51.
Evaluation Of Antidiabetic Effects Of Momordica Charantia On Microarchetecture Of Pancreas And Blood Biochemistey in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
by Saad Khaliq | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2178,T] (1).
52.
A Sonographic Diagnostic Study Of Tendinopathies And Traumatic Injuries Of Joints And Associated Soft Tissue Structures In Equines In And Around Lahore
by Azmat Ullah (2013-VA-440) | Dr. Shehla Gul Bokhari | Dr. Sadaf Aslam | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Diagnostic ultrasound was introduced as diagnostic modality in equines in 1982 by Rantanen. Horses are widely used across Pakistan for polo, race and draught purpose. Tendinopathies along with associated arthropathies and / or soft tissue trauma are common aliments among feet problems. However, no work has been done so far in Pakistan regarding the precise sonographic diagnosis of these problems and the seat of lameness, which results in the early culling of these horses. Advancements in diagnostic imaging have greatly improved the efficiency of the veterinarians in diagnosing soft tissues abnormalities. The present project was aimed to addressed these issues regarding precise lameness diagnosis in equines, with respect to sonographic presentation of the tendons, soft tissues and associated joints, and hence, to initiate precise diagnosis for effective treatment in future.
The study was designed to precisely diagnose and characterize the soft tissue injuries occurring concurrently with joint involvement, in the three predominant categories of horses in and around Lahore, viz., Race, Polo and draught-purpose.
For this purpose, twenty-four horses were divided into three groups i.e. A, B and C, each group comprising eight horses. Furthermore, each group were subdivided into two subgroups with four clinically sound horses and four unsound horses presented with soft tissues abnormalities occurring concurrently with or without joint involvement. The changes between sound and unsound structures were compared through intra-group and inter-group comparison.
The study was aimed towards practical needs in addressing to the precise sonographic diagnosis for the seat of lameness and characterization of the lesion. Conclusively, percentage
Summary
64
occurrence and degree of prognosis were assessed. Besides, it will futuristically augment in proper treatment of our precious animals.
Different soft tissue structures of various joints (elbow, carpus, MCP/MCT, stifle, and hock) were sonographically imaged both in sound and unsound horses for the percentage occurences of injuries in all the three group, along with degree of lameness, degree of pain, degree of range of motion in each joint and degree of prognosis. The parameters shown significant correlation with minor differences.
The study proved that occurrence of tendinopathies and associated joint trauma are more common in race horses than in polo and draught-purpose horses. The data regarding sonography of the joints was analyzed by using chi square test with the help of SPSS version 17.
The study can be used as a proven tool for the early diagnosis, prognosis of soft tissue abnormalities and facilitate both veterinarians and owners in long run and can also be used for treatment purposes.Diagnostic ultrasound was introduced as diagnostic modality in equines in 1982 by Rantanen. Horses are widely used across Pakistan for polo, race and draught purpose. Tendinopathies along with associated arthropathies and / or soft tissue trauma are common aliments among feet problems. However, no work has been done so far in Pakistan regarding the precise sonographic diagnosis of these problems and the seat of lameness, which results in the early culling of these horses. Advancements in diagnostic imaging have greatly improved the efficiency of the veterinarians in diagnosing soft tissues abnormalities. The present project was aimed to addressed these issues regarding precise lameness diagnosis in equines, with respect to sonographic presentation of the tendons, soft tissues and associated joints, and hence, to initiate precise diagnosis for effective treatment in future.
The study was designed to precisely diagnose and characterize the soft tissue injuries occurring concurrently with joint involvement, in the three predominant categories of horses in and around Lahore, viz., Race, Polo and draught-purpose.
For this purpose, twenty-four horses were divided into three groups i.e. A, B and C, each group comprising eight horses. Furthermore, each group were subdivided into two subgroups with four clinically sound horses and four unsound horses presented with soft tissues abnormalities occurring concurrently with or without joint involvement. The changes between sound and unsound structures were compared through intra-group and inter-group comparison.
The study was aimed towards practical needs in addressing to the precise sonographic diagnosis for the seat of lameness and characterization of the lesion. Conclusively, percentage
Summary
64
occurrence and degree of prognosis were assessed. Besides, it will futuristically augment in proper treatment of our precious animals.
Different soft tissue structures of various joints (elbow, carpus, MCP/MCT, stifle, and hock) were sonographically imaged both in sound and unsound horses for the percentage occurences of injuries in all the three group, along with degree of lameness, degree of pain, degree of range of motion in each joint and degree of prognosis. The parameters shown significant correlation with minor differences.
The study proved that occurrence of tendinopathies and associated joint trauma are more common in race horses than in polo and draught-purpose horses. The data regarding sonography of the joints was analyzed by using chi square test with the help of SPSS version 17.
The study can be used as a proven tool for the early diagnosis, prognosis of soft tissue abnormalities and facilitate both veterinarians and owners in long run and can also be used for treatment purposes. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2272-T] (1).
53.
Effect Of Diets Formulated With Different Nutrient Densities On Performance And Blood Parameters Of Broilers At Different Phases.
by Hafiz Gulfraz Ahmad (2007-VA-089) | Prof. Dr. TalatNaseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Poultry sector, the second largest industry of Pakistan, is growing exponentially to fulfill the growing needs of meat and eggs. Although poultry sector has shown incredible growth rate during the past decade; however, there is still gap between poultry meat demand and supply. Every living animal has a need for protein. It is the basic structural material from which all body tissues are formed. Dietary protein and metabolize-able energy content has re-emerged as a topic of interest and importance over the last few years mainly due to environmental concerns. Availability of balanced and economical ration has great importance in broiler production. Feed cost is the single most important factor, which accounts more than 70 percent of total cost in poultry production. The challenge for nutritionist and production managers is not only to provide a feed cheaper to a maximum possible level, but also to maximize profitability, because performance of the bird depends upon a broad range of dietary nutrients.
