1.
Comparative Studies On The Sensitivity Of Polymerase Chain Reaction (Pcr) And Microscopic Examination For The Detection of Trypanosoma Evansi in Horses
by Muhammad Asif Muieed | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Mr. Asim Aslam | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was standardized and its efficacy was evaluated against microscopic examination i.e. Giemsa stained smear method ['or the diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection (Surra) in horses. l3lood samples were collected from 100 suspected horses from different localities in Lahore.
Under aseptic precautions blood smears were prepared, after drying and fixing with methanol, slides were stained by Giemsa stain method of staining. By stained blood smear method 5 out of 100 horses were found positive For T. evansi infection. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out on the blood of' the same suspected horses to evaluate its efficacy in the diagnosis of' T. evansi infection and to compare its diagnostic value against the microscopic examination method currently in use. For this purpose total genomic DNA was extracted from suspected blood samples. The PCR reaction was performed in a 50tl reaction mixture containing I X Taq BuFfer, 0.2 mM dNTP Mixture. I .5 mM MgCIl2 2.5 U/1i1 Taq Polymerase. 4uM of' each primer, 2 ul of DNA extracted and 31.5 p1 of DNase - free deionised water. The tubes containing the mixture were subjected to 30 cycles of amplification in a thermocycler. During each cycle the sample of' DNA was denatured at 93° C' For 30 seconds, annealed at 45° C For 30 seconds and extended at 720 C For I minute. Prior to the cycling and at the end of' cycling the mixture was subjected to incubation at 93° C for a period of 3 minutes and final extension at 72° C for a period of 5 minutes, respectively. PCR product was then characterized by 2.5% of agarose gel electrophoresis. To confirm the presence of DNA and to estimate its size it was compared with a DNA ladder and was photographed with a Polaroid camera. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed 16 positive cases out of 100 above mentioned suspected cases. These 16 positive cases diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) also included animals, which were diagnosed by stained blood smear method.
It can be concluded that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a superior and sensitive (16%) in comparison with the microscopic examination i.e. Giemsa stained smear method (5%). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is more effective in cases where the parasitemia is low and this test could be used in other species of animals especially camels where the disease is more chronic and difficult to confirm by. other routine methods. PCR would not only ensure early diagnosis and treatment in individual animals but can detect animal reservoirs of infection and would help to eliminate threat to equine and camel herds which are grazed and housed together and where blood sucking mechanical fly vectors are ever present.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0860,T] (1).
2.
Detection Of Toxoplasma Gondii Infectionin Butchers And Buffaloes By Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Latex Agglutination Test
by Rana Sajjad Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Naeem Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Toxoplasmosis, a common parasitic zoonotic infection is usually aymptomatic in immunocompetent persons although it may be present as lymphadenopathy, febrility, etc. but it is a life threatening opportunistic infection in congenitally infected patients and in immunocompromised individuals (those with AIDS, malignancy, organ transplantation, etc). Human beings become infected with T. gondii usually by ingesting oocysts in food and water contaminated with cat feces or by consuming tissue cysts in undercooked meat.
The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is mainly based on serological tests latex agglutination test (LAT). Detection of specific DNA seems to be of clinical value in the ingestion of patients infected with toxoplasmosis.
In this study, latex agglutination test was used for the detection of the antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based on the amplification of repetitive B1 gene of T. gondii. The study was based on a total of 200 samples involving 50 butchers, 50 buffalo's sera and whole blood respectively.
LAT established an overall infection of T. gondii in butchers and buffaloes as 20 % and 22 % respectively. The PCR analysis confirmed this T. gondii prevalence in butchers and buffaloes.
LAT proved to be an efficacious method for routine serological screening for antibodies to T. gondii. The costly and sophisticated PCR results in our investigation showed good correlation with the serological data of these patients showing that LAT can be used as an alternation to PCR. The results demonstrated that PCR analysis of clinical samples of patients suspective for acute toxoplasmosis including those with an acquired infection presented by lymphadenopathy can be a promising diagnostic method that enables direct detection of parasitic DNA.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0861,T] (1).
3.
Diagnosis And Prevalence Of Trypanosoma Evansi In Camels Through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) And Haematocrit Centrifugation Thechnique (HCT) in Punjab (Pakistan)
by Jahanzaib | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. H.A. Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The most important protozoan disease of camels is trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi. There was little epidemiological information on the prevalence of infection. The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of Trypanosorna evansi in camels through haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total number of 100 camels of different age and sex groups were selected from different localities including Bahawalpur, Lahore, Gujranwala and faisalabad to find out the prevalence of Trypanosomiasis in Punjab (Pakistan) and to evaluate the sensitivity of PCR assay and HCT for the diagnosis Trypanosoma evansi. Blood samples were collected and examined by haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence was recorded as 4% and 13% by haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT) and polymerase chain reaction. The positive samples by the polymerase chain reaction also included the positive animals by the haermatocrit centrifugation technique.
The results showed that PCR was more sensitive method for the detection of trypanosomiasis as compared to the haematocrit centrifugation technique. Thus PCR can be used for the diagnosis of camel trypanosornosis during both acute and chronic phases of infection, and for use in the evaluation of treatment. Application of PCR to field diagnosis is therefore clearly indicated.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0862,T] (1).
4.
Effect Of Potassium Chloride And Sodium Bicarbonate Suplementation On Thermotolerance Of Broileers Exposed to Heat Stress
by Muhammad Tahir Naseem | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. Kamran | Prof. Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: A total of 100-day-old broiler chicken were randomly divided into five groups and kept under elevated temperature (95-98.6ºF) to observe the effect of potassium chloride and sodium bicarbonate on the weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), serum potassium and serum bicarbonate level. Thermostress lead to significant in decrease (P<0.05) weight gain, serum potassium and serum bicarbonate level, while FCR was increased. During heat stress, KCl and NaHCO3 at levels of 1.5% and 0.5% respectively, improved weight gain, and FCR and significantly increased (P<0.05) serum potassium and bicarbonate level. The results showed that combination of KCl and NaHCO3 supplementation alleviated the negative effects of heat stress in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0863,T] (1).
5.
Toxicological Effects Of Feeding First Cut Sorghum Vegeation And Stalks To Rabbits
by Shahzad Bhatti | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. Azhar | Prof. Dr. Naeem Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The present project was designed to study the hematological and biochemical changes due to toxicity caused by sorghum (stalks, leaves) in rabbits and compared with grass feeding. For this purpose 18 rabbits of almost same body weight and age were randomly divided into three groups (6 animals per group) designated as A, B and C. Animals of each group were caged separately.
Group A was fed on grass; group B was fed on sorghum stalks; group C was fed on sorghum leaves. Sorghum samples were collected from different fields A, B, C and D, near Bund road Lahore. From each field four samples were collected and analyzed for nitrate. Nitrate analysis in sorghum stalks and leaves showed that in all the four fields there was high level of nitrate in stalks as compared to leaves and nitrate content both in stalks and leaves was high in field A as compared to field B, C and D. This high level of nitrate in sorghum was due to excessive use of nitrogen containing fertilizers by farmers. Therefore group B and C was fed on sorghum stalks and leaves of field A for 30 days in experimental room of Pathology, UVAS, Lahore.
Blood samples were taken from marginal ear veins of all rabbits aseptically with the help of syringe at the start of the experiment and then at the interval of 10 days till the expiry of the experiment. Hematological studies revealed erythrocytopenia, leukocytopenia, decreased hemoglobin and lowered erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in group B as compared to group A and C from day 10 to 30.
Biochemical analysis reveled methemoglobinemia and high level of liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of group B as compared to group A and C from day 10 to 30.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0864,T] (1).
6.
Molecular Diagnosis Of Bovine Tuberculosis In Humans
by Muhammad Bilal | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Mnsur-uddin | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease. In humans it is mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and occasionally by Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium africanum. Bovine tuberculosis caused by M bovis is the main cause of enteric TB in humans. it is transmitted through milk, meat and dairy products. It is also recorded that it can also cause pulmonary tuberculosis in humans.
A study was conducted to detect the M bovis in human pulmonary sputum samples through PCR based techniques. A PCR assay was described which could differentiate M bovis from M. tuberculosis in clinical samples. Sputum of 400 patients was randomly analyzed with PCR assay. Two (0.5%) out of 400 sputum samples were positive for M bovis while remaining were positive for M tuberculosis. Over all 0.5% cases were positive for M bovis causing pulmonary tuberculosis in humans.
