151.
Effects Of Theileriasis On Various Blood Parameters And Total Serum Protein In Exotic And Cross Bred Cattle Present In And Around Lahore
by Arshad Mahmood, Ch | Dr. Muhammad Afzal | Dr. M. Sarwar | Dr. Muhasher Saeed Mian | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: A study was conducted on Theileriasis in rfleilel.ia species, as well as haematological values were conducted by using 28 crossbred and 22 exotic cattles. Theileria annulata was the only species identified in the erythrocytes of infected cattle. Clinically, signs of panting, temperature ranging from 103.8 to 105.8°F, swelling of superficial lymph nodes, salivation and decrease in milk production were observed in infected animals.
There were significant differences in haematological values in infected cattle as compared with non-infected ones. There was decrease in total erythrocytic count, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, Total leukocytic count, serum protein and neutrophils. Whereas lymphocytes showed an increase in the infected cattle.
Regarding the comparison of crossbred and exotic cattle, there was statistically significant difference in both the means of total erythrocyte count, PCV, Haemoglobin, Serum Protein, lymphocytes and neutrophils. But no significant difference was seen between means of eosinophils, Basophils and monocytes of the exotics as well as the crossbred cattle.
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152.
The Effects Of Induced Coccidiosis On Growth And Blood Parameters In Commercial Quails (Coturnix Coturnix
by Ashraf, M | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Dr. Mubashar Saeed | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The study was designed to see the effects of experimentally induced coccidiosis op growth and blood parameters in commercial quails (coturnix coturnix japonica). For this purpose 200 day old quail chicks were obtained from a local hatchery and raised under standard, controlled coccidia free conditions. A commercial coccidiostat free feed was provided. At the age of 21 days, birds were divided into 2 groups A and B each comprising 100 birds.
Birds of group 'A' were kept as non infected control and birds of group 'B' were infected with I ml of coccidial inoculum having 50,000 sporulated oocysts given directly into crop. After the infection, the OPG of the both groups was recorded. Weekly weight gain/bird of both A and B group was recorded. Meanwhile the morbidity, mortality, clinical finding and post-mortem finding were also observed. At the end of experimental period of 42 day, 20 birds from each group were slaughtered and blood sample were collected for haematology.
The weight of birds in group 'B' was significantly lower than that of group 'A' birds. The morbidity and mortality rate in group B were 100% and 38% respectively.
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153.
Effect Of Enzyme Supplementation And Strain Of Broiler On The Meat Production Efficiency Of Broiler Chicks
by Shakeel Aslam | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: The project was designed to study the effect of enzyme (Kernzyme) supplementation on the performance of two broiler strains (Hubbard and Arbor Acres). One hundred and twenty day old chicks of each strains were purchased from respective hatcheries, The starter rations were fed upto 28 days and finisher rations were fed upto 35 days. Non-significant difference was observed between control and enzyme supplemented rations in weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency. Whereas significant. difference was observed in weight gain and feed consumption between the broiler strains. While non-significant difference was observed in feed efficiency between the strains. A significant difference was observed between broiler strains, control arid enzyme supplemented rations in dressing percentage. A non-significant difference was observed in chemical composition (moisture, protein and ether extract.), of lean breast meat. between broiler strains, control and enzyme supplemented diets.
The study revealed that Kemzyme supplementation did not. improve the performance of broilers. Whereas Hubbard strain has significantly (P<O.O1) higher weight. gain, feed consumption and dressing percentage than Arbor Acres. While Kemzyine supplementation has significant difference (P<O.05) in dressing percentage.
The economic evaluation of the study revealed that Hubbard was the most economical than Arbor Acres strain. The cost of one kg live weight was lowest for Hubbard i.e. Rs.22.05.
The control ration was the economic ration in this experiment. By supplementing the enzyme, the cost of ration was increased and cost of producing the live weight by enzyme supplemented ration was increased as well. The results of the present study proved that the use of Kemzyme is uneconomical and Hubbard strain is the better strain which behave perfectly well Pakistani environmental condition.
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154.
Comparative Efficiency Of Urea Molasses Mineral Blocks And Urea Treated Wheat Straw In Fattening
by Farrokh Saeed | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Jaweed Ahmed Qureshi | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline in the per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animals origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem of meat shortage is to increase the production of meat by fattening the male buffalo calves. These calves could be fattened by using the cheaper sources of agriculture by-products available in our country. Wheat straw is being fed to ruminants with supplemental green fodder. It is also fed as a sole roughage during the lean periodof the year. It is however deficient in fermentable nitrogen and has poor digestibility due to more lignification. Urea impregnation of straws has been shown to improve the intake as well as digestibility. It has been concluded that urea treatment with 4% urea solution at 40 to 50 percent moisture level could be advantageous to improve crude protein content of straw and its digestibility. Molasses, a by-product of sugar industry, is an excellent and a cheap source of digestible energy as compared to all other similar energy feeds. Urea provides nitrogen needed for adequate development of animal flora and thus enhances the utilization of fibrous feed.Preparation of urea molasses blocks appears to be an appropriate technology to fulfill the requirements of animals. A fattening trial was conducted on two groups of buffalo calves with 8 calves per group, to study the comparative efficiency of urea molasses mineral block and urea treated wheat straw. The experiment was conducted for 90 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency, concentration of urea in serum, concentration of total protein in serum and digestibility of different nutrients in the animals were recorded. Economics of fattening rations was also determined. The results of the study revealed non significant differences in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, concentration of urea in serum and concentration of total protein in serum of buffalo calves. Digestibility trial revealed that there was non significant difference in digestibility of dry matter, ether extract but significant difference in digestibility of crude fibre and crude protein. The findings of this study revealed the benefits of utilizing urea ammonia treated wheat straw in the fattening ration upto 38% level. It was also ascertained that urea molasses blocks are equally effective in enhancing the growth rate of buffalo calves. Moreover, urea molasses blocks are a useful tool of supplementation of forage diet because of ease of transportation and balance nutrient profile.
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155.
Role Of Synthetic Estrogens (Diethylstilbestrol) On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Waseem Zia, M | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different levels of diethyistilbestrol on the performance of broiler chicks. The performance of the broilers were studied under the headings of weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, market finishing and carcass quality, Tenderness and juiciness, residual effect of the hormone, economics and mortality.
Four different levels 0mg, 10mg, 15mg and 20mg of diethyistilbestrol hormone were tried on one hundred and eighty day old broiler chicks, divided into four different experimental groups A, B, C and 1). 1-lormone was implanted at the age of 29 days and the birds were kept for further two weeks after the implantation of the hormone upto the age of 42 clays.
Non significant difference was noticed among weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of chicks before the implantation of the hormone upto 28 days of age but presented significant difference among weight gain and feed efficiency after the implantation of the hormone (from 29-42 days of age). Feed consumption showed non significant difference but Dressing percentage, Marketing finishing and carcass quality and tenderness and juiciness presented significant differences after implantation of the hormone.
It was concluded that hormone implantation significantly affected the growth rate, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, market finishing and carcass quality, tenderness and juiciness of the meat and 15 rng level of the hormone proved best for implantation which
was comparatively cheaper and cost per kg. of live weight was decreased at this level. Therefore, net profit per chick was greater. No residual effect of the hormone was detected in the meat.
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156.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Protein And Salt On Water Metabolism In Broilers And Layer Chicks
by Faisal Gulzar Ahmad | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Jaweed Ahmed Qureshi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: Wet litter in poultry houses is a problem of considerable economic and pathological importance; This is due to the excessive elimination of water in the droppings and that contained in the expired air of the birds. As a result of this excessive moisture the litter becomes wet which in turn encourages the development of various diseases, unnecessary increase in labour and managemental hazards/expenses. Wet litter also encourages fly development, reduces beneficial bacterial population and creates problems in manure handling and removal.
A solution of the problem of wet litter would thus involve determination of those factors responsible for the elimination of excessive amounts of water via renal and alimentary routes. One of these causal factors is diet. The present study was designed to determine the effect of sodium chloride and certain dietary protein levels on water intake, feed consumption, moisture content of various organs as well as that of droppings.
Experiment was conducted at the department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore for a period of 8 weeks. Two hundred and seventy day- old chicks each of broiler and layer were randomly divided into six groups i.e. B1, B2 B3, B4, B5, B6 (Broilers) and L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6 (Layers) of 45 birds each. Each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 15 birds each. These groups were assigned randomly to six experimental rations having 20 and 23 percent crude protein and salt supplementation of 0.0, 0.75 and 1.0 percent level. Weekly feed consumption, weight gain and water intake were recorded. Moisture contents of crop, intestine, caecum, carcass as well as that of droppings were determined at the end of 4th and 8th weeks of age. Abdominal fat contents of broilers and layers were also recorded at the end of 4th and 8th weeks of age.
In broilers, the feed conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.05) affected by the level of salt supplementation. At 20 percent crude protein level, F.C.R. improved from 2.60 to 2.41 when the salt supplementation was increased from 0.0 to 0.75 percent. But the best F.C.R. (2.33) was obtained at 23 percent crud protein with 0.0 percent salt supplementation level. However, feed efficiency decreased at both the protein levels when level of salt supplementation was increased to 1.0 percent. The feed consuption within the group was not significantly (P<0.05) affected by the increase in crude protein level from 20 to 23 percent or by increae in the level of salt supplementation both for layers and broilers. In layers, the weight gain, feed consumption and F.C.R. followed a similar pattern as was seen in broilers.
Increase in the level of protein and salt supplementation in the ration increased the water intake of both the broilers and layers, though the difference was statistically non-significant. However, level of salt supplementation had a significant (P<0.O 1) effect on water intake and water-feed ratio.
At 4 weeks of age increase in level of salt supplementation at both the protein levels significantly (P<0.01) increased the faecal moisture percentage. Results of the statisical anlysis of the data at the end of 8 weeks were similar to those obtained at the end of 4 weeks.
It was observed that increased moisture contents of intestines lead to increased moisture in. the faecal material. At the end of 8th week the intestinal moisture content was significantly affected as result of increase in protein and salt levels.
The caecum is the chief site for water reabsorption in birds, and water contents of caecum have direct bearing on the faecal moisture and in turn on the wetting of litter. At 8 weeks of age, borth the protein levels did not exert a significant (P>0.05) effect of protein levels on the caecal moisture contents. Change in the caecal moisture contents as a result of increase in level of salt supplementation was also non-significant (P>O.05). Salt supplementation level significantly (P<0.01) increased the carcass moisture percentage. At the end of 8 weeks all the three factors and their interactions, except breed and salt interaction were significantly (P<0.0 1) different.
At the end of 4th and 8th weeks the abdominal fat contents did not show any significant pattern which could be correlated specifically with salt or protein levels. At the end of 4 weeks all the factors and their interactions except breed and protein interaction significantly (P<0.0 1) affected the abdominal fat contents. At the age of 8 weeks all the factors and interaction had significant (P<0.01) effect on abdominal fat contents.
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157.
Effect Of Various Dietary Antibiotics On The Performance On Broiler Chicks
by Ishaque, M | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Ashfaq | Mr. Shahid Abbas.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: A research study was conducted to find out the effect of virginiamycin, oxytetracycline and Furazolidone as a growth promoter in broiler rations.
