251.
Comparative Study On The Pathogenicity Of Liver Homogenate And Cell Culture Propagated Hydropericardium Syndrome
by Shahid Zaman | Dr.Mansur-ud -Din Ahmad | Prof. Dr.Muhammad Akram Muneer | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: No items available
252.
Comparative Nutritional Evaluation Of Conola And Rapessed Meal And The Effect Of Their Inclusion Levels On Broiler Performance
by Muhammad Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof.Dr.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: High feed cost was a big limitation for development of poultry industry. Feed millers were using low cost feed ingredients to combat this problem. Canola is the seed of Brassica napas or Brassica compestris species. The oil component of canola contain 2% eruic acid and have a low level of glucosinolates content 30 mole/g in meal portion. Rapeseed meal is one of the key products of the oil industry. The protein content and metabolizable energy of rapeseed meal and canola meal was 35.5%, 36.5 and 1800 K cal/kg, 2000 Kcal/kg respectively. The amino acid profile of canola and rapeseed meal is comparable with other vegetable protein sources. The project was designed to study the nutritional value of canola and rapeseed meal and effect of their inclusion level on broiler performance. Seven rations were formulated contains 0, 10, 20, 30% of canola and rapeseed meal and designated as A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Two experimental trials were started at the same time but these were conducted separately. In experiment no. 1 which was a general performance trial. A total of 210 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 21 experimental units having 10 chicks of each. The experimental ration were offered to birds with respect to relevant experimental unit for the duration of 6 weeks. During experimental period feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio of chicks were recorded. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) among different levels of canola meal and rapeseed meal with respect to study parameters. In experiment no. 2 which was a metabolic trial. A total of 21 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 7 experimental units having 3 chicks of each. The experimental rations were offered to birds for first 18 days. After 18 days each bird of every replicate from each treatment was shifted to metabolic cages. These birds were offered feed in cages for three days. From day 21 to 22 the feaces to these birds were collected for the estimation of dry matter and gross energy. At the 23rd day the birds were shifted back to their shed. After wards all the experimental units were treated accordingly till the duration of 6 weeks. There was a non-significant difference (P>0.05) among the AME calculated of the canola meal and rapeseed meal based diet.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0948,T] (1).
253.
Immmunobiolotical Observations On Avian Influenza Virus Types H7 And H,
by Shahid Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The present study was designed to 'find the prevalence of Avian Influenza disease in and around Lahore in commercial and household poultry. A total of 1000 blood and 500 cloacal swabs were collected from Broilers, Broiler-Breeders, Ducks, Pigeons, Sparrows, Quails and Desi Chickens. The blood samples from all the flocks showed non-significant titers while vaccinated flocks showed protective titers. All the cloacal swabs were negative for virus isolation.
The final conclusions from this study were the following.i.e.
- Avian influenza caused by H7 & H9 type is not prevalent in broiler and broiler breeders in and around Lahore.
- The vaccinated poultry flocks showed higher titers of antibodies as compared to non-vaccinated flocks which means that vaccine can play a vital role in protection of bird from H7 & H9.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0963,T] (1).
254.
Seroprevalence Of Bovine Brucellosis In District Quetta, Balochistan
by Muhammad Shafee | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The sero-epidemiological study of bovine brucellosis was carried out to observe the incidence of brucellosis in slaughterhouse and Government and private dairy farm, (GDF, PDF) Quetta, Balochistan. The prevalence of this disease out of 780 serum samples of cattle and buffalo in slaughterhouse was recorded 3% by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and 3.20% by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA), respectively. The zoonotic natures of this disease was also checked by screening 20 serum samples of slaughterhouse workers butchers and veterinarians and were found (5%) 01 positive out of 20 by RBPT but no positive case was found by i-ELISA. Similarly the disease was also checked in 200 milk samples of Government and Privatly owned Dairy Farm, Quetta.
The overall prevalence observed in the area by screening 1000 serum and milk samples of the target human, cattle and buffalo, was 4.2 % through i-ELISA.
The prevalence observed in Government Dairy Farm (GDF), Quetta was 14.8% (11 positive out of 74) while the Private Dairy Farm (PDF), exhibited 4.76% (6 positive out of 126 milk samples) by screening through i-ELISA. At GDF, Quetta, out of total of 74 cattle, no case were found positive by MRT, although 03 cases were found doubtful while i-ELISA show 11 positive cases in cattle (14.8%) while in private dairy farm 4 out of 15 cattle (26%) were found positive and 01 was considered doubtful by MRT and ELISA detected 06 cases of cattle out of 15(40%). Similarly 2 out of Ill (1.8%) buffalo were positive and 02 were doubtful by MRT but ELJSA did not detect any positive case and the prevalence of bovine brucellosis was higher in animals with reproductive disorders especially in cases of abortion.
The present study also revealed that the disease is more prevalent in cattle than buffalo both in slaughterhouse and organized dairy farm (Govt and private). In slaughterhouse 12 out of 23 cases were found positive by RBPT and 22 out of 23 were found positive by i-ELISA while in organized dairy farm all of the 17 milk samples were found positive from cattle population.
The efficacy of the i-ELISA both for milk and serum samples was found higher than other two conventional tests (MRT and RBPT), as it detected higher percentage of brucellosis cases both in serum and milk samples in comparison to other two tests.
The results of this study have revealed an alarming situation of bovine brucellosis in our dairy animals, which needs an emergent response from policy makers, as the disease is a potential threat to the human and animal health.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0964,T] (1).
255.
Effect Of Sodium Bentonite On Growth Performance And Feed Efficiency
by Ghayur Ahmad Khan | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: A trial was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing sodium bentonite, to find the effectiveness of sodium bentonite on the growth performance of Sahiwal male calves. Twelve animals of almost same age and weight were selected from the available stock at Animal Nutrition Centre, Rakh Dera Chahl, Lahore. These animals were divided into three groups and fed a standard ration "A" according to their nutrient requirements. Rations of group B and C were supplemented with sodium bentonite at the rate of 2.5 and 5.0 per cent while group A served as control. The trial was run for a period of 90 days with normal managemental practices. During the experimental period body weight gain and feed consumption of the individual animals was recorded. At the end of the experiment the data were analyzed statistically. The result of the experiment suggested that addition of sodium bentonite had statistically non-significant effect on the body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversation ratio and rate of passage of digesta through the gastro-intestinal tract. Based on the results of this trial it could be inferred that supplementation of sodium bentonite may have some beneficial effect on the performance of calves. However, use of this clay over extended period of time needs to be investigated for any adverse effect in future
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0968,T] (1).
256.
Effect Of Group Size On Growth Performncl Of Nili Ravi Buffalo Calves During Winter Months
by Rafiuddin | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Falak Sher Khan | Prof. Dr.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The study was performed to investigate the effect of group size on growth performance of Nih Ravi buffalo calves during winter months. For this purpose, 39 weaned calves were reared in different group sizes. Group A having single calf, group B having four number of calves, and group C having eight number of calves, with three replicates in each group .Space was provided 16 square feet per calf, while manger length 18 inch per animal for a period of 12 weeks (24 November2006 to 15 February2007). During this period it was observed that ambient temperature ranged from 14°C to 17°C and relative humidity (RH) 59 to 64 %. Green fodder was offered adlibitum and concentrate
@ 1% of body weight. During the experimental period, the following parameters were recorded i.e., daily feed intake, weekly weight gain, weekly feed efficiency, daily water consumption ,rumination, fortnightly body measurement, rectal temperature twice daily, respiration at morning, incidence of diarrhea and respiratory illness. The data indicated that calves in group C showed significantly (P<0.05) more weight gain, increased feed intake increased body measurement and the higher percentage of respiratory illness when compared with all other groups .Where as no difference in water consumption, daily rectal temperature, respiration, feed efficiency, rumination and diarrhea between the groups A, B and C was observed. This study clearly indicated that the overall performance of group C, having eight numbers of calves is better than that of others A, having single calf and B, having four numbers of calves. The calves assessed in term of increased time spend in eating of fodder / concentrates with increased dry matter consumption, full social interaction and greater access to space in group housing reflects better welfare as compared to that in individual housing and calves kept in groups of more than four calves preferable from health and growth perspective.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0971,T] (1).
257.
Immune Response Of Buffaloes To Foot And Mouth Disease Virus Vaccine
by Munir Ahmad Tariq | Prof.Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram Muneer | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious infection of cloven-footed animals such as buffalo, cattle, sheep, goats and camels and FMD is characterized by high rise of temperature, salivation, smacking of mouth, vesicular lesion in the buccal cavity, inner flares, coronary band and interdigital spaces, memory glands etc. In Pakistan FMI) disease is caused by "0", "A" or "Asia-i" type of the virus of an Aphthovirus of Picornaviridae. The vaccinal serotypes of FMD virus were characterized as "A", "0" and "Asia-i" by virus neutralization test using imported mono-specific rabbit antiserum. Each of the serotypes multiplied rapidly on monolayer of Baby Hamster Kidney -21 (BHK-21) cells.
The BHK-2 I cells were propagated in carrel and roux flasks in MEM 199 containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Heat treated goat serum was equally effective as growth promoter for BHK-21 cell line. The cells rapidly multiplied and formed a monolayer within 72 hours at 37 °C. The cells were harvested using trypsin (0.025%) without affecting the cell viability that was observed by cytometeric as well as by colorimetric assays. The cells were stored in cryogenic containers and revived successfully on 12 months post storage.
The FMD virus isolate ("0", "A" and "Asia-i") grew well on the monolayer of BHK-21 cells and produced more than 106, and i04 units of the Tissue Culture Infective Dose-50 (TCID50) on 5th passage, respectively. Each of the virus serotypes was effectively inactivated using 0.12 % formaldehyde, or 0.004 M of Binary Etyhieneimine (BET).
The inactivated virus suspension was admixed with either oil base, lanolin or aluminium hydroxide gel and homogenized to get stable vaccine preparation. The adjuvant containing vaccines induced detectable level anti-FMDV-VN antibodies titer in buffalo calves on 19 days post-priming. Oil and gel based FMD vaccines induced detectable geometic mean titer (GMT) of the anti-FMDV-CFT antibodies (2-3 and 7-8) on 19 days post vaccination, respectively. The oil and gel based vaccines induced 1: 64 and 1:80 GMT titer of the anti-FMDV-CFT antibodies on 128 and 64 days post-vaccination, respectively and the titer declined there after as 1: 9 and 1: 3.3 on 258 days post vaccination. From this study it can be concluded that oil based vaccine induces the antibody response in buffalo latter than that of gel adsorbed vaccine. Higher titers of the antibodies are retained for comparably longer period of time by oil based vaccines. Moreover, age of buffaloes, animal species and vaccine storage at 4 C exhibited undetectable effects on the antibody response to the vaccine.
The study has indicated that vaccination programs against field infection of FMD in all the domestic cloven footed animal species could be effective way of immunoprophylaxis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0973,T] (1).
258.
In Vitro Production Of Aflatozin (B1), Its Purification, Estimation And Biodegradation
by Muhammad Hanif Khan | Dr. Irshad Hussain | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: In this study a toxigenic strain of A. parasiticus was used for the production of the aflatoxin Eli. This strain of the fungus was taken from naturally growing fungal samples such as bread, rice, vegetables, fruits, maize etc. from various locations in and around the university. The unpurified sample was culture-purified on Sabouraud Agar through repeated culture technique. This strain was maintained on Sabouraud agar slants at 4 °C. The purified sample of this fungus was harvested with 0.01 % Tween 80 then inoculated to the autoclaved broken rice. The rice was incubated at 28 °C in a dark room for a period of' 7 days and shaken two times a day. After 7 days of incubation the rice as autociaved at 121 °C in order to inactivate the fungus. The rice was dried and crushed to powder in a blender. The toxins were extracted through chloroform methpd and evaporated to dryness in water bath at 6 °C. The toxins were again dissolved in I ml ehiorokrm and stored at 4 °C for further use in the study. The toxins were then purified on silica gel plate in order to get the AFBI only through comparison with the AHII standard. 'l'he aflatoxin BI band was scratched from the silica gel plate and subjected to centrifugation in order to remove the silica gel. The purified Bi toxin was then dissolved in chloroform for further use. The AFB1 was then identified and qilani i lied through the fol lowing three methods namely,
1)High perlirmance Liquid chromatography
2) Thin layer chromatography
3) Spectrophotornetry
The sensitivity of the above three methods was determined and compared which was 1 .3 ng/ml for HPLC. 6.3 ng/ml forTLC and 40 ng/mI for Spectrophotometry. The purified AFBI was then estimated by HPLC the amount of which was 238 ± 9.8 jig / ml. however the toxins estimated through TLC were 127.8 ± 24 jig/mi and spectrophotometry were 26 ± 4jig/ml ml. The HPLC method was proved to be the most sensitive method for detection and estimation of the aflatoxin as compared to the other two methods. The HPLC, estimated toxins were then checked for their biodegradation for this purpose the AFBI were kept at three different temperatures and dissolved in three different solvents. As the toxins had previously been dissolved in the chloroform so 400 jil of the chloroform was evaporated to dryness in order to dissolve them in their respective solvents. The toxins were dissolved in 400 j.tl of chloroform, acetone and methanol and kept at 25, 4 and -20 °C. These toxins were then stored for a period of four weeks and the tested for their biodegradation after four weeks by HPLC.
The temperature at which the toxins showed less degradation was determined. That temperature at which the toxins showed less degradation was - 20 °C and the amount of the toxin at this temperature after four weeks of storage was 197 jig/ml. The solvent in which the toxins exhibited less degradation was acetone at all the three temperature conditions (25, 4 and -20 o() I lowever chloroform at 25 °C was exhibiting less degradation as compared to the other two solvents. Methanol was proved to be the least good solvent because the toxin was showing degradation in this solvent. The acetone at -20 CC was the most appropriate solvent for toxins storage.
In second experiment the fresh toxin was dissolved in acetone and tested fbr their degradation on weekly basis by HPLC. The toxin level at the beginning of the experiment was 447 ± 9 ug/mI which when detected after a weak was 398.67 ± 9.8 jig/mI. The same toxin when tested after 2 weak period storage exhibited a level of 295.9 ± 20 ug/mi followed by 265.7 ± 3Ojig/ml. after the end of the third weak indicating that there was an appreciable level of toxin degradation. The toxin tested on the fourth week of storage were 267± 31 ig/ml which exhibited no degradation as compared to the degradation of the third week.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0977,T] (1).
259.