The two positive cases were analyzed in the background of their history. History revealed that both of them belong to different families and areas were in close contact with animals for a long time. It suggested that they caught infection from animals. It was an evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis of M bovis in humans.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0865,T] (1).
7.
Effect Of Sperm Storage Tubules Secretions From Pre-Layer Hen On Cockerel Sperm Clumping And Motility
by Iqbal Munir | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmed | Dr. Amir Saeed | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: Artificial insemination (AT) in the poultry industry has considerable importance because of better results in fertility and hatchability. Increasing male utilization in artificial insemipation depends upon the optimum use of semen by suitable diluting media to increase the volume of ejaculate and to preserve fertility.
In the present study, the effect of sperm storage tubules secretions on percentage motility and extent of clumping of sperms was noticed. An optimum osmotic pressure 375 mOsm with pH 7.0 was used to preserve the cockerel's semen at 5°C. A total of 20 meat Breeder cockerels were randomly selected. After providing 10-days sexual rest, they were trained for semen collection by abdominal massage technique. Three birds failed to produce good quality semen. These birds were removed from the study.
Semen from seventeen Meat Breeder Cockerels was pooled. After
macroscopic evaluation, the pooled semen was divided into 4 groups.Group A was diluted with Modified Van Wambeke diluent with addition of sperm storage tubules secretions. Group B was diluted with the above diluent without SST secretions. Group C was diluted with saline solution with addition of SST secretions while group D was diluted with saline solution without SST secretions. These four groups were stabilized at 375 mOsm osmotic pressure in pH 7.0 and stored at 5°C. The diluted semen samples were examined for percentage motility and extent of clumping. After 72 hours of semen storage (5°C), group A showed significantly (P<0.05) higher motility as compared to groups B, C and D.
The extent of clumping was higher (P <0.05) in group D as compared to groups A, B and C. However, group A showed less (P <0.05) clumping upto 64 hours as compared to groups B, C and D.
The results of the present study suggested that at 375 mOsm, pH 7.0 the cockerels semen stored at 5°C diluted wiih Milk based extender and saline solution with addition to SST secretions proved to be suitable for short-term preservation of Meat Breeder Cockerel semen.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0885,T] (1).
8.
Comparison Of Different Diagnostic Techniques Against Fasciolosis In Buffaloes
by Muhammad Mutee-us-Salam | Prof. Dr. H. A. Hashmi | Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof. Dr. Zafar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The present study as conducted to find out the most reliable technique for the diagnosis of fasciolosis in buffaloes and to calculate economic losses due to fasciolosis. A total 0 F 1 00 faecal samples were examined by Director Smear, Zinc-sulfate flotation and Sedimentation techniques. Prevalence was 2, 4 and 5 percent respectively. Although they are very cheap and simple techniques but detection of the disease in early stages is not possible. Where as Agar Gel Precipitation technique gave positive results as 8% is laborious technique. But the diagnosis during the early stages is possible. Prevalence of Fasciolosis in Young animals (below 2 years) was found 0% Direct Smear Method. 3.33% by Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique. 6.67° by Sedimentation Technique and 6.67% by using Agar Gel Precipitation technique. In Adult (above 2 years) the Prevalence was found 2.85% by Direct Smear Method, 4.28% by Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique. 4.28% by Sedimentation technique and 8.57% by using Agar Gel Precipitation Technique. In Males the Prevalence was found 0% by Direct Smear Method. 0% by Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique, 6.26% by Sedimentation Technique and 6.26% by using Agar Gel Precipitation Technique. In Females the Prevalence was Found 2.38% by Direct Smear Method. 4.76% by Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique. 4.76% , by Sedimentation Technique and 8.33% by using Agar ( el Precipitation Technique. In Neeli Ravi the Prevalence was found 2.35% by direct Smear Method. 4.76°/o by Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique. 4.76°/o by Sedimentation technique and 8.23% by using Agar Gel Precipitation Technique. In Kundi the Prevalence was found 0% by direct Smear Method. 0° b Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique. 6.66% by Sedimentation Technique and 6.66% by using Agar Gel Precipitation Technique. From the results ii appears that AGPT Sedimentation technique, Zinc-sulfate flotation and Direct Smear Method can be ranked as No. I. 2. 3. and 4 respectively in terms of their efficacy. Total economic losses due to fasciolosis during three months (Oct.-Dec.2004) were very high i.e. Rs.1016400.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0898,T] (1).
9.
Molecular Detection Of Babesia Bigemina And Babesia Bovis In Carrier Cattle By Duplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
by Muhammad Suleman | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Ch | Dr.Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr Abdul Rauf Shakoori | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: Babesiosis is a highly important disease in the world, caused by the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. A wide range of domestic and wild animals and occasionally man are affected by this disease, which is transmitted by ticks and has a worldwide epidemiological distribution. While the major economic impact of babesiosis is on the cattle industry, infections also occurs in other domestic animals , including horses, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs.
The present study targeted the carrier cattle infected with Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis, as they are difficult to detect because of the low numbers of parasites that occur in peripheral blood. However, diagnosis of low-level infections with the parasite is important for studying the transmission and standardizing epidemiological studies. Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to amplify a portion of the gene from the parasite, and tested the ability of this method to detect carrier cattle.
A study was conducted to detect the. Babesia in blood samples through PCR based techniques. A PCR assay was described which could differentiate Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis by using specific primer in carrier cattle. Blood samples of 100 cattle were randomly analyzed with PCR assay 29 (29.0%) out of 100 blood samples were positive for babesiosis in which 18% were positive for Babesia bigemina and 11% were positive for Babesia bovis, While the Light Microscopy detected only 18 (18%) out of the same samples. The samples found positive by LM were reconfirmed during the PCR assay but no sample was found to be having both Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis infections simultaneously.
Thus it is concluded that PCR is a reliable molecular diagnostic technique to detect low level of infections in carrier animals in a population and thus could be used as an effective screening tool for the control and eradication of disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0929,T] (1).
10.
Pathogenesis Of Salmonellosis With Respect To Carrier States In Poultry And Its Public Health Impact
by Younus, M | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Prof.Dr.Abdul Rauf Shakoori | Prof.Dr.Muham | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: The present research endevour was made to study and investigate the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium from poultry feed, poultry meat and poultry eggs and their role in the chain of transmission of salmonellae to human beings. The objective was to generate data to improve the quality of poultry products and human health awareness.
Salmonellosis is one of the most wide spread food borne zoonoses. The etiological agents Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium not only' produce the disease but during the convalescent phase (after the recovery of disease) remain carriers for indefinite period of time. In this study 400 samples were collected and were distributed and detailed as; poultry feed (n=100), poultry intestines (n100 Small and n=100 Large intestines) and eggs (n=100) were collected for the identification of the organism through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The Positivity percentage as tested through PCR for Salmonella enteritidis in the poultry feed was 20,15,10,15 and 10 for layer starter, layer grower, layer finisher, broiler starter and broiler finisher respectively (P>0.05). The positivity percentage as tested through PCR for Salmonella typhimurium for layer starter, layer grower, layer finisher, broiler starter and broiler finisher feed was 15,10,10, 10, and 10 respectively (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between layers feed and broilers feed as far as identification of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium was concerned (P>0.05) but the prevalence range of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimuilum from poultry feed was 10-20% which was biologically significant. The positivity percentage rate of Salmonella enteritidis for small and large intestine in Desi birds (local breed) was 2 and 16 % respectively. Where as for broilers in small and large intestine it was 4 and 18% respectively. The positivity of Salmonella typhimurium in small and large intestine of Desi birds was 2 and 14% where as in broilers it was 4 and 16% in the small and large intestine respectively. There was a significant difference (P <0.05) between the positivity of percentage of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium as far as identification of Salmonellae from Desi and broiler meat was concerned.
It was found that 16%, 8%, 16'Y0 and 16% egg albumin was found positive for Salmonella enteritidis in layer egg albumin, Desi (local breed) eggj albumin, double yolk albumin and broken egg albumin respectively. In each case 25 egg albumin were collected and tested for the detection of Salmonellae. Similarly the egg yolk from layers, Desi (local breed) double yolk and broken eggs was taken and positivity rate for Salmonella enteritidis was found 12%, 4%, 12% and 12% respectively. It was found that 12%, 4%, 12% and 12% egg albumin was found positive for Salmonella lyphimurium in layer egg albumin, Desi egg albumin, double yolk albumin and broken egg albumin respectively. In each case 25 egg albumin were collected and tested for the' detection of Salmonella. Similarly the egg yolk from layers, desi double yolk and broken eggs was taken and positivity rate for Salmonella enteritidis was found 8%, 4%, 8% and 4% respectively. The positively rate for Salmonella typhimurium in both albumin and yolk was relatively less in both albumin and yolk of layers, desi double yolk and broken eggs. Statistically there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) but the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium from different eggs ranged between 4-16% and 4-12% respectively which was biologically significant.
The Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium were isolated, identified and grown on the artificial and selective media. The virulence of the organisms of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium were estimated through calculation of LD50. It was found as 10358/mI and 103/ml for Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium respectively, having significant difference (P< 0.05). In order to understand the pathogenesis and carrier states of salmonella organisms in poultry, a group of 300 broiler birds were procured and divided into three groups were studied upto the age of 3 months. The infection was orally given on the 7th day of their age. As an average 86.74% of the birds were maintaining the organism of the Salmonella enteritidis in the large intestine during the entire experimental period in contrast to the small intestine in which 0% were found positive (P< 0.05). Similarly an average 94.94% of the birds were maintaining the organism of the Salmonella typhimurium in the large intestine during the entire experimental period in contrast to the small intestine in which 0% were found positive (P< 0.05) but non of the samples of Small and Large intestine of control group (Group-C) were found positive for Salmonella enleritidis and Salmonella typhimurium. There was a significant difference between Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in large intestine of poultry (P< 0.05). The histopathology of different organs of broiler chickens i.e liver, lung, spleen, kidney, small intestine, large intestine, bursa of fabracious and lean muscles at different phases of disease was also conducted for the better understanding of pathogenesis due to salmonellosis. The principal lesions in the liver at the age of 14 to 28 days in groups A and B were leukocytic infiltration, necrosis and haemmorrhage. No lesions were recorded in liver after 28 days of age in groups A and B. No lesions were recorded in group C. The principal lesions of the lungs at the age of 14 to 28 days in groups A and B were leukocytic infiltration,' mild necrosis, vascular congestion and haemrnorrhages. No lesions were recorded in lungs after 28 days of age in groups A and B. No lesions were recorded in group C. The principal lesions of the spleen were mild leukocytic infiltration, necrosis and congestion at the age of 14 to 28 days in groups A and B. No lesions were recorded in spleen after 28 days of age in groups A and B. No lesions were found in group C. The principal lesions of the kidneys were marked tubutar necrosis with glomerular degeneration and Ieukocytic infiltration and haemmorrhages at the age of 14 to 28 in groups A and B. No lesions were1 recorded in kidneys after 28 days of age in groups A and B. No lesions were found in group C. The principal lesions of the small intestine were degeneration of mucosa with inflammatory cells, necrosis, inflammation, superficial ulceration on mucosal lining of intestine at the age of 14 to 21 days. No lesions were recorded in small intestine after 21 days of age in group A and B. No lesions were recorded in control group C. The principal lesions of the large intestine were leukocytic infiltration with necrosis and inflammation at the age of 14 to 91 days. The lesions were recorded up to 91 days of age in group A and B. No lesions were recorded in control group C. The principal lesions of Bursa of1, fabricious were atrophy & necrosis of bursal follicles and leukocytic infiltration at the age of 14 to 21 in groups A and B. No lesions were recorded in Bursa of fabricious after 21 days of age in groups A and B. No lesions were found in group C. The principal lesions of lean muscle were muscular degeneration and necrotic areas at the age of 14 to 21 days in groups A and B. No lesions were recorded in lean muscles after 21 days of age in groups A and B. No lesions were found in group C.
The carrier state was not only the source of spread of disease with in the poultry but also caused typhoid fever and food poisoning in humans. The chain of transmission started fron poultry feed to poultry meat and ultimately to humans as dead end host. Finally, the 400 samples of stool and blood from 200 human patients (100 suspected of typhoid fever and 100 suspected of food poisoning) were also collected from four different hospitals from urban area of Lahore for the identification of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium through PCR method in order to see the public health impact of Salmonellosis through consuming the meat and eggs of the carrier birds. A total of 14% and 10% stool samples were found positive for Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in case of suspected typhoid fever patients respectively. Similarly 6% and 2% blood samples were found positive for Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium. There was a significant difference (P< 0.05) in the sero positivity of stool and blood samples of suspected typhoid fever patients and also as for as Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium was concerned. However there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the hospitals On the average 14 and 10 stool samples were found positive against Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium from each of the 25 patients of each hospital respectively in case of suspected food poisoning patients. Similarly on an average 5% and 6% blood samples were found positive from 25 patients of each hospital respectively. There was a significant difference (P< 0.05) in the sero positivity of stool and blood samples of suspected food poisoning patients as far as Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium was concerned. However there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the hospitals.
CONCLUSION
A series of five experiments were conducted and carried out to study and explore the project Pathogenesis of Salmonellosis with respect to carrier states in poultry and its public health impact."
For this purpose, in the 1st phase, identification, isolation and characterization of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium was attempted. It was followed by the estimation of LD 50 and carrier states and histopathological study at different phases of disease in broiler chickens experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium to ascertain the nature of carrier states in terms of maintenance of the Salmonellae by different organs leading to histopathological changes and finally to the stage of shedding of the organism through the feces in the environment. Dissemination to human beings and the Public health impact of Salmonellosis was studied in the human subjects who consumed the meat and eggs of the carrier birds which were followed by testing their stool and blood samples through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this way the pathogenesis and chain of Salmonellas enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium infection through poultry feed, meat, eggs and humans beings was transmissible. However, the humans were considered as dead end host. It was concluded that Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium was maintained in the large intestine of the poultry and has transmitted from poultry feed, poultry meat and poultry eggs to human beings and thus, causing typhoid fever and food poisoning.
RECOMMENDATIONS /SUGGESTIONS
Major aim of this research endeavour was to help in understanding the basic principles involved in the chain of infectious cycle of SalmoneUosis. In addition to that the application of the quality control of poultry products with respect to Salmonella infection to broiler chicks and broiler meat available in the market for human consumption is the ultimate goal of this project. The objective was to reduce the risk of Salmonellosis in poultry and humans. The following measures are suggested.
1. PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SALMONELLOSIS IN POULTRY! ANIMALS
A. Monitoring
o The poultry and their environment should be monitored by frequente testing of Salmonellae.
o Bacteriological profile of poultry house environment.
o Serological testing of flock and removal of infected birds.
o Culturing of tissues from selected birds.
o Egg sheils, egg albumin & egg yolk culturing.
B. Hygiene and Sanitation
o Eggs from infected layer flocks should be pasteurized before consumption.
o Salmonella positive breeder flocks should be given pellet feed.
o Hatching sanitation
o Proper disinfection of hatching eggs.
o Proper sanitation and disinfection of farm premises.
o The provision of salmonella-free feed i.e pellet feed is of prime importance for the prevention of salmonella infections of poultry flocks and parent flocks.
o Control of rodent, insects and wild birds
C. Managemental
o For routine treatment of eggs and progeny, only those antibiotics should be used that do not cause microbial resistance against drugs widely used in humans
o Resistance of Campylobacter spp, and Salmonella spp. to fluoroquinolones has become a public health risk. This does not exclude well targeted and transient use of antibiotics as essential measures in salmonellosis control programmes.
o Vaccination of breeder flock is recommended for decrease of the salmonella infection pressure.
7
1. MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SALMONELLOSIS IN HUMANS
A. Meat and Eggs
o Wrap fresh meat in plastic bags at the market to prevent blood from1 dripping on other foods.
o Cook poultry products at temperature of 170°F for breast meat and at 180°F for thigh meat.
o Avoid eating raw or under cooked meat and egg.
o Cook poultry meat and egg thoroughly.
o Purchase only inspected grade AA eggs and animal food products.
o Handle raw eggs carefully:
o Keep eggs refrigerated
o Throw away cracked or dirty eggs.
o Do not eat half fried and half boiled eggs.
o Wash hands immediately after handling raw poultry or raw eggs.
o Full fried and full boiled eggs should be used for eating to prevent food borne Salmonellosis problem.
b. PERSONNEL HYGIENE MEASURES
o Washing of hands with soap and warm water before and after handling foods, after using the bath rooms.
o Refrigerate foods properly.
- Use bleach to wash cutting boards and counters used for preparation immediately after use to avoid cross contamination of other foods.
o People who have Salmonellosis should not prepare food for others.
o Educate the food handlers and persons who prepare food. Educational programmes covering pre- and post harvest food safety procedures, especially salmonella control, should be initiated in the animal and food production sectors for the public awareness.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0938,T] (1).
