1.
Effect Of Methionine Suplimentation On The Performanceof Early Lactating Nili Ravi Buffaloes
by Imran Mohsin | Prof.Dr.Muhammed Abdullah | Dr.Abu Saeed Hashmi | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Feeding management experiment was conducted at Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki on thirty nine lactating Nih Ravi buffaloes divided into three groups thirteen in each kept under tie stall intensive management for a period of four weeks. All the three groups were given roughages ad libitum and concentrate according to their milk production level. The milk production was recorded daily in the morning and evening. Milk samples were collected weekly by mixing the milk produced in the morning and evening and analyzed for various milk composition parameters. The blood from jugular veins of the selected buffaloes was also collected on weekly basis and analyzed for blood bio-chemistry in the WTO quality control laboratory.
Highest milk production per day (9.78+O.O9ml) was recorded in T2, followed by TI and T3. Statistically analyzed data showed highly significant (P<O.O1) differences between treatments. Statistically analyzed data showed non significant (P>O.05) differences between treatments. The milk analysis of buffaloes kept Ofl treatments TI, T2 and T3 showed milk fat contents 5.58±0.08, 5.70f0.08 and 6.031-0.08% respectively. SNF% in buffaloes was 8.55±0.16, 8.41+0.16 and 8.20±0.16 respectively. Statistically analyzed data showed significant (P<0.05) differences in fat and non significant (P>0.05) differences in SNF contents between treatments. Feed samples were collected for proximate analysis at laboratory of Animal Nutrition Department UVAS and results revealed that concentration was compared of 17.41, 18.26 and 71 % Dry matter, Crude protein, and TDN, respectively. Blood sample were analyzed for total protein, triglyceride, urea and blood glucose. The blood glucose contents value were 3.96±0.58, 4.08±0.60 and 4.72+ 0.63 mg/uI in buffaloes on treatments Ti, T2 and T3 respectively. Total protein values for each treatment were 6.37±0.54, 6.74±0.55 and 5.97±0.58 mg/dl. Triglycerides were 5.58±0.58, 4.16±0.59 and 4.33+0.62 mg/dl in buffaloes on treatment 1. 2 and 3 respectively. Mean Urea level was 1.40-f 0.024. 1.03+0.25 and 1.56+0.26 mg/dl.
The following conclusions have been drawn.
- Methionine supplementation increases the overall milk production in buffaloes.
- Methionine supplementation has variable effect on different milk
- composition parameters. It increases the milk fat percentage but has least effect on other parameters.
- Methionine supplementation increases the blood glucose and has no effects on other blood parameters.
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2.
To Study Influence Of Butyric Acid On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Asiya Akbar | Dr.Abu Saeed Hashmi | Miss Shagufta Saeed | Prof.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Poultry have been on the earth for over 150 million years, dating back to the original wild jungle fowl. Poultry provide humans with companionship, food and fiber in the form of eggs, meat and feathers. There is a large commercial chicken industry that provides us with eggs and meat. Because poultry products are in demand around the world and because chickens and other poultry can be reared in almost any part of the world, a renewed interest in poultry projects for schools, 4-H groups and in the home has developed. The butyric acid is an excellent growth promoter as it is an efficient nutrient for the intestinal mucosa increasing the density and length of villi, enlarging the adsorption surface of the intestine. It is also known as antibacterial agent against pathogenic microorganisms including Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Brachyspira etc. and as modulator of the intestinal flora supporting useful microorganisms such as lactobacilli.
Rice polishings was used as a substrate for the production of butyric acid and corn steep liquor as additive. Solid state anaerobic fermentation process was used for butyric acid production through C. tyrobutyricum according to the predetermined optimized conditions. Estimation of butyric acid was carried out by organic analysis method by Deniges (1918).This method is based on the catalytic oxidation of butyric acid into diacetic acid ,which gives red coloration with sodium nitroprusside. Effect of butyric acid on the performance of Broiler chicks was studied by conducting feeding trial on 132 day old broiler chicks purchased from commercial hatchery and was randomly subdivided into 12 units, 11 chicks each. Four diets "A", "B", "C" and "D" (table) were constructed whose composition is as follow. "A" diet was served as control, while the "B", "C" and "D" diets were supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6 % butyric acid respectively. These diets were randomly assigned to the above chicks for a period of 42 days as feeding trial. The performance of birds was monitored in terms of weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency and dressing percentage.