Effect Of Premilking Stimulation Practices On Milking Performance Of Nili Ravi Buffaloesduring Machine Milking
by Muhammad Qamer Shahid | Muhammad Abdullah | Dr.Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Dr.Kahlid Javed.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The basic aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of tactile stimulation in combination with concentrate feeding on milking performance in Nili-Ravi buffaloes during machine milking. Eighteen Nili-Ravi buffaloes ranging from early to late lactation stage were subjected to six pre-milking stimulation practices including no-stimulation and manual stimulation of 1 and 2 minutes with and without in-parlou concentrate feeding. Each treatment was given for eight successive milkings. The information about milking characteristics including milk ejection time, machine on time, total milking time, average milk flow rate and milk yield was recorded in each experimental milking. The data obtained were analyzed with Harvey statistical package with a model including effects of treatment, effect of lactation stage, interactions of lactation stage and treatment and fixed effect of animals. The statistical analysis indicated that the manual stimulation of one minute duration alongwith concentrate feeding during milking produced best results in term of shorter milk ejection time, shorter machine on time and higher average milk flow rate. Milk yield and duration of machine strippings were not influenced significantly by the treatments-however the treatment 4 in which no manual stimulation and no in-parlour feeding was done significantly deteriorate each milking variable.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0980,T] (1).
260.
Disgnosis Of Theileriosis In Buffalo Through Blood Smear Examination And Pcr In District Lahore
by Mukhtar Ahmad | Dr.Jawaria Ali Khan | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The present study was designed to determine diagnosis and infection percentage of
Theileriosis in buffalo in and around District Lahorë, and to design the primer for Theleria
parasite with Microscopic Examination. For this purpose blood samples were collected from
300 buffaloes randomly from 20 villages, during the month of May, June, July and August of
2007 in and around District Lahore. Screening was done by blood smears, stained by Giemsa’s
staining technique and later the blood sample from same animals was also processed by PCR.
The blood smear showed Theileria, piroplasms, including cocci, rod, and signet-ring, with diameter of 0.5-1.5 micrometer. The blood parameter i-e PCV, Hb concentration and TEC showed presence of microlytic hypochromic anemia in diseased animal. On the basis of microscopic examination overall 44.66% (134/300) prevalence was recorded. On the basis of PCR test prevalence of Theleria parasite 5 9.66% (179/300) was recorded show the presence of carrier animal in buffalo population in district Lahore. The result had shown high efficacy of PCR as compare to microscopic examination.
It is anticipated that present study was proved helpful in diagnosis of Theileria in infected as well as in carrier animals in District Lahore and will be beneficial for further study.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0983,T] (1).
261.
Factors Affecting Hemagglutination Potential Of Avain Influenza Viuruses (H5, H7, H9 Subtypes)
by Mubashir Hussain | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The objective of this study was to standardize hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests for AIV H5, H7 and H9 subtypes. These subtypes were propagated in 09-day old chicken embryonated eggs and after 72 hours post incubation the allantoic fluid (AF) was harvested and confirmed by spot agglutination test and by AGPT. While standardizing HA test maximum titers were recorded using 1% RBCs of chicken, human blood group Qe and dog using phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as a diluting agent for washing suspension of erythrocyte and by incubating the micro titer plates at 22c or 37C for 30 minutes or 40 minutes time period. The AIV subtypes eluted rapidly with increase in temperature with maximum elution observed within the time period of 8 hours. The live AIV provided much higher HA titer when compared with the titers obtained from AJV subtypes inactivated with formalin or Binary ethylene imine (BET). The BET was found to have little effect on HA activity as compared to formalin. While standardizing the HI test the best titers were obtained using 4 HA units of AIV antigen as compared to 1 HA and 8 HA units of antigen and by incubating the micro titer plates for 60 minutes period (time given for antigen-antibody reaction before the addition of erythrocytes suspension).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0984,T] (1).
262.
In Vitro Antibacterial Effect Of Opuntia Dillenii And Zingiber Officinale Extracts
by Muhammad Ihtisham Umar | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr.Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr.Sheryar Afzal.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: This study was designed to test the antibacterial activity of Opuntia dillenii (Chhittarthohar) and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) extracts in four different solvents i.e. petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coil and Salmonella lyphi. Plant material was cut into small pieces and dried in desiccators. Each plant material was weighed and 20.0 grams of it was taken in four different bottles and the bottles were labeled as petroleum ether extract, chloroform extract, methanol extract and water extract. 500.0 ml of each solvent was added in the respective bottle. Plant material was macerated for three days. The extracts were filtered by whatmann's filter papers, dried in vacuum desiccators and the powder mass obtained was weighed and then reconstituted in respective solvent to get the final extract of known concentrations.
Each of the bacteria was inoculated separately in the nutrient agar medium in a concentration of 106 CFU/ml and the media was poured in petri dishes and was allowed to solidify. Five wells of 1 .0 centimeter diameter were cut in each petri dish by the help of a cork borer. 200pA of plant extract (containing 2000 jig) was poured in one well and 400 jil of extract (containing 4000 jig) was poured in second well. Gentamicin (400 jig per well) and penicillin-G (640 jig per well) were used as positive controls and respective solvent was used as negative control for each extract. The plates were remained open for 20 minutes in laminar flow hood, allowing organic solvents to evaporate and then the plates were closed and incubated at 37 degree Celsius for 24 hours and the diameter of inhibitory zone was calculated in millimeters. Each experiment was performed in five replicates. Both plant extracts showed considerable activity against gram positive bacteria. However, only ginger extract showed activity against Escherichia coli. Plant extracts showed no activity against Salmonella typhi. Petroleum ether and chloroform extract of ginger showed more activity against gram positive bacteria and methanol and water extract of ginger showed more activity against gram negative bacteria.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0993,T] (1).
263.
Comparative Efficacy Of Passive And Active Immunization During Newcastle Disease (Nd) Outbreak In Broilers
by Mushtaq Ahmad Gondal | Prof.Dr.Irshad Hussain | Prof | Prof.Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Newcastle disease is an economically important disease of poultry resulting in huge economic losses every year to the poultry farmers in Pakistan. To compare passive immunization and active immunization during outbreak of Newcastle disease a total of 140 chicks at 16th day of age were divided into seven groups (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) containing 20 birds in each. The level of maternal antibody in chicks, was determined by haemagglutination inhibition titres which revealed that it was the highest at one day and decreased with increasing age. Newcastle disease virus gifted from Dr. Shafqat Fatima Rehmani, Director, Poultry Vaccine Center, Karachi, Sindh was pathotyped by using MDT and ICPI. The Embryo Lethal Dose5o was calculated to be 1083h/0. imi and was found highly pathogenic. Infection was induced in birds through administrating 100 ELD5O1O631/0.lml of Velogenic Newcastle disease virus. Birds of group A, this group seved as a negative control. In group B, this group acted as a positive control. Infection was given by using 0.1 ml of 100 ELD50 of Velogenic Newcastle disease virus intranasally at 26 days of age. In group C, at 16th days of age, all birds in this group were vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus vaccine. At 26th day of age, this group was exposed to infection as mentioned above. In group D, at 24th days of age, all birds in this group were vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus vaccine. At 26th day of age, infection was given by using 0.1 ml of 100 ELD50 of VNDV intranasally into individual bird.
In group E, infection and vaccination were given simultaneously at 31 day of age. In group F, In this group, infection was given by using 0.lml of 100 ELD50 of VNDV intranasally, at 26 days of age. When Newcastle disease symptoms were noticed, birds were vaccinated with lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus vaccine (Lasota, TAD- Germany) by using 0.5mllbird orally.
In group G, infection was given by using O.lml of 100 ELD50 of VND.V intranasally, at 26 days of age. When Newcastle disease symptoms were induced, birds were treated with 64 units of anti-NDV-haemagglutination inhibition yolk antibodies. Use of Lasota vaccine and preformed antibodies in yolk help in decreasing economical losses due to outbreak of Newcastle disease in poultry.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0995,T] (1).
264.
Effect Of Long Term Use Of Bovine Somatotropic Hormone On Milk Production ,Production Nutrient
by Iftikhar Ahmad | Makdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Use of bovine somatotropic hormone (bST) for increased milk production has been widely investigated in dairy cattle, whereas very little work has been done in buffaloes. To observe the effect of bST on buffalo for long term duration study was planned with the objectives to investigate the effects of long term use of bST on milk production, milk composition, reproduction, hematological and biochemical parameters in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. For this study 30 lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes with similar milk production and stage of lactation were selected and randomly divided in to two groups A and B with 15 animals in each group. The group A (0 bST) served as control while animals in group B (+bST) were given injection of bST (250 mg Boostin-250/animal) at 14d interval. Nutritional requirements of experimental animals were met through available green fodder (45-50kg/day) supplemented with concentrate ration @ half of milk production. The milk production was significantly (P<0.05) increased by 18.04 % in treated group compared with control. The results showed that there was no significantly variations in parameters like milk composition, dry period and lactation length, calving interval in both the groups. The postpartum estrous period and service period were significantly (P< 0.05) improved which reflected positive effect of bST on reproductive parameters. However, the difference in services per conception was non-significant. Small variations were found in the prevalence of contagious and non contagious diseases in both experimental groups during the study period. The differences among body weights, hematological and biochemical parameters were also non-significant expect blood urea nitrogen (p< 0.05). The proceeds over a lactation period of 305 days was PKR. 4227.0 with the use of bST.
Second trial was conducted to study the effect of dose interval of bST in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. For the proposed study 21 Nili-Ravi lactating buffaloes with similar milk production and stage of lactation were randomly divided into three groups A, B and C with 7 animals in each group. The group A was injected with full dose of bST hormone (250 mg/animal) with trade name of Boostin-250 at an interval of 14 days, while animals in group B were given injection on alternate days with divided dose of 36 mg/animal. Group C was kept as control. Duration of study was 5 months and the animals were kept on green fodder supplemented with concentrate ration half of milk production. The concentrate ration had 17.2% CP and 72.0% TDN. The milk production increased by 18.35% and 15.27% in-group A and B compared with group C (control) but increase was non-significant (P>0.05) . Similarly data revealed that dose interval had no affect on milk contents, reproductive and hematological parameters in all the experimental groups.
In a third trial feed digestibility and efficiency for milk production was studied. For the study fourteen Nili-Ravi buffaloes at their mid lactation with almost same level of milk production were randomly divided into two groups A and B with seven animals in each group. The group A was kept as control, while group B was injected bST hormone (250 mg/animal) at an interval of 14 days and continued for 60 days. The nutritional requirements of animals in both the groups were met through TMR according to NRC recommendations. The milk production was increased by 7.0% in. treated group (B) as compared with control group (A) and the increase was statistically non-significant (P>0.05). However, the feed efficiency for milk production was significantly improved (P< 0.05) in treated group. The differences in milk composition (Fat, SNF, TS and Protein percent) body weight gain digestibility of dry matter and other nutrients in treated and control groups were found non-significant (P>0.05).
The fourth trial was conducted to determine the effect of energy on milk production and its quality under the influence of bST hormone in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Multiparous (n12) buffaloes with mid lactation and similar level of milk yield were selected and randomly divided in to three groups i.e. A, B and C with four animals in each group. All the experimental animals were injected bST with trade name of Boostin - 250. The dose level was 250 mg per animal and injection was given at fortnightly interval during study period. The nutritional requirements of three groups animals were met through TMR with varying levels of energy (15% low and 15% above the recommendations of NRC). The milk yield was significantly higher (p<O.O5) on medium and high energy ration but the difference of milk yield was non significant (p>O.O5) between medium and low energy diets. The milk components and body weight gain were similar on all rations, while feed efficiency and nutrient intake (except ether extract) in low energy diet was significantly higher (p<O.O5) from two other rations. It may be concluded that 15% higher energy than recommended by NRC favoured milk production in Nih Ravi buffaloes when they were injected bST hormone.
Conclusion
On the over all there was consistency of results for milk production and milk composition with reference to available literature. However, some reproductive parameters including postpartum estrus and service period were significantly improved with the use of bST hormone. This effect has not been reported in the previous literature which needs to be further investigated and verified. Similarly the dose level in buffaloes needs to be further studied.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0999,T] (1).
265.
Electrophoretic Profile Of Normal And Hydropericadium Virus-Infected Liver
by Shahid Khan | Prof.Dr.Irshad Hussain | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Hydropericardium syndrome primarily affects the broilers between the ages of 2-7 weeks. 1he vaccine prepared from infected liver extract treated with formaldehyde is being used to protect the broilers from the disease. The current study was carried out to check the presence of immunogenic proteins in commercially available HPS vaccines Hyper immune serum was raised in 60 (3 weeks old) broiler birds using different commercially available HPS vaccine. The sera were subjected to AGPT for screening out HPS positive serum samples. The HPS infected livers were homogenized and loaded in alreadv prepared agar gel plates. The plates were incubated for 48 hours at room temperature in humid plastic box. Only 5 liver samples were found positive .The HPS autogenous vaccines,HPS positive liver samples normal liver samples were subjected to homogenization, sonication, chloroform treatment, ammonium sulphate precipitation, mixed with equal volume denaturing buffer and then boiled for 3 minutes to extract total proteins of Sample. . Large variations in the protein loading of samples in adjoining lanes lead to distortion.
Spectrophotometer determination of protein concentration assay were used to quantitate the known protein samples (bovine serum albumen is commonly used standard or this method) to standardize protein concentration. A28o were used to determine protein concentration and a calibration curve was created by plotting and performing regression analysis of A28o versus concentration of the standards and absorbance of the sample were used to determine the concentration from the calibration curve by using the formula. (concentration =Standard Factor* Dilution Factor* Optical Density.
Total protein analysis was carried out by using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting technique.
A typical gel of 9% acrylamide composition was used to nicely separate polypeptides of samples to analyze the entire profile of a fraction that contains heavy and light polypeptides. Best results were obtained when 30 pi of a 20-30 mg/mi final concentrations of denatured protein sample were loaded per sample well .Each sample was repeated twice on gel. The gel was cutted at the centre vertically. 0.1% Coomassie Blue dye in 50% methanol, 10% glacial acetic acid were used to stain half of the gel for detecting protein while half of the gel was subjected to western blotting. Relative molecular weight (MW) of each protein fraction was determined by plotting a standard curve. The western blot analysis of proteins of hydropericardium syndrome virus infected liver and HPS autogenous vaccine, separated on 9% gel showed one immunogenic protein, molecular weight 15-20 kDa. However, further studies are needed to establish its immunogenic nature and feasibility for its use as vaccine.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1005,T] (1).
266.
Performance Of Lactating Beetal Goats Fed Diiferent Levels Of Concentrate Supplement Under Intensive Feeding
by Muhammad Saleem | Prof. Dr. Muammad Abdullah | Mr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Prof.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Feeding management experiment was conducted during winter at Small Ruminants Training and Research Centre, UVAS, Pattoki on sixteen lactating Beetal goats divided into four groups four in each according to RCBD arrangement kept under tie stall intensive management for a period of thirteen weeks. Group A was given ad libitum roughages only (control), while groups B, C and D were given ad-libitum roughages and concentrate @ 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 % of body weight, respectively. The data on daily DM1, milk production and composition, weight gain, blood bio-chemistry, feed efficiency and milk production economics was collected and analyzed. Concentrate ration prepared for feeding to goats was having 17.41, 83.26 and 71 % Crude protein, Dry matter and Total Digestible Nutrients, respectively.
