birds in group VI served as unvaccinated control. The serum 1-Il antibody response of the different vaccines was determined 7, 14, 21, 28 days post-vaccination. The birds (n= 15) in all tile groups including unvaccinated control was challenged at day 35 with local virulent field isolate. The HI serum antibody profile and post-challenge mortality pattern revealed a dose- response relation between the virus content, humor-al antibody response and clinical protection. To compare the heat stability, the vaccines were incubated at 4C, 25CC and 40C for a period of 24 hours. There was no remarkable reduction in I IA liter, however slight dips (less than 2 logarithmic units) in LID50 values were found in all the vaccines. All the vaccines caused siginifcant suppression in weight gain leading to a poor performance in terms of Feed Conversion Ration (FCR) and European Efficiency Factor (EEF)
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245.
An Epidemiological Study Of Nosocomial Infections At Mayo Hospital, Lahore
by Tayyaba Ijaz (Phd) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The present study was designed to investigate the Prevalence of Etiological Agents of Nosocomial Infections in Mayo Hospital, Lahore-Pakistan of the 32,620 patients studied during 1997-2001; a total of 4502 (13.80%) patients acquired various types of nosocomial infections during their stay at Hospital. Clinical samples collected from various types of patients consisted of 1040 samples of Pus & Wound Swabs, 109 samples of blood; 115 of Pleural Fluids, 286 of Ascetic Fluids, 37 of Cerebrospinal Fluid, 1398 of Urine, 988 of Sputum; 329 of Burn Swabs, 99 of Patient Body Devices and 101 of Fecal and Drainage Material. The routine techniques for isolation. Identification through Biochemical, Serological and Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing were used for studying the Bacteriology of the selected samples. The present findings revealed that from a total of 4502 samples, 1287 Strains of Staphylococci, 429 Strains of Streptococci, 328 Strains of Enterococci, 781 Strains of Pseudomonas, 349 Strains of Enterobacter, 41 Strains of Acinetobacter, 26 Strains of Klebsiella, 140 Strains of Proteus, 1031 Strains of Escherichia, 67 Strains of Serratia, 93 Strains of Haemophilus, 119 Strains of other types of Gram Positive Bacteria, 13 Strains of other types of Gram Negative Bacteria, and 189 Strains of Yeast and Fungi were found as Etiological Agent for Nosocomial Infections.
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246.
Comparative Study Of Flank Vs Midline Approach For Overiohysterectomy In Cats
by Mudassir Ahmad Rana | Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Asim Khalid Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Nasim | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Ovariohysterctomy is one of the most commonly performed operation in cats and is indicated for both medical and behavioral reasons. The most common indication of ovariohysterectomy is elective sterilization which avoids all objectionable sexual behaviors and over population. Ovariohysterectomy is the treatment of choice for most uterine diseases and it greatly reduces risk of mammary neoplasia. The method of performing ovariohysterectomy in cats must be affordable, safe, reliable & convenient. In the past different approaches have been tried for ovariohysterctomy in cats viz. linea alba(ventral midline) and vertical flank. But the relative efficacy of the approaches has not been determined in the past in our conditions. The objective of our study is to compare and evaluate these two approaches in our environmental conditions. The Flank approach was found to be relatively better than the Ventral midline approach in our conditions in terms of convenience, reliability, safety with rapid recovery and less postoperative complications.
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247.
