1.
Bioconversion Of Agriculture Waste To Butyric Acid Through Solid State Fermentation With Clostridium
by Tasleem Akhtar | Dr. Abdu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Ali Raza | Miss Shagufta Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Butyric acid is widely used in chemical, food, pharmaceutical industries, in pure form to enhance butter-like notes in food flavors or in the form of esters, as aromatic compounds for the production of perfumes, in dairy products, in the manufacture of cellulose acetate butyrate plastics which is used for textile fiber production, in the treatment of hemoglobinopathies, cancer, and gastrointestinal diseases It is produced in the fermentation by microbial flora living in the large intestine of humans and other monogastric animals. The butyric acid production at industry scale is dominated by chemical synthesis as the starting materials derived from crude oil is currently more attractive due to its low production cost and large scale supply. With the decreasing supply of world crude oil, the increasing supply of food industry by-products which can be used for butyric acid production and the increasing consumer demand for organic natural products in food additives, pharmaceutical products, and preservatives, the production of butyric acid through microbial fermentation has generated again a favorable business.
The production of butyric acid was carried out by anaerobic solid state fermentation by C. tyrobutyricum culturing on wheat bran, rice polishing, molasses and corn steep liquor was used as additives.Before its production the proximate analysis of wheat bran, rice polishings, and molasses was carried out to know their inherent nutritional potential. The fermented organism Clostridium tyrobutyricum was isolated from rumen liquor of fistulated buffalo bull .Growth media employed to culture C. tyrobutyricum for the production of butyric acid have been developed. The optimizing conditions of growth medium such ionic concentration of growth medium, source of nitrogen ,substrate to water ratio ,fermentation period and carbon-nitrogen ratio in the medium, for maximum butyric acid production was determined on micro scale at 37°C .Detection and estimation of butyric acid carried out by organic analysis method. This method is based on the catalytic oxidation of butyric acid into diacetic acid, which gives red coloration with sodium nitroprusside. The optimum conditions for the production of butyric acid thus determined on micro scale was applied on higher scale in 7 litre capacity frementer.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1169,T] (1).
2.
Estimation Of Heavy Metals In The Drinking Water Of Residential/Industrial Areas Of Lahore By Atomic Absorption
by Waheed Ahmad | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Sualeha | Miss Shagufta Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Heavy metals are chemical elements with a specific gravity that is at least 5 times the specific gravity of water. The elements studied were mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium and chromium. Heavy metals have no useful biological function in the body but might be highly toxic as they cause precipitation of proteins especially the enzymes. This investigation was therefore carried out to estimate concentration of these metals and their influence on biological system. For this purpose drinking water samples were collected in one litre polyethylene bottles adding 5 mL of concentrated HNO3 as preservative to adjust the PH<2.00 to maintain heavy metal concentrations during analysis. Samples were marked with unique numbers with dates for the study of Acid Extractable metals. Similarly samples were prepared and preserved for micro biological testing.
The metallic ions were estimated by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer of Perking Elmer Model A. Analyst; 2003 at recommended wavelengths for metal ion. Acetylene gas was used as fuel (at 8 psi) and air as an oxidizer.
Statistical analysis was done. The calibration curves were prepared separately for all the metals by running suitable concentrations of the standard solutions. It was evident that concentration of chromium, lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium were high in several drinking water sources in Lahore. This problem is particularly alarming for ground water sources. Almost all water sources are contaminated with lead. According to WHO maximum acceptable limit 10 ppb ,8 water sources had mean chromium concentration in water samples above maximum acceptable limit of WHO (50 ppb), 94 water samples were contaminated with cadmium according to WHO maximum acceptable limit (10 ppb), 13 water sources had arsenic concentration above maximum acceptable limit according to WHO (50 ppb) where as 7 water samples were having concentration of arsenic less than minimum acceptable limit according to WHO (10 ppb) and only 5 water sources meet the criteria of WHO for concentration of mercury, the acceptable limit of 2 ppb.
Multitube Fermentation Technique/MPN Method as described by Mackie & McCartney was used for microbiological analysis i.e. Colifcrm bacteria. The results of this study revealed that both samples i.e. tap and ground water do not show conformity with the standards for safe portable water recommended by WHO. The most frequently encountered pathogen in this study was Escherichia Coli which was isolated more in ground water than tap water.
It is therefore concluded that by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer concentration of heavy metals in water can be determined and thus on the bases of this work precautionary measures can be taken to prevent the health hazards of these toxic metals. Similarly microbiological analysis of drinking water has provided the evidence that most of the water sources are contaminated with microbes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1170,T] (1).
3.