The Beetal goats fed on Ti, T2, T3 and T4 consumed daily 1.144±0.005, 1.322±0.005, 1.467±0.005 and 1.604±0.005 kg dry matter, respectively. Statistically significant (P<0.0 1) differences between treatments were observed. Highest milk production per day (771.34±5.54 ml) was recorded in T2, followed by T4, T3 and Ti. Statistically significant (P<0.01) differences in milk production between treatments were noted. The fortnightly weight gain in goats was 1.17±0.16, 1.16±0.19, 1.37±0.17 and 1.62±0.17 kg in treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Statistically analyzed data showed non significant (P>0.05) differences between treatments. The milk analysis performed in the milk testing laboratory of Animal Product Technology Department and goats kept on treatments Ti, T2, T3 and T4 showed milk fat contents of 4.65±0.13, 4.29±0.13, 4.42±0.13 and 4.67±0.13. SNF % in goats was 6.36±0.30, 7.47±0.30, 7.05±0.30 and 6.46±0.30, respectively. Non significant (P>0.05) differences in fat and SNF contents between treatments were observed.
Blood sample were analyzed for "albumin, total protein, triglyceride, urea, blood
glucose and cholesterol in the WTO quality control laboratory UVAS, Lahore. The blood albumen contents were 2.56±0.20, 2.38±0.20, 2.89±0.20 and 3.01±0.20 g/dl in goats on treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Total Protein values were 8.25±0.19, 8.24±0.19, 8.11±0.19 and 7.80±0.19 g/dl and Triglyceride were 12.23±0.49, 15.00±0.49, 15.00±0.49 and 16.03±0.49 mg/dl in goats on treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Mean Urea level was 1.35±0.04, 1.32±0.04, 1.36±0.04 and 1.45±0.04 mg/dl, mean Glucose level was 23.42±1.82, 30.28±1.82, 59.59±1.82 and 61.52±1.82 mg/dl and Cholesterol level was
74.91±3.17, 93.66±3.17, 88.26±3.17 and 110.81±3.l7mg/di in treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively.
Feed efficiency was highest (0.59) in goats on Ti, followed by T2 (0.58), T3
(0.49) and T4 (0.46). The goats fed on T2 showed highest gross margin of RS. 9.17/litre of milk produced followed by Ti (RS. 8.98), T3 (RS. 7.51) and T4 (RS. 7.93).
CONCLUSIONS
It was concluded that different levels of concentrate supplementation improved the milk yield in lactating goats; however, the effect of supplementation on milk composition was non-significant. During winter season better performance of Beetal goats can be attained in terms of increased milk production, improved gross margin and more economically on 0.5 % concentrate supplementation in combination with roughage feeding.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1007,T] (1).
267.
Assesment Of Buffalo Semen By Reduction Assay
by Muhammad Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aleem Bhatti | Prof.Dr.Ijaz Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Talat | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: In this study twenty Nili Ravi buffalo bulls were used. Semen was collected once weekly and each collection comprised two ejaculates .. Total volume of the semen was observed using graduated tube and the concentration by Spectrophotometer. Both the ejaculates were pooled and a representative sample of each collection was evaluated for viability using MTT Reduction Assay, Eosin and Nigrosin Staining, Hypo Osmotic Swelling Test and Motility.
The results of the study shows high correlation (r = 1.00) between the MTT reduction rate and the sperm viability. When the %age of MTT viable sperm cells were compared with the E&N, HOST and Motility a negative correlation was found suggesting the physiological difference between the tests. On the basis of this study it can be concluded that the MTT reduction Assay is an objective test and more reliable than the other tests which are more subjective and can be influenced by the experience of the indivi~
MTT Reduction Assay is more reliable test for the assessment of viability as it is simple and inexpensive. The results of our study suggest additional advantages of this test in evaluation ofNili Ravi Baffalo semen. Many samples and its replicates can be measured in the same time. It can be used successfully in routine analysis, where time, costs and practicability are important
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268.
Effect Of Methionine Supplementation On Milk Production And Composition Of Nili Ravi Buffaloes
by Alla-ud-Din | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Mr.Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Prof.Dr.Azhar.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Feeding management experiment was conducted at Buffalo Research Institute (BRI) Pattokki, to determine the effect of two sources of methionine (metasmart and sartamine) supplementation on milk production and milk composition in Nih - Ravi buffaloes. The trial was conducted on 39 lactating buffaloes having same age, weight, and lactation and milk production for 28 days (4 weeks) including two (2) weeks of adjustment period. The buffaloes were divided in to three treatments, 13 animals in each group. Two methionine sources metasmart and smartamine were added daily in the concentrate ration at the time of feeding @ 15 gm and 10 gm / animal, respectively. The data on daily feed intake and concentrate intake, daily milk production, and fortnightly weight changes. Feed, milk and blood were collected for analysis on weekly basis.
The animals were assigned to three treatments A (control), B (metasmart) and C (smartamine) with 13 animals in each group. The animals were kept under tie stall intensive feeding management. Group A was treated as control and fed only green fodder and concentrate according to milk production. Group B was treated as metasmart and fed green fodder according to body weight plus concentrate ration according to milk production along with addition of metasmart 15g/anirnal/day. While group C was treated as smartamine and fed green fodder according to body weight plus concentrate ration according to milk production with addition of smartamanie 10g/animal/day.
The buffaloes of group A (control) consumed daily 53.46 + 0.32 kg of green fodder and daily 3.82 ± 0.04 concentrate rations. Group B (metasmart) consumed daily 53.90 ± 0.32, kg of fresh matter and 3.92 ± 0.04 kg concentrate ration along with metasmart supplementation while group C (smartarnine) consumed daily 53.63 ± 0.32 kg of green fodder and 3.90 ± 0.04 kg concentrate ration. Statistical analysis of the fodder and feed intake was significant among weeks but non significant between the groups.
The milk production of the groups was recorded twice daily for each buffalo. The highest milk production was observed in group B (metasmart) 10.84±0.15 liters followed by group C (smartamine) 10.51±0.15 liters and lowest milk production in group A (control) 10.06±0.15 liters. Statistical analysis showed that data is highly significant between the groups as well as among the weeks.
The milk samples were collected on weekly basis for analysis of milk and its contents. The milk is analysed for milk fat percentage, solid hot fat (SNF), total solids (TS), milk protein and milk lactose.
The highest SNF %age was observed in group B (metasmart) 9.59±0.02 % then in group C (smartamine) 9.57±0.02 % and lowest in group A (control) 9.56± 0.02%.Buffaloes showed highest (15.84±0.12) levels of total solids contents on metasmart followed by smartamine (15.74±0.12) and lowest was showed by control group (15.68±0.12). Milk was also analyzed for the milk protein contents. Buffaloes showed highest (3.46±0.009) levels of protein contents on metasmarl and (3.37±0.009) in smartamine group followed by control (3.23±0.009). Milk lactose was high (4.22±0.01) levels of lactose contents on metasmart followed by control (4.2 1±0.01) and smartarnine (4.19±0.01) respectively. The fat level in milk of buffalo kept under treatments control, metasmart and smartamaine were 6,25±0.07, 6.25±0.07, and 6.14±0.07 respectively Milk fat % was highest (6.25±0.07) in buffaloes on metasmart supplementation.
Body weight of the animals was recorded early in the morning on fortnightly basis. The fortnightly body weight gain of the groups were 0.70±0007. O.71+0.OO7and 0.7 1±0.007 in control, metasmart and smartamine respectively.
Blood was also collected for different analysis. For this purpose blood was collected from 6 animals in each group. The blood was analyzed for serum total protein, serum triglycerides, serum urea, and serum cholesterol and serum glucose in WTO laboratory of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. The blood total protein contents were 7.65±0.32, 9.22±0.32, and 8.40±0.32 g/dl in buffaloes in groups A, B, and C. The blood triglyceride contents were 1.67±0.26, 1.73±0.26. and 2.78±0.26 in buffaloes in groups A, B, and C. The blood urea contents were 1.15U.28, 2.46±0.28, and 2.64±0.28 in buffaloes in groups A. B, and C respectively. The blood glucose contents were 17.65±1.52, 19.79±1.52, and 17.42±1.52 in buffaloes in groups A, B, and C respectively. The blood Cholesterol contents were 96.98±6.85, 103.06+6.85, and 102.81±6.85 in buffaloes in groups A, B. and C respectively.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that experiment diets (green fodder and concentrate) were not fulfilling the methionine requirement of Nili-Ravi buffaloes at early stage of lactation. Supplementation with methionine (metasmart 15gm/d & smartamine @ lOgm/d) enhanced milk production and positively changed protein % in milk and yield. Hence it can be recommended that methionine may necessary be supplemented at early stage of lactation in Nili-Ravi buffaloes at rate of 15 gmlanimal/day. Methionine supplementation in experimental ration responded positively in enhancing milk production, composition and weight gain in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1015,T] (1).
269.
Effects Of Infectious Bursal Desease Vaccine And Vaccination Schedule In Imunity Induceds By Newcastle Disease
by Kashif-ur-Rehman | Prof.Dr.Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr.Imran Najeeb | Prof.Dr.Azhar Maqbool | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The study was carried out for verifying the interference of infectious bursal
disease vaccines conmonly used in Pakistan on the immunity to Newcastle disease vaccines. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a viral disease producing suppression in humoral immune response causing degeneration of bursa of Fabricius. Different vaccines are available in the market for mass scale immunization of chickens. The study was carried out to compare the immunosuppressive effects of intermediate strain, hot strain and complex IBDV vaccines on immunity induced by NDV vaccine. Vaccine efficacy was studied by measuring the induced humoral antibody level using HI (Haemagglutination inhibition) test for NDV and indirect ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) (Kirkegaard' & Perry Laboratories - KPL) to detect antibodies against IBDV.
The parameters used to evaluate the effects of IBDV vaccine on broiler chicks were immune response to NDV vaccination, weight of lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen, post virulent NDV challenge and FCR. The results showed that IBDV vaccinated groups A, B, C, D and E had lower HI antibody profile, higher bursa, spleen and thymus body weight ratio, poor FCR and higher post challenge mortality than NDV vaccinated group F. The HI serum antibody profile revealed that the groups vaccinated with IBDV hot strain had significantly lower antibody titer as compared to the intermediate strain of IBDV vaccinated birds. In addition to that hot strain vaccine found to be more damaging to the bursa, spleen and thymus than the intermediate strain vaccine. The hot strain had adverse effects on the feed conversion ratio of birds as well. The challenge with virulent NDV revealed that IBDV vaccine treated groups were overall higher mortality than the only NDV vaccinated chickens.
The study suggested the use of intermediate strain as vaccine since it had least interference with the antibody production against ND. However, hot strain used in this study had adversely affected the NDV HI. titer and caused more damage to the lymphoid organs and reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR).
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270.
Comparative Neutralizing Effect Of Mycotoxin Binders And Its Role In Improving Humoral Immune Responses
by Hazrat Nabi | Prof.Dr.Irshad Hussain | Dr.Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: µPoultry industry in Pakistan provides inexpensive meat for almost everybody, rich or poor. Poultry farming which once was a blooming business now faces many challenges. Although, infectious agents constitute a major challenge for this industry, mycotoxins are also considered a threat for poultry business worldwide. Mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins are very common in the feed stuff used in the assembly of poultry feeds. The ill-effects associated with aflatoxins are well documented. There are toxin binders marketed by various companies who trumpet various beneficial effects of using these products in poultry. The present project was undertaken to corroborate their claims and also to see whether the use of such products may not result in ill effects that might impact negatively on various production parameters of poultry.
Two commercial products (Mycotox® and Mycofix® Plus 3.0) were used to study their contribution on the immune response against ND, feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and "lymphoid organ body weight ratio" in broiler chickens. Asp ergillus parasiticus was used for the production of the aflatoxin which was fed to various groups of birds.One hindered and eighteen day-old broiler were randomly divided into 6 groups viz. A, B, C, D,E and F each comprising 18 chicks. The chicks in each group were further randomly sub-divided into 3 replicates comprising of 6 chicks in each. Group A= Only Feed (Negative Control for AF),Group B= AF @150 µg/Kg of feed. (Positive Control for AF), Group C Mycotox® @ 1 gum/Kg 'feed (Positive Control for Mycotox®), Group D= Mycofix® Plus 3.0 @ 2.5gm/Kg of feed. (+ Control for Mycofix® Plus 3. Q), Group E= AF 1 50 µg/Kg and Mycotox® @ 1 gm/Kg of feed (Experimental Group for Mycotox®), Group F AF @ 150 µg/Kg and Mycofix® Plus 3.0 @2.5gm/kg of Feed (Experimental Group for Mycofix® Plus 3.0).
The rice powdered material containing AF was mixed according to the calculation to get desirable level of AF (150 µg/kg) in the feed. The birds were vaccinated against Newcastle Disease at the age of 6th days (Intra-ocular route) and then at 24th day (drinking water) and were d libitum. Effects of adding mycotoxin binders to feed containing 1 50ppb aflatoxin were in broiler chicks from 14 to 42 day of age. Compared to the B (positive control for aflatoxin) fed aflatoxin alone significantly reduced geometric mean titres, feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. However, no differences in GMT, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were found between the chicks fed mycotoxin binders C (positive control for Mycotox®) and D (positive control for Mycofix® Plus 3.0) or mycotoxin binders plus aflatoxin treatment groups E (Experimental Group for Mycotox®), F (Experimental Group for !vlycofix® Plus 3.0) and the control group A (Negative control for Aflatoxin), indicating apparent protection against the deleterious effects caused by aflatoxins. Treatment related changes in organ body weight ratio of thymus, spleen and Bursa of fabricius were also observed. Most of the parameters measured for the birds fed mycotoxin binders did not alter. The addition of mycotoxin binders to aflatoxins contaminated feed diminished the adverse effects of aflatoxins on antibody titres against Newcastle and most relative organ weights. These findings suggested that mycotoxin binders can effectively reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin in broiler chicks and mycotoxin binders can be potential ameliorator against aflatoxicosis in broiler chicks.
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271.
Effect Of Feeding Frequency On The Growth Performance Beetal Goat Kids During Winter Season
by Amir Ali | Mr.Nisar Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Anjum | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The study was performed to investigate the effect of frequency of feeding on the growth performance of Beetal goat (Capra hericus) kids during winter months. For this purpose, 18 unweaned kids were reared in different groups. Each group had 6 replicates. The experiment was carried out from (4th November 2007 to 2nd February 2008). During this period it was observed that ambient temperature ranged from -2.8°C to 32°C and the humidity percentage remained between the ranges of 20% to 800/0. Green fodder and water were offered ad libitum and concentrate @ 1% of body weight to all the kids. During the experimental period, daily feed intake, weekly weight gain, weekly feed efficiency, fortnightly body measurements, twice a day ambient temperature were recorded. The data indicated that kids in group C showed significantly (P<0.05) more weight gain, increased feed intake and increased body measurement when compared with other two groups (A & B). This study clearly indicated that the overall performance of group C, having four times feeding is better than that of others A and B.