Two hundred and forty day old broiler chicks were divided into four groups of 60 chicks each. Each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 20 chicks each.
Two experimental rations (starter and finisher) were prepared and fed to experimental chicks upto 50 days of age.
Virginiamycine, oxytetracycline and Furazolidone were mixed to experimental rations at the level of 10 mg/kg feed. The effects of these additives on weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, mortality, weights of internal organs and residual effect on meat were recorded.
Feed and water were given libitum. Continuous light was provided for 24 hours.
The results revealed non-significant differences among weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks fed on starter ration.
However the results obtained from 29-50 days showed significant difference (P <0.05) in weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency. The best weight gain was obtained with oxytetracycline supplementation followed by virginiamycine, furazolidone and the controlled group. Maximum feed was consumed by the birds fed on control ration. The best feed efficiency was noticed with birds fed on ration supplemented with oxytetracycline.
The results obtained from 0-50 days showed highly significant difference (P < 0.01) in weight gaiu of the birds. Feed consumption and feed efficiency also showed significant difference (P<0.05).
The maximum weight gain was noticed with birds fed on oxytetracycline supplementation followed by virginiamycine and furazolidone supplementation, while the least weight gain was shown by the birds fed on control ration.
Maximum feed was consumed by the birds fed on control ration and the least feed consumption was observed with birds fed on oxytetracycline supplementation followed by virginiamycine and furazolidone. The poor feed efficiency was observed with the birds fed on control ration.
Dressing percentage and weight of internal organs showed statistically non-significant.
The residual effect of antibiotics was not found in the chicken meat.
From the present study it was concluded that the addition of antibiotics in the broiler rations proved economical as compared to control.
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158.
Effect Of Different Dietary Energy Levels On Growth And Onset Of Sexual Maturity In Sahiwal Heifers
by Hussain, M | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Muhammad Aleem Bhatti | Mr. Anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the influence of different dietary energy levels on growth rate, feed efliciency, feed intake, nutrient digestibility and sexual maturity in Sahiwal heifers. Eighteen Sahiwal heifers of 15-20 months age were andomly divided into three groups. Three experimental rations providing dietary energy levels 100, 80 and 120 percent of NRC (1989) were used and designated as A, B and C.
During a period of 90 days, the heifers gained 54.1, 52.5 and 55.5 Kg. weight under plan A, B and C, respectively. The differences in gain in weight of heifers plans A, B and C were non significant. Average daily dry matter intake were 4.84, 4.90 and 4.93 Kg. under groups A, B and C, respectively. The statistical analysis showed non significant differences among dry matter intakes under different plans of nutrition Daily intakes of crude protein under plans A, B and C were almost similar. Feed efficiency was 8.86, 8,91 and 8.83 for group A, B and C, respectively. The difference in feed efficiency was non significant among different groups.
The digestibility coefficient of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre ranged from 54.76 to 59.8, 59.5 to 61.0, 66.1 to 72.5 and 64.1 to 67.1 for all groups, respectively. The statistical analysis of data did not indicate any significant differences with respect to digestibility of various nutrients of the rations among different plans of nutrition.
Physiologica1 studies were also performed on experimental heifers to ascertain the effect of different dietary energy levels on serum protein, serum glucose and serum progesterone. Average serum concentration of protein, glucose and progesterone were 7.06 to 7.79 gm/dl 103.09 to 134.4lmg/di and 1.08 to 1.20/dl, respectively in all groups. Concentration of serum protein and serum progesterone were statistically non significant among all groups. The concentration of serum glucose was statistically significant among three groups. Effect of different dietary energy levels on age of puberty of heifers was also studied but none of heifers of all groups showed sign of oestrus.
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159.
Titration Of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus In Different Organs Of Gumboro Infected Birds And Embryonated Hen
by Saeed Anwar, M | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was quantitated in different organs of the infected birds and in different parts of the experimentally inoculated embryonated hen eggs through agar gel precipitation technique (AGPT). The AGPT was standardized in the laboratory using known hyperimmune sera against IBDV antigen. The concentration of the agar, antibody and antigen are important factors for the development of precipitation line. Moreover, only gel containing noble agar in distilled water is important for diffusion of the antigen/antibody, while either of the other reagents such as sodium chloride, phenol crystal and sodium azide are presumably added to inhibit the microbial growth.
The serum from birds on 14 days post first bost showed 294.1 ACPT titers, while egg yolk from these bird on 30-45 days post first boost were having 68.6 AGPT titers. Postmortem examination showed the lesions
In liver,Kidney, spleen, intestine and bursa fabricius. It was observed that only bursa of fabricius showed detectable level (1:4 to 1:16) of IBD virus titers. Similarly, chorioaflantoic membrane of the inoculated egg showed 1:4 AGPT titers. From this study it was concluded that AGPT is a crude but highly reliable test for qualitative and quantitative study of IBDV antigen or antibodies.
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160.
Effects Of Clopidol And Lasalocid (Avatec) (Coccidiostats) On The Immunity Of Broiler Chicks Vaccinated
by Umer Farooq, M | Dr. Syed Ata-ur-Rehman Rizvi | Dr. Khalid | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The birds that received Avatec at recommended dosage levels had higher body weight than the Clopidol medicated, Cyclophosphamide treated or untreated control birds.
Both Avatec and Clopidol treatments did not adversely affect the weights of bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver of birds. Cyclophosphamide treatment of birds in early life resulted in.bursal atrophy and slight depression of splenic weight gain.
Avatec and Clopidol were immuno-stimulants and birds eating medicated rations had higher antibody titres as compared to control birds. The NDV vaccinated birds on Avatec and Clopidol medicated rations and those on non-medicated rations resisted challenge with a virulent ND virus, while the non-vaccinated birds of any treatment group and vaccine free control could not withstand this challenge.
Conclusions
This study indicated that Clopidol and Avatec, when used at recommended dosage levels (25 gm of Premix/50 kg of feed and 6.25 gm of pure drugl5O kg of feed respectively) did not interfere with the development of birds; did not have any adverse effects on weights of lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus, liver; did not interfere with the development of humoral immunity in vaccinated birds. Their medication in feed rather produced beneficial effects on serum, weight gain and antibody production. The injection of Cyclophosphamide resulted in lower body weights, destruction of the bursa of Fabricius, poor antibody response of birds to vaccination against NDV, and very high post-challenge mortality.
The weight gain studies indicated that vaccinated and non- vaccinated birds on Clopidol and Avatec medicated feeds had non- significantly higher body weights that those on non-medicated ration at 56 days of age. Avatec at recommended dosage level, had more beneficial effects on the body weights than the Clopidol. These studies further indicated that vaccinated birds kept on Avatec medicated feed had significantly higher serum antibody titres on day 56 than the vaccinated non-medicated control birds.
From the results of this study it is concluded that Avatec and Clopidol are not immuno-suppressive drugs when used at recommended dosage levels. They rather have beneficial effects on growth performance and immune response of birds. However, there is a need for further investigations.
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161.
Immune Response Of Broilers Treated With Amprolium And Chloramphenicol
by Rakhshanda Perveen Cheema | Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The birds that received arnprolium at recommended dosage levels had higher mean body weight than the chioramphenicol medicated, cyclophosphamide treated or untreated control birds.
Arnprolium treatment did not adversely affect the weight of bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver of birds. Chioramphenicol treatment slightly depressed the weight of bursa of Fabricius and thymus. Cyclophosphamide treatment of birds in early life resulted in bursal atrophy and slight depression of splenic weight.
As compared to Cyclophosphamide treated and non-rnedicated control birds, the sera of NDV vaccinated birds fed Amprolium had higher antibody titres on day 42. The sera of chioramphenicol treated NDV vaccinated birds had lower antibody titres as compared to non-medicated control birds on day 42. The post-challenge sera of NDV vaccinated birds fed Amprolium also had higher antibody titre as compared to NDV vaccinated cyclophosphamide and chioramphenicol treated birds. The NDV vaccinated chioramphenicol treated and NDV vaccinated cyclophosphamide treated had high post NDV challenge mortality and the NDV vaccinated birds on amproliurn medicated rations and those on non-medicated rations did not have any significant post NDV challenge mortality.
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162.
Induction Of Oestrus In Non Cycling Nili Ravi Buffalo Heifers
by Hafeez Khan, A | Dr. Kazim Raza Chohan | Prof. Dr. Rashid Ahmad Chaudhry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Twenty one non-cycling Nili-Ravi buffalo hcifers with mean (± S.E) age of 31.71 ± 1.32 months and body weight of 417.61 ± 11.26 Kg were randomly divided into three equal groups. Animals in group A were injected 700 IU PMSG intramuscularly. Whereas, animals in group B (n=7) were treated with 1400 IU of PMSG. Animals in group C (n7) were administered 2 CC normal saline, which served as controls. Animals in oestrus were naturally bred with progeny tested bulls. Blood samples were collected before treatment, at oestrus and 10 days after oestrus for plasma progesterone estimation. Rectal palpations were done before treatment, at oestrus, 10 days after oestrus for ovarian structures and on day 60 post breeding for pregnancy diagnosis.
All the buffalo heifers in group A and B exhibited oestrus following treatment with 700 and 1400 IU of PMSG. Three animals from group C (42.85%) showed oestrus. The time from treatment to the onset of oestrus differed non significantly and was 6.14 ± 0.56, 6.00 ± 0.45 and 6.66 ± 0.47 days for groups A, B and C, respectively. No difference was observed towards expression of oestrus symptoms with varying doses of PMSG. The behavioural symptoms and physical changes i.e. frequent urination, acceptance to male, vulvalar sniffing of other females or allowing others to sniff, mucus discharge, vulvalar swelling and uterine tone were found indicative of oestrus in experimental heifers. The duration of oestrus also differed non significantly among the groups. This duration was 22.00 ± 2.01; 27.71 ± 1 .67 and 19.66 ± 0.98 hours for groups A, B and C, respectively.
Three animals from group A (n=7) conceived at induced oestrus. Whereas, no heifer from group B setteled at induced oestrus. Four animals showed next oestrus and two of them conceived. Three animals from group C exhibited oestrus and one of them conceived, rest of the animals remained non cyclic. The overall conception rates were 42.85, 28.57 and 14.28 percent for groups A, B and C, respectively.
Progesterone levels were found representative of ovarian activity in all the groups. Basal levels (> 0.5 ng/ml) of plasma progesterone were observed with smooth ovaries. Higher values for plasma progesterone ranging between 0.95 ± 0.02 to 5.68 ± 0.22 ng/ml were observed in cycling and pregnant animals reprsenting functional corpus lutuem.
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163.