11.
Standardization Of Avian Leukosis Diagnostic Techniques Through Polymerase Chain Reaction (Pcr) And Confirmation With Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (Elisa)
by Abdul Razzaq (M.Phil) | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Ch | Mr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr.Abdul Rauf Shakoori | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: Avian Leukosis Virus type J infection of chickens is a neoplastic disease affecting chickens. ALV-J is of great economic significance not only because of tumor mortality, but also because of decreased egg production in meat breeding stocks, increased rate of infections, poor response to vaccination and weight suppression in broilers. There is wide spread prevalence of ALV-A and ALV-J in commercial chicken flocks. For control of ALV's eradication programmes based solely on dam testing may be less effective than those where dam testing is combined with procedures to mitigate early horizontal transmission in progeny chicks. For this purpose PCR along with antigen capture ELISA was used in combination for detection of ALV-J proviral DNA, and ALV group specific antigen i.e. p 27 antigen of ALV-J. Polymerase chain reaction technique was standardized by using improved version of H7 primers specific for ALV sub group J targeting env gene encoding gp85 for the detection of avian leucosis virus type J and its confirmation was carried out by comparing it with antigen capture immunosorbant assay which measures group-specific antigen (GSA) i.e. p27 antigen. Feather pulp and serum samples from 50 broiler birds of up to 7 weeks of age were randomly selected from 10 different broiler poultry farms of district Lahore Pakistan. The prevalence of ALV-J was 22 % for antigen capture immunosorbant ELISA and 34 % for polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0943,T] (1).
12.
Standardization Of Tuberculin Test In Buffaloes And Detection Of Mycobacterium Bovis In Blood Through PCR
by Asad Ullah Khan | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Abdul Rauf Shakoori | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease. In bovine it is mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Bovine tuberculosis caused by M bovis is the main cause of enteric TB in humans. It is transmitted through milk, meat and dairy products. Bovine TB is still a significant zoonosis in many parts of the world and it accounts for 25.8% of TB in man.
A study was conducted to standardize the tuberculin test in buffaloes and to detect the M bovis in buffalo blood samples through PCR based techniques. A total of 100 buffaloes were tested by Single Comparative Cervical Intradermal Tuberculin Test (SCCIDTT) for this research and 100 blood samples were also collected from the same under aseptic condition. Data was also collected from owners & milkers of buffalo before and after SCCIDTT. A PCR (is a nucleic acid-based technique that enables the rapid and sensitive detection of micro-organism) assay was described which could detect M bovis in blood samples. Blood of 100 buffaloes was randomly analyzed with PCR assay. Over all two (2.0%) out of 100 buffaloes were found positive to tuberculin test while fifty four (54 %) out of 100 blood samples of the same buffaloes were found positive for M bovis in PCR.
The positive cases were analyzed in the background of their history. History revealed that the animals herd was crowded and were reared much closed to each other for a long time. It suggested that they got infection from other animals. It was an evidence of bovine tuberculosis of M bovis in buffaloes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0951,T] (1).
13.
Comparison Of Multiplex Pcr & Conventional Methods For The Diagnosis Of Tuber Culosis (TB) in Human, Buffalo & Cattle in Lahore District
by Naima Mumtaz | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Abdul Rarf Shakoori | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Tuberculosis, one of the most widespread infectious diseases, is the leading cause of death due to single infectious agent among humans and animals in the world. It is endemic in Pakistan with about 1.5 million people infected, and Pakistan ranks seventh among the 22 high-burden tuberculosis countries worldwide (WHO, 2006). Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most common cause of human TB, but an unknown proportion of cases are due to Mycobacterium. bovis.
The study was conducted in Lahore to compare the multiplex PCR and conventional methods for the diagnosis of tuberculosis caused by M tuberculosis and M bovis in 300 humans' sputum and 1000 bovines' milk samples. Conventional methods included Ziehi Neelsen staining, culture and biochemical tests. For M tuberculosis and M bovis the pncA gene and specie -specific 500 bp fragments were targeted respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of multiplex PCR was found statistically significant in comparison to Ziehl Neelsen staining and culture for the differential diagnosis of TB. Pyrazinamide resistance was found in 15 (34.8%) out of 43 isolates recovered from media inoculated by sputum and milk.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0954,T] (1).
14.
Comparative Studies On The Sensitivity Of Polymerase Chain Reaction (Pcr) And Conventional Serological Methods For the Diagnosis of Bovine Brucellqsis
by Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Prof. Dr. Abdul Rauf Shakoori | Prof. Dr. Asim | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The polymerase chain reaction was standardized and its efficacy was evaluated against Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Milk Ring test (MRT) for the diagnosis of brucellosis in 200 cows and buffaloes from Lahore and Okara districts of Punjab. Under aseptic measures 200 serum and 200 milk samples were tested by RBPT, MRT and PCR on both milk and serum samples in both cows and buffaloes as described in materials and methods. RBPT showed high sensitivity values (27.7% in cows and 45.2% in buffaloes) than serum PCR (25% in cows and 3 9.6% in buffaloes) but on other hands MRT showed low sensitivity (11.1% in cows, 25.4% in buffaloes) and high specificity (98.4% in cows and 93.6% in buffaloes) than milk PCR with sensitivity of 13.8% in cows, 29.4% in buffaloes and specificities of 95.2% in cows and 89.3% in buffaloes respectively. The comparison of PCR assays conducted on both types of samples showed high sensitivity of serum PCR against milk PCR. The comparison of RBPT and MRT in both species showed high sensitivity of RBPT than MRT. But due to low positive predictive value of RBPT and instability in its results in both species it is concluded that there is no significant difference in PCR and serological methods so no single test can be used for the exact diagnosis of bovine brucellosis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0957,T] (1).
15.
In Process Quality Control Factors Affecting Efficacy Of Hydropericardium Syndrome Virus Vaccine
by Muhammad Danish Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Irshad Hussain | Prof. Dr. Zafar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The objective of this project was to study in process quality' control factors affecting the efficacy of Hydropericardium Syndrome virus vaccine in broilers. The parameters studied were mortality and protection percentage, seroconversion and affect of HPS infected liver homogenate vaccine on body weight gain of broiler birds. In this different vaccines were prepared from HPS infected liver homogenate having different biological titer (105.6,104.6 and 103.6 units of infectivity Animal Lethal Dose 50-ALD50) inactivated with 0.15% formalin. The other type of Hydropericardium Syndrome vaccine was prepared from chicken embryo hepatocytes having biological titre 1036 tissue culture infective dose-TCID50. At day 14th of age, groups Al, A2 and A3 were vaccinated with HPS infected liver homogenate aqueous based vaccines having different biological titre. While groups Bl, B2, B3, B4 and B5 were vaccinated against 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 doses per gram of HPS infected liver homogenate vaccine and groups Cl, C2, C3 were vaccinated with lanolin based HPS vaccine, gel based HPS vaccine, montanide based HPS vaccine respectively. Similarly group Dl, D2 were vaccinated with HPS virus chicken embryo hepatocyte vaccine and HPS liver homogenate vaccine respectively. The group El, E2 and E3 were vaccinated with HPS virus infected liver homogenate vaccine containing preservative (thiomersal sodium) stored for 30, 60 and 90 days respectively. The birds in group F served as uninnoculated controls. The HPS infected liver stored for 0-45 days at -20 C and processed for determination of its biological activity at fortnightly interval. It was observed that HPS vaccine containing more than 104.6 and 105.6 units of the immunogen provided protection to 100% in vaccinated birds. The 20 doses and 25 doses of the gel based HPS vaccine per gram of the liver developed 90% protection in vaccinated birds. Montanide based HPS vaccine provided 100% protection while HPS virus infected homogenate vaccine containing thiomersal sodium provided 80% protection up to 90 days and HPS virus chicken embryo hepatocyte vaccine provided 40%protection in the vaccinated birds. Se3rum samples were collected form all groups on 14 and 28 day post vaccination and subjected to AGPT for seroconversion. Each serum sample when monitored for anti-HPSV antibodies through agar gel precipitation test, showed undetectable titre.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0960,T] (1).
16.