Two hundred day old chicks were purchased from the commercial hatchery. On the first day all chicks were weighed and were separated into 4 dietary treatment groups in completely randomized design so that each experimental treatment consist of 5 replicates having 10 chicks in each replicates in this way each treatment consist of total 50 chicks(4x5x10=200). Feeder and waterer were clean before start of experiment and were cleaned regularly till the end of experiment. Feed and water which were provided throughout experiment were clean, Ad libitum and completely hygenized.
Four experimental diets were prepared according to the Aviagen Recommendation (2012) but the level of ME in all groups were different, HD feed with ME (3000-3200 Kcal/Kg) and CP (19-24 %), MD feed with ME (2900-3100 Kcal/Kg) and CP (19-23), ND feed with ME (2800- 3000 Kcal/Kg) and CP (19-23 %) and LD feed with ME (2700-2900 Kcal/Kg) and CP (18-23 %) respectively. Data were collected for different parameters of growth performance, carcass traits and blood TG and HDL in mg/dl, respectively. The economics of each treatment was analyzed at the end data was analyzed through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with use of Completely Randomized Design.
The highest weight gain (1862.4± 106.56) was observed in group HD having (ME: 3000 Kcal/Kg in Starter ration, 3100 Kcal/Kg in grower ration and 3200 Kcal/Kg in finisher ration) and lowest (2974.6±26.96) was observed in group LD having (ME: 2700 Kcal/Kg in Starter ration, 2800 Kcal/Kg in grower ration and 2900 Kcal/Kg in finisher ration) at 35 days of age. Overall result showed that there was significantly decline in weight gain with decreasing level of ME in diet .Statistical analysis showed that all treatments in starter and finisher rations were different (P≤0.05) except in finisher ration.
Carcass traits were non-significant (p > 0.05) to each other throughout experiment. Dressing percentage of broilers of different treatment groups was highest (60.38±7.90) in MD group and lowest was observed in LD feed group (54.6±10.37). Dressing percentage was increased as the level of metabolize-able energy increased in diets.
The highest blood Triglyceride level (36.3±2.5) was observed in HD group and lowest (29.5±3.92) was observed in ND group. Statistical analysis showed that there was a strong significant difference (P≤0.05) among all these treatment. Same results were found in case of HDL levels in blood. Data analysis proved that MD feed was most economical with good results.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2308-T] (1).
54.
Effect Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Supplementation On Intestinal Morphology Of Broiler Chicken
by Sultan Ali (2013-VA-774) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Quiad Zaman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Zinc is a vital mineral for birds functioning elaborately in protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and a part of many biochemical reactions. By using nanoparticles of zinc, the bioavailability of zinc increases due to increase surface area which improve intestinal architecture. Globally minute study has been documented on the supplementation of ZONPs in poultry and very rare is documented in Pakistan.
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ZONP supplementation on histomorphometric parameters of small intestine and cecal tonsil in broiler. The study included 100 day-old broiler chicks which were randomly allocated into four groups (n= 25), each group having five replicates (n= 5). Group A was served as control group and was fed only basal diet (BD), Group B was supplemented with BD plus 80 mg/kg of ZnO, Group C was supplemented with BD plus 40mg/kg of ZONP and Group D was supplemented with BD plus 80mg/kg of ZONP for 35 days. Two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered on day 35, birds were excised and samples from small intestine were taken from duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecal tonsil from ceaca. Paraffin embedding technique was used to process the samples which were stained by Haematoxyline & Eosin technique and combined Alcian blue- PAS. Histomorphometry was done by using software (ProgRes®2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control Software). The data was analyzed by using one way-ANOVA. Differences between the groups were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test and were considered significant at P < 0.05.
The intestinal parameters, villus height, width, surface area, crypt depth, thickness of lamina propria, muscularis mucosa and muscularis externa were measured. Acidic, mixed and total goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes were also counted in intestinal samples. In cecal tonsils length, width, area and total lymphatic nodules were measured.
Summary
38
The results showed that in duodenum and ileum the villus height, width and surface area was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group C, while that of jejunum was greatest (P <0.05) in group D, the crypt depth of duodenum was deeper in group B. Total goblet cells count was significantly higher (P< 0.05) in group C and D in all three sections of small intestine also the acidic goblet cells of jejunum and ileum, while the mixed goblet cells count was highest (P< 0.05) in group C and D of duodenum and ileum. No significant difference were observed in IEL count between different groups. The length, width, area and total number of lymphatic nodule of cecal tonsils was higher (P < 0.05) in group C and D.
In conclusion supplementing ZONP at the dose of 40mg/kg in diet of broilers improved gut morphology and at the dose of 40 and 80 mg/kg improved the mucosal immune cells count. To know the actual mechanism of ZONP with relation to these findings further study is required to be documented. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2375-T] (1).
55.
Effects Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Supplementation On Serum Biochemical Profile In Broilers
by Natasha Laraib (2013-VA-568) | Dr. Muhammad Quaid Zaman | Dr. Khalid Abdul Majeed | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Zinc is a component of about three hundred enzymes of all six enzyme classes. Zinc oxide nano particles (ZNOPs) improve the antioxidant status of broilers. By using ZNOPs, the bioavailability increases due to its smallest size and large surface area. Up to the best of our knowledge, no research work has been conducted on supplementation of ZNOPs in poultry in Pakistan and very little has been documented worldwide.
ZNOPs improve the anti-oxidant health status of broilers at low concentrations compared with bulk zinc oxide.