From the results obtained it is concluded that O.4 % butyric acid gave maximum gain in weight, feed efficiency ratio and dressing percentage. Hence it can be stated profoundly that the ration containing 0.4 % butyric acid has stimulated the gastric secretions which ultimately had improved the performance of broiler chicks.
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3.
Decolorization Of Effluents From Textile Dyes By Fungi
by Ghulam Rasool Anjum | Dr.Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr.Ali Raza | Mr.Zahid Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: Dissertation note: Textile sector is one of the large exporting and the most important industrial sector of Pakistan. It accounts about 64% of the total export from our country. At present there are 650 textile processing units working in Pakistan. Textile industries consume large amount of water for wet processing of textile. Out of many contaminants present in wastewater, such as acids, bases, toxic organic and inorganic dissolved solids, and colors, Colors are considered the most undesirable and are mainly caused by dyes which are used in textile dying industry. The objective of the study was to decolorize the cotton industry waste water effluents by treatment with microorganisms like Trichoderma harzianum and Aspergillus flavus, an extent to make it least harmful to water habitats and also to make it fit for irrigation purposes. The influencing parameters that affect the percentage of decolorization rates are optimized in still culture fermentation. Spectrophotometric analysis method was used to estimate decolorization of textile industry effluent at its ?max (350nm). The optimal values of the parameters such as effluent to water ratio, fermentation time, pH, and carbon to nitrogen ratio are found to be 1:0, 72 hours, 4.0, and 1: 2.33 for Trichoderma harzianum and 1:1, 72 hours, 5.0, and 1: 2.33 for Aspergillus flavus respectively. The concentration of different ions like Ca+2, Mg+2 and H2PO4-1 were also optimized for maximum decolorization and the optimized conc. were 0.025%, 0.025% and 0.025% for Trichoderma harzianum and 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.05% for Aspergillus flavus respectively. The maximum percentage of decolorization at the optimized conditions on large scale was found to be 83.31% and 80.02 % with Trichoderma harzianum and Aspergillus flavus respectively.
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4.
Production Of Methane Gas From Effluent Of A.B Murie By Methanobacterium Ruminantium
by Huma Shabbir | Dr.Abu Saeed Hashmi | Miss Saeeda | Miss Shagufta Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: There is extreme shortage of energy in our country. Homes, private sectors and industries are suffering a lot due to this shortage. There are different sources of energy like fossil fuels which include coal, petroleum and natural gas etc. Apart from it there are number of renewable sources but fact is that all these sources are getting diminished because of excessive use due to growing population of the world. In order to increase energy in our country it is imperative to utilize the industrial waste. At present a lot of industrial effluent is being wasted which can be used for the production of fuel in the form of methane gas.
The production of methane was carried out by anaerobic fermentation by Methanobacterium ruminantium culturing on Effluent of A.B Murie. Before its production the proximate analysis of effluent was carried out to know its inherent nutritional potential. The fermented organism Methanobacterium ruminantium was isolated from feces of buffalo bull. The optimizing conditions of growth medium such as temperature, pH, ionic concentration of growth medium (Ca+2, Mg+2) and Carbon-Nitrogen ratio in the medium, for maximum methane production was determined on micro scale.
Detection and estimation of methane was carried out by burning and by measuring pressure on pressure gauge. The optimum conditions thus determined on micro scale was applied on higher scale in a 3 liter flask. The pressure of methane gas obtained was 1.3 psi.
It is therefore concluded that effluent of A.B Murie contain sufficient potential of methane production. The methane thus produced can be used as a fuel and light source for their own use.
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5.
Molecular Investigation Of K99 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli
by Nida Javaid | Prof. Dr.Tahir yaqub | Dr. Muhammad wasim | DR.Abu Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1967,T] (1).
6.