Conclusion
The results showed that the group C had significantly (P<0.05) high weight gain, increased feed intake and increased body measurement when compared with other two groups (A & B). The results showed that the net profit from twice daily feeding is Rs.0.21, by three time feeding Rs.4.231 and by four time feeding Rs.5.104. It is concluded that treatment 3 with Rs.5.104 profit is the most economical among the treatments.
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272.
Charecterization Of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus (Local Strain) From Small Ruminants
by Sher Bahadar Khan | Dr.Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr.Azhar | Dr.Irshad Hussain | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The objectives of the study were to isolate PPR virus (Local strain) using Vero cell line, Identification of PPRV through Cytopathic effects (CPE) produced by PPRV on Vero cell line. To detect haemeagglutinability of PPR virus with RBCs of poultry, duck, goat, pigeon, sheep, horse and human through Haemeagglutination test. And confirmation of PPR virus through Hemeagglutination inhibition test and Immunocapture Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Ic ELIZA). For this purpose 120 tissue samples (40 Necrotic debris in buccal mucosa, 30 each nasal and ocular discharges and 20 lymph nodes) were collected from clinical positive cases. These samples were moistened with 2-3 drops sterile PBS and were brought immediately to the laboratory in sterilized universal container under refrigeration temperature. The tissue samples were processed for virus isolation. After sterilization of the glassware, Dehydrated modified Essential Medium (DMEM) was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions for cultivation of Vero cells. Stock solution of phenol red, Carbonate/bicarbonate buffer, Stock antibiotic solution, Trypsin, Versene solution and Trypsin-versene (TV) solution were prepared. The inoculums of Pestes des Petitis ruminants virus was filtered through 0.2um pore sized syringe filter (Millipore,USA) and transferred to a pre-sterilized McCartney bottle.When a complete monolayer of the Vero cell line was formed and almost 80 % confluency was obtained, the exhausted medium from the carrel flask was discarded and new filtered and sterile maintenance medium (25 ml) was added per flask. The virus inoculum was inoculated on Vero cell line and examined daily for CPE. The haemeagglutinability of the virus was checked with RBCs of chicken, duck, pigeon, sheep, goat, horse and human blood group 0. The The haemeagglutinability of the virus was also checked under different conditions i.e. influence of diluents, influence of temperature and influence of incubation. Finally Haemeagglutination inhibition test and ic ELISA was performed.
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273.
Selection Of Thermostable Reconstituted Newcastle Disease Virus Progeny From Vaccinal Strain(La Sota)
by Faiza Ghazanfar | Prof.Dr.Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Mohammad Akram Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Poultry sector is the second largest industry after textile in Pakistan. It is threatened by various diseases. Every year, Newcastle disease is causing enormous losses to this industry. A thermostable vaccine of Newcastle disease will be an answer to this problem.
A vaccine strain of Newcastle disease La Sota was divided into two groups BATCH-A and BATCH-B. BATCH-A was selected for sudden heat exposure at 45°C. But virus could not survive the direct exposure of this temperature. So BATCH-B was selected for gradual increasing heat shock treatment. The starting temperature was selected at 40°C for 20 minutes. Stable NDV virus at that temperature was subjected to further heat treatments at 42°C for 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 minutes. Virus suspension was labeled as "BATCH-B 1".
BATCH-B 1 was divided into four groups for different heat treatments. They were labeled as Bl-A, B1-B, Bl-C and B1-D. B1-A was subjected to the temperature of 50°C for 20 minutes. B1-A titer was 2 (1:32). It showed drop in HA titer upto fourth well (1:16). B 1-B was placed at room temperature for three consecutive days with HA checking after every 6 hours. No drop in HA titer was observed. B 1-C was placed in a bright sunlight for 12 hours and HA titer was dropped down by one well (1 log2). B1-C HA titer was 2 (1 :32).It dropped down to 2 (1:16). Lastly, the parent virus suspension i.e. BATCH-B with HA titer of tenth well (1:1024) and virus suspension of "B 1 -D" with HA titer of fifth well (1:32) were placed in 56°C for 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes as described by King (2006) and Wambura et al (2006).
The virus suspension of "B 1 -D" survived the temperature but the titer dropped to third well (1:8) at 30 minutes. It was dropped further to 21(1:2) at 60 minutes and maintained its titer i.e. 21(1:2) at 90 minutes. The BATCH-B did not show any HA titer at 30 minutes and onwards. The E1D50 of B1-D was calculated as 10-7.4
The study will help to minimize the challenges at farm level. The vaccine can be transported in the rural areas as the thermostable strain which will be able to bear the harsh conditions of weather in Pakistan. Furthermore, its easy application will help the farmer to vaccinate his bird flock against this disease without any worries.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1040,T] (1).
274.
Comparison Of Reproductive Efficiency Of Beetal Goats In Different Management
by Muhammad Younos | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aleem Bhatti | Prof.Dr.Hafiz | Prof.Dr.Ijaz Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The present study was conducted at two fanns (1) NH goat fann at Raiwind and (2) BN at Okara. The study consist the reproductive efficiency of beetal goats in different management systems. In this study we compared two management systems of goat production i.e. (1) seasonal (2) year round breeding were compared on the basis of reproductive efficiency and growth parameters, moreover cost effectiveness of the both systems were compared on the basis of their outcomes.
In this study, reproductive and productive parameters of n = 72 adult goats + 2 bucks in each flock were collected and analyzed. Data regarding pubertal and twinning of their progeny born during a period of a year were collected and compared. Goats of same breed and comparable ages and body weight, body condition scoring were used in this study. Study was carried out at similar period of time for one year.
The conception rate was higher at NH than BN goat fann. It was 0.809± 0.058 in BN and 0.88 ± 0.066 in NH respectively. The birth weight of male and female kids ofBN fann was higher than NH kids. It was (3.824 ±0.083 kg) in BN kids (3.513 ± 0.20 kg) in NH kids respectively. While the weight of female kids were (3.503 ±0.083 kg) in BN kids and (3.456 ± 0.10 kg) in NH kids. The age at puberty was higher at BN (245.3 ± 2.9 days) than NH goat fann (242.4 ±1.9 days). The kidding interval at BN was higher than NH flock. It was (314 ± 20 day) and (224.8 ± 0.915 days) days respectively. The post partum anestrous exhibited only in NH does, because in this fann the buck was free all around the year and after (50.0± 3.95 days) the does mate if they are in estrous, while in BN fann, bucks were free during the season. The body condition scoring (1-5 point) was higher in NH goats (2.44 ± 0.14) than BN goat fann (1.91 ± 0.11). The Body weight of does between both flocks were higher in BN (42.47 ± 0.92) than in N H goat farm (41.10 ± 1.9). The high concentrate feeding intake between two farms showed that the concentrate feed intake was higher in BN 491.5 ± 8.5 gm per day per goat than N H goat farm (146 ± 30 gm per day.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that the reproductive efficiency of Beetal goats in N H goat farm was higher than BN farm~ because the seasonal breeding at BN has limited the kidding frequency. Where as~ all year round breeding was efficient and the kidding distribution almost doubled in the same year. The cost of feeding was higher in BN than NH goat farm~ because they provide concentrate daily~ but the cost of labour and miscellaneous was higher in NH than BN goat farm. The management of feeding~ green fodder was higher and there were sufficient green fodder for whole year in NH goat farm. The reproductive performance of Beetal goats can be improved by good managemental systems and all year round breeding.
Research and development efforts can significantly improve reproductive efficiency of goats and simultaneously enhance the livelihood of the poor. Structuring the whole system via adapted reproductive techniques (thus allowing high levels of productivity). Findings of this study would be useful to determine the viability of systems on the basis of reproductive efficiency and may provide basic guidelines to establish goat farms in the future.
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275.
Effect Of Types Of Floor And Bedding On Growth Performance Of Sahiwal Calves During Winter Season
by Muhammad Ali Hasni | Muhammad Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Mr.Khurshid Ahmad | Prof.DR.Muham.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Traditional calf management system prevailing in the villages is leading to poor immune system and occurrence of several diseases, like white scour, pneumonia, ultimately resulting in to death of calves. Early calf mortality is a major problem at livestock farms. Housing management experiment was conducted at "Livstock Experiment Station, Fazilpur, Rajanpur to investigate the effect of types of floors and beddings on performance of Sahiwal calves during winter season. Thirty six Sahiwal female calves of 84.44 kg initial body weight were fed for twelve weeks on green fodder ad-libitiun2 and concentrate @ 1% of body weight, daily. The data on DM1, weight gain, body measurements, hoof and skin health, sitting behavior and on health problems were collected.
The daily DM1 in calves kept on Katcha floor (A), concrete floor (B), on rice straw bedding (C) and sand bedding (D) treatments was 2.99± 0.01, 2.97± 0.01, 2.77± 0.01 and 2.66± 0.01 kg, respectively. Statistically highly significant difference (P<0.05) was observed between treatments. The calves on treatment A, B, C and D gained 0.409± 0.01, 0.373± 0.01, 0.404± 0.01 and 0.427± 0.01 kg daily, respectively.
Hooves length recorded in calves on treatments A, B, C and D was 0.19± 0.004, 0.16± 0.004, 0.20± 0.004 and 0.19± 0.004 cm, respectively. Hoof width data was significantly (P< 0.05) different between treatments. The body height in calves on treatment A, B, C and D was 1.21±0.07, 1±0.07, 1.03±0.07 and 1.12±0.07 inches, respectively. The highest (5.23±0.14 inch) body girth measurements were recorded in calves on D followed by C, A and B treatments, respectively. Body length measurements in calves on treatment A, B, C and D were 2.99±0.08, 3.04±0.08, 3.23±0.08 and 3.09±0.08 inches, respectively. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in body height and girth of calves between treatments.
The calves kept on concrete floor showed some skin eruption on their thigh region and lower part of belly. This may be due to high rate of friction and wetness, because concrete floor did not properly and completely dry due to its non absorptive ability. The calves kept on Katcha floor, Sand bedding and unchaffed paddy straw, showed no skin lesions due to good absorptive ability and very low friction. Observations regarding health problems indicated that about 45% calves on different treatments showed diarrhoea problem. The calves on concrete floor were more susceptible to diarrhoea due to winter season effect.
The calves showed a maximum sitting time of 744 mm under treatment C (managed on concrete floor + Unchaffed paddy straw bedding) and lowest sitting time (611 mm) was observed in the calves on treatment B (concrete floor). The calves showed highest (9.17 times) sitting frequency on treatment C (rice straw bedding). The lowest sitting frequencies were observed in the calves on D (sand bedding) treatment. The calves seem to be more comfortable on deep rice straw bedding (C) due to high temperature and softness of straw bedding during winter season than calves on other treatments.
The calves on treatment A (managed on Katcha floor) were always neat and clean due to the dryness of the floor and they looks good and attractive appearance, while the calves on B (managed on Concrete floor) showed very dull and dirty appearance and also suffer from skin eruptions on their lower part of the belly and thigh region. The calves on C (concrete floor with deep rice straw bedding) and D (concrete floor with sand bedding) treatment also look clean and attractive.
CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that the performance of calves on treatment C (concrete floor+ deep straw bedding) and A (on katcha floor) was best than on other treatments (concrete floor and sand bedding). Better performance of Sahiwal calves can be attained in terms of increased DM1, weight gain, body measurements, and prevention from excessive wear & tear of hoof and providing them comfortable site for easy sitting and for good and shinning appearance during winter season by managing them on Katcha floor and/or on concrete floor alongwith application of deep rice straw bedding.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1050,T] (1).
276.
Comparative Efficicy Of Peste Des Petits Ruminant (Ppr) Vaccine S Available In Pakistan In Sheep And Goats
by Muhammad Intizar | Prof.Dr.Manur-Din-Ahmad | Dr.Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof.Dr.Azhar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The present study was designed to evaluate the physical factors affecting the PPR 'vaccine and also to compare the efficacy of the locally available PPR vaccines in Pakistan in sheep and goats.
The current study was conducted on 120 different small ruminants ((60 sheep and goats). The humoral immune response was monitored by measuring the antibodies titre through Hl and AGID test. HI and AGID test are reliable and effective methods of diagnosing viral diseases and to evaluate the humoral immune response.
It was concluded that the vaccine should he stored either at -20°C or at 4 C.The vaccine stored at 27 C had a drop in HA titre and no HA activity was found at 40 C
To evaluate the HA activity of PPR virus it is better to use chicken or human group'O' R.B.Cs in a concentration of 1%. The diluent should have the pH 6.8- 7.0.
By evaluating the vaccine efficacy in sheep it was found that after 14th day of vaccination there was a gradual increase in the antibodies titer till the 56th day of vaccination. The locally manufactured vaccine was having a geometric mean titre (GMT)207.9 while the (GMT) of Pestivec was 73.3. 63d day post vaccination. In goats the locally manufactured vaccine was having a geometric mean titer (GMT) 147. while the (GMT) of Pestivec was 48.5.63rd day post vaccination. No antibodies production was there in any control group.
It was concluded form the study that locally produced vaccine is equally good and could be used confidently. It will save also helpful in saving the foreign reserves oh the country.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1051,T] (1).
277.
Isolation And Identification Of Staphylocococcus Aureus And Salmonella From Snack Food
by M.Rizwan Saifullah | Prof.Dr.Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr.Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof.Dr.Muham | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: The present study was planned to investigate microbial load in ready to eat foods (snacks) available at various places in and around Lahore. A total of 60 snacks containing 14 sandwiches, 20 pizza and 26 burgers were procured from various retail outlets. The samples collected were carefully packed in a clean sampling bag and processed in the microbiology laboratory at UVAS following standards protocols.Each sample was processed for APC, Coliform count, Staphylococcus aureus count and the presence of Salmonella. The results were, compared with the guidelines published by PHLS (Gilbert et al., 2000) for comparison with the food standards in developed countries like UK.
In the present study results showed that for aerobic plate counts of 21.4% snacks were of satisfactory quality, 22.5% snacks were of acceptable quality and 58.4% were of unsatisfactory quality. For coliform counts revealed that 72.3% snack food sample were of satisfactory quality while 23.6% samples were of acceptable quality and 4% snacks were of unsatisfactory quality. In the same way Staphylococcus aureus counts for the snack food samples, showed that 22.3% samples were of acceptable quality, 13% samples were of acceptable quality and 64.6% snack food samples were of unsatisfactory quality. However Salmonella could not be detected in any of the sample tested.
In the present study on the basis of aerobic plate counts the unsatisfactory snacks were 64.3% sandwiches, 46% burgers and 65% pizzI. While the coliform counts revealed that 7.1% sandwiches and 5% pizza of unsatisfactory quality.
The results of microbial assessment for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in snack food indicated that 85.8% sandwiches samples were of unsatisfactory quality, 38% burger samples were of unsatisfactory quality and 70% pizza samples had unsatisfactory microbiological quality. However, no Salmonella spp could be isolated from 60 snack food samples.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1067,T] (1).
278.
Pharmacokinetics Of Meloxicam In Different Species
by Khawaja Tahir Mahmood (2003-VA-207) | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Mansoor Ud Din Ahmad | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Meloxicam is a non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug. It has been registered in Pakistan as a safe substitute of diclofenac sodium which was banned for veterinary use due to its relay toxicity associated with the catastrophic decline in vulture population of the subcontinent.