Comparison Of Two Methods Of Estrus Synchronization In Sahiwal Cows
by Dawar Hameed Mughal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aleem Bhatti | Dr. Kazim Raza Chohan | Prof. Dr | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: A total of 24 Sahiwal cows were selected for this study and randomly divided into two groups viz A and
B. Group A cows were injected two injections of prostaglandin F2 intramuscularly without palpation 11 days apart, while the other group involved the veterinarian skill for detection of palpable corpus luteum and only single injection of prostaglandin was given in all the cows. The cows were artificially inseminated on the basis of standing heat 12 hours after the detection of heat. Estrus detection was made by teasing, behavioural symptoms, physical changes and rectal palpation. 91.66% and 83.33% cows from A and B groups respectively responded to the treatment. This response was slightly greater in cows of group A than group B. Interval to the onset of estrus after treatment was found non-significant (P>O.05) in both group cows. The length of estrus in group A was 21.54±1.65 hours whereas it was 19±0.88 hours in group
B. The difference in the length of estrus among the two groups was statistically non-significant (P>0.05). The conception rate of both groups was found to be 54.54% and 50% respectively, which was slightly higher than the second group. The mucus characteristics of both the groups were noted and 81.81% and 70% cows were found having typical fern like pattern and discharged clear (Transparent) mucus. No one cow having atypical fern pattern and cloudy discharge of mucus conceived. The behavioural signs and the physical changes were recorded. There was little difference in behavioural symptoms and physical changes among the groups. In group B the behavioural symptoms and physical changes were slightly more pronounced as compared to group A. The cost per animal for group A and B was 303 rupees and 276.50 rupees, economically group B technique seems to be profitable to the farmers, and by adopting this technique one can save money.
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164.
A Study On Gastro Intestinal Nematodes Of Camels Slaughtered At Metropolitan Corporation Abattoir Lahore With Taxonomy Of The Isolated Species
by Abbas Ali, Syed | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Dr. Mubasher Saeed Mian | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: The present study was carried out to determine the incidence of gastro-intestinal nematodes of camels, with the taxonomy of the isolated species. Sixty guts were examined rendomly at the rate of 15 guts per month from August to November, 1993. The adult parasites were collected, fixed and preserved. The whole mounts were prepared. The faecal samples were examined and the EPG was estimated using McMaster egg counting technique. The taxonomy of the isolated species was determined by examing the whole mounts, according to the morphological characters given in the keys. The five species of nematodes representing different genera were isloated and identifed as Haenionchus ion gistipes, Izlaemonchus contortus, C'ainelostrongy!us mentulatus, Neniatodirus spathiger and Trichuris giobulosa.
The overall incidence recorded from camels during the present study was 65 percent. The morphological characters were studied by preparing permanent mounts and were described.
The findings of the present study will help in planning programme for the control of parasitic disease, especially caused by the above mentioned species of nematodes of camels in Pakistan, which will contribute to the development of animal industry by providing much effective coverage for the devastating effects of the parasites and will ultimately enchance the production of milk, meat and hides.
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165.
Effects Of Live Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Vaccine On Broiler Chicks
by Mumtaz Baig, M | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Dr. Shakeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: This study indicated that live Mycoplasma gallisepticurn vaccine when administered to the chickens vaccinated with Newcastle vaccination had immunosuppressive effects.
Live Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine partially interfered with the development of serum antibodies against NDV in vaccinated chickens. However, when live MG vaccine is done alone in the chickens it gives good serum antibody titres. rube injection to baby chicks on first 4 consecutive post hatching days with cyclophosphaniide resulted in lower body weights, poor FCR, destruction of the bursa of fabricius, poor antibody response of birds to vaccinations against MG and ND.
The weight gain and FCR studies. indicated that the birds which were vaccinated either against live MG or NDV had significantly higher body weights and FCR values than those vaccinated both against MG and NDV.
These studies further indicate that the birds vaccinated against live MG and ND had significantly lower serum antibody titres on day 48 than the birds which were vaccinated against either live MG or NDV.
From the results of this study it was concluded that F-strain MG vaccination effective the growth performance and feed conversion efficacy of broiler chicks. The live MG vaccination also interfered in the development of immune response (antibody titers) against Newcastle disease virus.
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166.
Immunomodulatory Effects Of Amprolium 20% And Sulphaquinoxaline In Broilers Chickens
by Nighat Yasmeen | Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Mohammad | Sh. Muhammad Amin | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: This study indicated that Amprolium 20% (Amidiostat) when used at recommended dosage levels (0.5 Kg/ton of feed did not interfere with the body weight gains of birds; did not have adverse effects on weights of lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus, liver; did not interfere with the development of serum antibody in vaccinated or non-vaccinated and challenged birds; Amprolium 20% medication in feed had beneficial effects on serum antibody development; did not result in higher post-challenge mortality of vaccinated birds as compared to the non-medicated vaccinated control birds. however Sulphaquinoxaline when used at recommended dosage level (125 gm/ton of feed) did partially interfere with the weight of lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus, liver and also interfere with the development of serum antibody in vaccinated or non vaccinated and challenged birds. The injection to baby chicks on first 4 consecutive post- hatching days with cyclophosphamide resulted in lower body weights, destruction of the bursa of Fabricius, poor antibody response of birds to vaccination against ND, and very high post-challenge mortality, UOfl challenge with virulent NDV.
The weight gain studies indicated that vaccinated and non-vaccinated birds on Amprolium 20% and suiphaquinoxaline medicated feeds had non- significantly higher body weights than those on non-medicated ration at 42 days of age. Amproliurn 20%, at recommended dosage level, had more beneficial effects on the body weights than the suiphaquinoxaline. These studies further indicated that vaccinated birds kept on Amprolium 20% medicated feed had significantly higher serum antibody titres on (lay 42 than the vaccinated non-medicated control birds. The serum antibody titres of vaccinated birds on Amprolium 20% medicated feed were significantly higher thai-i those fed sulphaquinoxaline at recommended dosage levels. From the results of this study it is concluded that long term use of Suiphaquinoxaline at recommended dosage levels moderately suppress the immune system of the birds. It is also observed that Amprolium 20% (Amidiostat) is not immunosuppressive drug when used at recommended dosage levels. It has rather beneficial effects on growth performance and immune response of birds. However there is a need for further investigations.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0466,T] (1).
167.
Epidemiological Studies N Mastitis In Buffaloes & Cattle In And Around Lahore
by Khurram Nawaz Qazi | Dr. Syed A.R. Rizvi | Dr. M. Amin Sheikh | Dr. Shakeel A | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: Research studies were conducted to investigate some epidemiological aspects of bovine mastitis in and around Lahore.
A total of 45 small livestock units/herds were surveyed and epidemiological data was collected from 4000 bovine population on prescribed proforina. Bacteriological examination was aiso performed on 1000 milk samples after presumptive screening with modified california mastitis test (C.M.T.).
Analysis of the data showed, the herd incidence rate of 88.88 per cent and the disease incidence rate of 8.33 per cent (lactating animals) during this project. CMT on 1000 quarter milk samples showed 14.3% incidence of subclinical mastitis and 10.6% animals were positive bacteriologically. Relative incidence of acute, subacute and chronic forms of disease was 38.33, 43.90 and 13.37 per cent, respectively. Quarter infection rate was 33.40 per cent in affected buffaloes and 10.36 per cent in infected cattle. It was significantly higher in hind than in fore quarters in buffaloes.
All the breeds of buffaloes and cattle maintained in the area were reported to be affected occasionally during the lactation. Age and lactation wise distribution of rnastitis cases varied in different age and lactation groups; being highest in 6-8 years of age group 42.93% and 4-6 lactation (39.45%). Number of cases were higher (53.63%) during early stage of lactation than in middle (21.97%) and (24.4%) late stages. High milk yielding group 12-14 litres daily was more prone to the disease. Disease was reported to cause 30.26 per cent decrease in milk production of affected animals. Udders/teats of 4.0 per cent animals had history of surgical manipulation. Housing on pakka floor (48.9%) incidence was observed to have some association with the disease.
Of the 1000 milk samples 143 were found positive by C.M.T.and 106 samples yielded 171 isolates of different species; 86 Staphylococcus aureus, 9 Staphylococcus epiderinides, 30 Streptococcus agalactiae, 17 Streptococcus dysagalactiae, 11 Bacillus cereus, 10 Escherichia co/i, 5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antobiotic sensitivity of the isolates showed that they were sensitive in descending order to Gentamycin, Chlortetracyline, Sul;fonamide (Tribrissin), Chloramphanicol, Ampicilline, Tylosine. Penicilline & Tetracycline.
Out of 86 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus 60 were penicillin resistant of which 23 produced penicillinase. In order to reduce the huge economic losses in terms of milk reduction (30.26% ), the findings of this project are hoped to guide for the control of disease at subclinical stage on a large scale. However, additional studies are suggested for the epidemiology of this disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0467,T] (1).
168.
Efficacy Of Various Ionophorous Antibiotics Against Coccidiosis In Quails
by Riaz Ahmad Khan | Dr. Khalid Pervez | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Two hundred and fifty, day old quail chicks were pruchased from a local hatchery and reared up to three weeks of age under hygienic conditions. After three weeks of age, quails were divided randomly into five groups. Group A was kept as control, group B as infected non treated, group C as monensin treated, group D as salinomycin treated and group E as suiphaquinoxalim treated.
After three weeks of age, groups B, C, D, and E were infected orally with mixed infection of avian Eimeria species, while group A was kept as control. Signs and symptoms of coccidiosis apperared after six days of infection. After apperarance of signs and symptoms the birds of group C and D were treated with monensin and salinomycin and group E treated with sulphaquinoxaline.
The effect of medication on feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality, oocyst count and dressing percentage were recorded weekly upto 6 weeks of age. There was significant difference (P<O.05) of feed intake between group B, C, D and E. Maximum feed intake was in group A, followed by group E, C, D, and B, respectively. Weight gain was maximum of group A followed by group E, C, D, and B respectively.
The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of control group A, was better than all other groups while feed conversion ratio of group B (infected nontreated) was poor than all other groups.
Oocysts count was zero on six days post of medication in group C, (monensin treated) while it was zero after eight days of treatment in group D (salinomycin treated) and oocyst count was zero after four days of medication in group E (suiphaquinoxaline treated). Oocyst count was 32.000 oocystlgm faeces in group B (infected nontreated) after 42 days of age. While it remained zero through out the experiment in control group (group A). Mortality was maximum (10%) in group B (infected non trearted) followed by in group D (4%) and group C, and group E (2%) respectively. While mortality remained zero in group A (control). Dressing percentage was better in group A (62.02%) followed by group E (59.2 1%), group C (58.45%) respectively.
Observing the effects of sulphaquinoxaline monensin and salinomycin on feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality, oocysts count and dressing percentage in experimentally infected (coccidiosis) quails, it was concluded that sulphaquinoxaline has comparatively better results than monensin and salinomycin.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0468,T] (1).
169.
Efficacy Of Various Chemotherapeutic Agents Against Experimentally Induced Avian Mycoplasmosis In Broiler Chicks
by Naveed Ahmad Khan Niazi | Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Asif | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: A total number of 200 day old broiler chicks were procured to determine the drug efficacy of tiamulin, tylosin and oxytetracycline against jylycoplasma gallisepticum infection in-vivo. The organism prior to its use was verified on the basis of morphology, staining reaction, cultural characteristics and biochemical tests. These birds were divided into 5 groups each having 40 birds. The birds of all groups were infected experimentally except group A birds. On the appearance of symptoms of CRD, group C, D and E were treated with tiamulin, tylosin and oxytetracycline respectively at the recommended doses of manufacturers for three consecutive days. The birds of group B were kept as untreated control. The efficacy of each drug was based upon morbidity percentage, mortality percentage, case fatality, clinical symptoms, feed-intake and necropsy lesions on postmortem. The tiamulin proved superior over other two drugs as only one bird died unlike tylosin-treated group D which recorded 2.5% mortality.