Effect Of Hormone Addition (Pgf 2 Alpha) And Oxytocin In Semen Extender On Post Thaw Semen Quality And Fertility in Nili Ravi Buffaloes
by Dr. Rafaqat Ali | Dr. Muhammad Amir Saeed | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: This project was executed to improve the semen quality during freezing process and to improve subsequent fertility rate in Nili-Ravi buffaloes with hormones (PGF2a and oxytocin) supplementation. Pooled semen from Nih Ravi buffalo bulls (n2) was divided into 8 equal parts after complete evaluation and subjected to the hormonal treatments. PGF2a (Lutalyse®) @ 2.5mg, 5.0mg and 7.5mg and oxytocin (Cintocinon®) @ 2.5 I.U, 5.0 I.U and 7.5 I.U/lOOml of diluted semen were added. One group (-ye control) received indomethacin @ 20mg + PGF2a @ 5.Omg/lOOmi of diluted semen. One group remained without any treatment (+ve control). Semen was cooled, filled in 0.5ml straws, equilibrated at 4°C for 4 h ours and frozen i n liquid nitrogen. After 24 hours of deep freezing, semen was thawed and evaluated for percentage motility of spermatozoa, plasma membrane integrity (HOS assay), acrosome integrity (NAR), viability (Live/Dead), longevity (hours) and fertility. Four (4) straws from each treatment group were thawed and pooled in 5m1 cuvette in water bath at 37°C and evaluated for quality parameters. Twenty five (25) straws from each treatment group were used to inseminate the buffaloes in standing estrus at 3 A.I centers (Phool nagar, Changa manga and Kot radlia kishen) in district Kasur. Pregnancy was checked 60 days post insemination. Data collected was presented as mean ± SEM, treatment groups were compared using ANOVA, unpaired two sample test and Pearson correlation at 5% level of confidence interval using Minitab® computer software. Results o f this study revealed that addition of both Lutalyse® (PGF2a) and Cintocinon® (oxytocin) did not show significant (P>0.05) improvement in any quality parameters measured and a non significant correlation was observed between treated groups and control except indomethacin and viability of spermatozoa where a significant negative correlati9n (r = -0.980) was found. However, blocking of seminal prostaglandins with indomethacin shows significant (P<0.05) deterioration in percentage motility, plasma membrane integrity, viability and longevity of spermatozoa but acrosome integrity remain unchanged. Results of fertility trial showed significant difference (P<0.5) among treatment groups. In conclusion, we can say that although hormonal addition did not improve semen quality but improve fertility rate, therefore, the importance of prostaglandins in semen can not be neglected. The W nature and physiological amount in buffalo semen should be investigated and maintained by exogenous addition after dilution during processing to maintain post thaw semen quality and fertility. However, it is suggested that pure forms of hormones should be used to add in semen instead of Lutalyse® as it contains 1.56% alcohol which is supposed to be detrimental to spermatozoa.
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248.
Studies On Antigenic Homogeneity Of Fowl Adenoviruses Causing Hydropericardium Syndrome In Broilers
by Muhammad Tariq Iqbal | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Irshad Hussain | Dr. M. Sarwar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: Babesiosis is a highly important disease in the world, caused by the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. A wide range of domestic and wild animals and occasionally man are affected by this disease, which is transmitted by ticks and has a worldwide epidemiological distribution. While the major economic impact of babesiosis is on the cattle industry, infections also occurs in other domestic animals , including horses, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs.
The present study targeted the carrier cattle infected with Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis, as they are difficult to detect because of the low numbers of parasites that occur in peripheral blood. However, diagnosis of low-level infections with the parasite is important for studying the transmission and standardizing epidemiological studies. Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to amplify a portion of the gene from the parasite, and tested the ability of this method to detect carrier cattle.
A study was conducted to detect the. Babesia in blood samples through PCR based techniques. A PCR assay was described which could differentiate Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis by using specific primer in carrier cattle. Blood samples of 100 cattle were randomly analyzed with PCR assay 29 (29.0%) out of 100 blood samples were positive for babesiosis in which 18% were positive for Babesia bigemina and 11% were positive for Babesia bovis, While the Light Microscopy detected only 18 (18%) out of the same samples. The samples found positive by LM were reconfirmed during the PCR assay but no sample was found to be having both Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis infections simultaneously.
Thus it is concluded that PCR is a reliable molecular diagnostic technique to detect low level of infections in carrier animals in a population and thus could be used as an effective screening tool for the control and eradication of disease.