The study was consist of 100 day-old broiler chicks and randomly divided into 4 groups, each group consists of five replicates (n= 5 in each replicate). Group A was control fed with basal diet (BD) only, Group B was supplemented with 80 mg ZnO/kg BD, Group C and D was supplemented with 40 and 80 mg ZNOPs/kg BD respectively for 35 days. The parameters were delayed type hyper sensitivity, malondialdehyde, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, triiodothyronine, thyroxin, creatinine, bilirubin, urea and uric acid.
Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20 USA). The data was analyzed using one way ANOVA.
The results of serum glucose concentration was found significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Group B and Group C compared to the Group A but was found similar to Group D Delayed type hyper sensitivity, Serum Anti-oxidant status, Serum Proteins, Serum
thyroid hormone level, Kidney Function Tests, Serum Bilirubin Concentration were found non-significant (P < 0.05) in all the groups compared to the control group.
ZNOPs do not cause nephrotoxicity hence they are safe for kidney .These particles does not disturb the thyroid hormones. However their antioxidant and protein effects were not observed in our study. That could be due to low dose of ZNOPs. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2412-T] (1).
56.
Effect Of Different Bedding Materials On The Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics And Immune Response Of Three Different Broiler Strains
by Muhammad Irfan (2013-VA-966) | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud | Dr. Shahid Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Broiler birds spent most of their life in close association with bedding material. Managing poultry house bedding material is an important husbandry practice. The type of bedding material can affect the performance of the broilers to a certain extent in terms of growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune response. In Pakistan, selection of bedding material is dependent upon season and availability with little knowledge of interaction with particular broiler strain. Although, it is well documented that different strains have the tendency to perform differently in similar environmental conditions still performance of particular cross on a given bedding material is not studied. Poultry industry is constantly interested in evaluating the performance of the commercially available broiler strains. The concept of using different bedding materials for three different commercial broiler strains was evaluated at the Poultry Research and Training Centre (PRTC), Ravi Campus Pattoki, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. A total of 360 day old commercial broiler chicks from three different strains (Ross 308, Cobb 500 and Arbor acres) 120 from each strain were purchased from the local market. All the day old chicks having uniform body weight were randomly distributed into 36 replicates having 10 chicks each and were fed the same quality of feed. Birds from each strain were reared on each bedding material in three replicates to evaluate the ultimate growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune response influenced by four different bedding materials for the period of 5 weeks. Three birds were randomly picked up from each treatment group at the end of trial and 5 ml blood was collected in marked test tubes from Jugular vein of each bird during slaughtering to obtain serum samples. The data were analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique using PROC GLM in SAS 9.1. Means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMR) test.
The findings of the present study exhibited that Cobb 500 reared on corn cob pulp showed significantly (P<0.05) better final weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio,European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF), Point Spread (PS) and Livability. Regarding carcass characteristics better dressing proportion, breast yield, leg quarter yield, giblet weight and other body measurements were observed in Cobb 500 followed by Ross 308 and Arbor acres strain reared on other bedding materials used in this experiment. Corn cob pulp showed maximum potential with the best moisture absorbing capacity and favored the growth of birds followed by rice husk, wheat straw and wood shavings. Wood shaving proved to be a poor choice as it hinders the growth performance and was hard to manage due to wet, scaly and cake formation that promoted pathogenic growth leading to FPD. Moreover, corn cob pulp was better suited to promote dry condition because of fine particles size allowing more surface area for moisture evaporation and keeping it dry for longer duration. Therefore, birds kept on corn cob pulp were more comfortable as it is evident from the results that it has the potential to be used in poultry industry as alternate bedding material. Rice husk performed next to corn cob pulp while wheat straw and wood shavings did not impress by the outcome and proved to unfit for better growth and welfare of birds. In the current study, birds generated protective antibody titers against Newcastle Disease virus and no significant differences were found by using different bedding materials or broiler strains.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the observations made from the current experiment it may be claimed that:
• Corn cob pulp proved to be the most efficient as it significantly improved the growth performance and carcass characteristics of 3 commercial broiler strains especially for Cobb 500.
• Corn cob pulp being most comfortable promoted health and welfare of birds leading to improved immunity against pathogens and viral diseases.
• FPD can be reduced to minimum by adopting corn cob pulp as bedding material due to its fine particles and highly moisture absorbing abilities.
• The highest carcass yield, dressing proportion, organ weight (heart weight, abdominal fat, liver, spleen, heart, thymus, bursa) along with breast yield, neck, keel and shank length were recorded by Cobb 500 on corn cob pulp.
• Cobb 500 strain was found better than rest of two strains (Ross and Arbor acres) regarding growth performance and carcass characteristics.
• Being a by-product of corn processing, corn cob pulp is the cheapest and can be an economical alternate to conventional bedding materials for all strains especially for Cobb.
In Pakistan rice husk and wood shavings are abundantly used bedding materials depending upon season and availability. Rice husk is by product of rice processing and highly dependent upon season, while poultry farming is a continuous business so its availability stands as a major issue. Whereas, corn cob pulp being a by-product of corn processing is usually left on fields or wasted. So it can be used as a cheap alternative with better performance but its availability around the year and on commercial scale can be an issue.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2424-T] (1).
57.
Physiological, Behavioral And Immune Response In Three Commercial Broiler Strains Under Four Heating Systems
by Muhammad Jamil Alvi (2008-VA-480) | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram | Prof. Dr. Saima | Dr. Shahid Mehmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The performance of broilers maintained under four different brooding systems with respect
to behavior of the birds, blood profile and immune response in comparison to different
strain of broilers raising needs to be studied under local conditions as it has been reported
to possess better prospects. Furthermore, broiler performance in four different brooding
zones having different air quality needs to be investigated in view of their effect on
performance of broilers. In the trial, 360 commercial (Hubbard, Ross, Cobb) day-old broiler
chicks purchased from the local hatchery. Hence the present study was conducted, Department
of Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi campus, Pattoki with
the objectives to compare the effect of strains and heating sources on the behavior (Walking,
Feeding, Jumping, Litter Pecking, Lying, Standing, Preening, Breathing, Fearfulness, Body
stretching, Rubbing beak with body) of the birds. In the present study effect of strains and
heating system on blood biochemistry and immune response were also identified. The behavior
of broilers strains studied under four different heating systems. Each treatment replicated 03 subgroups.