To Study Influence Of Butyric Acid On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Asiya Akbar | Dr.Abu Saeed Hashmi | Miss Shagufta Saeed | Prof.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Poultry have been on the earth for over 150 million years, dating back to the original wild jungle fowl. Poultry provide humans with companionship, food and fiber in the form of eggs, meat and feathers. There is a large commercial chicken industry that provides us with eggs and meat. Because poultry products are in demand around the world and because chickens and other poultry can be reared in almost any part of the world, a renewed interest in poultry projects for schools, 4-H groups and in the home has developed. The butyric acid is an excellent growth promoter as it is an efficient nutrient for the intestinal mucosa increasing the density and length of villi, enlarging the adsorption surface of the intestine. It is also known as antibacterial agent against pathogenic microorganisms including Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Brachyspira etc. and as modulator of the intestinal flora supporting useful microorganisms such as lactobacilli.
Rice polishings was used as a substrate for the production of butyric acid and corn steep liquor as additive. Solid state anaerobic fermentation process was used for butyric acid production through C. tyrobutyricum according to the predetermined optimized conditions. Estimation of butyric acid was carried out by organic analysis method by Deniges (1918).This method is based on the catalytic oxidation of butyric acid into diacetic acid ,which gives red coloration with sodium nitroprusside. Effect of butyric acid on the performance of Broiler chicks was studied by conducting feeding trial on 132 day old broiler chicks purchased from commercial hatchery and was randomly subdivided into 12 units, 11 chicks each. Four diets "A", "B", "C" and "D" (table) were constructed whose composition is as follow. "A" diet was served as control, while the "B", "C" and "D" diets were supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6 % butyric acid respectively. These diets were randomly assigned to the above chicks for a period of 42 days as feeding trial. The performance of birds was monitored in terms of weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency and dressing percentage.
From the results obtained it is concluded that O.4 % butyric acid gave maximum gain in weight, feed efficiency ratio and dressing percentage. Hence it can be stated profoundly that the ration containing 0.4 % butyric acid has stimulated the gastric secretions which ultimately had improved the performance of broiler chicks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1251,T] (1).
4.
Production Of Methane Gas From Effluent Of A.B Murie By Methanobacterium Ruminantium
by Huma Shabbir | Dr.Abu Saeed Hashmi | Miss Saeeda | Miss Shagufta Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: There is extreme shortage of energy in our country. Homes, private sectors and industries are suffering a lot due to this shortage. There are different sources of energy like fossil fuels which include coal, petroleum and natural gas etc. Apart from it there are number of renewable sources but fact is that all these sources are getting diminished because of excessive use due to growing population of the world. In order to increase energy in our country it is imperative to utilize the industrial waste. At present a lot of industrial effluent is being wasted which can be used for the production of fuel in the form of methane gas.
The production of methane was carried out by anaerobic fermentation by Methanobacterium ruminantium culturing on Effluent of A.B Murie. Before its production the proximate analysis of effluent was carried out to know its inherent nutritional potential. The fermented organism Methanobacterium ruminantium was isolated from feces of buffalo bull. The optimizing conditions of growth medium such as temperature, pH, ionic concentration of growth medium (Ca+2, Mg+2) and Carbon-Nitrogen ratio in the medium, for maximum methane production was determined on micro scale.
Detection and estimation of methane was carried out by burning and by measuring pressure on pressure gauge. The optimum conditions thus determined on micro scale was applied on higher scale in a 3 liter flask. The pressure of methane gas obtained was 1.3 psi.
It is therefore concluded that effluent of A.B Murie contain sufficient potential of methane production. The methane thus produced can be used as a fuel and light source for their own use.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1285,T] (1).
5.
Production Of Alginate By Azotobacter Vinelandll By Submerged Fermentation
by Muhammad Awais | Miss Shagufta Saeed | Miss Asma Waris | Miss Sehrish.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Alginate is a linear coploymer of 1, 4,-beta-D-mannuronic acid and alpha -L-guluronic acid. They are usually obtained from brown algae which contains of D-mannuronic and L-guluronic acids. Alginates are important polysaccharides with many application in the food, pharmaceutical, textiles and paper industry.
Azotobacter vinelandii is a gram negative, aerobic and free-living soil microbe which play an important role in the nitrogen cycle in nature. A. vinelandii was grown on wheat bran for the production of alginate. The optimal condition like substrate:water ratio, pH, incubation period, ionic concentration (Calcium, magnesium, sodium and phosphate ions) and addition of corn steep liquor was carried out for the production of alginate by A. vinelandii through submerged fermentation. The cell biomass and alginate concentration was determined to estimate the concentration of alginate. The alginate thus produced was estimated by determining its concentration spectrophotometrically at 546 nm. The effect of pH, incubation period, ionic concentration and addition of nitrogen source like corn steep liquor was analysed by statistical linear regression method.
Alginate is an important polymer with wide applications in pharmaceutical, food and textile industry. It has also medical application in encapsulating hormones.
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6.
Assessment Of Mycotoxin (Aflatoxin & Ochratoxin) And Pesticides In Capsicum Frutescens
by Abdul Muqeet Khan | Miss Shagufta Saeed | Dr. Mateen | Miss. Asma Waris.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: From global prospective of food safety and food security, mycotoxin contamination of foods has gained much attention as potential health hazards for humans and animals. Cereals and other crops are exposed to fungal attack in the field or during storage and this attack may result in mycotoxin contamination of the crop. Spices and herbs are important ingredients in almost every cuisine. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A are the most important for human health perspective and in developing countries such as Pakistan where climatic conditions favor the formation of these toxic metabolites. Governments and private organizations of international level have established maximum residue levels (MRLs), which usually guide to control the amount of pesticides in foods. Therefore, the current study was planned to determine occurrence of mycotoxin (Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin) in chillies and to determine incidence of pesticide residues in chilli available on the commercial market in Pakistan.