The oxytetracycline treated group E showed 7.5% mortality with the death of 2 birds. A total of 29 birds revealed no pathological lesion at necropsy in contrast to group E birds showing only 27 birds without necropsy lesions of CRD. The feed-intake was poorest in group E and was remained normal in both group C and D. After 144 hours post medication, the clearance of lesions were 96.6%, 90% and 76.6% for group C, D and E respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0469,T] (1).
170.
Effect Of Fascioliasis On The Blood Picture And Comparative Efficacy Of Different Fasciolicidal Drugs In Sheep
by Shazia Maqbool | Dr. Khalid Pervaiz | Dr. Mubasher | Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0471,T] (1).
171.
A Study Of Changes In Blood Electrolytes And Pcv In Equine Colic
by Mazhar Ayaz, M | Dr. Khalid Pervaz | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: Besides mechanized transportation horses have still global importance not only for the communication but it is thought as symbol of superiority in many countries of the world. Horses are confronted with colic once in their life span that some times results in uncompareable loss to the owner. Only a timely and accurate diagnosis is the beacon of hope to save the life. To study the effects of colic on PCV and Blood Electrolytes, twenty horses suffering from colic were taken into investigation to asses the site and type of colic, while ten normal horses were kept as control. Diseased horses were divided into three groups A, B & C mild, moderate and severe respectively. Physical signs of group A were of mild nature comprising swishing of the tail, looking at the flank and lying down for the short periods, while group B showed moderate pain like lying down but not violently and increased bouts of pain. Animals in group C exhibited signs of severe pain by showing severe depression, restlessness, patchy sweating, struggling violently and kicking at the belly due to sharp continuous pain. The heart rate, respiration and rectal temperature in all groups was increased. Rectal palpation was performed in all groups to determine the site of the disease. Changes found in blood electrolytes like Na+, K+, C1- and HCO3 were measured by flame photometry. Group A, B and C showed decrease in Na+, and HCO3 concentration in serum while concentration of K and C1 in serum were normal in all groups. PCV was measured by Wintrobe micro-haematocrit method in all groups. Group A and C showed normal PCV but it was lower in group B. These all observations showed that the animals of group A were suffering from impaction of ileacaecal valve. Pain was not so severe nature that may cause death in colic cases while the animals in group B were showing signs of spasmodic colic. The abnormalities were not so severe to threat the life of the animal but were elevated than the normal. Group C was considerably serious that might lead to death if unattended because the variations and findings were similar with obstruction of small intestine. The serum electrolytes in this group were increased than the other two groups alongwith the elevated respiration, heart rate and rectal temperature that were helping in assessing the condition of the animal. PCV was the reliable tool to know the degree of dehydration in the severe cases. Rectal palpation helped in differentiating the various segments of the intestines involved and the severity of the disease in the diseased animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0472,T] (1).
172.
Prevalence Of Camel Tuberculosis By Using Short Thermal Test & Identificatiuon Of Organism From Lymph
by Laeeque, Sh. M | Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. M. Sarwar Khan | Dr. Muhammd | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: In the present study an attempt was made to measure the prevalence of tuberculosis in camels by applying tuberculin test and post mortem examination of reactors and non reactors. Gross and microbiological examination of various lymph nodes of reactors and non-reactors was conducted.
Animals were physically normal, thin and emaciated and of different age groups. Short thermal test was employed as diagnostic test. The readings were taken at 8 hour post inoculation of tuberculin, and heat concentrated sysnthetic medium tuberculin (HCSM) was used at dose of 4m1 S/c. No adverse reaction of HCSM was noted during research.
Eleven animals gave positive reaction while no false positive and false negative case was recorded. Similarly no case of milliary T.B. could be noted among experimental animals.
Majority of the diseased animals were detected from a group of emaciated and aged animals. Whereas a small number from a group of thin animals was also affected. However, a group physically normal camels was found free from T.B.
Positive reactors showed higher pulse and respiration rate compared with negative reactors, post 8 hour inoculation.
Positive reactors were found to be a model set to observe the pattern of temperature rise during STT.
2 out of 3 positive reactors, showed macroscopic lesionsin mediastinal, lymph nodes. Out, of these 1 showed characteristic lesions of T.B. 1 showed only pin head point lesions in early stages. While other 1 showed only Mycobacterium tuberculosis on bacteriological examination and proved no visible lesions (NVL).
It was found that distribution of lesions were high among those animals which showed temperature difference (4oF between first and final reading.
This is notworthy that lung lymph nodes involvement was higher as compared to the lymph nodes from abdominal cavity, no lesion or acid fast bacilli (AFB) detected from supramammary lymph nodes of experimental animals
Overall 3 of the animals tested showed prevalence of tuberculosis
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0473,T] (1).
173.
Helminthiasis: Its Dissemination And Treatment With Fenbendazole In The Migrating Sparrows
by Ali Razmaara, Syed | Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Khalid Pervaiz | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to bust upon the worm load in the naturally parasitized migratory sparrows, and also to determine the effect of worm load on the blood picture. Furthemore the effect of broad spectrum anthelmintic like Panacur (fenbendazole) in the experimental group in terms of eggs per gm. of faeces pre and post medication.
For this experiment 400 live migratory sparrows were purchased randomly, out of which 200 birds were slaughtered and an incidence of 64.5% parasitic fauna was found. Sparrows were found infected, with two species of nematode i.e. Ascaridia gaul was 39.5% and Heterakis gallinarum was 25% respectively. None of the bird was found infected with trematode and cestode.
The hematology of the above 64.5% parasitized sparrows was performed. The study revealed that due to nematode infection there was a slight increase in Total leucocytic count and Heterophils whereas the Total erythrocytic count, Haernoglobin level, Lymphocytes and Eosinophils were decreased which may lead to anemia, loss of growth and production.
From the left 200 wild naturally parasitized sparrows, 86 (43%) birds were found positive. These sparrows were divided into two groups one was left as control and the other group was subjected to drug efficacy. Panacur (fenbendazole) at the rate of 9.9 mg/kg body weight which was given orally. The results were observed in terms of eggs per gm. of faeces pre and post medication after 24, 48 and 96 hours respectively. The control group showed progressive increase in ova count i.e. 12.82%, 24.79% and 48.72% respectively, whereas reduction in the ova count of the medicated group was gradually observed as 83.72%, 92.25% and 95.35%.
The poultry breeders and scientists are urged to make an effort how the wild birds could mechanically transmit the parasites from one region to another. An attempt should also be made for the better understanding of bacterial and viral infections dissemination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0474,T] (1).
174.
Comparative Evaluation Of Tension Band Wire And Steel Suture For Repair Of Transversepatellar Fracture In The Dog
by Sarfaraz Ahmad, M | Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. Mubashar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The fracture of patella usually falls in a special type of fracture, which is not treated by ordinary limb and bone fixation devices. Hence emphasis is given to counteract the distracting forces and to convert them into compressive forces to achieve the desired effects. Different types of internal fixation devices have been tried in the past for the repair of avulsion fractures like Tension Band wire, compression screws, compression plates, an steel sutures.
This study was conducted on 20 mongrel dogs divided into two groups of 10 animals each. These groups were designated as group A and group B. Two methods, Tension Band wire and square steel suture were used for the repair of transverse patellar fracture in dogs.
In group A, the right patella was surgically exposed, fractured and repaired by Tension Band wire with Thomas Splint on the same limb when the operated dog started bearing weight on its operated leg, the left patella was exposed and repaired using same technique but without Thomas Splint.
In group B the right patella was repaired by square steel suture with Thomas Splint. After six weeks, the left patella was operated and repaired using same technique but without Thomas Splint. The dog of each group was kept for a period of 16 weeks after surgery. The results were obtained on the basis of their clinical and radiographic picture.
The results of this study indicate that the use of steel suture is a better fixation device for the repair of transverse patellar fracture.
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175.
A Comparative Study Of Different Anaesthetic Combinations In Equine
by Sajid Ijaz | Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Mubasher | Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: These days the scope of anaesthesia is consistently increasing due to increase in surgical patients in veterinary practice. This change in trend is due to the awareness of the owners to different surgical problems and their solutions. They do not hesitate to get their animals treated with modern equipments and highly expensive medicine. To meet this challenge and demand of the owners, veterinary surgeons are taking keen interest to get the advanced knowledge and latest information of modern equipments and their usage in veterinary practice.
In the past surgery was performed by making temporary insensibility by asphyxiation, cerebral concussion by striking wooden bowl placed over the head with a hammer and a regional anaesthesia was attained by compression of nerves and blood vessels of the region to he operated upon. But these days different sedative and anaesthetic agents are being used to make the animal desensitize from all external stimuli. These drugs are available in volatile, nonvolatile and gaseous forms. The usage of anaesthetic agent entirely depends upon the species, age, weight, temperament of the patient, nature of the operation to he performed, cost and availability of the drug.
In this project three different combinations were tried in thirty animals of equine species to find out the best selection for major surgical interventions. The animals were divided into three groups often animal each. These groups were designated as Group A, B and C. Group A was anaesthetized with XylazineiPentothal sodium, Group B with Acepromazine/Pentothal sodium and Group C with Diazepam/Pentothal sodium. The efficacy of these combinations was measured on the basis of nature of induction, recumbency period, nature of recovery, different body reflexes, recording temperature, pulse, respiration, and statistical analysis of results.
The analysis of the results collected during this study clearly indicated that a combination of cliazepam with pentothal sodium was a better selection for anaesthetizing equine patients. This study aslo proved that combination comprising of xylazine and pentothal sodium could he used for minor surgical interventions as it produced light surgical anaesthesia.
It was concluded that a combination consisting of diazepam and pentothal sodium should be used for all types of major surgical procedures in equine practice.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0476,T] (1).
176.
Yolk And Serum: Detection Of Antibodies To Various Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strains Of Chickens
by Nadeem Ibrahim, M | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: A total of 1318 blood samples and 290 egg samples were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to various strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV). For this purpose broiler breeder, commercial layer, and layer breeder farms located in various geographical regions of the provinces of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province (NWFP) were visited, and flock histories in terms of production performances, growth patterns arid IB disease prevalence, were recorded) Attempts were made to sample only those farms which had experienced high morbidity, low production and mortality in the past growing or laying flocks housed at such farms. Samples from acute phase of illness and convalescent period were collected where ever possible. It was observed that there was a general trend to house and rear multiple age groups at the same time, the poultry farms were located at a very close distances from each other and were either not following any proper vaccination programmes or were not using any IBV vaccines. The seroprevalence of 1BV antibodies in unvaccinated flocks was more in areas where poultry farms were located in clusters or had developed into poultry estates In case of commercial layers, layer breeder and broiler breeder birds their misshapen and normal eggs were also collected for detection of antibodies to various strains/types of IBV. The serum and egg-yolk samples were analyzed using haernagglutination and haemagglutination-inhibition tests.This study indicated the presence of antibodies to various AIBV types such as Massachusettes-41 (M41), D-274 and D-1466. It was further observed that the breeder and commercial flocks which did not receive any killed or live IBV vaccination had significant levels of humoral and yolk antibodies indicating that various types of IBV were circulating in the poultry flocks in various areas of the Punjab and NWFP. The flocks indicating low egg production and quality; respiratory distress, and poor feed conversion ratios did suffer from the attack of some IBV strain(s) as they also had quite significant levels of humoral/yolk IBV antibodies)
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0477,T] (1).