Marked inter-species differences in the pharmacokinetics of NSAIDs have been reported and pharmacokinetic data cannot be extrapolated from one to another species.
The project was designed to study the pharmacokinetic parameters of meloxicam in domestic animals under local conditions. The study was completed in two phases. A simple, precise and accurate HPLC analytical methods for measurement of meloxicam in biological fluids was standardized and validated in phase-I. The pharmacokinetic parameters and absolute bioavailability of meloxicam in dogs were investigated in phase-I whereas pharmacokinetic parameters of meloxicam were characterized in the horses, donkeys, buffalo, and goats in phase-Il.
Eight healthy animals of each species (dogs, horses, donkeys, buffalos and goats) were used for this project. The dose for these animals was chosen from literature in order to achieve plasma concentrations of meloxicam that were likely to have an effect against inflammation.
The samples of blood were drawn as per protocol before and after medication at various time intervals. The separated plasma was stored at -20 °C till analyzed.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1073,T] (1).
279.
Development Of Physical And Reproductive Standards For Selection Of Sahiwal Bulls
by Ejaz Ahmad | Prof .Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Aleem | Prof.Dr.Nuhamm | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The present study is the first, to the best of our knowledge which demonstrate the physical and reproductive criteria for selection of Sahiwal sires to be used in Al. Although the artificial insemination (AT) is being practiced in Pakistan for the last 3-4 decades, however, no significant improvement in milk production has taken place in Sahiwal cattle. Perhaps one of the reasons that Sahiwal bulls used as AT sires were not screened through standard reproductive and productive criteria. Therefore the objectives of the present study were (1) to develop the standards of body weight and scrotal circumference (2) to determine the number of pixels of testes through Ultrasonography from birth until >100 months of age and (3) to develop standards for semen characteristics (volume, motility, concentration, morphology, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity) from puberty until 60 months of age in Sahiwal bulls. This study was carried out at following locations: LES Jhangirabad District Khanewal, SPU Qadirabad
District Sahiwal. The study was based on 128 Sahiwal bulls of different age groups (from o to >100 months of age). Bulls were evaluated for scrotal circumference (SC), body weight (BW) and number of pixels of testicular ultrasonograms (NP). Semen was evaluated once a week for 5 consecutive weeks from regularly donor bulls (n = 86) ranging in age from 25-30 to >100 mo. Semen volume, motility, concentration, morphology, percent live sperms, plasma membrane integrity (PMI) and normal acrosome (NAR) were compared between different age groups. Mean SC and BW increased (P<0.05) in a curvilinear manner from birth to >100 mo of age. Mean NP of testicular ultrasonograms increased (P<0.05) from 0 to 24 mo and then plateaued until
>100 mo of age. Body weight, SC, and NP were positively correlated with age from birth until >100 mo (r = 0.91, 0.87, 0.40 respectively). Ejaculate volume (5.7 ± 0.2 vs. 4.6 ± 0.09 ml) and sperm concentration (1281.6 ± 17.7 vs. 1115.8 ± 55.9 x 06/ml) increased (P<0.05) in mature bulls compared to younger ones. However, motility (68.6 ± 0.3%), plasma membrane integrity (50.8 ± 1.0%) and normal acrosome (74.8 ± 0.5%) remained insignificant due to age. In six of eight age groups studied morphological abnormalities were well within the range (18.1 ± 0.3%). In conclusion the BW, SC and NP of testicular ultrasonograms, ejaculate volume and concentration increased with age, moreover, semen quality is fairly independent of age except volume and concentration in Sahiwal bulls. These standards could serve as criteria for selecting young bulls as AT sires.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1074,T] (1).
280.
Ecology Population And Conservativation Of Migratory Birds At Taunsa Barrage Punjab Pakistan
by Qazi Adnan Ahmad | Dr.Zulfiqar Ali | Dr.Muhammad Mahmood -ul-Hassan.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: In the present survey, census data of avian diversity and threats to them recorded from March to May, 2009 at Taunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary. The avian diversity was estimated by direct physical counts by using binocular and spotting scope. The photographs besides the coordinates of the different localities of Taunsa Banage Wildlife Sanctuary during this study were noted. Different birds were identified on the basis of birds' identification guides. Indirect observations were taken by the meetings held with the local community. After these meetings threats due to human interference with the avifauna of the selected site were found.
In recent studies, total 108 species of birds were recorded, which belongs to 45 lamilies of the birds. Among them family Ardeidae remained dominant in bird populatoii while Sylviidae was the family, which had greater bird species to the site. 1hc family Oriolidae has only one bird species.
Out of 108 species, 65 were resident, 7 were breeding resident, 34 were winter visitor and only 2 'ere summer. The most critical threat facing the birds is the destruction and 1iumentation of habitat. Fishing activities and illegal hunting by local people re also the major threats to the avifauna (migratory as well as resident).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1081,T] (1).
281.
Effect Of Used Cidr (Controlled Internal Grug Releasing Device) And Fish Follicle Stumulating Hormone) On Estrus
by Zahid Naseer | Prof.Dr.Nasim Ahmad | Dr.Khalid Javed | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Aleem.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Reproductive efficiency is the primary factor affecting productivity in buffaloes, but is greatly hindered by weak estrus symptoms, long postpartum anoestrus and subsequent calving interval. The use of controlled internal drug release (CTDR) devices for the synchronization of estrus in cattle is now well accepted throughout the world. The use of CIDR devices has permitted the opportunity to synchronize estrus in buffaloes efficiently during the low breeding season. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of once used CIDR and FSH on estrus expression and pregnancy rate (PR) during low breeding season in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Two experiments were conducted during June-August, 2008. In experiment 1, buffaloes received either a used CIDR (UCIDR, n 26) or a new CIDR (NCTDR, n = 24) for 7 d and PGF2a on d 6. During the experiment, two CIDRs were lost in used CIDR group. At the end of the experiment 48 buffaloes were under observation; UCIDR (n = 22) and NCIDR (n = 26). Estrus detection was done twice daily. Buffaloes were inseminated, 12 and 24 hr after the onset of estrus. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 45 days post insemination using ultrasonography. Estrus expression was similar (P>0.05) between UCIDR (84.6 1%) and NCIDR (95.45%) buffaloes. The mean interval to estrus from PGF2x in UCIDR was 64.5 1.2 h compared to 68 ± 2.5 h in NCIDR (P>0.05). The pregnancy rate did not differ (P>0.05) due to treatment (34.61% in UCIDR vs. 36.36% in NCIDR). In experiment 2, buffaloes at unknown stages of estrous cycle received CIDRs on d 0 and PGF2a on d 6. Animals were either treated with two injections of FSH (5 I.U. i/rn at 12 hr interval; n = 10) starting at CIDR removal on d 7 or remaind untreated (Control, n 10). At the end
19 buffaloes were under observation because of lost of one CIDR from FSH group. Estrus detection, insemination and pregnancy diagnosis was similar as in experiment 1. FSH treatment did not affect the proportion of buffaloes expressing estrus, mean interval from PGF2a administration to estrus and. ovulation, size of ovulatory follicle or pregnancy rate (P>0.05; overall estrus expression rate (84.2%), interval to estrus from PGF2a (62.8 ± 3.3h) and interval to ovulation from estrus (35 ± 5.6h), ovulatory follicle size (10.55 ± 0.55 mm), pregnancy rate (26.3%). In conclusion, a) compared to NCJDR devices, previously UCIDR devices are equally effective to induce estrus and ovulation synchronization with comparable pregnancy rate in buffaloes during low breeding season and b) low dose FSH treatment at CIDR removal did not improve estrus expression or
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282.
Biological Health Markers Of Pregnant Crossbred Cows
by Shaista Abbas | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad | Dr. Habib-ur-Rehman | Faculty of Biosciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Pregnancy is a period characterized by an increase in metabolic demand owing to changes in female physiology and the requirements for growing fetus. The changes that take place in various body systems during pregnancy result in an increased oxygen demand and changes in energy substrate utilization by dam, especially in the feto- placental unit. Pregnancy, though a physiological state, is a stressful condition that favors the oxidative stress and results in an imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant systems of the body leading to potential damage. Metabolic demands associated with late gestation, parturition, and initiation of lactation has been supposed to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (RGS).
The current study was undertaken to elucidate the dynamics of different biological health and metabolic markers in crossbred cows at different stages of pregnancy and non-pregnant stage. The study was carried out on 40 (age range between 4 and 11 years) clinically healthy crossbred cows (Sahiwal + Holstein-Friesian). The animals were divided into four groups; first trimester, second trimester and third trimester of pregnancy, and non-pregnant, with 10 cows in each group. The results revealed that serum total oxidants, ceruloplasmin oxidase and tri- iodothyronine_ concentrations were higher (P<0.05) during third trimester of pregnancy compared to non-pregnant crossbred cows. Serum arylesterase concentration was lower (P<0.05) during second and third trimesters of pregnancy compared to non-pregnant stage. The concentration of serum total homocysteine was higher (P<0.05) during third trimester compared to first and second trimesters of pregnancy. The concentrations of serum total antioxidants, paraoxonase, total thyroxine, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were not different during pregnancy and non-pregnant stage in crossbred cows.
In conclusion, the biological health markers specially total oxidant status, aryl esterase, ceruloplasmin oxidase, total homocysteine and tri-iodothyronine of pregnant crossbred cows can provide useful information about the progression of pregnancy and can also be used as management tool for the improvement of the health status during pregnancy.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1087,T] (1).
283.
Relationship Between Live Body Weight And Body Measurement S In Kajli Sheep
by Zeeshan Muhammad Iqbal | Dr.Khalid Javed | Mr.Nisar Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Anjum.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The present study was conducted at Livestock Experiment Station Khizrabad (Sargodha). Khizrabad is a small town of tehsil Bhalwal district Sargodha. The objective of the study was to fing out or develop the relationship between live body weight and body measurements in Kajli sheep. The sheep were arranged in nine age groups, A 0-3, B 4-6, C 7-9, D10-12, E= 13-15, F16-18, G 19-21, H 22-24 and 1 above 24 months. Group A, B, C, and D were further divided into sub groups (Male & Female), where as the groups E, F, G, H and I comprised of Ewes only. Body weights were taken using digital weighing scale and measurements of body height at wither, body length, heart girth, head length, head width, rump length and rump width with the help of measuring tape graduated with inches. Data on 788 female! 120 male and total of 908 observations of different age groups of sheep were collected. The mean height at wither (Inches) of Kajli sheep in nine age groups (0-3, 4-6, 7-9, 10-12, 13-15, 16-18, 19-21, 22-24 and above 24 months of age) was found to be 19.34 ± 1.36 (Overall), 19.33 ± 1.33 (female), 19.52 ± 1.26 (male), 20.42 ± 1.04 (Overall), 20.54 ± 1.01 (female), 20.25 ± 1.11 (male), 21.59 ± 0.90 (Overall), 21.84 ± 0.97 (female), 21.38 ± 0.78 (male), 23.55 ± 1.00 (Overall), 23.76 ± 0.84 (female), 22.58 ± 1.14 (male), 27.34 ± 1.25, 28.57 ± 0.92, 28.49 ± 1.39, 29.30 ± 1.01 and 29.57 ±1.30. The mean body length (Inches) in Kajli sheep in nine age group was noted to be 17.76 ± 1.44 (Overall), 17.76 ± 1.21 (female), 17.92 ± 1.48 (male), 20.18 ± 1.26 (Overall), 20.54 ± 1.32 (female), 19.68 ± 1.03 (male), 20.72 ± 1.22 (Overall), 20.54 ± 0.94 (female), 20.86 ± 1.40 (male), 22.23 ± 0.88 (Overall), 22.44 ± 0.72 (female), 21.30 ± 0.94 (male), 26.51 ± 1.36, 27.95 ±1.21, 27.77 ± 1.59, 28.65 ± 1.41 and 29.16 ±1.3. The mean heart girth (Inches) for all age groups was 18.64 ± 1.46 (Overall), 18.70 ± 1.46 (female), 18.69 ± 1.37 (male), 20.94 ± 1.20 (Overall), 21.21 ± 0.94 (female), 20.57 ± 1.45 (male), 21.63 ± 1.06 (Overall), 21.59 ± 0.99 (female), 21.67 ± 1.12 (male), 23.46 ± 1.82 (Overall), 23.66 ± 1.87 (female), 22.55 ± 1.28 (male), 29.33 ± 1.95, 30.61 ±1.12, 31.48 ± 1.68, 32.42 ± 1.43 and 33.33 ±1.64 respectively. The mean head length (Inches) of Kajli sheep recorded in nine age groups was 7.55 ± 0.53 (Overall), 7.48 ± 0.55 (female), 7.68 ± 0.48 (male), 7.74 ± 0.53 (Overall), 7.64 ± 0.40 (female), 2.77 ± 0.20 (male), 8.02 ± 0.48 (Overall), 7.96 ± 0.42 (female), 8.07 ± 0.53 (male), 9.36 ± 0.82 (Overall), v.47 ± 0.81 (female), 8.88 ± 0.75 (male), 11.48 ± 0.65, 12.08 ± 0.77, 12.06 ± 0.71, 12.12± 0.77 and 12.52 ± 0.54 respectively. The mean head width (Inches) for all age groups was 2.70 ± 0.19 (Overall), 2.71 ± 0.19 (female), 2.69 ± 0.18 (male), 2.76 ± 0.19 (Overall), 2.75 ± 0.19 (female), 2.77 ± 0.20 (male), 2.83 ± 0.15 (Overall), 2.80 ± 0.15 (female), 2.86 ± 0.15 (male), 2.70 ± 0.20 (Overall), 2.71 ± 0.20 (female), 2.66 ± 0.21 (male), 3.23 ± 0.17, 3.44 ± 0.21, 3.23 ± 0.29, 3.22 ± 0.16 and 3.39 ± 0.23 respectively. The mean rump length (Inches) for all age groups was 3.82 ± 0.33 (Overall), 3.89 ± 0.29 (female), 3.74 ± 0.36 (male), 3.98 ± 0.19 (Overall), 4.02 ± 0.17 (female), 3.93 ± 0.21 (male), 4.03 ± 0.24 (Overall), 4.11 ± 0.32 (female), 3.97 ± 0.11 (male), 4.58 ± 0.21 (Overall), 4.61 ± 0.14 (female), 4.40 ± 0.34 (male), 5.49 ± 0.42, 5.68 ± 0.44, 5.79 ± 0.41, 5.85 ± 0.40 and 6.00 ± 0.41 respectively. The mean rump width (Inches) for all age groups was 6.03 ± 0.51 (Overall), 6.01 ± 0.50 (female), 6.04 ± 0.53 (male), 6.69 ± 0.35 (Overall), 6.66 ± 0.25 (female), 6.75 ± 0.47 (male), 6.89 ± 0.41 (Overall), 6.74 ± 0.43 (female), 7.02 ± 0.35 (male), 7.52 ± 0.24 (Overall), 7.56 ± 0.16 (female), 7.33 ± 0.42 (male), 8.18 ± 0.53, 8.98 ± 0.80, 8.73 ± 0.63, 9.06 ± 0.72 and 9.06 ± 0.65. The mean body weight (Kg) for all age groups was observed as 8.69 ± 1.56 (Overall), 8.68 ± 1.46 (female), 8.83 ± 1.63 (male), 12.27 ±1.36 (Overall), 12.42 ± 1.19 (female), 12.05 ± 1.59 (male), 13.25 ± 0.94 (Overall), 13.30 ± 1.01 (female), 13.22 ± 0.90 (male), 16.35 ± 1.85 (Overall), 16.63 ± 1.83. (female), 15.10 ± 1.38 (male), 31.84 ± 3.12, 37.18 ± 3.10, 38.03 ± 3.46, 41.97 ± 3.42 and 44.51 ±4.30, respectively.