The samples of whole chilies were collected from local markets of five cities of Punjab (Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Sargodha, and Rawalpindi) Pakistan. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used for the detection of aflatoxin in red chilli (whole) samples. TLC plates were checked under UV box and those samples which showed the positive results were quantitatively analyzed by Scanner Densitometer. The residual analysis of pesticides in chilies were performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in Toxicology Laboratory, QOL, UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan.
It observed that chilli samples of Multan city were highly contaminated by Aflatoxin B1 as compared to other cities. Maximun contamination of Aflatoxin B2 in red chilli was found in Rawalpindi city. Maximum numbers of samples (25) were detected by ochratoxin in Sargodha city and minimum number of samples detected in Lahore city. No sample was detected as positive in the samples of Rawalpindi city. Maximun numbers of samples (25) were detected by ochratoxin in Sargodha city and minimum numbers of samples were detected in Lahore city.
Endosulfan and DDE were not detected in any samples of Lahore city. Aldrin was found positive in 55% samples and DDT was found positive in 15% samples of red chilli. Endosulfan was found samples and aldrin was found positive in 40% samples of red chilli. Contamination of Endosulfan and aldrin were higher as compared to DDT and DDE. Amount of Endosulfan and aldrin was found higher in both Sargodha and Rawalpindi cities, respectively. Endosulfan was detected in maximum number of samples as compared to other pesticides in Sargodha city whereas aldrin was found higher in Rawalpindi city.
It has been observed that aflatoxin and Pesticide levels frequently exceed the limits in red pepper (>5 ?g/kg AFB1 and 10ppb AF total; > 2mg/kg Pesticides) and that risks exist for consumers.
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7.
Production Of Single Cell Protein By Using Banana Peels As Substrate And Its Biological Evaluation In Broiler Chicks
by Muhammad Sheraz Yasin (2012-VA-603) | Miss Shagufta Saeed | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The term single cell protein (SCP) refers to dead, dry microbial cells or total proteins extracted from pure microbial cell culture and is produced using a number of different microorganisms including bacterium, fungus and algae. It can also be called biomass, bioprotein or microbial protein.
Besides high protein content (about 60-82% of dry cell weight), SCP also contains fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, vitamins and minerals.
Fermentation media containing grinded banana peel as substrate was used to check the production of single cell protein for the selected Arachniotus sp. Different parameters were optimized for higher production of SCP e.g: Incubation period, pH, volume of inoculum, carbohydrate source, concentration of corn steep liquor and ionic salts concentration.
The biomass yield was estimated for total protein content by Lowrymethod. Biomass produced from fermentation was used for biological evaluation in feed trials of broiler chicks.
It is found that Arachniotus sp gave maximum single cell protein 7.49 g/L using 10 g banana peels at 72 hours incubation period. And protein concentration increased 7.58 g/L by optimizing volume of inoculum 2ml. It is observed in present study carbohydrate source also increases the protein concentration 8.41 g/L when carbohydrate source was optimized (glucose 3%).
Later on it was found that nitrogen source also enhance the protein production upto 12.61 g/L by using 2% corn steep liquor. Results also revealed that ionic salt concentration also play important role in the production of biomass protein, addition of 0.075% CaCl2.H2O produced 14.45 g/L single cell protein using above mentioned optimized conditions. 0.050 %
K2HPO4 produced 15.06 g/L. Addition of 0.050% MgSO4.7H2O produced maximum protein 15.86 g/L.
Biological evaluation in broiler chicks of this biomass protein shown there is no deleterious effects on weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and net protein utilization. Maximum weight gain observed 215.6 grams in the group (C) in which 50% sunflower meal was replaced with biomass protein.
Feed conversion ratio in group (C) was 2.64 in which 50% sunflower meal was replaced by biomass protein and in group (B) was 2.51 in which 25% sunflower meal was replaced. And in control group (A) feed conversion ratio was 2.41.
Protein efficiency ratio was observed with non-significant value. And same results were shown by Chaves et al (1988) who reported non-significant differences among the standard and test diet when Chaetominumcellulolyticum biomass was fed to chicks. Net protein utilization observed in present study gave significant P value among the groups.
So it is concluded that single cell protein produced by this method is cheap and can be used in the food industry as food supplements and can also be included in poultry feed. The study findings suggested that microbial biomass produced by Arachniotus sp using banana peels as substrate can be replaced upto 50% of the protein supply by sunflower meal without any deleterious effects on growing broiler chicks. Moreover, it will also help in the reduction of pollution by using waste i.e. banana peel for useful purpose.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2347-T] (1).