177.
A Comparative Study On Reproductive Performance Of Friesian Cows, Due To Variable Environmental Influences,
by Rafique Tareen, M | Dr. Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Prof. Dr. Rashid Ahmed Chaudhary | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The breeding records of 200 Friesian cows collected during 1977 to 1995 at Govt. Dairy Farm Quetta and 1983 to 1995 at Pishin, Balochistan were analysed. The parameters of reproductive performance like age at puberty, age at first calving, conception rate, service period, gestation period, calving interval, dry period and reproductive efficiency were determined. An effort was made to study the influence of the environmental factors on the reproductive traits.
The overall average age at puberty for 200 cows (150 heifer at Quetta and 50 heifers at Pishin) was 684.21±11.91 days at Quetta and 662.51±3.90 days at Pishin. Season of birth had highly significant effect on the maturity age. Winter born heifers matured earlier as compared to those born in other seasons. The data indicated that cows at Pishin matured earlier than that heifers at Quetta.
The age at first calving averaged 978.01 ± 17.39 days at Quetta and 958.90±16.311 clays at Pishin with range from 501-1100 days.
The overall average conception rate was 48.93% at Quetta and 50.33% at Pishin. The service period of cows at Pishin averaged 88.90±4.30 days and at Quetta, 81.30±3.3 days. Minimum service period was observed after Winter and maximum after Summer calving at Quetta. At Pishin minimum service period after Spring and maximum service period after Winter. The overall average length of calving interval was 464.20±4.9 days at Quetta and 361.11±38.00 days at Pishin.
Highly significant (P <0.05) difference in calving interval were recorded between Farms. Longest calving interval 374.50 days after Summer to Autumn calving and shorter calving interval 351.90 days after Spring calving were observed at Govt. dairy farm Quetta, but at Pishin longest calving interval 365.00 days after Autumn calving and shorter calving interval 356.10 were found days after Spring calving respectively. The dry period of Holstein Friesian averaged 69.7 ±2.9 days at Quetta and 65 ±3.50 days at Pishin. The result was highly significantly due to Farm difference. The overall reproductive efficiency of Holstein Friesian cows maintained at Govt. Dairy Farm, Quetta and Pishin, was 81±1.00% and 83±1.25%, respectively.
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178.
Role Of Maternally Derived Antibodies In Protection Against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus.
by Sameera Akhtar | Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Haji Ahmed | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the role of maternally derived antibody in protection against IBD and efficacy of immunization with live and killed IBDV vaccines. A total of 250 day old chicks were divided into five groups i.e. groups A, B, C, D and E, each group having equal number of chicks. Group A was non-treated control for the study of the decay rate of maternal antibodies. The chickens of groups, B, C and D were vaccinated with live, killed and combination of live and killed IBDV vaccines. All the chicks were vaccinated with NDV vaccines except group E which was kept as negative control. There was no interference in the IBDV and NDV in the development of immunity.
The birds showed the presence of passive immunity, both through AGPT and IHA tests. Maternal antibody was detectable only through AGPT. The IHA indicated the presence of immunity in all the birds upto day 14th.
It was further observed that the birds having maternal Ab titres against IBDV (upto a titre of 5.27) also resisted the experimental challenged with the CVS-6).
All the vaccinated groups indicated the immune responses post vaccination. Both the AGP and IHA tests detected decline in immunity on 7th day post-vaccination and then a gradual increase in titres at 14th day. The titres were at the peak after day 28 post booster vaccination.
The results of challenge indicated that the birds having antibody titre (GMT=68.39) against IBDV resisted the IBDV challenge. Typical clinical signs of IBD were noted. The bursa was odematous and double in size. The spleen and thymus were slightly enlarged. Statistical analysis of lymphoid organ body weight ratio's of spleen, bursa and thymus indicated a significant differences in the vaccinated and control chickens.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0480,T] (1).
179.
Comparative Study Of Growth Rate And Feed Efficiency Of Buffalo And Sahiwal Cattle On Concentrate Ratios
by Ehsan Mohsin | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline fn per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animals origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem of meat shortage is to increase the production of meat by fattening the male buffalo calves which are available in the country. These are sold at lower rate when they are weaned. These calves can be fattened by using the rations containing wheat-straw and concentrate mixture available in the country. There is an increased competition between animal and human being for consumption of cereal grains and at the same time there is scarcity of green fodder in different areas of the country. Moreover, there are high prices of conventional energy sources in the country which limits there use in animal feeding. The present experiment was planned to determine the growth rate and feed efficiency of Sahiwal and buffalo male calves fed on different fiber (wheat straw) and concentrate ratios.
A fattening trial was conducted on four groups of 20 Sahiwal and 20 Nih Ravi buffalo male calves, having 10 calves in each group of buffalo and Sahiwal calves, fed on two different rations (A and B). The experiment was continued for 90 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency and economic evaluation of the rations and effect of ambient temperature and relative humidity on the performance of the calves were the parameters under study.
The results of the study revealed significant difference in weight gain and non-significant differences in feed consumption and feed efficiency. The non-significant difference for factor A and interaction but significant difference for factor B was observed during economic evaluation of the rations. The ration (with 40% wheat-straw and 60% concentrate mixture) was most economical as compare to ration A (with 20% wheat-straw and 80% concentrate mixture) in fattening, of Sahiwal and buffalo male calves.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0481,T] (1).
180.
Antimicrobial Efficacy Of Different Drugs Against Experimentally Induced Salmonella Pullorum Infection In Broilers
by Ashfaq Ahmad Mirza | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: A total of 120 broiler chicks were randomly selected and divided into six groups viz A, B, C, D, E and F, consisting of 20 birds each. At 4 week of age, A to E groups were experimentally infected with Salmonella pullorum inoculum. Group E (infected, non-medicated) and F (non-infected and non-medicated) were kept as control. The groups A, B, C and D were treated with Ampicillin 20%, Oxy-N-50, Chioricol10 and Trimodin forte, respectively, post infection. All the groups were kept under close observation to record signs and symptoms of disease, mortality, body weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio. Gross lesions in visceral organs were also noted during this study. Some blood parameters (TEC, TLC and Hb content) were also estimated, pre and post infection. A mortality percentage in groups A, B, C and D were recorded as, 25%, 35%, 15% and 10%, respectively, while 70% mortality was recorded in control group F. According to this trial Trimodin forte (Trimethoprim Plus Sulphadiazine) . afforded maximum protection against infection and proved best in relation to weight gain and F.C.R. Chloricol-10 (Chioramphenicol) stood second in the list, while Ampicillin-20% (Ampicillin Trihydrate) was the third drug in furnishing protection against the infection. Whereas, Oxy-N-50 (Oxytetracycline plus neomycin sulphate) was the least effective drug in respect of protection against pullorum disease. The signs of ill health appeared 3 to 4 days post infection were listlessness, ruffled feathers, droopy wings, loss of appetite, poor growth, depression, increased thirst and severe diarrhoea of chalky white colour. The postmortem findings were enlarged and congested liver streaked with haemorrhages, 2-3 times enlarged spleen (spleenomegaly), enlarged heart and pericarditis, congested and distended kidneys, area of gray hepatization in lungs, thickened and inflammed intestinal walls and presence of necrotic foci in cardiac muscles, liver, spleen, lungs, caeca, large intestine and muscles of gizzard. The Total Erythrocytic count and Haemoglobin contents were decreased and Total Leukocytic Count, were increased 3 days post infection. The findings of the present study will further elucidate the disease and help in diagnosis and treatment of this malady on large scale.
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181.
Effect Of Varying Levels Of Methionine Cystine And Lysine In The Vegetable Protein On The Performance And Growth
by Abdul Haseeb Ahmad | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Dr. Jawad Ahmed Qureshi.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of varying levels of methionine, cystine and lysine supplemented in the vegetable protein diet on the performance of broiler chicks. 180 day old chicks were reared separately on the six experimental starter and finisher rations upto 50 day of age. The starter rations had a 23% protein while the finisher rations with 20% protein. All starter and finisher rations had a similar inetabolizable energy of 3200 k cal/kg. The starter rations were fed upto 28 days of age and for the remaining 22 days finisher rations were fed.
Results revealed highly significant difference amongst wt. gain of chicks fed on different experimental starter rations. A highly significantly less weight (1859.86 grams) was gained by the chicks fed on ration "A" without supplementation of amino acids as compared to all other rations. Similarly the experimental finisher rations had non significant difference amongst the weight gain of chicks. The results of over all weight gain of all groups of chicks fed on rations A,B,C,D,E and F were 1859.86, 1881.65, 1972.44, 2008.32, 2013.20 and 2052.53 gm respectively, while the statistical analysis reveled non significant difference in weight gain of chicks fed on different experimental rations.
Highly significant difference in the feed consumption were noticed in the chicks fed on different experimental starter and finisher rations. Significantly more feed was consumed by the chicks fed on ration A, B, C, D, E as compared to ration "F".
Overall feed consumption of male chicks fed on ration A, B, C, D, E and F were 4826.30, 4735, 4563.16, 4465.36, 4381 and 4298.26 grams respectively, whereas the statistical analysis revealed highly significant difference amongst the feed consumption of chicks fed on different experimental starter and finisher rations.
Approximately better feed utilization in chicks was noticed when fed on "F" and "E" as compared to the other experimental rations A, B, C and D.
Non-significent differences between the dressing percentage, weight of internal organs and abdominal fat deposition of chicks fed on different experimental rations was observed.
The present results indicated that the male chicks can be reared economically on starter ration having 23% protein and finisher ration having 20% protein from vegetable sources alongwith 0.20% supplementation of lysine and methionine. Weight gains, feed consumption and feed efficiency was better in male chicks. The male chicks were economical to grow and cost/kg of live weight of chicks was less which was Rs.17.40/- as compared to that of control which costs Rs.20.52/-.
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182.
Comparative Study On The Performance Of Male And Female Parent Meat Lines With Commercial Broilers Of Hubbard
by Javed Hassan Hashmi | Dr.Muhammed Saleem Chaudry | Prof. Dr. Muhammed Aslam Chaudry.
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The present study was planned to compare male and female progeny of the opposite male and female grand parent meat line breeders of Hubbard strains with commercial broiler chicks of the same strain.
The objective of the study was to ascertain the genetic potential for the growth of these three different lines and their use as a commercial broilers.
The following observations were recorded for the each strain:
1. Mean feed consumption.
2. Mean weekly body weight.
3. Mean feed efficiency.
4. Mean dressing percentage
5. Mortality (if any)
6. Economics of meat production.
All the three groups i.e. A, B and C were reared in the brooder batteries under optimal environmental conditions. Same rations (starter and finisher) were fed to all the groups.
The statistical analysis of data revealed that feed consumption and body weight were higher in group B having female chicks of the male (sire) line of Hubbard strain, and non significant differences were observed in feed efficiency and dressing percentage among the groups.
The economic evaluation of all the three groups for meat production showed that the birds of group B having female chicks of male grand parent line proved to be the most economical.