The experimental chicks randomly divided into 36 experimental units of 10 chicks each
after the adaptation period of three weeks. The heating system will be split into 04 groups (A, B,
C and D). The birds in group A kept over hot water pipe lines. The birds in group B will be kept
in gas heater area. The birds in group C kept in diesel brooder area. The birds in group D kept
under pen cake brooder area. The data were analyzed according to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) technique in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) under factorial
arrangements using GLM procedures. Means separated through Duncan Multiple Range
(DMR) test with the help of SAS, 9.1. Results of the present study showed significant highest
jumping behavior in birds reared on hot water pipes as compared to gas heater during starter
SUMMARY
48
phase and grower phase. In interaction, significantly more jumping behavior was recorded on
electric bulbs in Ross when compared with Ross on hot water in starter phase. Significantly
highest aggression was showed in birds reared on gas heaters than birds reared on electric bulb
and diesel brooder. The preening behavior significantly improved in birds reared on gas heaters
in starter, grower and finisher phase. While minimum was recorded on hot water during starter,
grower and finisher phase. The feather picking behavior and walking behavior significantly
higher in birds reared on gas heater during starter, grower and finisher phase. The laying
behavior was statistically significant in Cobb broiler chicks during finisher phase. The feeding
and litter picking behavior significantly higher in Ross broiler chicks during finisher phase. The
under heat source, stretching and rubbing beak with body behavior significantly improved in
Hubbard broiler chicks during starter phase. The blood profile was not significantly influenced
by strains and heating source. The antibody titer against ND and IBD was higher in Ross reared
on water heating system as compared to other strains and heating sources while blood
biochemical profile was also higher in Ross when reared at floor heating system.
Conclusion:
Ross reared under hot water during brooding showed better and healthy behavior
including jumping, aggression, walking, standing, drinking, lying, feeding and litter
picking
Ross strains exhibited better immune response and serum chemistry at hot water brooding
system.
Suggestion and Recommendations:
Hot water can be used as alternative brooding source
Behavior of commercial poultry needs further investigation and research. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2428-T] (1).
58.
Effect Of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder Supplementation On Morphometric Characteristics Of Bone And Skeletal Muscle Of Broiler Chicken
by Hafiz Faseeh ur Rehman (2013-VA-437) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Herbal extracts are being used as alternatives to sub-therapeutic antibiotics. Their mechanism of action involves improving growth performance through modulation of immune status of birds and increasing absorption of nutrients through gastro-intestinal tract. Moringa oleifera is one such herb which not only has antibacterial, antifungal properties but also have a good quantity of essential vitamins and minerals.
This study was aimed to analyze the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder in different concentrations (0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2% and 1.5%) on commercially important muscle characteristics and morphometric parameters of tibia bone.
Day-old broilers (n = 100) were randomly divided into five groups (A, B, C, D & E), each group having 4 replicates (n=5). Group A (Control) was fed basal diet while group B, C, D & E were fed same diet with 0.6%, 0.9% ,1.2% and 1.5 % supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder for 35 days. Birds were immunized against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease.
On day 35 of the experiment, two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered by exsanguination. Blood was collected in plan test tube and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes to harvest serum and alkaline phosphatase activity was measured in serum. After slaughtering samples of breast muscle (pectoralis major) were taken for pH measurement and water holding capacity (WHC). For histological slide preparation breast muscle sample were processed by paraffin embedding technique and stained by Haematoxyline & Eosin. Histomorphometry was done by using software (ProgRes®2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control Software).
Summary
38
The right and left tibiae of each bird were collected for the morphometric measurements. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Group differences were compared by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test Difference between groups was considered significant at P < 0.05.
The results revealed that water holding capacity (WHC) was higher in 0.6% MOLP, 0.9% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups as compare to control group. pH values of breast meat in all MOLP supplemented groups were significantly higher at o hour, 12 hour and 24 hour after slaughtering.
The supplementation of MOLP did not significantly affect muscle fiber density in breast muscle, but muscle fibre diameter of breast muscle from groups supplemented with 1.2% and 1.5% MOLP were significantly higher (P<0.05) than control group and group supplemented with 0.6% MOLP. The muscle fibre diameter of breast muscle of 0.9% MOLP supplemented group did not vary significantly from control as well as all other MOLP supplemented groups.
In tibia, bone length, bone diameter, medullary canal diameter did not change significantly in supplemented and control group. The weight of tibia bone increased significantly in groups supplemented with 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP when compared to control group. In right tibia, all treated groups ash% was significantly (P<0.05) high when compared to control group but the left tibiae the ash% of left tibia was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 0.6% MOLP supplemented group when compare to all other groups. The ash% of control group, 0.9% and 1.2% MOLP supplemented groups were significantly high than 1.5% MOLP.
The serum ALP level and Tibio-Tarsal Index did not vary significantly in all experimental groups. The robusticity index of control group was higher for both left and right tibia bone when compared to 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups. The
Summary
39
Weight/Length Index of tibia bone was also significantly high in 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups as compared to control group.
One of the most important considerations which should be kept in mind at the time of sample collection for WHC measurements and for getting cross section of muscles on slides for microscopic morphometry is orientation of muscle fibre and muscle fascicle in a given muscle. The muscle fibres of breast muscle (pectoralis major) in birds are neither perpendicular nor parallel with keel bone’s long axis but running at an oblique angle where the higher end of muscle fibre is on the lateral edges of muscle and lower end of muscle fibre is towards the medial end, so for sampling one must first ascertain muscle fibre direction and then they should be cut perpendicular to their oblique angle.