Diagnosis Of Bovine Tuber Culosis In Deers Kept In Captivity By Pcr And Tuberculin Test
by Zeeshan Nayyer | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Tuberculosis is an infectious, chronic, granalomatous, highly communicable, zoonotic and debilitating disease. The etiological agents of tuberculosis belong to the bacteria Mycobacterium bovis. A total of 50 blood samples from emaciated deers were collected from deer’s kept in captivity suspected from TB. These samples were subjected to DNA extraction for polymerase chain reaction and tuberculin test for the sensitivity and specificity of these tests.The results obtained were analyzed by standardization of PCR for M. bovis.
PCR is a nucleic acid based technique that enables the rapid and sensitive detection of microorganism. Results indicated that 4% and 20% of deers were positive for M. bovis infection with the tuberculin test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) respectively. From the results it is evident that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique is more sensitive than the tuberculin test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and gives much higher percentage of positive cases.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0970,T] (1).
17.
Epidemiology, Molecular Diagnosis And Chemotherapy Of Giardiasis In Bovine
by Sultan Ayaz | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Giardia is a protozoan parasite of the small intestine that causes extensive morbidity worldwide. Dairy calves can excrete high numbers of the cysts of Giardia and the disease in cattle is clinically important and can reduce the growth performance of the ruminants. Giardia is the cause of non-viral diarrhoea in humans and is responsible for epidemics in the developed and developing countries. The cyst is the infectious form, is ingested in contaminated water or food or directly from faecal-oral contact. Giardia duodenal is the only species, which is found in both humans and animals including dogs, cats, bovines, pigs, sheep and equine.
The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence in bovines at Military dairy farm, Gawala dairy colonies, the Government dairy farm and Household dairies in Lahore. The effect of season, sex, and age on infection rate and shedding of the cysts were also noted, and association of the Giardia infection with normal and abnormal stools was also studied.
Overall 2160 bovine faecal samples (720 buffaloes, 720 cattle and 720 calves) were examined during the study period from August 2007 to July 2008, amongst calves 362/720 (50.27%) were found to be positive. The highest prevalence was recorded in the Government. Dairy farm (68.33%) followed by Gawala colonies (55%), then the Military dairy farm (44.33%) and the lowest (34.44%) was recorded in Household dairies. Overall, highest (61.6%) seasonal prevalence was recorded during autumn, followed by spring (60.83%), then summer (53.4%) and the lowest
(34.1%) was recorded during winter. The highest (65%) prevalence was reported during August and the lowest (3 0%) during December.
Females were found to be more susceptible (56.74%) than males (35.1%). The prevalence was significantly higher (71.52%) in younger calves than the adults
(36.11%) (P<0.05).
Overall prevalence in cattle was 28.05%. The highest (41.67%) prevalence was recorded at the Government dairy farm, followed by Gawala colonies (32.72%), then the Military dairy farm (22.72%) and the lowest (15%) was recorded in Household dairies. The highest (35%) prevalence was found during August and the lowest (21%) during January. A significant difference (P<0.05) was noted. Females were found to be more susceptible (29.21%) than males (18.75%). The young calves had significantly higher (3 8.88%) prevalence as compared to the adults (24.44%).
Similarly, the overall prevalence in buffaloes was found to be 20.11% percent. The highest (40.55 %), prevalence was recorded at the Government Dairy Farm, followed by Gawala colonies (30%) then Military Dairy Farm (21.11%) and the lowest prevalence i.e. 12.77% was reported in Household Dairies. A non significant difference was recorded P>0.05). The highest (46.66 %) prevalence was recorded during August, while, the lowest (6.66%) during November and December. Females were found to be more susceptible than males. Where as the prevalence in a younger buffalo was significantly higher as compared to the adults.
Comparison of direct microscopic examination and PCR based methods was made at the Government dairy Farm, Gawala colonies; Military Dairy Farm and
Household Dairies. By direct Microscopic examination prevalence was found to be 28.05% (202/720) in cattle whereas by PCR it was 31.11%. Statistically analysis showed that the prevalence by PCR was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the microscopic examination.
It was observed that the highest prevalence of Giardiasis in bovines (Calves, Cattle and buffalo) was noted during August when the average temperature was 31.48°C. However the maximum and minimum temperatures were 35.37°C and
27.6°C, relative humidity 7 1.28% and rainfall was 3.2mm. The results of therapeutic trials by using albendazole, metronidazole, and mebendazole in cattle were calculated on the basis of reduction in the cysts count in the faeces after treatment.
Efficacy of albendazole at three dose levels i.e. 1 Omg/kg.b.wt, 1 5mg/kg.b.wt, 2Omg/kg.b.wt was 86.33%, 98.5% and 100% respectively, on day 27 after treatment. Efficacy of the metronidazole at 5Omg/kg.b.wt, 1 OOmg/kg.b.wt, and 1 5Omg/kg.b.wt. Was 85.42%, 87.8% and 94.02% respectively on day 27. Efficacy of mebendazole at three dosage level i.e. 7.5rng/kg.b.wt, lOmg/kg.b.wt and 2Omg/kg.b.wt was 81.15 %, 87.32%, and 90.4% on day 27 after treatment. Among these drugs, albendazole at
1 5mg/kg.body.weight was found to be most effective drug in the elimination Giardia infection. The significant (P<0.05) decrease in the CPG count after treatment in all the three groups and dose levels was noted. A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the level of leukocytes and of eosinophisl of infected cattle at day 06 and day 13 post inoculation. The leukocytes/lymphocytes count of Giardia infected cattle was 58.09%. Whereas, eosinophils constituted of leukocytes 9.69%. The total proteins of the sample were studied by sodium doedocyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel ELECTROPHORESIS (SDS PAGE). The result indicated that 8 diffeent molecular weight peptide badns were identified with size ranges from 20 to 70 KDa and common bands reported at 20, 24 and 35 K Da
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1146,T] (1).
18.
Surveillance Of Tuberculosis In Buffaloes, Cattle And Derectton Of Mycobacterium Bovis And Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Food of Animal Origin
by Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. Muhammad Younus | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The main objectives of this study were: to survey the prevalence of TB infection in livestock and their products in Pakistan; to standardize PCR based techniques for the detection of TB in buffaloes, cattle and animal products (milk and meat) as presently no such system has been developed for the detection of TB in animals and their products in Pakistan; to evaluate improved tests for the differentiation of Mycobacterium complex isolates in cattle, buffaloes and animal food products and to compare modern and conventional methods for rapid diagnosis of the Mycobacterial spp. The study was performed in different experiments to have surveillance of tuberculosis in Buffaloes and Cattle; and to detect the presence of different Mycobacteria in animal food products. One thousand animals from different areas of Lahore District were screened with the tuberculin test. The milk and blood of tuberculin tested animals were further studied for the presence of Mycobacterial spp. by conventional methods as well as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In other experiments one hundred market milk samples and ten thousand five hundred tissue samples from twenty-one hundred carcasses at Lahore slaughter house were screened with conventional microbiological tests and multiplex PCR for differentiation of Mycobacterium species. The results indicated that PCR had more sensitivity and required less time to detect and differentiate different Mycobacterial species as compared to conventional methods. It was also noted that M. bovis were found in milk and blood of milking animals as well as tissue sample collected from Lahore slaughter house. On the basis of findings, regular monitoring of the milking animals, animals to be slaughtered, and workers handling these animals is suggested. It is also recommended to review the current slaughter act to prevent the slaughtering of TB affected animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1321,T] (1).
19.
Isolation, Characterization And Pathogenesis Of Capripox Virus
by Abdul Sajid | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Goat pox is the most important pox diseases of livestock and it usually
causes huge economic losses. The economic losses occur in terms of mortality,
reduced productivity and lower quality of wool and leather. The clinical
manifestations of the disease include high temperature, lesions skin in the form of
macules, papules, vesicles, pustule and scabs on hairless areas of the body. The
disease is highly contagious having high morbidity and mortality in the infected
herds. The present study was conducted to document the prevalence of goat pox
disease in the different regions of Punjab. The study was based on clinical
manifestation of the disease in various collecting spots including slaughter houses,
cattle and hide markets and tanneries. The prevalence of goat pox at slaughter
houses in different regions was 9.93% in arid region followed by 8.69% and 7% in
southern and northern irrigated regions respectively. The prevalence of pox disease
in sheep was highest (8.54%) in the northern irrigated region, 7.69% and 6.62% in
arid and southern irrigated regions respectively.
The prevalence of pox recorded in the hide markets shows a trend of high
presence 7.29% in arid region followed by 6.22% and 3.84% in southern and
northern irrigated regions. Whereas in sheep the overall prevalence was 0.51 %,
4.44% and 1.66% in northern irrigated, arid and southern irrigated regions.