The correlation between body weight and height at wither, body length, heart girth, head length, head width, rump length and rump width of group A were 0.698, 0.659, 0.829, 0.435, 0.287, 0.275 and 0.388, respectively, for females were 0.623, 0.582, 0.793, 0.453, 0.234, 0.258 and 0.297, respectively, while for male were 0.746, 0.689, 0.861, 0.342, 0.238, 0.283 and 0.489, respectively. For group B the correlation between body weight and height at wither, body length, heart girth, head length, head width, rump length and rump width were 0.737, 0.731, 0.845, 0.340, 0.250, 0.484 and 0.482, respectively. Correlation for female of group B were 0.714, 0.801, 0.760, 0.040, 0.094, 0.081 and 0.242, respectively, while for male were 0.757, 0.708, 0.910, 0.607, 0.431, 0.798 and 0.666, respectively. The correlation for group C were 0.315, 0.400, 0.300, 0.090, 0.05 1-0.180 and 0.004, respectively, for females were 0.362, 0.328, 0.354, 0.388, 0.078, 0.077 and 0.060, respectively, while for male were 0.262, 0.481, 0.263, 0.118, 0.047, 0.072 and 0.026, respectively. The correlation for group D were 0.906, 0.892, 0.778, 0.919, 0.703, 0.466 and 0.718, respectively, for females were 0.926, 0.912, 0.749, 0.908, 0.860, 0.333 and 0.768, respectively, while for male were 0.913, 0.912, 0.896, 0.956, 0.933, 0.740 and 0.835, respectively. The correlations for group E were 0.416, 0.305, 0.555, 0.361, 0.220, 0.452 and 0.448, respectively. The correlations for group F were 0.337, 0.612, 0.467, 0.493, 0.282, 0.357 and 0.690, respectively. The correlations for group G were 0.342, 0.3 18, 0.2 10, 0.397, 0.323, 0.427 and 0.199, respectively. The correlations for group H were 0.376, 0.055, 0.231, 0.126, 0.144, 0.360 and 0.187, respectively. The correlations for group I were 0.286, 0.184, 0.534, 0.117, 0.143, 0.158 and 0.270, respectively. It was found during the study that body weight was highly correlated with body measurements in Kajli sheep of all age groups. The height at wither, body length and heart girth were observed to be significantly correlated with body weight. During the present investigation males were heavier and longer than females in all age groups. Similarly the heart girth as well as height at wither were also bigger in males than those of females.
Conclusion:
It was concluded that body measurements had high correlation with body weight indicating that body measurements can be used for estimation of body weight in the field where scales are not usually available. These may also be used as selection criteria. However, further research is needed to investigate the relationship between the body weight and linear body measurements in other breeds of sheep, goats and other livestock breeds of the country.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1088,T] (1).
284.
A Study Of Plasma Homocysteine And Copper In Patients Of Coronary Artery Disease
by Umer Saeed Ansari | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad | Dr. Habib-ur-Rehman.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The present study was carried out on 60(56 males and 4 females) stable coronary artery disease patients selected from the angiography department of Shaukat Khanum Medical & research Laboratories. Only those patients were selected as cases, who verified angiographically, as having coronary artery disease. Thirty controls were also selected from angiography department of Shaukat KhanumMedical & research Laboratories. These were the patients who on angiography were verified as having normal coronary arteries. The patients were between the ages of 30-60 years. Mean age of the cases was 43.95±5.6 years and the mean age of controls was 42.87±7.27 years (Table 1). No significant difference was found between the distribution of patients age among cases and controls. Among the cases 93% were males and 7% were females. Various risk factors which predispose to coronary artery disease were also . recorded in our study such as history of hypertension, smoking, history of hyperlipidemia, family history of coronary artery disease, obesity, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum copper and plasma Homocysteine.
Regarding the history of smoking, there were 51.7% smokers among the cases. In the control group only 30% were smokers and this difference was statistically not significant (p value 0.05) (Table 3). History of hyperlipidemia was present in 17 cases and 4 controls. The family history of coronary heart disease was seen in 33 cases and 11 controls. There was no statistical difference between the distribution or these factors among cases and controls (Table 3).
The cases had a mean BMI of 27.38±3.75and the controls had a mean BMI of 27.l4±5.56. In the control group 63.30/0 were overweight and obese and among the cases 71.6°1<> were overweight and obese. A number of biochemical tests including serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum copper and plasma Homocysteine, were done on the study population. The mean serum cholesterol among the cases was 184.23±37.83mg/dl and in the controls it was 171.07±48.24mg/dl. No difference was found between the distribution of mean cholesterol levels in cases and controls (Fig 5). The mean triglyceride level was 207±84.71mg/dl among the cases and 160±71.27mg/dl in controls. The difference was statistically significant (Fig 6).
The principal observation of this study is that mean plasma tHcy of cases was significantly higher (15.21±2.67Ilmol/l) as compared to controls (10.88±1.88Ilmol/l) (p value <0.01) (Fig 7).
The other major observation was that there was a significant difference in the distribution of serum copper among cases and controls when serum copper was divided into groups (Table 8).
This study observed more patients with conventional risk factors in hyperhomocysteinemic subjects (n=36) than the patients having low Homocysteine level (n=54). In spite of this no association was found between hyperhomocysteinemia and these risk factors except serum copper (p value <0.01). The mean serum copper in subjects with normal plasma Homocysteine level was 81.96~g/dl and in the patients with hyperhomcysteinemia it was 1 00.82~g/d1. A positive correlation was found between serum copper and plasma Homocysteine (r=0.44) Coronary artery disease is associated with moderate hyperhomocysteinemia in our study and it shows a positive correlation with serum copper. It does not show any association with other risk factors.
Since hyperhomocysteinemia is commonly seen in our patients, it is prudent to manage these subjects with vitamin supplements and adequate nutrition.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1094,T] (1).
285.
Nutritional Evaluation Processing Ang Utilization Of Rumen Contents For Livestock Feed
by Azmat hayat Khan | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Saima | Mr.Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The cost of feed, as percentage of total production costs, accounts for about 5 0-60% of ruminant feeding systems. According to estimates, Pakistan is deficient by 40 and 80 percent in forage and concentrate feeds. For economical production of balanced feed for livestock, poultry, fish and pet animal, non-conventional feed resources need to be explored to find solution to the existing gaps. For this purpose the present study was conducted to determine the nutritional profile, processing and utilization of rumen contents in buffalo feed. The study was conducted in three phases. In phase one, bovine rumen contents were collected from the slaughter house near Bakar Mandi and were analyzed at Nutrition laboratory, UVAS, Lahore. In phase two, rumen contents were ensiled with wheat straw, with and without addition of 5% molasses for a period of 60 days at Ravi Campus, Pattoki. Proportion of rumen contents and wheat straw were 1:1 on DM basis. Wheat straw was also treated alone by reducing its DM to 43% with water and by addition of 5% molasses. The pH of silages of rumen contents and wheat straw, with and without molasses were 4.8 and 4.92, respectively. The silage containing rumen contents and wheat straw showed a little increase in C.P. In phase three, a metabolic trial was conducted at Buffalo Reaearch Institute, Pattoki, in which 15 male buffalo calves were fed the diets having total mixed ration (TMR) (Ti), TMR with 43% DM in wheat straw (T2), 50% TMR plus 50% ensued wheat straw and rumen contents (T3), TMR with 5% molasses in wheat straw (T4), and 50% TMR plus 50% ensued wheat straw with rumen contents and molasses (T5). The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The significant differences between means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range test. Among the treatments containing ensued rumen contents, DM intake, DM and nutrient digestibility as well as N retention were significantly (P<O.05) higher for silage without molasses treatment. However, the digestible energy (D.E) was significantly (P<O.05) higher for silage treated with molasses. When means were compared there were significant differences among all treatments for DM intake, DM, CP, CF, cellulose and hemicellulose digestibility, D.E and N retention but not for T5 and T3, T4 and T2 and T2 and Ti in case of DM intake and EE, NDF and ADF in case of digestibility. It was concluded that rumen contents could replace 50% of conventional TMR without any adverse effects on digestibility and health of buffalo calves.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1096,T] (1).
286.
Physiological Udder Oedema And Congesion Of Cows And Buffaloes
by Iqbal Ahmad | M.S. Khan.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 1977Dissertation note: A study involving 150 cases consisting of 122 buffaloes and 28 cows brought to the out patiently hospital at the College of Animal Husbandry, Lahore, with a history of physiological oedema and congestion of udder was conducted to get a clinico pathological picture and ascertain the various etiological factors involved therein.
Out of the total 150 cases udder investigation 11(8 buffaloes + 3 cows) 15 (14 buffaloes + 1 cow), 59 (48 buffaloes + 11 cows), 18 (13 buffaloes + 5 cows) 28 (22 buffaloes + 6 cows), and 19 (17 buffaloes + 2 cows) were diagnosed to be suffereing from myocardial asthenia, milk fever syndrome, malnutrition, adrenal hormonal imbalance (stress diases), mastitis and simple physiological udder oedma due to pressure by the foetus respectively.
The clinical findings of different ailments was almost similar in the early stages, From the data obtained during the present study, it j clearly evident that cases showing symptoms of udder oedema and congestion were due to myocardial asthenia, milk fever syndrome, malnutrition, harmonal disturbances ( as allergy, sting bites etc), Mastitis and simple physiological udder oedema due to pressure by the foetus.
It may be concluded that low food (Protein) intake during pregnancy is a major cause of udder oedema and congestion in late pregnancy in cows and buffaloes here.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1118,T] (1).
287.
Studies On The Use Of Cowpea As A Vegetable Protein Supplement On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Muhammad Zahid | Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Mr. Ehtisham.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to find out nutritive value of cowpea (Vina sinensis) and to develop certain treatments to improve the nutritive value of cowpea. For this purpose two experiments were conducted on broiler chicks "Hubbard". In the first experiment, different levels of raw cowpea were fed to the chicks for L weeks, while in the second experiment cowpea were given with different treatments i.e. soaking, autoclaving, oil and methionine supplementation were included in the poultry ration for 6 weeks. During both experiments effect on growth rate, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage and weight of internal organs were studied.
Feeding different levels of raw cowpea in ration during first experiment showed a linear decrease in weight gain and feed utilization efficiency with increasing level of raw cowpea. The decrease in dressing percentage was highly significant (P/ 0.01) when raw cowpea level was 66 per cent. It was also observed that feeding of raw cowpea significantly (PL 0.01) increased the weight of pancreas of the chicks. The same was the case with gizzard weight. The poor chick performance (weight gain and feed utilization efficiency) on account of feeding higher levels of raw cowpea might be attributed due to the higher contents of enzyme inhibitor(s), low digest- ability and deficiency of sulfur containing amino acids.
To investigate these possible limiting factors, second experiment was conducted. For this purpose soaked (1:1 moisture treatment) and autoclaved (15 psi for 30 mm.) cowpea were incorporated at 51 % level in the ration, while the methionine was supplemented at the level of 0.14/-f per cent and oil at the level of 6.7 per cent. Autoclaving improved weight gain of the chicks during first 4 weeks period, however, methionine supplementation improved the weight gain after 4 weeks (total period is 6 weeks). The feed utilization efficiency was improved through autoclaving, methionine supplementation and oil supplementation in the descending order. Soaking did not improve the nutritive value of cowpea with respect to weight gain, feed efficiency and dressing percentage. The pancreas weight did not increase when autoclaved cowpea were fed as compared to ration I (corn soya ration). However, soaking increased the gizzard weight significantly (PC0.01)
CONCLUS ION
The results of experiments indicated a linear depression in growth rate and feed efficiency with increasing level of raw cowpea in the rations. The weights of internal organs i.e. gizzard and pancreas were increased with increasing level of raw cowpea.
Autoclaving of cowpea improved its nutritive value in terms of weight gain and feed efficiency. Methionine supplementation did improve the weight gain and feed conversion ratio to a significant level. However soaking had adverse effects with respect to pancreas and gizzard weight and no effect regarding weight gain, feed efficiency and dressing percentage.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1119,T] (1).
288.
The Influence Of Floor Space On Growth Egg Production And Hatchability Of Coturnix Japonica
by Dr. Bashir Ahmad Khawaja | Dr. Mohammad Saleem Chaudhary | Dr. Asaf | Dr. Mohammad Aslam Bhatti.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of various floor spaces on growth rate, egg production and hatchability of quail (coturnix coturnix Japonica) in cac7es. One hundred and eighty, one day old quail chicks were purchased from a local commercial hatchery and were divided into four equal groups of 45 chicks i.e. A, B, C, and D. These groups were further sub divided into 3-replicates of 15 chicks each providing floor spaces of 144, 165, 186 and 206 sqcm/bird respectively. The chicks were fed ad-libitum on a commercial ration. The other managemental and environmental conditions iiere similar for all the groups.
Experimental chicks were weighed individually at one day old and on weekly basis upto the age of 8-weeks. The average wt. gain observed/quail upto 8-weeks of age for groups 4, B, C and D was 120, 135, 144 and 150 gins respectively. Average feed consumption/quail was found to be 433, 478, 496 and 515 gms respectively. The feed conversion ratio (F. C.R.) was 3.60, 3.54, 344 and 3.43 in groups 4, B, C and D respectively.
The total number of eggs produced by the birds of respective groups were 9, 10, 10.5 and 12 eggs/hen in 14 days of laying period. Total number of chicks hatched on 17th day of
.incubation in groups A, B, C and D wet-e 120, 130, 138 and 144 respectively. The mortality percentage was 8.88, 4.44, 2..22 and 0.00 in groups A, B, C and D respectively. The average dressing percentage for birds in groups A, B, C and P was 67.45, 67.47, 67.97 and 69.42 respectively. Average heart wt. was apparently more in the birds of group C than those of 4, 8, and P. Similarly group P birds exhibited apparently maximum wt. of liver than the other three groups. The average wt. of gizzard was maximum in group P than rest of the groups.
Statistical analysis of the data revealed highly significant effect of floor space on wt. gain, feed consumption, F.C.R., egg production and hatchability. However floor space effect on dressing percentage and giblet weight (liver, heart and gizzard) was statistically non significant. The monetary return per 100 gm of live body wt. was Rs. 1.43, 1.84, 2.07 and 2.18 in the birds of groups A, B, C and I) respectively.