Conclusion
Supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (1.2% and 1.5%) in diet of broilers improved commercially important traits of breast muscle along with improving the mineral contents and strength of tibia bone. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2461-T] (1).
59.
Effect Of Phytase And Probiotic Supplementation On The Morphology Of Tibia Bone And Pectoralis Muscle In Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)
by Asad Hannan (2014-VA-02) | Dr. Saima Masood) | Dr. Hafsa Zaned | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The uniform provision of protein to the growing human population demands development
of alternative resources for meat production. Among others, the quail farming presents graceful
enterprise because of its better meat quality with greater profit margin. The faster growth rate,
lower generation interval and greater resistance to disease is called the quail as righteous source
for meat stuff. The domesticated Japanese quail can lay up to 300 eggs a year. Quail is
acknowledged for its relatively low price, the typically convenient portions and no religious
restrictions over its consumption. Bone and muscle are the organs that provide the structural
support to birds and serve as a source of minerals and protein. Leg bone deformities and low
growth cause economic losses. Phytase and probiotics as a growth promoter in the feed have
beneficial effect on performance, bone and muscle health of Japanese quail. Two hundred day old
quail chicks were arranged and kept at experimental shed, ART center, UVAS, Lahore. The shed
was fumigated with KMnO4 and 10% Formalin before chick’s arrival. The birds were weighed
and randomly divided into four groups (I, II, III, IV) and each group contained 50 birds with five
replicates (n=10). The experimental design was a complete randomized design (CRD). Birds were
fed starter and finisher commercial corn-based basal diet (BD) supplemented with probiotic
(Bacillus cereus) and microbial phytase with ad-libitum access to fresh water for 28 days. Group-
I was served as control and fed only basal diet, Group-II was given BD + 0.01% microbial phytase.
Group-III was given BD + 0.1% probiotic (Bacillus cereus), Group IV was given BD + 0.01%
microbial phytase + 0.1% probiotic (Bacillus cereus). On day 28, two birds from each replicate
were slaughtered by cutting the carotid arteries with subsequent exsanguination. The left and right
tibia of each quail were detached as drumstick. The drumsticks were labelled and boiled in water
at 1000C for ten minutes and then drumsticks were cooled at room temperature. Flesh on
Summary
36
drumsticks were removed and then for 24 hours, bones were air dried at room temperature.
Concerning with histology of a muscles, pectoralis muscle segments were fixed in neutral buffered
formalin (10%) soon after slaughtering. Tissues were dehydrated by transferring through a series
of alcohol with increasing concentrations, placed into xylene and samples were prepared and
processed through paraffin embedding technique. After this time period the paraffin blocks were
cut at 5 μm thickness and then stained by standard Haematoxylin and Eosin procedure. All slides
were examined under light microscope supplied with camera and connected with a computer. For
Histomorphometry, a commercial program was used. Different parameters which were studied
include body weight gain, weight and length of tibia bone, outside diameter, medullary canal
diameter, wall thickness, weight/length index, bone ash contents, pH and water holding capacity
of pectoralis muscles, fiber diameter, fiber cross sectional area, fascicle diameter, fascicle cross
sectional area, number of muscle fiber per unit area and number of muscle fascicle per unit area.
Results showed that body weight was increased in those groups supplemented with probiotic and
phytase. Weight and length of tibia bone, bone ash contents of Japanese quail supplemented with
probiotic (Bacillus cereus), Phytase and in combination had significant values than that of control
group. There was no significant difference among the groups regarding pH and water holding
capacity observed. Fiber diameter, fiber cross sectional area, fascicle diameter, fascicle cross
sectional area, number of muscle fiber per unit area and number of muscle fascicle per unit area of
pectoralis muscle of Japanese quail had significant differences than that of control group. It is
concluded that probiotic (Bacillus cereus), Phytase and their combination improve the body
weight, morphometric characters of bone and muscles in Japanese quail. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2463-T] (1).
60.
Morphometry Of Udder, Teat And Milk Vein In Nili Ravi Buffalo (Bubalis Bubalis) And It’s Relationship With Milk Yield.
by Mirza Muhammad Usman (2003-VA-138) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: SUMMARY
Morphological and physiological properties of mammary system are affecting the milk production in dairy animals and the quality and quantity of milk produced by them is dependent on its health particularly the health of its udder. Nili Ravi (Bubalis bubalis) buffalo is a native breed of Pakistan found in irrigated plains of Punjab and is also referred to as black gold because of its vital role in national economics. About two third of the total milk produced nationally comes from the buffalo milk and these animals also contribute to production of meat and draught power. Like for other dairy animals, morphometry of the udder is considered an important tool in the selection of our local buffaloes but the scientific reports regarding the difference of udder morphometric parameters in high and low yielding animals are still lacking. Keeping in mind the importance of this local breed and its huge contributions in fulfilling the daily milk needs of Pakistan, present study was designed to document the differences in the morphometric parameters of udder in two groups of Nili Ravi Buffaloes.