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249.
Standardization Of An Indirecto Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay Elisa For Measuring Antibodies Of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus
by Faisal Amin | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: This project was conducted to make an attempt to develop an in-house ELISA to measure antibodies against IBDV. ELISA is the most commonly used serological test for evaluation of IBDV antibodies, but the cost of imported ELISA kit is usually very high and not affordable by the average farmer. The present study was designed with an aim to develop a cost effective ELISA kit under local conditions.
Various steps involved in the development of ELISA were standardized. Two types of antigens i.e. "A" and "B" were used. Antigen "A" was prepared by propagating the live IBD virus (D-78, Intervet) in CEF cells and further concentrated by dialysis against PEG-6000. Antigen "B" was the reconstituted live IBDV vaccine. Both the antigens produced acceptable and comparable results but antigen "B" is conventional due to ease of preparation and to avoid a time consuming and costly procedure of cell culture. The optimum dilution for antigens "A" and "B" were found to be 1:300 and 1:600 respectively. The optimum dilution of conjugate was selected as 1:2000 and incubation time was standardized as 30 minutes at room temperature (25-30°C) after addition of ABTS as substrate. Standard curve (two fold dilution of the positive sera up to 1 1th dilution) was constructed and 3 standards were selected to cover the range of strong reactor with non-reactor sera.
The in-house developed ELISA was evaluated with field chicken sera samples of different age groups. The sera samples of different groups (A, B, C and D of 1-day-old broiler breeder chicks, 1-day-old broiler chicks, 13 weeks old vaccinated layer breeder bird and 30 weeks old vaccinated broiler breeder birds respectively) were evaluated with in house ELISA and its efficiency was compared with commercially available ELISA kit. The samples that were either positive (strong or weak) or negative with commercial ELISA kit also had similar pattern with in-house ELISA. Groups A, C and D were strongly positive while group B was found negative for IBDV antibodies.
It is concluded that in-house developed ELISA is comparable with the commercially available kits.
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250.
Molecular Detection Of Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis In Fresh And Cryopreserved Buffalo Sper Matozoa)
by Daulat Raheem Khan | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Irshad | Dr. Muhammad Amir Saeed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: The objectives of present study were a) to validate annexin V/Pl assay, for buffalo sperm, using graded doses of camptothecin through fluorescent microscopy (Exp. 1) and b) to determine the effect of stages of cryopreservation on apoptosis (PS externalization, using annexin V/PT assay), motility and plasma membrane integrity in buffalo sperm (Exp.2). In the first experiment graded doses of camptothecin were used (n=2) in different aliquots of sperm suspension (1x106/mL) for induction of apoptosis. Higher dose levels of camptothecin (10.0 iM and 20 jiM) resulted in inducing apoptosis (P<O.05) compared to the lower (5tM) dose or control. In the second experiment semen samples (n=9, from three bulls) were cryopreserved using vapor freezing. Annexin V/PI assay for apoptosis, visual assessment for percentage motility and hypo-osmotic swelling test for plasma membrane integrity were employed at various stages of cryopreservation (i.e. fresh, after equilibration and post thaw). The mean percentage of apoptotic, necrotic and viable sperm did not differ between fresh and after equilibration stages. However, freezing and thawing increased (P<0.05) the percentage of apoptotic sperm (25.4±0.6 vs. 36.5±1 .9) while decreased (P<0.05) the necrotic (29.7±0.7 vs. 35.1±1.2) and viable sperm (37.2±1.3 vs. 32.8±1.9, (P<0.07). Similarly, freezing and thawing decreased (P<0.05) the mean percentage motility and plasma membrane integrity, compared to other stages. Based upon the difference in initial and post thaw values of two variables (percent motility and percent apoptosis) it is concluded that apoptosis contributes more than 50% sperm motility loss during the process of freezing and thawing in buffalo.
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