Recommendations: Male and female progeny of the opposite male and female grand parent lines can be used as commercial broilers.
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183.
A Study On The Epidemiological Aspects Of Fascioliasis In Buffaloes In Lahore District
by Rabbia Sahar | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Dr. Haji Ahmed Hashmi | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The study was designed to find the prevalence and intensity of liver fluke infection in buffaloes in Lahore District. The study period was from April 1995 to July 1995. The data was based on:
Data collected from four Veterinary Hospitals in Lahore District namely, Herbenspura, R.A. Bazar, Shamkey Bhattian and Rukh Chandra indicated that during the study period from 1 April, 1995 to 31 July, 1995, a total of 2184 buffaloes were treated for different diseases in these hospitals. Based on history, clinical symptoms and response to treatment 229 (10.48%) buffaloes were positive for fascioliasis.
Information collected from Municipal Corporation, Lahore abattoirs regarding economical losses revealed that one hundred eight million rupees were lost annually due to damage and condemnation of liver fluke infected livers.
Two hundred faecal samples collected directly from the rectum of buffaloes from various localities at Lahore were examined microscopically by fresh smear and sedimentation methods, which revealed that 75 (37.5%) buffaloes were suffering from fascioliasis.
In order to determine the intensity of Fascioliasis in infected animals, quantitative faecal examination was done (and it ranged from 32.6 to 45.6 EPG indicating that the disease is likely to be pathogenic).
Overall liver fluke infection was recorded by examining forty livers along with their bile ducts collected from slaughtered buffaloes and it was found that 16 (40%) had liver fluke infection.
Identification of live flukes from the infected flukes revealed that 8 (50%) had mixed infection of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, 5 (31.25%) had only Fasciola gigantica infection while 3 (18.75%) had only Fasciola hepatica infection.
It was concluded from the above studies that Fascioliasis in buffaloes in Lahore district is quite prevalent, and it needs to adopt appropriate measures to control the infection.
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184.
Characterization And Antibiotic Sensitivity Of Pasteurella Multocida Isolates From The Field Cases Of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia In Buffloes Of Punjab
by Puran Das | Dr. Muhammed Amin Sheikh | Dr. Syed Ata-Ur-Rehman Rizvi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The research project accomplished was primarily concerned with the isolation and characterization of P. multocida strains involved in field outbreaks of HS in buffaloes of Punjab Province of Pakistan. In addition, isolates were also examined for their sensitivity to various antibiotics and suipha drugs. Isolation attempts, made both on blood samples of live diseased animals and long bones of the dead/slaughtered animals, yielded 10 strains of the organism, solely from the long bones.
All the strains of P. inultocida isolated were uniform in their sugar fermentation and other biochemical reactions, giving a positive reaction for glucose, fructose, mannose, mannitol, sucrose, sorbitol and xylose, producing acid only and no gas. Like wise a positive reaction was also recorded for catalase, oxidase, indole production, nitrate reduction and H2S production tests. All the strains were however, unable to ferment arabinose, inositol, lactose, maltose, salicin, dulcitol and raffinose sugars and were negative for methyl red, voges proskauer, urease activity and gelatin liquefaction tests.
All the isolates of P. multocida were serologically identified as Roberts type I. All the isolates proved highly pathogenic both to rabbits and mice alike.
The antibiotic sensitivity results against 10 field strains and one reference strain of P. inultocida showed amoxicillin to be the most effective antibiotic. The rest of the antibiotics, placed in accordance with their effectivity, in descending order are ampicillin, chloramphenicol, norfloxicin, kanamycin, gentamycin, oxytetracycline and sulphamethaxazole + trimethoprim.
None of the antibiotics except amoxicillin, was able to display equal effectivity against all the 11 strains of P. multocida examined.
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185.
Studies On Efficacy Of Alum Precipitated Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Vaccine (Bacterin)
by Saeed ul Hassan Khan | Dr. muhammed Amin Sheikh | Dr. Muhammed Khushi Muhammed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The research project undertaken concerned efficacy of alum precipitated HS vaccine (bacterin). conducted on buffaloes maintained at Livestock Production Research Institute (LPRJ) Bahadurnagar, Okara. Primarily the study was aimed at examining the efficacy of three different dosage levels of the vaccine comprising 1 mg, 1.5 mg and 2mg dry weights of the bacteria, tried on animals of different body weights. In addition, the immunopotentiating effects of levamisole, on HS vaccine, were also studied on one of the groups of experimental animals. The best results were those given by 2mg dry weight of the organism, observed in animals weighing 600 kg or above, with a GMT value of 48.5 observed on day 42nd post-vaccination. The second best result was of the dose carrying 1.5 mg dry weight of the organism. Unfortunately the young animals having a body weight of 60-80kg did not give a response worthy of some concrete conclusion against all three aforesaid doses of the vaccine which was thought to be due to some sort of ill effects of their substandard health status on the immune response.
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186.
Performance Of Broilers On Diets Having Different Levels Of Protein While Possessing Adequate Amount Of Critical Amino Acids
by Mirza Yousaf Baig | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr.Muhammed.
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: This experiment was designed to study the effects of different protein levels while maintaining the level of critical amino acids adequate as per requirement. Six broiler starter diets SA, SB, SC, SD. SE & SP containing crude protein 22, 21.5, 21, 20.5, 20 or 19.5%, respectively and metabolizable energy 3100 kcal/kg and six broiler finisher diets PA, Fl3, FC. FD, Fl & FF containing crude protein 19. 18.5, 18, 17.5, 17 or 16.5%, respectively and metabolizable energy 3200 kcal/kg were prepared. The critical amino acids (lysine, methiomne + cystine, tryptophan, arginine & threonine) in all rations were kept at least at recommended level. 240 clay old Hubbard broiler chicks of approximately similar weight were randomly (livided into six equal groups A, B, C, D, E & F. Each group was subdivided into four replicates, each comprising of 10 chicks. These groups were fed ad libitum on above mentioned starter diets from 0 to 4th week and on finisher diets during 5th and 6th week.
The results showed that feed consumption was increased (P<0.05) during finisher phase, 4th and 5th week at lower protein levels in feed. There was no difference (P>0.1) of feed consumption among various groups during the rest of experimental period. Weight gain of all groups from 0 to 6th week was similar (P>0.23). However, during first week the chicks fed on 22% protein level gained more weight (P<0.05). During second week results were inconsistent while (luring fourth week the chicks fed on Iower protein level gained similar weight as compared to the higher protein groups.
The FCR of groups A, 13, C & F during starter phase and A, 13, ( I) & E during finisher phase was not different (P>O.05) which Shows that crude protein level in starter and finisher diet could he reduced to 19.5 & 17%, respectively while maintaining the critical amino acid level as per requirement. However, during first week the FCR of chicks fed on 22% protein was lower (P<O.05) than that of others, which indicate (hat during first week protein level should not be lower than 22%. The protein intake and protein efficiency ratio were not different (P>O.O5) among different groups during starter and finisher phases.
Dressing percentage of different groups was not different (P>O.29). Percentages of gizzard, liver and heart weight were also similar (P>O.22) among different groups. Mortality rate during total experimental period was less than 3% and no significant difference of mortality was observed among the different groups.
The economic appraisal proved that during starter phase net cash flow increased at lower protein diets while during finisher phase the net cash flow decreased greatly in the last two group E & F'. It revealed that in finisher ration reduction of crude protein level below 17.5% on which group E & F were maintained was not economical. Theses results were confirmed by realistic feed cost values.
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187.
Seasonal Variation In Breeding Patterns Of Buffalo In Punjab
by Col. Ahmed Khan | Dr. Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Dr. Muhammed | Prof.Dr. Rashid Ahmed Chaudry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: Buffalo plays a pivotal role in the economy of poor and landless farmers. Seasonal calving trend of buffalo has caused shortage of milk during the Summer season when it is required more. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of season on reproductive and productive traits of buffaloes.
In this project Artificial Insemination data of 5 Districts of Central Punjab and breeding data of the Livestock Experimental Station, Rakh Dera Chahi, Lahore were used. Analysis of variance was applied to study the effect of season on Artificial Insemination and Farm data.
Data analysis indicated a significant effect of season on breeding, fertility and calving. Both Artificial Insemination and Farm data indicated high (P<0.05) breeding trend during Autumn and Winter season. Fertility were significantly (P<0.05) low during Autumn. There was no significant effect (P>0.05) of calving season on the calving interval and milk production.
The conclusion revealed that the provision of ideal management, avoiding the extreme weather conditions, ensuring the availability of balanced adequate ration throughout the year and protection from other stresses of diseases etc., it may be possible to derive all the productive and reproductive traits from this versatile animal round the year without any significant effect of the various seasons.
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188.
A Serological And Coprological Study Of Paramphistomiasis In Buffalo
by Jameel Ahmad | Dr. Khalid Pervaiz | Dr. Haji Ahmed | Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Two hundred faecal samples, serum samples and paramphistomes used in the present study collected from main slaughter house of Lahore and from surrounding of the city.
Faecal examinations were carried out with fresh smear technique and 61.5% animals found positive for paramphistomiasis. Serum was separated from the blood samples collected from infected and suspected buffaloes for the performance of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Paramphistome crude antigen was prepared from fresh stomach flukes, which contained 95.66 mg proteins/mi at 545 nm.
For performing the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, the 96 well ELISA plates were coated with crude antigen & kept overnight & then the other procedure for the assay was followed, & the serum samples were tested with paramphistome crude antigen. In positive samples, the yellowish-brown colouration was formed.
In faecal examination, 61.5% and in the ELISA 100% of the animal found positive.
From the conclusion of the results if was found that ELISA (100%) has given more positive results then faecal examination (61.5%).
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189.
Comparative Study Of Early And Delayed Skin Autografting On Front Of The Canine Knee
by Azhar Hanif Khatana, M | Dr.Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. Muhammed | Dr. Muhammed Arif Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: Cutaneous injuries particularly when quite massive are burning problems for the working clinicians. Healing in such injuries is unduly prolonged with subsequent granulation and scar formation resulting in uncosmetic look of the skin.
Wounds of the canine knee have plagued both the veterinarian and the owners since long. Most of these wounds fail to respond to conventional methods of treatment. In such cases skin grafting serves as a good alternative for successful covering of the lesions.
The study was done on 20 randomly selected mongrel dogs of either sex. A skin defect starting from 3 cm above and going the same distance down the joint encompassing the medial, cranial and lateral aspects was created and covered with a full thickness skin graft harvested from the lateral aspect of the thigh.
In half of the dogs the grafts were fenestrated whereas in the other half they were kept unfenestrated. In each of the group the right knee was grafted fresh while the left knee underwent delayed grafting when the wounds were uniformly granulating without any clinical signs of infection.
The animals were kept under observation for a period of 21- days. The survival rate of the unfenestrated grafts was 70% (7 out of 10) and 50% (5 out of 10) for the right and left limb respectively whereas in the fenestrated group the success rate was 90% (9 out of 10) in the right limb and 60% (6 out 10) in the left limb. The results indicated that the fenestrated grafts had an edge over the unfenestrated ones whether they were used to cover a fresh or an old granulating wound on the cranial aspect of the canine knee.
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190.