In tanneries the pox lesions were identified on the basis of method as
adopted in hide markets. The overall prevalence of pox in goat was 3.96%, 4.06%
and 4.09% while in sheep 9.58%, 2.41 % and 10% in northern irrigated, arid and
southern irrigated regions.
The overall prevalence of pox disease in goat was 5%, 5.79% and 5.34% in
Northern irrigated, arid and southern irrigated regions respectively. Where as in
sheep, pox was 3.133%, 4.11 % and 2.67% in Northern irrigated, arid and southern
irrigated regions respectively. The highest trend of incidence of disease was present
in the arid regions followed by southern and northern regions. The slaughter houses
shows high incidence of disease as compared to cattle and hide market and
tanneries. The result was significant (P<0.05) among the regions and samples
collecting spots.
A total of 100 samples consisting of 55 scabs and 45 skin tissues were
randomly selected from the different collecting spots of the three regions. The scabs
and skin tissue samples were processed on dehydrated minimum essential media
tor virus isolation. The virus was isolated on Vero cell line culture and its
characteristics were observed on the basis of specific cytopathic effects. All 55 scab
samples consisting 20 from cattle markets, 20 from slaughter house and 15 from
hide market and tannery were tested through cell culture. The cell culture positive
result for scabs was 60% cattle markets, 20% hide market and tannery and 40%
slaughter house.
All 45 skin tissue samples including 5 from cattle markets and tannery, 20
from hide market and 20 from slaughter house were subjected to virus isolation on
Vero cell line. The cell culture positive result for skin tissue samples was 100% cattle
markets, 30% hide market and tannery and 60% slaughter house. In this way the
total cell culture result for scabs and skin tissue samples from all areas become
41.82% and 51.11 % respectively.
The isolated virus was confirmed through peR. All the collected samples
were also analyzed through peR in order to compare the two techniques for disease
diagnosis. Out of 40 samples from slaughter houses 18 scabs and 15 tissues
sample were positive through peR with 82.5%. Out of 25 samples collected from
cattle markets consisting of 20 scabs and 5 skin tissues, 17 of scabs and 5 skin
tissues were positive with 92%.
Similarly a total of 35 samples out of which 15 were scabs and 20 were skin
tissues collected from hide markets and tanneries. The peR of 7 scabs and 14 skin
tissues was positive with 60%. In this way the total peR result for scabs and skin
tissue from all areas was 42% and 34% respectively.
In the 3rd study of the present project the isolated virus was inoculated in to
experimental animal to study the detail pathogenesis. The disease followed the
same pattern as in the natural outbreak. But however the routes of inoculation affect
the severity of the disease. During the study the diseased animals were periodically
slaughter at weekly interval after the appearance of 1 st clinical signs. The detailed
lesions were observed in different visceral organs and the tissues were collected
and preserved in 10% formalin. The tissues were processed for histopathology and
immunohistochemical examination. The IHC was successfully optimized for the
detection of viral antigen in the tissues of skin, lung and lymph nodes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1372,T] (1).
20.
Seroepidemiology, Zoonotic Potential And Chemoprophylaxis Of Leishmaniasis In Dogs & Human In Pakistan
by Haroon Duraani | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1547,T] (1).
21.
Prevalence, Identification And Pathogenesis Of Clostridium Chauvoei In Cattle And Buffaloes In Punjab
by Muhammad Asif Idress | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: In the first phase of the project, the sampling of diseased animals presumably affected by Black quarter was carried out from six districts of Punjab belonging to three different zones. Around two hundred and fifty samples from each zone were collected and were subjected to bacterial culturing and isolation procedures followed by biochemical identification mechanism. The prevalence of Black quarter in Cattle and buffaloes were thus calculated for each district and zone. Highest prevalence of BQ in Zone II was observed (27.2%) for cattle while in case of Buffaloes highest prevalence (3.2%) was noted in Zone I. similarly higher Prevalence of BQ was noted in 1st quarter of year for Zone I followed by zone II and III while 2nd quarter of season was showing higher prevalence of BQ in zone II and III.
During 2nd phase of experiment tissue samples were inoculated in RCM and blood agar for the re-isolation of C. chauvoei, identified on the basis of colony characteristics and later on subjected to biochemical tests for the confirmation of the isolated organism. Then it was further confirmed through Polymerase chain Reaction for the identification of the causative agent i.e. C. Chauvoei on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. Another set of primers corresponding to alpha toxin gene sequence of C. chauvoeui was also used which strengthened the belief that this strain of C. chauvoei possessed alpha toxin producing ability.
During third phase of project blood samples collected were subjected to hematological estimation for buffaloes and cattle having confirmed as BQ This study revealed significant effect on RBC's count and white blood cells count (P<0.05), while Differential leukocyte count were also showing significant different as compared to Non-infected (P< 0.05). Serum samples were tested for the change in levels of different enzymes. It was found that blood-glucose level and ALT levels were not significantly higher (P>0.05) when compared with control values, Values of AST, CPK and LDH were found significantly higher (P< 0.05) in all infected animals.
Histopathology of affected muscle tissues of both cattle and buffaloes was done to study microscopic changes in the muscle fibers and surrounding tissues. Lesions were somehow disappointing as compared to the magnitude of gross lesions. There were segmental degeneration, Zenker necrosis, discrete edema, occasional neutrophils and emphysema in affected muscle.
Finally, alpha toxin (hemolysin) in culture supernatant of RCM broth was titrated against 2% washed RBC's of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, chicken, rabbit and mice to study the hemolytic activity of the toxin. It was found that highest percentage of hemolysis was observed in mice followed by cattle, sheep, buffalo, chicken and rabbit respectively at 25°C. Higher the dilution of toxin, lower the extent of hemolysis. At 37°C variable results were obtained. It showed the biological activity of alpha toxin is also temperature dependant.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1664,T] (1).
22.
Epidemiology, Zoonotic Potential, Molecular Diagnosis And Chemotherapy Of Cryptosporidiosisin Bovine
by Sabiqaa Masood | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Choudhry.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Cryptosporidiosis is an important parasitic infection of cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep, horses, cats, human beings and other vertebrates. Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in selected animals and human beings carried out on the basis of microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis determined on the basis of conventional identification method was highest in calves (23.1) followed by cattle (10.5) and buffaloes (8.47). Percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in calves, cattle and buffaloes was higher at Government dairy farm (38.33, 20.55 and 16.66) followed by Gawala colonies (26.1, 12.77 and 9.44), Military dairy farm (18.3, 6.11 and 4.44) and then House hold dairies (10, 3.88 and 3.34). Percent prevalence recorded in calves having age less than six months was higher (26.45) than those with 7-12 months of age (16.6). Percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in cattle having age of 2-3 years was higher than those cattle having 3-7 years of age. Similarly, infection rate was higher in buffaloes with 2-3 years age (11.8) than 3-7 years (9.8). Cryptosporidiosis percent prevalence recorded in female calves was higher (24.04) than male calves (18.2). Percent prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts observed in feces of male cattle was little higher (11.25) than female cattle (10.4). Cryptosporidiosis percent prevalence recorded in female buffaloes was higher (13.3) than male buffaloes (8.3).
The data was analyzed monthly for the purpose to trace out the specific period of the year having the highest prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium infection. The highest percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis recorded in fecal samples of calves was during summer (27.5) followed by autumn (25.8), spring (20.3) and the lowest in winter season (14.5). Overall the highest percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in cattle recorded was during summer (15), followed by spring/autumn (10.88) and the lowest in winter (6.6%). The highest percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis recorded in buffaloes was during summer (12) followed by autumn (20), spring (7.5) and the lowest in winter season (4.5). In human beings patients suffering from diarrhea were examined by microscopy and percent prevalence calculated was 40 in present study.
Molecular percent prevalence rate determined was 12.22 in cattle. Percent prevalence recorded using PCR was the highest at Government dairy farm (22.7), followed by Gawala colonies (14.41), Military dairy farm (7.7) and the lowest at House hold dairies (5). The highest season wise percent molecular prevalence was observed during summer (16.6) followed by autumn/spring (13.3), the lowest in winter (7.7). The higher molecular percent prevalence in young cattle (2-3 years) was higher (23.7) than those having age between 3-7 years (10.7). Molecular percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in selected cattle was lower in females (13.6) than males (15).