Forty healthy Nili Ravi buffalos having a minimum BCS of 2.5, and in second or above lactation were selected. The animals were housed in a semi closed housing system. Buffalos free from udder pathologies were selected and were hand-milked. These were then equally divided into two groups according to their average daily milk production MP 1 group (4–6.9 liters per day), MP 2 group (7–9.9 liters per day). The morphometry of the udder, teat and milk vein was recorded twice, two hours before and two hours after milking. Teat length, udder depth and udder horizontal circumference were measured with the help of measuring tape. External teat diameter and milk vein diameter were measured with the help of vernier caliper. The external teat diameter and the internal diameter of the milk vein were measured with the help of
Summary
24
ultrasound. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for Windows version 13.3 and presented as mean ± SE. Normal distribution of the data was checked by Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Statistical differences within the group were analyzed by paired T test. The significance of the parameters among the groups i.e., MP 1 & MP 2 made on the basis of low and high milk yield respectively was studied by Independent T test. All the differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Results revealed that ejection of milk did not affect the length of teats within the group for both MP 1 and MP 2 groups except in case of right fore-teats of MP 2 group (showing an increase after milking). When the similar parameter was compared between the groups we could not observe the effects of milking on TL. External teat diameter showed a decrease after milk ejection in both the groups except in right hind teat of the low producing group and teats of left sides in high producing animals. However we could not observe the difference of this external teat diameter between two groups of Buffaloes based on milk production. Teat cistern diameter (TCD) did not differ before and after milking, when compared between the high and low yielding Buffalos and within the group of high yielding animals. The TCD within MP 1 group showed variable results for left and right fore- teats. Depth of the udder and udder horizontal circumference did not show any significant difference before and after milking within as well as between the two groups. Milk vein diameter was greater in both the groups before milking, however, the diameter of the milk vein remained unchanged when compared between the high and low yielding animals. Diameter of the milk vein measured with the help of ultrasound remained statistically same between and within the two groups of buffaloes.
In conclusion, this study showed that most of the morphometric parameters of the udder including teat length, external teat diameter, teat cistern diameter, udder depth and diameter of
the milk vein were not different between the groups of Nili Ravi buffalo selected on the basis of difference in their milk production. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2467-T] (1).
61.
Assessment Of Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude Andpractices (Kap) Among Food Handlers At Hospitals In Lahore
by Barkat Ali (2009-VA-484) | Dr. Naureen Naeem | Dr. SanaullahIqbal | Dr Saima Inayyat.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Food safety is an alarming issue now a days in Pakistan as many food borne illnesses, diseases and spoilage of food occur due to poor knowledge, attitude and practices of food handlers about food safety and hygiene. Food safety is a scientific discipline describing preparation, handling and storage of food in different ways to prevent food borne illness. In present era there is much improvement in food preparation, serving, washing, handling and storage. Food safety knowledge, attitude and good practices which are aimed to produce safe food.
All food handlers have not good knowledge, attitude and good practices to ensure food safety.In the present study the cross sectional survey of 500 food handlers of public sector hospitalsof Lahore were conducted to evaluate current food safety knowledge, attitude and practices adopted by them. The evaluation was done by using modified questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of food safety knowledge, attitude and practices among food handlers.SPSS version 22.0was used for all data analyses. Descriptive statistics including frequencies percentageswere calculated for all variables as appropriate.Educating, training and promoting positive attitude of food handlers would improve the status of food hygiene knowledge, attitudes and practices. Research is needed to focus on how to change the culture and behavior of the food handlers, and to improve their adherence and compliance with hand washing.The studyhighlighted the situation of current food safety knowledge, attitude and practices among food handlers of public sector hospitals in Lahore. Food safety, personal hygiene training as a means of improving food safety, awareness of food safety, among food handlers can prevent foodborne diseases and to minimize the health consequences associated with the consumption of unsafe foods in Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2451-T] (1).
62.
Determination Of Heavy Metals In Cauliflower And Carrot Grown In Suburbs Of Lahore
by Hafiz Muhammad Azam Arif (2013-VA-849) | Dr. Zubair Farooq | Dr. Sana ullah Iqbal | Dr. Saima Inayat.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Vegetables are the fresh and edible portions of the herbaceous plants. They classified as seasonal vegetables but they also classified as root, tuber, shoot, flower, fruit and leafy on the base of mode of consumption. Each of the categories mentioned above have its own role in human body. They play a vital role in human health due to their higher nutritional values. They are major source of macro and micro nutrients which required by the human body for optimal functioning. They are not only involved for normal body functioning but they also disease preventive in nature. Heavy metals get entry through different routes and accumulate in edible and inedible portions of the vegetables in quantity enough to cause clinical problems to humans and animals. This study was designed to assess the level of heavy metals in vegetables in different districts of Punjab.
Heavy metal is defined as metallic element usually toxic in nature with high density and atomic weight. As they are toxic in nature they accumulate in different parts of the vegetables and lead to several health complications in humans. Some of these metals are of nutritionally important for human health in small quantities and referred as trace elements which include zinc, iron, copper etc. They are among the major toxicants in vegetables which may cause chronic diseases in the kidney and liver of humans and causes disruption of numerous biochemical processes leading to cardiovascular, nervous, kidney and bone diseases. Open crown vegetables like cauliflower have more chances of infestation in suburbs due to waste water irrigation as compared to intact skin vegetables especially grown away from suburbs. Moreover, vegetables treated under clean sanitary conditions can have low levels of heavy metals as compared to the untreated ones.
There are different sources of heavy metals which include waste water irrigation, industrial waste water and soil pollution which associated with industrialization and agricultural activities such as atmospheric deposition, waste disposal, waste incineration, vehicle exhaust, fertilizer application and long term application of sewage sludge in agriculture land. Waste water contains sufficient amount toxic heavy metals which cause clinical problems.
In the present study two vegetable cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) and carrot (Dascusorrota) were collected from suburbs of Lahore. While samples of cauliflower were include from various districts of Punjab. The heavy metals Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Ca, Mg, K and Na were determined in cauliflower and carrot from suburbs; While Pb, Zn, Cr and Ni were observed in cauliflower from various districts of Punjab. Digested vegetable samples were analyzed through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.