Finally it was found that quails can be reared in cages at a density of 206 sq.cm/bird efficiently and economically without any detrimental effect on growth rate, F.C.R., feed consumption, egg production and hatchability in quails.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1120,T] (1).
289.
To Study The Comparative Efficacy Of Cloprostenol And Estradio For The Treatment Of Endometritis In Cross Bred
by Saeed Ahmad Barvi | Dr. Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Dr. Asif | Dr. Rashid Ahmad Ch | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of cioprostenol and estradiol for the treatment of 1st degree endornetrët:is in cross bred dairy cows.
One hundred and sixty cross bred cows suffering from 1st degree endometrétis were selected amongst the animals brought for A.I. or repeat breeding at different A.I.Centres/Sub-centres in Lahore city. After detailed gynaecological examination animals were randomly divided into four treatment groups. Forty cross bred cows in group 'A' were injected cloprostenol on day 10 of oestrous cycle and cured animals were
inseminated at the end of induced oestrus. Similarly were in group 'B' 40 cross bred cows were injected cloprostenol on day 10 of oestrous cycle and cured animals were inseminated at the end of oestrus that followed the induced one. in group 'C' endometretic bred cows were treated with estradiol intrauterinally for 3
alternate days of oestrous cycle and the cured animals were inseminated on next oestrus, Group 'D' comprised forty cross bred cows. This group served for all other groups as control. All the animals were inseminated without any treatment. After two months all the animals were palpated rectaly for pregnancy diagnosis. Only 144 animals could he traced for pregnancy diagnosis. While others died or were sold and transferred to untraceable places. The percent curative and conception rate observed in cloprostenol treated group 'A' (ind-oestus) were 75, 66.66, respectively. Similarly in group 'B' the percent curative and conception rate in cloprostenol treated (followed lind - oestrus) aimais were 87.50, 76.47. In estradiol treated animals the curative rate was 62.50% while conception rate observed was 60.86%. In control group only 40% animals conceived after insemination. On the basis of curative and conception rates cloprostenol was found better than stilboestrol for the treatment of 1st degree endometrtis. Moreover, in cloprostenol trente(1 group resti tt of inseminat ions in Tind oestrus was found better than induced one. Therefore, cloprostenol treatment is recommended as a drug of first choice for the treatment of 1st degree endometritis in cross bred diary cows.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1121,T] (1).
290.
The Effect Of Feeding Different Vegatbale Protein Supplements As The Cause Or A Predisposing Factor Of Hydropericardium
by Muhammad Shoib Noor | Dr. Mohammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr. Ehtesham | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 1989Dissertation note: Since last two years broiler industry in Pakistan is facing a devastating disease named "Hydropericardium Sncirome". The disease causes 30 to 7 mortality. Many possible causes of this disease like Ascites, Oedema, Round heart disease, Fat toxicity, Excess of Sodium and also in Bacterial and Viral infections have been reported, in which nutritional cause is one of these. The present work has been conducted to study the effect of different indigenous vegetable protein supplements as the causitive or predisposing factor for "Hydropericardium" in broiler chicks.
Two experiments were conducted and five experimental rations were prepared containing different indigenous vegetable protein supplements (Corn gluten meal, Rice polishing, Rape seed meal, Cotton seed meal and Sunflower meal) as a major source of protein and were fed to both the experimental chicks throughout the experimental period.
In both the experiments chicks were
divided into five groups. In the first experiment, at 18th day each group was further divided into three subgroups i.e. control, treatment-I and treatment-II (inocculated with 105 and 107 dilutions of freez dried Hydropericardiuin inocculum respectively). Similarly in the second experiment, at 18th day each group was further divided into two subgroups i.e. control and treatment ( some chicks were inocculated with 102dilution of the fresh Hydropericardium inocculum and rest of them were kept as incontact). During the conduct of the experiment the weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, mortality, postmortem changes, histopathological changes and immunity of the experimental chicks were studied.
In the first experiment non-significant differencewith respect of weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks amongst control and treatment-I (inocculated. with 10-5 dilution of freez dried Hydropericardium inocculum) and treatment-II (inocculated with 10-7 dilution of freez dried Hydropericardium inocculum) subgroups were recorded. There was no mortality due to itllydropericardiumit in any of the five experimental groups of chicks. This indicated that 10-5and 10-7 dilutions of freez dried Hydropericardium inocculum were ineffective in causing any change in weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency. As such these findings could not help in establishing any of the five egetab1e protein supplements (Corn gluten meal, Rape
seed meal, Rice polishing, Cotton seed meal and
Sunflower meal) as a predisposing or causitive factor for"Hydropericardium"in the chicks.
Similarly in the second experiment, non-significant difference with respect of weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks between control and treatment ( some chicks were inocculated with i02 dilution of the fresh Hydropericardium inocculum and rest of them were kept as incontact) subgroups of the five experimental groups were recorded. This indicated that 1o2 dilution of fresh Hydropericardium inocculum was ineffective in causing any change in weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks. These results also could not establish the nutrition as a predisposing or causitive factor for "Hydropericardium" in the chicks. Only three mortalities of the chicks in different experimental groups after the inocculation of io_2 dilution of fresh Hydropericardium'inocculum were recorded. Postmortem examination of the dead birds showed watery fluid in pericardial sac, swollen liver and kidneys and enlarged heart. Ilistopathological study of the liver and heart collected from the dead birds revealed intranuclear inclusion bodies in the liver and degenerative changes in the heart. Although the postmortem changes were almost similar to the "Hydropericardium" but only three mortalities could
not be attributed to nutrition as a predisposing or causitive factor for "Hydropericardium" in the chicks. Similarly the results of indirect haemagglutination test showed haemagglutination of erythrocytes at 1:128 serum dilution and even at very weak dilution i.e. 1:1024 serum dilution, which indicated that the chicks were alreadr immuned and the immunity of the chicks increased after the inocculation of the fresh Hyd.ropericardium inocculum.
In the light of the findings of the first experiment, which were non-significant with regard to weight gain, feed. consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks amongst control, treatment-I (inocculated with 1O dilutionof freez dried Hydropericardium inocculum) and treatment-Il (inocculated with 10' dilution of freez dried Hydropericardium inocculum) subgroups of each of the five experimental groups fed on five different experimental rations, it might be concluded that the freez dried Hydropericardium inocculum had lost its virulency during freezing process or during its long i.e. six months, of storage or was not the causitive agent in producing the "Hydropericardium" in the broiler chicks. Similarly in the second experiment, non-significant results of weight gain, feed
consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks between control and treatment (some chicks were inocculated. with io_2 dilution of fresh Hydropericardiun inocculum and rest of them were kept as incontact) subgroups and the results of indirect haemagglutination test, indicated that the chicks were already iinmuned. The findings of both the experiments could not help to establish the nutrition as a predisposing or causitive factor for "HydropericRrdium" in the chicks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1124,T] (1).
291.
Effect Of Differend Leavels Of Poultry By Product Meal On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Sardar ud Din Lodhi | Nisar Ahmad | Dr. M Yqoob Malik | M. Aslam Bhatti.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1989Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of poultry by-product meal (PBPI.) 0!? the performance of broiler chicks. The PBM used in the experiment contained feathers, blood, digestive tract, head and legs collected from the local slaughtering points and was procured from Quadria Feeds Ltd. o Lahore.
One hundred and fifty day old (male and female) Jfubbard broiler chicks were reared on five experimental rations upto 50 days of age. The control ration contained 12% fish meal. In the experimental rations (starter and finisher) fish meal in the control ration was replaced by the poultry by-product meal at 3, 6, 9 and 12% levels. The starter rations were fed (upto 28 days of age) and remaining 22 days the finisher rations were fed.
The crude protein (2') and metabolizable energy (Kcal,/kg) content of the starter rations A, B, C. B and F were 22. 16, 3076; 22. 14, 3079; 22. 10, 3080; 22. 06, 3082 and 22. 92, 3083. While for finisher rations were 20. 08, 3210; 20.04, 3211; 20.04, 3211; 20.00. 3212; 19.97, 3214 and 19.93, 3215 respectively.
The results showed that growth of chicks was influenced by the level of poultry by-product used. The rations containing P.BI1 at the level of 3%, 6% and 9% were the best for growth as compared to 12Z level. The birds fed at the level of 12Z consumed highly significantly lesser feed than those fed on 3 6 and 9% levels. There was statistically non-significant difference in feed efficiency amongst different rations. The varying level of PBPI used in ration did not influence the dressing percentage of broiler chicks. The results further indicated that PBN CCI? he incorporated economically in broiler rations upto 9% of the total diet.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1125,T] (1).
292.
Studies On The Senility Pattern In Relation To Reproductive Efficincy In Male Nili Ravi Buffalo
by Capt. Farman Ahmaed Jafri | Dr. Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Dr. M. Afzal | Dr. Rashid Ahmad Ch | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 1989Dissertation note: Thirty five Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls stationed at Semen Production Unit Qadirabad were selected for the subject study. All the bulls were normal and regular donar of semen at the station. They were splitted into ten groups according to their age. Each group was carrying three to four animals. A total of 560 ejaculates were collected. Senility pattern was represented by evaluating volume, mass motility, concentration, sperm abnormality, dead/live percentage and reaction time. The data on all these parameters was collected and statistically analyzed to investigate the effect of advancing age on various seminal characteristics and reaction time in buffalo bull.
Statistically, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was noticed for all the parameters among bulls of different age groups. Maximum ejaculate volume, sperm abnormality, percentage of dead spermatozoa and reaction time were observed in age groups IX and X. Minimum ejaculate volume, percentage of dead sperms and reaction .time were observed in age group I. Mass motility and sperm concentration were maximum in age group IV while minimum in age group IX. Minimum sperm abnormality was found in age group III.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1126,T] (1).
293.
Studies On Vaginal Bacterial Flora In Cyclic And Non-Cyclic Nili-Ravi Buffalo
by Sana Ullah Bhatti | Dr. Rashid Ahmad Ch | Dr. Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: A total number of 60 Nili-Ravi bu±faloes were included in the study to compare the vaginal bacterial flora. Out of these 60 animals 30 were cyclic and rest of the buffaloes were non-cyclic.
Bacteria belonging to five different species were isolated from 27 out of 30 in non-cyclic and 5 out of 30 in cyclic buffaloes. From the isolates, Staphylococcus aureus had the highest incidence (16.66%) followed by Streptococcus pyogenes (13.33%), Escherichia coli (8.33%), Coryriebacterium pyogenes (6.66%) mixed infection (5%) and Bacillus cereus (3.33%). The vaginal samples of Nili-Ravi buffaloes in non-cyclic group revealed a higher bacterial count as compared to cyclic group and it was concluded that higher bacterial load in the vagina was responsible for the reproductive problems.
No strain of Brucella could be isolated. The animals treated intra-vaginally responded favourably as the viable bacterial count was lowered after the intra- vaginal treatment.
On the basis of in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity test, Strepto-penicillin was recommended for the treatment of vaginal infections as the drug of choice as it was effective against the majority of the ilates.
During the fertility trials the average conception rate was 62.93% after the treatment in the non-cyclic group.
In the light of the results of present study, a detsiled investigation would be of significant importance as far as the sexual health control measures of the buffalo are concerned.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1133,T] (1).
294.
Studies Of The Carriers Of Pasteurella Multocida
by Syed Shabir Ahmad Shah | Prof. Muhammad yousaf Vaid | Mr. Muhammad | Mr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 1979Dissertation note: Pasteurellosis is an infectious disease of Livestock having world wide occurrence. To find out the incidence of healthy carriers of Pasteurella multocida in cattle buffaloesa, research project was undertaken at College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore.
For this purpose 330 (nasopharyngeal) swabs of clinic shy normal cattle and buffaloes were collected from various sources from Lahore.
Inoculations swabs were made on various media like blood agar, tryptore agar, tryptore broth, mutrient agar, nutrient broth, etc. The culture media wee incubated both aerobically and at a temperature of 37oC.
The biochemical characteristics of Pasteurella multocida isolated were studied, smears from growth, were prepared, stained with Gram's method and examined.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1136,T] (1).
295.
Studies On The Chick Growth Inhibitory Factor In Sunflowr Oil Meal
by Muhammad Zubair | Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr. Mohammad | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: The cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and total particulate matter ('1PM) of cigarette smoke is sternly toxic to health and may produce several pathologies. In our study, we have focused on the toxicological effects of CSC and '1PM on different events of angiogenesis using chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM). CSC and 1PM from four different commercial filtered cigarettes were applied to the CAMs on day 4 of incubation. Macroscopic vascular transformations were evidently observed among all treated CAMs. Applications of CSC disk caused sturdy obliteration of main blood vessels, while whole architecture of the secondary and tertiary vasculalure was completely destroyed. Likewise, application of '1PM from all brands of cigarette caused disproportionate thinning of all primary and secondary blood vessels. Reduction in the total area and diameter of primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels were observed after treatment with CSC and TPM. 1-listological evaluations revealed loss of ectodermal and mesodermal integrity in botl'i types of treatments. Scanty capillary plexuses formation, deterioration of extracellular matrix and delayed migration of blood vessels were prominent findings among all treated groups. Results obtained from CSC treated groups were more localized, while generalized results were prominently recorded in 1PM treated groups. Special considerations of CSC and 1PM should he given while smoking during pregnancy and after surgery because it may severely affect the process of angiogenesis, which is vital in maintenance of pregnancy and wound healing.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1137,T] (1).
296.
The Population Of Primordial Follicles In Lohi Sheep
by Naeem Azam Chattha | Dr. Naeem Ullah Khan | Dr. Rashid Ahmad Chaudhary | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: The reproductive tracts from sixteen clinically healthy Lohi Ewes of four different age groups were obtained. The ovaries were excised and serially sactioned to permit the histological processing for the study of population of primordial follicles.
In group I of Lohi Ewes (one week to one month of age) an average length, width, thickness of the cervix, body of uterus, right and left horns of the uterus, right and left fallopian tube, right and left ovaries were measured and were as below.
Cervix 0.95 + 0.03 cm X 0.56 + 0.02 cm X 0.32 ÷ 0.18 cm, body of uterus 1.02 ÷ 0.05 cm x 0.77 + 0.02 cm X 0.29 ± 0.02 cm, right horn of uterus 6.28 ÷ 0.13 cm X 0.63 ± 0.03 cm X 0.25 ÷ 0.02 cm, left horn of uterus 5.92 + 0.07 cm x 0.51 + 0.02cm x 0.24 + 0.01 cm, right ovary 1.11 + 0.03cm x 0.79 + 0.04 cm x 0.60 ÷ 0.04 cm, left ovary 0.97 ± 0.03 cm X 0.71 0.03 cm x 0.52 + 0.04 cm, the average length of right fallopian tube was 8.92 + 0.34 cm and left fallopian tube was 7.84 ÷ 0.35 cm.