The efficacy of albendazole observed was 43.05, 58.7 and 64.6 percents on 13th, 20th and 27th day post treatment. The efficacy of albendazole determined on this dose was 34.8, 57.1 and 62.9 percents on days 13, 20 and 27 post therapy. Efficacy of drug calculated on days 13, 20 and 27 was 32.8, 53.3 and 56.6 percent, respectively. Percent efficacy of used drug was 55.04, 68.5 and 79.4 on days 13, 20 and 27 post treatment, respectively. At 50mg/kg body weight dose rate of paromomycin significant decrease in OPG count was recorded from 6th day post treatment and onward (P<0.05). On days 13, 20 and 27 percent efficacy of used drug determined was 48.1, 65 and 69, respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1678,T] (1).
23.
Effects Of Omega 3 And Vitamin E Against Experimentally Infected Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H9n2 In Broiler Chickens
by Muhammad Sulman Ali Taseer (2008-VA-089) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Avian influenza is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic and wild birds. It is one of the most devastating viral disease of poultry industry. It was first identified in Italy in early 1900,s and is now known to exist worldwide. Total of 125 day old chickens were divided into five groups (A, B, C, D, E) with 25 chickens in each group. Group A was negative control group. In groups B, C, D and E low pathogenic avian influenza (H9N2) virus infection was introduced at day 28 of age. Group B was given with Omega 3. In group C chickens were given Vitamin. E. In group D chickens were fed both Omega 3 and Vitamin E. Group E was positive control group without any additional supplementation.
At days 27, 30, 35, 42, blood was collected aseptically from wing vein, from three birds in each group to check H/L ratio and to perform HI test to check antibody titer for H9. After collection of blood five birds from each group were slaughtered to observe postmortem signs and for the histopathology of lungs and trachea. Heterophill to lymphocyte ratio was significantly high in groups D (Omega 3 and Vit.E) and group E (Positive Control). Among the various treatment groups of broilers the significantly highest HI antibody titer was recorded in group E which was positive control group. In treatment groups C (Vitamin E supplement) and D (Omega 3 and Vit.E) HI antibody titer was near to protective titer against H9.
Major histopathological lesions involved deciliation of trachea and sloughing of epithelium of trachea. There was infiltration of monocytes and neutrophils as well as vascular congestion in the form of hemorrhagic areas in lungs. There was increase in congestion in the lungs of the chicks in group E (Positive Control).
37
FCR was evaluated on weekly basis. A comparatively better feed conversion ratio was recorded in group D (Omega 3 and Vit.E). There was no significant difference in feed conversion ratio of the other treatment groups. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2355-T] (1).
24.
Amelioration Of Pathological Effects Of New Castle Disease By Aloe Vera
by Sayyed Raza Ali Shahid (2014-VA-515) | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. Gulbeena Saleem | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry industry has many threats from the infectious diseases. Newcastle disease is the most important disease of the poultry as it is distributed all over the world and it can cause huge economic losses in poultry industry. It is caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) that can infect about 240 species of birds. Newcastle disease cause immune suppression in birds. It is reported that supplementations of Aloe vera enhances the immune status and reduce inflammation. So this research project was design to observe the effect of Aloe vera on lymphoid organs, growth performance and antibody response in Newcastle disease challenge birds. For this research a total of 120 broiler chicks were divided into four groups A, B, C, and D. Group A was control group while B and C were treated with 2 percent aqueous extract of Aloe vera. Group C was also vaccinated against New Castle disease. Aloe vera was given to group B and C from day one to end of study trial. Both of the groups were challenged with ND virus at day 21. Group D was vaccinated against ND and was challenged with ND virus at day 21 without supplementation of Aloe vera. Blood samples were collected at day 1, 7, 20, 24, 26 and 28 to determine the antibody titer against ND. Highest antibody titers were observed in group C as compared to all other groups which was vaccinated against ND along with supplemented with Aloe vera. For gross pathology and histopathology, lymphoid organs were collected at day 24, 26 and 28..The average feed intake of group A and D was significantly higher than group B and C before challenge of virus but the body weight gain of 2% Aloe vera supplemented broiler was significantly (p<.05) higher than without treatment of Aloe vera. The FCR of birds supplemented with Aloe vera treatment was significantly different from the birds without Aloe vera treatment. The FCR value of group C and B was higher than A and D.
lxxv
A significant difference was observed in the weight of lymphoid organs of birds treated with Aloe vera as weight of organs was less in group C followed by group B, group A and group D. This was due to anti-inflammatory effects of Aloe vera. Microscopic examination revealed congestion, depletion of lymphocytes, dysplasia of thymic lobules, thinning of cortex, focal necrosis, disappearance of lymph follicles and inter-follicular edema like lesions within lymphoid organ of the groups challenged with Newcastle disease virus. However, cellular hypertrophy and decreased lymphocytes population were prominent changes in lymphoid organs of broiler treated with 2% Aloe vera. To check the virucidal effects of Aloe vera, a separate experiment was conducted in which 9 day old embryonated eggs were inoculated with ND virus along with 2 percent Aloe vera gel extract after incubation at 37Cº for an hour in group A while only ND virus was inoculated in group B. Candling was performed to see the survival of embryos in both groups which revealed a significant difference i.e. 16 percent embryos were found dead in group A while 80 percent was found dead in group B. Later on the amnioallantoic fluid of the eggs was used for spot Haemagglutination test. Group A showed less agglutination activity then group B. From this study it was concluded that Newcastle disease caused immune suppression and damage of vital organs in broiler while Aloe vera have immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects as it raised antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus and lowered the inflammatory processes along with inactivation of ND virus. It also promotes growth performance of broilers and helps the birds to survive against lethal ND disease. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2525-T] (1).
25.
Pathogenesis Of Field Isolates Of Mannheimia Hemolytica In Experimentally Infected Rabbits
by Syeda Fakhra Waheed (2014-VA-10) | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Shipping fever is one of the most economically important infectious diseases of ruminants with a wide prevalence throughout the continents. The disease is characterized by an acute febrile course with severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia. Infected animals may die within a few days of the onset of clinical signs, but those which survive the acute attack may become chronically infected. Both Mannheimia and Pasteurella species are commensally resident in the respiratory tract of healthy ruminants and are capable of causing infection in animals with compromised pulmonary defense system. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common and costly problem encountered in stocker or feedlot calves. BRD also called “shipping fever”, accounts for major economic losses to the producer by reducing average daily gain, feed efficiency, and overall performance of beef calves. The aim of present study was isolation of M.haemolytica from cattle. The identification of organism was performed through biochemical tests and confirmation by polymerase chain reaction. The nature of disease was evaluated through gross and microscopic lesions.
A total of 50 tissue samples (25 lungs and 25 pharynx) were collected from Punjab Agriculture and Meat company Lahore and brought to the Department of Pathology UVAS, Lahore and were analyzed for biochemical and molecular detection of M .haemolytica. For studying the pathogenesis of the disease, experimental infection was given to rabbits in Department of Pathology, UVAS Lahore. Rabbits were randomly divided into Group A, Group B and Group C with nine rabbits (n=9) in each group. Experimental infection of field isolated M. hemolytica was given intratrachealy to the rabbits. Rabbits of group A and B were infected with 0.5 mL bacterial inoculum having 103 and 106 CFU/mL respectively. The rabbits of Group C served as control group. Rectal temperature of each rabbit was recorded daily. On postmortem,
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
67
gross and microscopic lesions were recorded.
The results showed that rabbits of control group not showed any gross or microscopic change. There was significant increase in rectal temperature of infected rabbits as compared to uninfected rabbits. The gross lesions were specific for the organism which was prominently observed in lungs of rabbits. The microscopic lesions revealed that there was severe consolidation, congestion and fibrin exudation in lungs of rabbits of group A which were given less number of organism and they developed clear signs of disease. The rabbits of Group B showed less prominent signs compared to group A due to early death of rabbits. There were multiple hemorrhages, of varying sizes and hyalinization of myocardial cells in infected rabbits. The severity of changes was significantly more different in Group A, as compared to Group B.
It can be deduced by this study that the rabbit can be used as a model for further studies exploring the pathogenesis of the disease as the lesions resemble to shipping fever caused by M. hemolytica in ruminants. The lesions, which developed, could be descending infection resulting in typical lesions of bronchopneumonia or lobular pneumonia. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2517-T] (1).
26.