The highest levels for heavy metals (ppm) Lead, Zinc, Chromium and Nickel in Lahore for cauliflower and carrot was (2.2267±0.0251, 2.2317±0.0076), (5.7100±0.0360,5.0333±0.2516), (1.1133±0.1154, 1.7333±0.0763), (2.466±0.1040, 2.4000±0.3605) respectively. There was a significant difference in both vegetables. Difference in concentration in both vegetables is due to the surface area of both vegetables as cauliflower has large surface area as compared to carrot.
The highest levels for heavy metals (ppm) Lead, Zinc, Chromium and Nickel in Gujranwala for cauliflower was (2.3266±0.0145, 4.5966±0.0152, 0.9333±0.0152, 2.2467±0.0251) respectively.
The highest levels for heavy metals (ppm) Lead, Zinc, Chromium and Nickel in Sheikhupura for cauliflower was (1.9000±0.0200, 6.043±0.0513, 0.933±0.0152, 2.490±0.0100) respectively.
The highest levels for heavy metals (ppm) Lead, Zinc, Chromium and Nickel in Faisalabad for cauliflower was (1.928±0.0104, 5.736±0.0156, 1.193±0.0057, 2.476±0.152) respectively.
The highest levels for heavy metals (ppm) Lead, Zinc, Chromium and Nickel in Kasoor for cauliflower was (1.900±0.0200, 6.043±0.0513, 0.933±0.0152, 2.490±0.0100) respectively.
Each of the city have different concentration of the metals, several reasons for this variation which include medium on which these vegetables are growing, water used for irrigation, application of agricultural products, poor agricultural practices and post-harvest treatment which include harvesting procedure, washing of vegetables with unsafe water and transfer from long rooted areas. Uptake behavior of these metals and minerals by vegetables also affect it. The transfer factor (TF) of different heavy metals from soil to vegetation is one of the key components of human exposure to metals through the food chain. The highest TF valueis found for Zn because Zn is more mobile in nature. This study will provide a baseline data and there is a need for intensive sampling of the same for quantification of the results. Soil, plant and water quality monitoring, together with the prevention of metals entering the plant, is a prerequisite in order to prevent potential health hazards of wastewater irrigation. By using good agricultural practices including use of less agricultural chemical products and sewage water should be used after proper treatment.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2454-T] (1).
63.
Development And Quality Enhancement Of Cottage Cheese Made From Nili Ravi Buffalo Postpartum Milk (Colostrum)
by Maryam Batool (2010-Va-360) | Dr. Saima Inayat | Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Saeed Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Colostrum is milk obtained from mammals secreted after parturition. It differs from normal milk
as it contains numerous bioactive components which include growth factors, lacto-peroxidase,
lacto-ferrin, Igs, lysozyme, nucleosides, vitamins, oligosaccharides and peptides, which are health
promoters. Cottage cheese is an excellent source of cyanocobalamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine.
Using colostrum for making cottage cheese can give opportunities to increase cottage cheese
quality which may be more functional, healthier with high yield. Preservation of colostrum in the
form of cottage cheese can be supportive for obtaining functional cheese with enhanced shelf life.
Nili Ravi Buffalo postpartum milk was used for the production of Cottage cheese. While the
control was prepared from Nili-Ravi buffalo normal milk. Milk was pasteurized at 63 °C for
around 30 minutes in batch pasteurizer. Then the milk temperature was brought down at 37°C for
inoculation with the mother cultures mentioned above at 2% level. Three replicates for each
treatment was prepared. Incubation continued for 30 minutes at 42°C. Then 1.7 ml CaCl2 was
added and after 10 minutes 1.7 ml of rennet solution was added in cheese milk and left for another
40 minutes for coagulation. Then the curds was cut into 1cm3 and healed for 10 minutes. The
temperature is raised to 55°C for cooking for 30 minutes. Then whey was drained for 24 hrs. The
curd was pressed and shaped into mold and then wrapped in aluminum foil and stored at 4°C for
7 days for further analysis. The physicochemical analysis such as pH, Acidity%, Fat %, TS %, Ash
%, Chlorides %, Casein %, Protein% and Lactose% of Colostrum and Colostrum based Cottage
cheese with respect to control was carried out by standard methods as described in AOAC. The
data thus collected were analyzed through one way analysis of variance under Completely
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Randomized Design (CRD). Means were compared through Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMR)
Test (SAS 9.1 Statistical Software).
Physicochemical analysis of Colostrum showed that pH is in the increasing trend with the increase
of age of milk and results showed that Colostrum pH values lower than milk values and were
related to the high proteins content that is usually revealed in colostrum obtained 2-3 days after
birth. While the trend of titratable acidity %, fat %, chlorides %, specific gravity, ash %, Total
solids %, Total protein % and casein % is decreasing with an increase in the age (Days) of
postpartum milk.
Physicochemical analysis of Colostrum Cottage Cheese showed that the trend of pH of colostrum
cottage cheese remained constant with the increase of age. The trend of lactose% and ash % is
increasing with an increase in the age of postpartum milk. While the trend of titratable acidity %,
fat %, chloride%, total solids %, total protein % and casein % of cottage cheese is decreasing with
an increase in the age (days) of postpartum milk.
Microbiological analysis of Cottage cheese was examined. Coliforms remained absent (<10 cfu/g)
during whole storage time. Total Plate Count (TPC) was not significantly different throughout the
storage period as it renders growth if there are hygiene and proper storage conditions available.
Sensory evaluation was be carried out using criteria of appearance, taste, color, flavor and whole
acceptability on a hedonic scale of nine points. T0, T3, T4 and T5 showed cheese like aroma, T1
showed yoghurt like aroma while T2 showed cheese like/ slight acidic aroma after 7 days of storage
period. T0 and T5 showed whitish appearance, T1 showed light yellow appearance, T2 showed
slight creamy like color after 7 days of storage period while T3 and T4 showed off white
appearance after 7 days of storage period. T0, T4 and T5 showed light acidic flavor, T1 and T2
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140
showed slight saltish / most bitterness in taste while T3 showed acidic taste after 7 days of storage
period. T0 and T5showed granular texture with no creaminess, T1 showed soft yoghurt like
texture, T2 showed meaty / hard texture while T3 and T4 showed harder toffee like texture after 7
days of storage period.