Bioconversion Of Molasses To Glucose Oxidase Through Solid State Fermentation With Aspergillus Niger
by Wajeeha Zafar (2012-VA-574) | Dr.Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Dr. Muhammad Wasim.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Enzymes can be defined as soluble colloidal organic catalysts which are produced by living cells and are capableof acting independently of the cells. Glucose oxidase belongs to oxidoreductaseand is also called as glucose dehydrogenase. The glucose oxidase enzyme (GOX) oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid. In cells, it aids in breaking the sugar down into its metabolites. Glucose oxidasehas found several commercial applications including glucose removal from dried egg; improvement of color, flavor, and shelf life of food materials; oxygen removal from fruit juices, canned beverages. It has also been used in an automatic glucose assay kit in conjunction with catalase and chiefly in biosensorsfor the detection and estimation of glucose in industrial solutions and in body fluids such as blood and urine. It is often extracted from Aspergillusniger. GOX is a dimeric protein. The active site where glucose binds is in a deep pocket. This enzyme acts outside of cells, is covered with carbohydrate chains (Raba and Horacio 1995).
Aspergillus niger is the potential source for the production of glucose oxidase and is preferreddue to its high production ration of extracellular enzyme. The ability of Aspergillus niger toutilize a wide range of waste products as nutrition source makes it more economical source of the enzyme (Rajesh et al .2002).
The glucose oxidase fromA. nigerisalso an intracellularenzyme present in the mycelium of the organism. Aspergillus nigeris a filamentous fungus belonging to phylum Ascomycota. It Produces microscopic conidia on conidiophores that are produced asexually. Hyphae possess septa and are hyaline. They are supported at their base by foot cells from which conidiophores originate. It possesses long, double-walled, smooth and colorless to brown conidiophores.It is commonly foundin mesophilic environments such as soil, plants and enclosed air environments. It is capable of surviving in various environments, it is not only a xerophilic fungus, but is also a thermo tolerant organism. It is because of this property that it exhibits a high tolerance to freezing temperature(Schuster 2002).
Glucose oxidase was first isolated from mycelia ofA. nigerandPenicilliumglaucumby Müller.
A large number of microbes including bacteria and filamentous fungi have been used for the production of glucose oxidase. Glucose oxidase is produced at large scale using A. nigerand P. amagasakiense. Many bacteria are also involved in the production of this enzyme; some of these are Zymomonasmobilis, Micrococcus and Enterobacte(Yogananth et al. 2012).
Glucose oxidase (GOX) from Aspergillus niger is a well-characterised glycoprotein consisting of two identical 80-kDa subunits with two FAD co-enzymes bound. Both the DNA sequence and protein structure at 1.9 A have been determined that these identical subunits size vary from 70 to 80 KDa. It catalyzes the oxidation of D-glucose (C6H12O6) to D -gluconolactone (C6H10O6) and hydrogen peroxide. It is produced naturally in some fungi and insects where its catalytic product, hydrogen peroxide, acts as an anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent (Ikram et al . 2014).
Glucose oxidase has a molecular weight of 160,000 a.m.u. (Tsugeet al .1975) and consists of two identical polypeptide chain subunits having nearly equal molecular weights linked by disulphide bonds (O'Malley and Weaver 1972) and it is highly specific for β-D-glucose (Bentley 1963). Each subunit of the glucose oxidase contains one mole of Fe and one mole of FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotides) and it contains 74% protein, 16% natural sugar and 2% amino sugars (Tsugeet al. 1975). The Glucose oxidase enzyme in its purest form is pale-yellow powder. The molecular weight of GOX ranges from approximately 130 kDa to 175 KDa (Kalisz et al. 1997).
Gluconic acid, the oxidation product of glucose, is a mild neithercaustic nor corrosive, non-toxic and readily biodegradable organic acid of great interest for many applications. As a multifunctional carbonic acid belonging to the bulk chemicals and due to its physiological and chemical characteristics, gluconic acid itself, its salts (e.g. alkali metal salts, in especially sodium gluconate) and the gluconolactone form have found extensively versatile uses in the chemical, pharmaceutical, food, construction and other industries (Anastassiadis and Morgunov 2007 ).
This enzyme is present in all aerobic organisms and normally functions in conjunction with catalase (Coxon and Schaffer 1971). This enzyme is also used as an antioxidant (Berg et al. 1992). It is mainly available from microbial sources and is normally produced by aerobic fermentation of Aspergillus nigerand Penicillium species (Fiedurak1996; Lu et al. 1996; Plush et al .1996; Rando et al. 1997). It has high specificity for D-glucose (Kuly and Cenas 1983).