Comparative Efficacy On Newly Introduced Antibacterial Drugs Against Experimentally Induced Escherichia Coli
by Zubair, M | Dr. Khalid Pervaiz | Dr. Mubasher | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: Pakistan faces an acute shortage of animal protein which is acknowledged as a serious problem at national level. Since broilers are the fastest converters of crude protein into digestible high quality protein for human consumption. There is much need in the production of broilers for the said reason in Pakistan. The upgrading of poultry industry is suffered from huge losses caused by certain diseases of bacterial origin. Amongst bacterial diseases, Escherichia coli is the worst threat to poultry industry. Therefore, concrete and consistent effort was done in this project to control the Eschericia coli infection.
The present project was done to study the efficacy of different drugs on prevalent strains of E. coli isolated from broilers that were collected from Diagnostic Laboratory, office of the Project Director, Poultry Production, 16-Cooper Road, Lahore and various Farms in the vicinity of Lahore.
Six different antibacterial drugs which comprised of avitryl, advocin, plasmacolin, flumequine gentamicin and inoxyl were used to check the sensitivity of the isolates. In-vitro the sensitivity results was in this order avitryl, advocin, plasmacolin, gentamicin, flumeuine and inoxyl respectively. Avitryl emerged as best drug.
The pathogenicity of the isolated strains was tested in albino mice taken from V.R.I., Lahore. The confirmed pathogenic isolates of . coli were diluted upto 3x108 bacteria per 0.25 ml, this dilution ws made after doing total viable count and the dose was injected intra-peritoneally to five albino mice while 5 albino mice were kept as controls.
These six drugs were further tested for their efficiency in broilers against . coli infection. A total of two hundred and forty birds reared upto four weeks of age and then they were divided into eight groups, A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H, each having 30 birds. Group H was kept as non-infected and non- treated. While Group G was infected but not treated. The remaining groups A, B, C, D, E and F, 16 hours after infection were treated with avitryl, advocin, plasmacolin, flumequine, gentamicin and inoxyl for five days respectively. All the groups were kept under close observation and their mortality and feed efficiency was noted.
In group G maximum mortality was noted i.e. 57.14 while in the group A, B, C, D, E and F, the mortality recorded was 22.72, 30, 33.33, 40.90, 47.82 and 52.17 respectively.
Avitryl was proved to be the highest protection against coli infection and best in relation to F.C.R. by this experiment.
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191.
Effect Of Fermacto On The Function And Morphology Of Liver And Kidneys Of Broiler Chicks
by Tahir Aziz | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the effect of two levels of Fermacto feeding for different durations on general metabolic state of broiler chickens by determining the functional and morphological state of liver and kidneys. One hundred and five day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into seven groups viz A through G each containing fifteen birds. Group A was kept as control. To other six groups Fermacto feeding was done at two different levels (2 gm/kg and 4 gm/kg of feed) and for different durations. The experimental period was 42 days. Organ: body weight indices, FCR, gross and histopathological lesions of liver and kidneys, serum glucose, serum cholesterol, serum total protein and serum uric acid levels and antibody titres against Newcastle disease studied.
The statistical analysis of organ body weight index for left kidney and right kidney showed a highly significant difference between all treated and control groups. The highest mean left kidney body weight index was achieved in the birds of group E. Similarly the highest mean right kidney body weight index was obtained in the birds of group C. Organ: body weight index for liver also showed a highly significant difference between control and treated groups and the highest liver body weight index was achieved in birds of group G. Best feed conversion efficiency was shown by the birds of group B. The gross pathological study of liver and kidneys revealed some nonspecific gross lesions such as slight atrophy, little changes in colour and streaks of haemorrhages in some birds of control and experimental groups. No characteristic histopathological lesion was observed in liver and kidneys of birds except accumulation of RBCs in some birds of control and experimental groups.
The data obtained by the analysis of serum statistically indicated that the concentration of serum glucose and serum cholesterol levels were significantly increased in treated groups than that of control group. Concentration of serum total protein was increased in all treated groups except for C group. But there was no significant difference in serumuric acid levels of all treated and control groups. The data obtained by the analysis of antibody titre against Newcastle disease on zero, 14th, 28th and 42nd day of experiment showed that geometric mean HI titres of all groups carried no significant statistical difference on any of the above mentioned days.
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192.
A Clinico Pathological Examination And Treatment Of Experimentally Induced Salmonella Infection In Goats
by Baig Muhammad Kakar | Dr. Khalid Pervaiz | Dr. Khushi | Dr. Mohammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Salmonellosis is common problem for goat population of the country which is therefore, a constant threat for the farming community of the country during the summer season. The present study was undertaken to study the course of disease with relevance uo environmental factors and the efficacy of various antirnlcroblal drugs available in the market. Salmonellosis was clinically manifested by acute enteritis, dysentery, abdominal cramps, where as temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate were raised upto 2- 3.4°F, 16-23 times/minute and 10-16 times/minute respectively.
Predominant postmortem lesions were dehydration, petechiation of the intestinal mucosa occasionally with the accumulation of reddish fluid in t1e intestinal lumen, thickening of the urinary bladder and Pale carcase along with decreased serum sodium concentration in such animals.
Among the various antimicrobial drugs used invitro, Gentamycin and chloraphenicol were highly sensitive where as Oxytectracycline, trimethoprim apicillin and kananycin were quite sensitive. Results of in vivo traits for oxytetracycline, tribrissen, gentamycin were 0.00%, 80%, 80% and 100% respectively, whereas 100% mortality was recorded in untreated control group of animals.
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193.
A Study On Clinico Serilogical Observations By Experimental Aflatoxicosis In Quails
by Mahmood Farooq Qureshi | Dr. Muhammed Athar Khan | Dr. Asif | Dr. Muhammed Sarwer Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: In this project the effect of orally administered aflatoxin in feed was observed in quails. Clinicopathological picture was recorded and serum levels in tile liver and intestines of the quails were tested. At the fifth week of age healthy quails in groups A, B, C and D were given feed containing aflatoxin at a rate of 20 PPM, 40 PPM, 60 PPM and zero PPM (control group) respectively. The average (four weeks) mortality rate for groups A, B, C, and D was 21.53%, 44.80%, 54.03% and 0.07% respectively. The average four weeks case fatality rate for group A, B, C and 0 was 82.15%, 90%, 70.33% and 87.50% respectively. The average four weeks aflatoxin level in the intestinal contents was 9.09 PPM, 10.02 PPM, 11.31 PPM and 3.67 PPM in group A, B, C, and 0 respectively. The various levels of aflatoxin in the liver during the four week averaged 0.06 PPM, 5.19 PPM, 16.57 PPM and 0.05 PPM in group A, B, C and O respectively. The various levels of aflatoxin in the serum, were a four week average of 0.11 PPM, 3.69 PPM, 12.44 PPM and zero PPM in group A, B, C, and 0 respectively.
The clinical signs mainifested the birds were ruffled feathers, gathering in the corners of the case, drowsiness, whitish to yellow dilcoloration of eyes, cynchitis, watery discharge from the eyes and nostrils, loose yellowish-white faeces. irregular movement with nervous signs, stiffness of the joints and dehydration.
The necropsy findings were enlarged liver, gastro-entertis and petechial haemorrhages on the amasal ad serosal part of the body, deposition of a yellowish white fluid in the abdominal and thoracic cavity. There wa also pen cardial fluId and asciise in the body.
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194.
Studies Of Antibacterial Activity Of Azadirachata Indica Leaves (Neem)
by Naeem Butt, M | Dr. Muhammed Sabir | dr. Khushi muhammed | Dr. Razzaq Ali.
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: One hundred, day old chicks were reared in the college room. Before the introduction of chicks to the shed, the room was washed and disinfected. Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaves were used in the form of powdered, aqueous and methanolic extracts in three major groups i.e. A, B and C (containing 30 birds each) and D with 10 birds, which were kept as a control group.
The powdered, aqueous and methanolic extracts were given in the feed to each sub-group at 10,15 and 20mg/Kg body weight to A, B and C i.e., A1, A2 and A3 B1, B2,and B3 C1,C2 and C3 respectively. The N.D. vaccine was administered after 2 days of start of medication. The blood of the experimental and controlled birds were taken at the age of 28, 35 and 42 days. The medication was started at 21 day of age. The sera collected from the blood samples were tested for antibody response against N.D. vaccine. No antibacterial activity of extracts of Neem leaves against Staphylococcus aureous and Pasteurella multocida was observed. the titre of each group at one week post vaccination of ND vaccine to the birds, were determined. It was noted that the water extract of 10mg Neem leaves did not effect the antibody response of birds. The feed conversion ratio of the experimental and control birds were also determined weekly as shown in the Table No.14.
There is no apparent different in F.C.R. among the dosage level of powdered, aqueous and methanolic extracts as shown in the Figure-i. During the experimental period ii birds died. The postmortem findings showed E. coli infection.
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195.
Haematological Studies And Estimation Of Electrolytes In Dogs Exhibiting Diarrhoeal Signs
by Shuaib Zaffer, M | Dr. shakeel Akhtar khan | Dr. ahmed Raza | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the haematological values and the serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride) levels in the dogs exhibiting diarrhoeal signs. For this purpose one hundred dogs showing diarrhoeal signs were selected from Dog Hospital, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore while ten healthy dogs were also used as control group. Tentative diagnosis was tried to establish in each animal of experimental group. Blood samples were collected from the all the animals of both groups. The aematological parameters (TEC, PCV, ESR and Hb) and serum biochemical analysis (sodium, potassium and chloride) were conducted on all blood samples. The changes in blood values of each case was tried to correlate with its tentative diagnosis.
On the basis of tentative diagnosis conditions observed were: parvovirus infection, parasitic infestation, mixed infection, canine distemper and dietary disturbances. These conditions of experimental dogs were named as groups A, B, C, D and E. Haematological values (TEC, PCV, ESR and Hb) in group A were decreased considerably as compared to the control group. In group B the values of (TEC, PCV and ESR) were decreased while the values of Hb was normal as compared to the control group. Group C also showed considerable decrease in the values of haematological parameters. In group D the change in haematological parameters showed that the values of TEC, Hb and PCV were decreased considerably while the value of ESR was increased considerably. The haematological changes in group E were similar to the changes recorded in group E. The changes in biochemical substances revealed that in groups A, B, C and D the mean values of biochemical substances (sodium, potassium and chloride) were decreased as compared to the control group, in group E values of sodium and chloride were decreased slightly while the value of potassium was within the normal range. All the dogs of experimental groups exhibited macrocytic normochromic anaemia.
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196.
Effect Of Fermacto Feeding On Function And Morphology Of Liver And Kidneys Of Commercial Laying Hens
by Sarwar, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar khan | Dr. Ahmed Raza | Prof.Dr. Rashid Ahmed Chaudry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The effect of three levels of Fermacto feeding on egg production, general metabolic state and health of the laying hens was observed by determining the functional and morphological state of liver and kidneys. One hundred, 60 weeks old laying hens, were divided into four equal groups viz A through D each of 25 birds. The hens were already vaccinated. The group A was kept as a control and iii group B, C and D, the Fermacto feeding was done at a dose rate of 1gm, 2gm and 4gm per kg of feed respectively. The experiment period was 60 days. Egg production records, visceral organ: body oveight indices, gross pathological lesions of liver and kidneys, serum glucose, serum cholesterol, serum total protein and serum uric acid levels and antibody titres against Newcastle disease were determined.