The average measurements for group II (4-B months of age) were as follows.
Cervix 2.85 ± 0.03 cm X 2.36 ± 0.04 cm X 0.40 ± 0.03 cm, body of uterus 3.13 ÷ 0.11 cm X 2.52 + 0.03 cm X 0.59 ± 0.04 cm, right horn of uterus 10.45 E 0.16 cm X 4.10 + 0.06 cm X 0.71 0.04 cm, left horn of uterus 10.17 + 0.10 cm X 4.01 ± 0.16 cm X 0.59 + 0.03 cm, right ovary 1.52 + 0.01 cm X 1.21 0.04 cm X 0.76 ± 0.06 cm, left ovary 1.44 ± 0.01 cm X 1.20 0.03 cm X 0.71 + 0.05 cm, an average of length of right fallopian tube was 14.96 + 0.43 cm and of left fallopian tube was 13.71 + 0.43 cm.
Similarly in group III (12-18 months of age) the average measurements of same organs were as follows:-
Cervix 5.10 t 0.09 cm X 2.00 ± 0.03 cm X 0.54 ± 0.03 cm, body of uterus 5.10 ± 0.08 cm X 3.88 f 0.02 cm X 0.70 ± 0.03 cm, right horn 18.25 + 0.32 cm X 4.59 + 0.09 cm X 0.83 1- 0.04 cm, left horn 16.25 + 0.09 cm X 4.36 ± 0.08 cm X 0.69 + 0.03 cm, righ ovary 1.67 + 0.03 cm X 1.43 + 0.02 cm X 0.89 ÷ 0.02 cm, left ovary it was 1.53 + 0.02 cm X 1.37 + 0.01 cm X 0.85 ÷ 0.01 cm. The average length of right fallopian tube was 22.57 + 0.55 cm and that of left fallopian tube was 20.81 ÷ 0.53 cm. While in the group IV(24-30 months of age) the average measurement of same organs were as under.
Cervix 5.96 + 0.07 cm X 2.92 + 0.06 cm X 0.58 ± 0.04 cm, body of uterus 5.69 ÷ 0.06 cm X 4.1 + 005 cm X 0.73 ÷ 0.04 cm, right horn 20.27 4- 0.29 cm X 4.79 0.08 cm X 0.91 + 0.03 cm, left horn 18.19 + 0.37 cm X 466 4- 0.03 cm X 0.84 4- 0.05 cm, righ ovary 1.83 + 0.02 cm X 1.41 4- 0.04 cm X 0.95 + 0.02 cm, left ovary 1.71 + 0.03 cm X 1.36 + 0.03 cm X 0.81 -4- 0.01 cm, an average length of right fallopian tube was 24.17 0.27 cm and of left fallopian tube was 21.29 ± 0.18 cm.
In Lohi Ewes of group I the number of primordial follicles varied in right ovary from 61839 to 64287 while in the left ovary from 54942 to 57518 with an average of 63388 to 56655 respectively.
The - number of primordial follicles in right ovary of group II of Lohi Ewes varied from 53896 to 58153 and in left ovary from 46518 to 49734 with an average of 56410 to 48654 respectively.
In group III number of primordial follicles in right ovary varied from 40957 to 44856 similarly in left ovary, it was 31296 to 36343 with an average of 42313 and 33298 respectively.
Similarly in group IV the number of primordial follicles varied in right ovary from 27019 to 29817 and in left ovary from 21054 to 23368 with an average of 28181 and 21971 respectively.
The average of total primordial follicles count in group I was 120043 which varied from 116781 to 121805, in group II 105064 which varied from 100414 to 107887 in group III 75611 which varied from 72204 to 81199 and in group IV it was 50142 which varied from 48073 to 53185. almost non significant difference persist in the number of primordial follicles of right ovaries as well as of the left ovaries of all age groups of the Lohi Ewes.
The right ovaries of all four groups of Lohi Ewes possess significantly (P<0..05) higher number of primordial follicles than left one, even this difference exist in the individuals of the same group.
The Lohi Ewes of group I possess 12.47 percent more primordial follicles than the group II, while 37.01 percent more than group III and 58.22 percent more than the animals of group IV. In all age groups nonsignificant difference was observed in the diameter of follicular nuclei.
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297.
Comparative Nutritive Value Of Corn Gluten Meal And Meat Meal In Broiler Rations
by Syed Tayyab Waqar Bokhari | Dr. SAghir Ahmad Jafri | Dr. Mohammad Yaqoob Malik | Mrt. Mubasher.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: The experiment was conducted in the Animal Nutrition Section, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore on completely randomized design. One hundred and twenty, day-old broiler chicks were reared for eight weeks period, These were divided into four groups of 30, and each group was further divided into three replicate of 10 birds. Four experimental rations A, B, C and D were fed to the four different groups. There rations contained 0, 10,15 & 20% levels of corn gluten meal with 18, 9. 5,5 & 0% levels of meat meal as sole source of protein. Watering and feeding was done a libitum.
At the end of experiment, the results showed that average body weight gain of individual bird fed on rations A, B, C and D was 322.2, 263.8, 352.7 and 252.8 grams with F.C.R. of 2.35, 2.61,2.30 & 3.04 respectively. The data regarding the body weight gain and F. C. R. was subjected to statistical analysis - using the analysis of variance and further more to find out the difference in treatment means. Student Newman Keul's Technique was applied. The results showed the highest gain in body weight in birds of group C (15% corn gluten, 5% meat meal and 0. 5% L-Lysine) and the least gain in weight in group D (20% corn gluten and 0.5% L-Lysine. Similar results in case of F. C. R. were obtained as well.
The data on dressing percentage of birds fed rations A, B, C and D were 74.5, 72.1, 71.6 and 72.4 percent. Statistically these results found to be significant and the maximum dressed body weight was observed in group A. The gizzard weight of the birds kept on rations A, B, C and D was 126. 0, 08.3, 120.7 and 105.7 grams with 123.7, 92.7, 100.0 and 94.3 grams of liver weight respectively were observed. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference. Improved weight of gizzard and liver were gained by the birds maintained on ration A. The data on heart, spleen and pancrease weights on analysis revealed a non- significant difference.
The data on economics of the experimental rations indicated that the cost per Kg. of gain in body weight was Rupees 10. 52, 8.73, 8.57 and 11.16 respectively. The ration C was comparative by more economical, ration B being second the best. It is evident from the data that 15% corn gluten with 5% meat meal helped in making the ration most economical.
Based on the observations cited above it was inferred that corn gluten meal could be successfully incorporated in broilers ration without any deteriorating effect o growth rate, feed consumption or feed efficiency, provided it is supplemented with animal protein source to make up the limiting amino-acids.
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298.
Studies Of Postmortem Changes In Layer Birds Which Die At Various Stages In Life At Poultry Farms Around Lahore.
by Ishtiaq Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Irfan | Dr. Tufail Muhammad Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 1980Dissertation note: A total of 50,0C birds from 8 poultry farms around Lahore were included in these studies. The ages of these birds varied from I to 9 weeks and 4.1 to 50 weeks.
Nine different diseases were prevalent at these farms which were confirid from flock histories, clinical symptoms, postmortem findings, laboratory investigations and histopatholagical studies which were carried on 542 birds out of 4,100 birds which died. The incidence of these diseases was as follow:
Newcastle disease 17.5 percent, coccidiosis 7.26 percent, colibacillosis 5.31. percent, prolapse cf the oviduct 5.10 percent, spirochaetosis 4.48 pcrcent, cannibalism 3.62 percent, heat stroke 1.35 percent, rztritional deficiency 0.48 percent and lyznphoid leukosis 0.16 percent.
The characteristic postmortem chanes and correlation of age vdth the diseases are discussed.
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299.
The Impact Of Community Based Animal Helth Services Delivery System On Epidemiological Parameters And Farmer'S
by Farrukh nazir | Dr. Muhammad athar khan | Dr. Haji ahmad hashmi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: A study was conducted to understand the impact of community based animal health services delivery systems on epidemiological parameters and farmer's economic sustainability in Central Punjab. In Pakistan three systems for the animal health services delivery are being practiced without any data base and conclusive findings for the comparison purposes and in terms of the replication if needed in future, therefore, a study was planned to quantify and compare the three systems. These systems are; community based, public based and conventional based animal health services delivery systems. As the community based system was launched as Halla scheme, in Central Punjab through the German Technical Cooperation program / funding. Therefore, the other two systems i.e. public and conventional based were selected in the areas adjacent to the community based system (Halla Cluster). The project area was selected because of the similar geographical, environmental, socio cultural and political similarities. One cluster of five villages was selected randomly for each system. The data was obtained from each cluster through active disease surveillance and was recorded on a questionnaire. Each questionnaire was used for one farmer. The cluster of five villages was 'considered as one herd. In the 1st project, the clusters were quantified and compared on different parameters, like provision of animal health services, provided from the system to the member farmers. Epidemiological parameters like morbidity and mortality rate were recorded and analyzed statistically. In the 2IId project, the community trials were also conducted to compare the efficacy of prophylactic interventions, for the economically important diseases of buffaloes and cattle i.e. the haemorrhagic septicaemia and foot and mouth disease. The effect of deworming was also recorded with reference to morbidity and mortality. In the third project the sustainability of the farmers residing in the systems were compared in terms of cost benefit ratio. Animal health services were arranged like vaccination, treatment, deworming, artificial insemination and nutrition support. Poor, good and better services were provided in conventional based, community based and public based animal health services delivery systems, respectively. The impact of services on morbidity and mortality was recorded, the minimum morbidity and mortality rate was recorded in the community based system and moderate and maximum morbidity rate, mortality rate, number of outbreaks and fertility rate due to various diseases were recorded in the conventional based animal health service delivery system. The results were statistically analyzed and significant difference at a level 5% was estimated. The efficacy of the vaccination was estimated and it was statistically found that the morbidity and mortality rates were significantly low in the intervention herds of buffaloes and cattle, as compared to non intervention herds. The overall sustainability of the farmer in term of cost benefit ratio was higher in community based as compared to public based and conventional based animal health services delivery system. In conclusion the better the animal health services delivery system, the more prosperous was the farmer. So, it is recommended that the community based animal health service system be promoted and replicated on priority basis. The animal health services are provided by public based service deliverers but they are not of the same quality as were provided by the community based system in Halla Cluster. This is the reason that in spite of all the services provided by the public based system, the morbidity rate and mortality rate due to various infectious and non infectious diseases were higher in buffaloes and cattle as compared to the community based system. In conventional based system neither the community based services nor the public based services were available for the farmers because those areas were remote and far from the public veterinary hospitals. Therefore, the morbidity rate and mortality rate at the highest spectrum of ranking and disease burden/disease load. The magnitude of disease problems was highest in the conventional based, lowest in the community based system and intermediate in the public based system. Better the quality of services are provided the minimal are the losses due to the diseases in the animal populations and in turn better the cost benefit ratio and ultimately the more prosperous is the farmer. The only way of poverty alleviation in the rural communities is to replicate the community based animal health services delivery system (Halla) with certain modifications in the Provinces of Punjab and Sindh in particular and in North West Frontier Province and Balochistan in general
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300.
Studies On Rats And Mice As A Reservoir Of Zoonotic Parasites
by Muhammad Sarfaraz Ahmad | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad Mustaq-ul-Hassan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: A total of 3600 rats and mice were examined for the prevalence of various zoonotic parasitic infections. Species of various parasites were identified. The order of ifection rate was as Hymenolepis nana (59.9%), Toxoplasma gondii in rats and mice 52.0%), Hymenolepis diminula (35.4%), Cryptosporidium parvum (16.5%), Taenia taenieformis (11.7%), Toxoplasma gondii in humans (11.3%), Capillaria hepatica 7.0%), Babesia spp. (2.3%), Trypanosomu spp. (2.3%) and Leishmania spp. (1.2%).
The highest (78.0%) month-wise prevalence of FL nana was found during August whereas the lowest (43.0%) during February. The highest (70.8%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (62.9%) then spring whiles the lowest (46.8%) during winter. Infection was higher in males (78.0%) than females 45.9%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Infection was higher in rats (65.1%) than mice (16.3%).
The highest (48.0%) month-wise prevalence of H diminuta was found during August whereas the lowest (28.0%) during January. The highest (45.4%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by spring (35.1%) while the lowest (29.3%) during winter. Infection was higher in males (43.8%) than females (29.3%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Infection was higher in rats (37.3%) than mice (20.2%).
The highest (23.0%) month-wise prevalence of C. parvum was found during July whereas the lowest (10.0%) during December. The highest (22.4%) season-wise valence was noted during summer followed by spring (16.9%) then autumn (15.3%) le the lowest (11.3%) during winter. Infection was higher in females (19.9%) than es (12.0%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger, infection was higher in rats (17.7%) than mice (7.6%).
The highest (20.0%) month-wise prevalence of T raenieformis was found during y and August whereas the lowest (6.0%) during December. The highest (18.4%) son-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (10.8%) then ring (10.6%) whereas lowest (7.0%) during winter. Infection was higher in females 15.6%) than males (6.5%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly infected than younger. Infection was higher in rats (12.4%) than mice (6.0%).
The highest (12.7%) month-wise prevalence of C. hepatica was found during August whereas the lowest (4.0%) during November. The highest (10.8%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (6.0%) then spring (6.2%) hues the lowest (4.9%) during winter. Infection was higher in females (8.4%) than males (5.0%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Infection higher in rats (7.3%) than mice (4.6%).
The highest (9.0%) month-wise prevalence of Babesia spp. was found during August whereas infection was absent during January, February, March, April, November and December. The highest (5.0%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (4.2%) then spring (0.1%) and was absent during winter. The infection was higher in males (2.7%) than females (2.0%).The infection was present only in adult rats and mice and no case was recorded in younger. Higher infection was noted -n (2.3%) and than mice (2.4%).
The highest (7.3%) month-wise prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. was found August whereas it was absent during January, February, November and December. The highest (5.7%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer by spring (2.2%) then autumn (1.2%) and it was absent during winter. The infection was higher in females (2.5%) than males (2.0%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Higher infection was noted in rats (2.5%) than mice
The highest (4.7%) month-wise prevalence of Leishmania spp was found during y and August whereas infection was absent during January, February, March, April, October, November and December. The highest (3.4%) season-wise prevalence was during Summer followed by autumn (1.1%) then spring (0.1%) and infection was during winter. The infection was higher in females (1 .4%) than males (0.9%). The infection was found only in adult rats and mice and no positive case was recorded in 1younger. The infection was (1.2%) in rats and mice.
The role of meteorological data i.e temperature, humidity and rainfall was also studied. It was noted that there was a positive co-relation of high temperature and humidity with the prevalence of various parasitic infections. As the infection were maximum during summer when the temperature and humidity was favorable for high prevalence of parasitic burden.
This study will he helpful to disseminate information regarding zoonotic potential parasitic infections via media i.e. newspapers. magazine, electronic media (T.V, I.T, Radio) through seminars, meetings and conferences with professionals doctors, paramedical staff and livestock farmers.
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