This enzymeis also widely used to produce gluconicacidthatGOXtogether with Horse Reddish peroxidase has a range of applications in the food industry for glucose determination. GOX is being used in the textile industry producing hydrogen peroxide for bleaching process. This enzyme is also used to determine capillary glucose in screening of gestational diabetes (Mesiggi et al. 1988). This enzyme is utilized to extend the shelf life of fish(Field et al.1986) andproduction of calcium gluconate, gluconic acid and its derivatives (Khurshid2009).
Solid state fermentation [SSF] has been recently considered as the most cheapest and more environmentally friendly relative to submergedliquid fermentation [SLF] in the production of value added industrial based products such as enzymes, bio fuels.Advantages of Solid State Fermentation over Submerged Fermentation isHigher volumetric productivity, usually simpler with lower energy requirements, Might be easier to meet aeration requirements, Resembles the natural habitat of some fungi and bacteria and Easier downstream processing (Mienda et al. 2011).
Molasses is a dark brown, almost black, moist granular sugar. Its distinctive molasses taste is due to its high content of minerals. Nutritively, it has high iron content (Draycott and Philip 2008).
Aspergillus niger is a fungus, one of the most common species of the genus Aspergillus.The genus Aspergillus isimportant economically, ecologically and medically (Nizamuddinet al.2008).
Glucose oxidase enzymewas producedthrough the microbial fermentation. For that purpose solid state fermentation wasdevelopedwithA.niger. Solid state fermentation was applied to utilize agricultural residue such as Molasses as substrate.
The current research work was focused on production ofextracellular Glucose Oxidase (GOX) fromAspergillusniger using industrial waste such as molasses as substrate by Solid state ( static ) fermentation.
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7.
Potential Of Rice Husk And Rice Husk Ash For The Removal Of Malachite Green
by Nargis AfZAL (2011-VA-354) | Dr. Rahat Naseer | Dr.Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr.Sameera Akhtar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Potential Of Rice Husk And Rice Husk Ash For The Removal Of Malachite Green Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2852-T] (1).
8.
Bioconversion Of Agriculture Waste To Polyhydroxybutyrate Through Solid State Fermentation With Bacillus Thuringiensis
by Hafsa Yasmin(2015-VA-1065) | Dr.Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr.Shagufta Saeed | Dr.Shahbaz yousaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biopolymer,it can be used as a biodegradable thermoplastic material for waste management strategies.it can be produced by various microorganism bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis accumulates PHB as intracellular granules Inside their cells in response to physiological stress such as excess of carbon sources and limitation of nutrients e.g. nitrogen and phosphorus etc. This research work PHB productionwas attempted from agriculture wastes like wheat bran, rice polishing and corn stover through solid state fermentation through optimization of different parameters like substrate water ratio, incubation period, volume of inoculum, inorganic salts concentrations, addition of molasses and corn steep liquor. A parent strain of Bacillus thuringiensis was maintained on nutrient agar plate. Fermentation media containing wheat bran, rice polishing and corn stover as substrates were used to check the production of PHB for the selected bacteria. Inoculum 0.5 mL was added into sterilized fermentation media and incubated for 0-96 hours. Thereafter growth media were harvested, culture was centrifuged. The extraction, determination and identification of PHB were carried out from the pellet.
It was found that Bacillus thuringiensisgave the maximum PHB yield (270mg/100g) with 10 mL of basal medium containing rice polishing, while the wheat bran produced (210mg/100g) at 72 hours and corn stover produced yield (130mg/100g) at 48 hours.Rice polishing gave the maximum PHB production yield (2000mg/100g) at 1mL of inoculum in the presence of optimized condition of 0.175% of KH2PO4.2H2O, 0.125% MgSO4.7H20, 0.75% urea, 1% corn steep liquor respectively.
In this study Bacillus thuringiensis produced higher yield of PHB using rice polishing as compared to wheat bran and corn stover.
So, it is concluded that PHB produced in this work can be used in various industries like pharmaceutics, food industry and also in medical field, it will also be helpful to reduce the pollution caused by other synthetic plastics.
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