The statistical analysis of egg production record showed that from 1-15th day there was no significant difference among the experimental and control groups and from day 16-30th, there was highly significant difference between the experimental and the control groups. The highest mean egg production record was achieved I n the birds of group A. There was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups from day 31-45th ,but there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups from day 46-60th. The birds from the group B showed the highest mean egg production.
The organ: body weight index for left kidney and right kidney showed a highly significant difference between all experimental and control groups. The highest mean left kidney: body weight index was achieved in the birds of group D. Similarly the highest mean right kidney: body weight index was obtained in the birds of group C. Organ: body weight index for liver also showed a highly significant difference between control and experimental groups and the highest liver: body weight index was achieved in birds of group B. The gross pathological study of liver and kidneys revealed some non-specific gross lesions such as little changes in colour and streaks of haemorrhages in some birds of control and experimental groups. No characteristic pathological lesion was observed in liver and kidneys of birds.
The data obtained by the analysis of serum statistically indicated that the concentration of serum glucose level was significantly increased in experimental groups than that of control group. Concentration of serum cholesterol was also significantly higher in the treated groups than in control group. Concentration of serum total protein was highest in the C group. There was significant difference in the level of serum total protein of all the experimental and control groups. The serum uric acid concentration was significantly different between control and experimental groups. The uric acid concentration was highest in group A. The data obtained by the analysis of antibody titre against ND on 1st, 15th , 30th, 45th and 60th day of the experiment showed that the highest GMHI in the birds of C group which reflected the stimulation of the immune system. So, it was concluded that Fermacto feeding had no deleterious effect on general metabolic state and immune system of laying hens.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0498,T] (1).
197.
Efficacy Of Different Conjunctival Flaps For Corneal Ulceration In The Dog
by Mubashra Mukadas | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. Muhammed Arif Khan | Dr. Shahkeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The use of conjunctival flaps is one of the procedures adopted for the repair of cornea in cases of corneal ulceration where the medicinal therapy has limited or no effect. In the begining of the twentieth century many ophthalmic surgeons of human side as well as veterinarians used conjunctiva for the repair of corneal ulcers. They adopted many procedures for this purpose but only a few were found to be successful. These procedures were used to relieve the animal from keratopathies such as infectious keratitis, severely chemically burnt eye, damage of the cornea during accident and progressive deep ulcers. These conditions mostly cause discomfort due to ocular pain and impairment of vision and corneal surgery becomes a necessity.
During this study, fifteen healthy mongrel dogs of either sex were used. These dogs were divided into 5 groups of 3 animals each. The animals of group 1, 2, 3 and 4 were operated upon for the repair of experimentally produced corneal ulcers using conjunctival hood, bridge, complete and pedicle flaps respectively. Group No.5, was kept to serve the purpose of control animals. The cornea was superficially scratched with scalpel blade in all the animals from group No.1 through group No.4 to produce corneal ulcers. The animals were then kept for 15-20 days till corneal ulcers were fully developed. The corneal ulcers thus produced were repaired afterwards, using four different types of conjunctival flaps mentioned earlier.
For preparing conjunctival hood flap, a 1800 incision was made in the bulbar conjunctiva at the limbus and the conjunctiva was superficially dissected towards the fornix. The flap was then pulled centrally and sutured to the sciera with simple interrupted sutures using 6-0 silk. The complete or double hood flaps were prepared by continuing the limbal based conjunctival incision 360° around the limbus. Superficial dissection of the conjunctiva was performed 1-1.5 cm towards the fornices, thus dorsal and ventral flaps were created (by mobilizing the bulbar conjunctiva) and advanced over the cornea to meet centrally. These flaps were apposed with horizontal mattress sutures of 6-0 silk. To prepare bridge or bucket handle flaps, the conjunctiva was first superficially dissected from the limbus and the flap was created via a second incision in the conjunctiva 1-1.5 cm from and parallel to the limbal incision. The flap was then made free and shifted over the corneal ulcer and sutured with simple interrupted sutures using 6-0 silk. The pedicle flaps were dissected and advanced from the limbus and sutured to sciera, covering the corneal ulcers, with simple interrupted sutures of 6-0 silk.
The conjunctival defects were left un-sutured. These procedures were first carried out on the left eyes of all the dogs and then repeated on the right eyes after the healing of left ones.
It was concluded on the basis of this study that:
1. The raw bulbar surface of conjunctiva providing direct access of vascular and fibrous connective tissues can be used, to repair the corneal ulcers.
2. Vision remains almost normal during post operative period without the use of any contact or intra ocular lens.
3. There was no recurrent corneal erosion or penetrating infection, so deeper layers of cornea as well as other intra ocular structures remained normal.
4. Use of topical and/or systemic antibiotics for a long time in the post operative period was not needed.
The successful attempt at repairing the corneal ulcers with the conjunctival flaps strengthened the belief in cases where there was no other way of saving the animal's vision except surgical intervention. So, it is incumbent upon the veterinarian to involve himself devotedly in the operative procedure with the aim of achieving good results. Whether he succeeds or otherwise, he must have a satisfaction of being loyal to his profession.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0499,T] (1).
198.
Physicochemical Factors Effecting The Survival Of Egg Drop Syndrome Virus
by Akif Masood | Atta-ur-Rehman Rizvi | Dr. Muhammed Shakeel akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: About 417 duck eggs were collected from a duck farm. These eggs were incubated at 37oC in automatic incubator for 10 days. At the 11th day the eggs were candled to confirm the fertility of eggs, either they are embryonated or not. Fertile eggs were then be inoculated with the physically and chemically treated EDS-76 virus which have already been treated and stored in plastic vials at -20oC. About 0.1 ml of the sample was inoculated per egg. Four eggs were set for each of the factor i.e physical and chemical.
The physical factors were temperature, pH and U.V light. The current project was conducted to study the survival of EDS virus when it was subject to various physical and chemical factor. As far as the physical factors were concerned it was observed that at different temperatures i,e -2oC, +4C°, 331::0 and 37C°. The virus survived at each temperature far 35 days and the same virus survived at 56C° for 90 minutes. AS far as the pH was concerned it was examined that EDS virus remained viable at pH 1,47,10,13 for 24 hours. Following exposure of virus to WY light it was observed that EDS virus servived for 45 minutes.
Similairly, the results of chemical factors showed that formalin of 0.067. could not inactivate the virus but 0.12% and o.24x formalin solution killed the virus in time from 6 to 24 hours.
Losan with 0.5%., 1.0%. and 1.5%. killed the EDS virus in 15, 30 and 45 minutes respectively.
The results of this endeavor show that the formalin and Losan in other words chemical like these should be one of the options for farmers to disinfect their sheds to prevent the occurrence of infection from EDS virus.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0500,T] (1).
199.
Effect Of Different Levels And Sources Of Fish Meal On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Shahid Raza | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr. Javed Ahmed Qureshi | Dr. M. Saleem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different levels and sources of fish meals on the performance of broiler chicks. One hundred and eighty day-old hubbard chicks were randomly divided into 18 experimental groups of 10 chicks each. The chicks of two commercially available fish meals with three levels of Gwadar and Sindh fish meals were compared in this study. The chicks were assigned to 6 experimental rations in such a way that there were three groups of 10 birds each under each ration. Th starter rations were fed upto 0-28 days of age while the finisher rations from 29-42 days of age. At the end of experiment three birds from each replicate were taken at random and slaughtered to find out the dressing percentage.
The average weight gain of chicks fed on Rations A, B, and C (containing Gwadar fish neal) were 1879.2, 1770.65 and 1712.82 gms respectively. The maximum weight (1879.52 gms) was observed in ration A (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average weight gain of chicks fed on rations D, E and F (containing Sindh fish meal) were 1697.78, 1644.5 and 1677.9 gms respectively. The maximum weight gain (1697.78 gms) was observed in ration D (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average weight gain by chicks fed on two different sources of fish meals; i.e. Gwadar and Sindh were 1787.844 and 1673.411 gms respectively.
Results revealed significant differences between the two sources and non-significant difference among the various levels of fish meals for weight gain data which showed that Gwadar fish meal was better as compared to Sindh fish meal and apparently 8 percent level was better than 11 and 14 percent levels of fish meals.
The average feed consumption of chicks fed on rations A, B, and C (containing Gwadar fish meal) were 3560.1, 3540.16 and 3373.49 gms respectively. The maximum feed consumption (356b.1)was observed in ration A (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average feed consumption of chicks fed on rations D, E and F (containing Sindh fish meal) were 3535.6, 3374.3 and 3462.73 gms respectively. The maximum feed consumption (3535.56 gms) was observed in ration D (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average feed consumption by chicks fed on two different sources of fish meals i.e. Gwadar and Sindh were 1929.74 and 18&6.777 gms respectively.
Feed consumption of chicks fed on rations containing two sources of fish meal were non-significant. On the other hand there was significant differences in feed consumption of chicks fed on rations containing various levels of fish meals. Apparently better feed consumption was observed in Gwadar fish meal as compared to Sindh fish meal.
Statically non-significant difference was observed in the feed efficiency value for both different sources and various levels of fish meals. Apparently Gwadar fish meal had better feed efficiency than Sindh fish meal while in case of levels 8 percent had better feed efficiency as compared to 14 and 11 percent respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0501,T] (1).
200.
Changes In The Harderian Gland And Respiratory Tract Of The Broiler Chicken Following Intraocular Vaccination And Infection With/Against Newcastle Disease Virus
by Amer Jumal, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. M. Asif Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to determine the immune response, macroscopic and microscopic changes in the Harderian gland (HG) and respiratory organs of young chickens reared in well controlled environment following eye-drop vaccination against ND and subsequent challenge with a NDV field strain. This endeavour also represents an effort to raise the curtain on the extent of local and humoral immunity in response to eye-drop vaccination against NDV and also after challenge by two different routes (intraocular and intratracheal).For this project a total of 150 day old broiler chicks were procured from local commercial hatchery. At day one 6 birds were used to determine the maternal antibody titres against ND. On day 7, chicks were randomly subdivided into 6 subgroups Al and A2, Bi and B2, Cl and C2, each subgroup having 24 birds. Three subgroups were vaccinated through eye-dropping against NDV (i.e. Al, A2 and Cl) at 7th and 21st day of age. The other three sub-groups were kept non-vaccinated (i.e. Bi, B2 and C2). Challenge of virulent NDV was administered at 28t1i day of age by two different routes to the different subgroups. Intraocular challenge was given to Al and Bi subgroups and intratracheal challenge was given to A2 and B2 subgroups, whereas Cl and C2 subgroups were kept as control. Determination of antibody response against NDV by heamagglutination inhibition test and gross and histopathology of Harderian glands, trachea and lungs of six birds of all experimental and control subgroups were performed on days 14, 28, 31 and 35 of age. Ocular vaccination engendered higher level of circulating antibodies against NDV but developed poor local protective immunity in tracheal rrucosa. Intratracheal challenge, caused pronounced changes in vaccinateçl birds by eye-dropping in comparison to intraocular challenge, so it can be infered that route of challenge of NDV played a characteristic' role in developing disease to the host vaccinated through eye-droppings. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0504,T] (1).