Histopathological Studies On Caprine Mastitis Correlating Lesions With Etiology In Natural Infection Prevailing In Lahore Abattoirs
by Salman Ahmed Abid (2014-VA-536) | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chudhary | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Mastitis is a common disease of cattle, buffaloes, dairy and non-dairy goats associated
with the inflammation of mammary parenchyma, protracted production loss, risks of premature
culling from the herd and the release of injurious toxins in the udder. IMIs in dairy goats can
cause economic losses due to decreased milk production as well as risks to public health and
discarded milk.
A total of one hundred goats affected with mastitis were included in this study. Samples
were collected from the abattoirs of Lahore. Mastitis was diagnosed on the basis of visible and
palpable changes in udder and milk. Pre-slaughter and post slaughter examination of udder was
performed and gross lesions were observed. Samples included udder parenchyma and
supramammary lymph nodes from mastitis affected goats. Each sample was divided into two
parts, one part was placed in small polyethene bag in an ice box under aseptic conditions for
bacteriological examination and second part was fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution
for histopathological evaluation. Samples were cultured for identification of staphylococci,
streptococci and E.coli on Staph 110, Blood agar and MacConkey’s agar respectively.
Biochemical tests were also performed for confirmation of these bacteria. Confirmation was
made on the pattern of reactivity of bacterial cultures to biochemical tests.
Bacteriological investigation demonstrated the different species of bacteria involved
commonly in caprine mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 21 cases, CNS from 10
cases, Streptococcus spp. from 7 cases and E.coli from 3 cases as single infection and 25 cases of
mixed infection were observed in different combination of these bacteria. Results of the study
Summary
47
revealed that Staphylococcus aureus is associated with statistically significant changes in udder
parenchyma as well as in supramammary lymph nodes. Marked changes have been observed in
case of tissue necrosis, exudation and gangrene. Moreover, tissue responses to mononuclear cell
infiltration have also been observed significant in Staphylococcus aureus infection. CNS,
Streptococci and E. coli revealed relatively comparable changes in tissue with slight variability.
However, mixed infection of these bacteria in a single tissue led to relatively much pronounced
histopathological changes as compared to the solitary infections. This could be attributed to the
synergistic effects of various bacterial activities, enzymes, toxins and host responses to more
than one type to bacteria. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2652-T] (1).
27.
Amelioration Of Pathological Effects Of Newcastle Disease Affected Broiler Chicks By Feeding Propolis
by Muhammad Adeel Manzoor (2009-VA-121) | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry industry is playing an important economic role in Pakistan. Unfortunately many diseases are a continuous threat for this industry. One of the most alarming disease is Newcastle disease (ND). It is endemic in most of the parts of world and it causes huge economic losses. According to researches, flavones from propolis were observed to have anti-viral effect. Scientific researchers also reported that propolis has immuno- modulatory properties so it is helpful in reducing pathological effects of ND. It is reported that supplementation of propolis enhances the immune status and reduce the inflammatory reactions. So this research project was design to observe the effect of propolis on lymphoid organs, growth performance and antibody response in ND challenged birds. The propolis sample was collected from Apis mellifera bees held in HBRI Rawalpindi. Analysis by GC-MS shown that the main components of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) are flavonoid, esters and aromatic phenylcarboxylic acid. For this research a total of 90 broiler chicks were purchased. The birds were divided into six experimental groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F. Fifteen (15) birds were kept in every group. Group A birds, were negative control birds (without infection and without supplementation), in group B were positive control for ND Infection (experimentally infected without any supplementation). The birds in group C were positive control for propolis and were given 500mg propolis per kilo gram (kg) of diet and were not given ND infection. Group D, E and F were supplemented with different concentrations of propolis i.e. 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg in diet respectively. Supplementation of propolis was provided 1st day to the end of the experimental study. Infection was given on day 14. On day 1, 13 (pre-exposure), 17, 19 and 21 (post-exposure) blood was collected from 4 randomly selected birds of each group to check the antibodies titre against ND by HI test. On day 17, 19 and 21, lymphoid
Summary
65
organs were collected for histopathology. Group F shows protective antibody titer (GMT of Lag2 of HI = 3.25) as compared to positive control group B (GMT of Lag2 of HI = 0.00) antibody titre. So propolis feeding groups show significant differences from diseased birds in other groups. The average weight gain was highest for group F which was 1097.50g at the end of experiment which is significantly higher than positive control group whose weight was 727.50g. Mortality rate in positive control group was 100% while in group F, mortality rate was 26.67%. This difference shows that propolis decreased the mortality rate significantly. Gross pathological lesions were also significantly different with respect to proventricular hemorrhages, button ulcers in intestine, tracheal lesions and hemorrhages in brain. Group F shows lowest gross pathological lesions as compared to other NDV infected groups. A significant difference was observed in the weight of lymphoid organs of birds, treated with propolis as compared to birds without propolis treatment. Weight of thymus, bursa and spleen in group F was 4.02g, 0.78g and 0.93g respectively which is significantly different from positive control group having 4.28g, 0.60g and 1.99g weights respectively. Histopathology of bursa, spleen, thymus, cecal tonsils, trachea and lungs shown significant differences from group B to other groups. Group B, being positive control group, has shown maximum lesions of histopathology. From this study it was concluded that ND caused immune suppression and damage of vital organs in broiler while propolis have immuno modulatory and antiviral effects. Propolis protects the bird from ND virus by interfering with its multiplication process. It also promotes growth performance of broiler birds and help the birds to survive against lethal ND infection. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2667-T] (1).
28.
Identification And Molecular Characterization Of Mycobacterium Bovis And Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis In Wild Cats.
by Zianab Tariq (2010-VA-234) | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Cases of wildlife diseased with Mycobacterium species are existing in Pakistan and result in high morbidity and mortality. Vaccine is the only preventive measure, but in wildlife the vaccine administration is a strenuous job. In Pakistan vaccination practice is not up to the mark and vaccination schedules are not being followed. Mycobacterial diseases have gain popularity due to their zoonotic effect. Scat samples from Lahore Safari Zoo and Lahore Zoo were collected and properly labelled. Conventional PCR along with Touchdown PCR was done using universal primer sets of M. bovis and M. paratuberculosis. The amplicons were run on agarose gel and the bands were observed under Gel Doc system.
The objective of the study was to detect the currently prevailing Mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in wild cats in Pakistan.
However the results obtained from different kinds of PCR were negative, showing that the wild cat population of Lahore Zoo Safari as well as Lahore Zoo were free from Mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2845-T] (1).
29.
Histopathological And Biochemical Evaluation Of Chemical Castration In Rabbits
by Hadia Uzair (2010-VA-205) | Prof Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. Ghulam Mustafa | Dr. Muhammad Zubair Shabbir.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Overpopulation of companion animals accounts for millions of deaths, billions of spending and hundreds of serious bites to humans each year. In order to cope this over growing population of stray animals, several sterilization programs have been devised.
Rabbits will be subjected to intra-testicular 10% and 20% calcium chloride solution. Clinical observation and testicular volume measurement will be done on weekly basis throughout the study. Blood and testicles (by orchiectomy) will be collected after every 10 days, hematology and histopathology be done thereafter. Serum testosterone would be quantified by using radioimmunoassay to assess testicular function according to standard protocol.
In our study, the efficacy of injecting intra-testicular calcium chloride solution in alcohol, was compared for chemical-sterilization in 24 adult rabbits. 10% and 20 % solution of calcium chloride were administered, intra-testicularly in testicle bilaterally which were removed, with the open technique surgically after 30 days, these harvested testicles are than evaluated histopathologically. Serum testosterone was quantified by using radioimmunoassay to assess testicular function according to standard protocol .Blood picture of the rabbits was also observed for any clinical and subclinical complication.
Swelling of testicles was marked in both groups following injection of 10% and 20% calcium chloride and within 48 hours swelling reached to its maximum level. Though volume of the testicles reduced significantly treated group after three weeks of treatment. Treated testicles with calcium chloride underwent atrophy at the 30th day in studied experimental group, with no noticeable modification in control group. Testosterone level dropped significantly even after 15 days of post injection and on 30th day testosterone activity seems to be diminished.
Summary
62
The method is considered as applicable with no major adverse effects in general health of the animal. Results were considered satisfactory and this method can be applied as mass scale particularly, where the feasibility of surgical castration doesn’t exist. Extensive necrosis, sloughing off epithelium, infarction following fibrosis of tissue, shrinkage and germ cell apoptosis are presumed to be due to calcium chloride. In our study; severe diffuse necrosis of tubular structure along with progressive degrees of inflammatory response were observed as a main finding Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2851-T] (1).