Colostrum is the most proteinaceous food as compared to milk and improves the nutritional aspects
as well as quality and yield of the products. So Cottage cheese made from Colostrum is more
nutritious, functional with probiotic characters as well as enhanced physico-chemical properties
with high yield. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2473-T] (1).
64.
Effect of two Feeding Regimens of Sodium Humate on Health and Production Traits of Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Shaheen Iqbal (2004-VA-16) | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr. M. Abdullah.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Thesis submitted with blank cd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2472-T] (1).
65.
Season-Based Anatomical, Histological And Functional Modulations In Testes Of Nili-Ravi Buffalo Bulls In Sahiwal And Bahawalpur Divisions
by Sajid Hameed (2012-VA-651) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Muhammad Younis | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Morphometric/histomorphometric analysis on testes of any species is necessary to assess qualitative changes in testicular components and spermatogenic functions. Testicular biometry, histomorphometry of seminiferous tubules, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa are generally affected by the climatic variations. In Pakistan, breeding bulls are kept at different semen productions units located in different climatic zones without any consideration of the climatic conditions and scientific justifications. In this breed until now, few reports are available on the seasonal variations in testicular biometry and semen characteristics. Seasonal influence on histomorphometry and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa has not been studied before in this breed. Furthermore, all these parameters have not yet been studied in different climatic zones simultaneously to investigate the comparative climatic effect on the bull performance which may form the basis for keeping Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls under best climatic zone for optimal performance.
Keeping in view the above facts and gaps, the present study was conducted with objectives; to study the climate-led modulations in biometry and histomorphometry of testes, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa in Sahiwal and Bahawalpur divisions (two different climatic zones of Punjab) and to study the modulations in biometry and histomorphometry of testes, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa due to seasonal variations within each climatic zone in Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls. The study was carried out in Sahiwal and Bahawalpur divisions simultaneously for the period of one year divided into seasons (autumn, spring, dry summer, humid summer and winter). The study was accomplished in a set of two experiments. In Experiment-I, testicular biometry and
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histomorphometry was studied in Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls in both the divisions. For testicular biometry, 14 adult Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls (n=7 from SPU Karaniwala, Bahawalpur; n=7 from SPU Qadirabad, Sahiwal), aged 5-8 years, were used. Body Weight and orchidometric parameters viz. Scrotal Circumference, Testicular Length, Testicular Width and Paired Testicular Volume were recorded fortnightly. Whereas, for histomorphometry of testes, 200 healthy adult Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls (n=20 during each season from each division), aged 5-8 years, slaughtered at abattoirs, were used. For this purpose, cube pieces of testicular parenchyma (about 1cm3) were collected, processed for paraffin sectioning techniques, and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Diameter of Seminiferous Tubules and Seminiferous Epithelial Height were measured using software (PixelPro). In Experiment-II, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa were studied. For this purpose, semen was collected fortnightly from Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls used in experiment-I, viz. {14 adult Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls (n=7 from SPU Karaniwala, Bahawalpur; n=7 from SPU Qadirabad, Sahiwal), aged 5-8 years}. Semen characteristics; Semen Volume, Color, pH, Mass Motility, Percentage of Individual Motile Spermatozoa and Concentration of Spermatozoa were studied. Dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa from semen samples of all breeding bulls were studied using Eosin-Nigrosin stain. The six dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa viz. Head Length, Head Breadth, Head Shape, Mid-Piece Length, Tail Length and Total Sperm Length were studied on software (PixelPro).
Body weight, scrotal circumference, average testicular length, average testicular width and paired testicular volume were 706.05±3.03kg, 34.62±0.22cm, 13.45±0.07cm, 6.29±0.03cm and 640.65±11.51cm3respectively in Sahiwal division and 690.99±3.96kg, 32.93±0.19cm, 13.04±0.07cm, 6.08±0.03cm, 561.95±9.43cm3 respectively in Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal
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division, body weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) in autumn and winter, whereas in Bahawalpur division non-significant differences in body weight were observed among all the seasons with highest body weight in winter and lowest in humid summer. Overall mean body weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division, highest scrotal circumference was found in autumn followed by spring, winter, humid summer and dry summer with non-significant differences among the seasons. Similar results were obtained in Bahawalpur division. It was recorded to be higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal than Bahawalpur division. Pattern of seasonal variations in average testicular length was similar to that of scrotal circumference in both the divisions. Overall average testicular length was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division. Average testicular width was highest (P>0.05) in autumn in both divisions. Overall average testicular width was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division compared with Bahawalpur division. In both divisions, paired testicular volume was non-significantly higher (P>0.05) in autumn followed by spring, winter, humid summer and dry summer. Overall paired testicular volume was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. There was found a significantly positive (P<0.01) correlation between body weight and various testicular biometrical parameters in both the divisions. All the testicular biometrical parameters were also significantly positively (P<0.01) correlated with each other in both the divisions. Values of seminiferous tubule diameter and seminiferous epithelial height were 248.52±1.07μmand 70.03±0.46μm, respectively in Sahiwal division and 225.85±1.01μm and 66.03±0.42μm, respectively in Bahawalpur division. In both divisions diameter of seminiferous tubules was significantly higher (P<0.05) in autumn and spring. Lowest values were observed in dry summer in Sahiwal division, while it was lowest in humid summer in Bahawalpur division.
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Seminiferous tubule diameter was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division in all the seasons. Seasonal and climatic influence on the seminiferous epithelial height was almost similar to the seminiferous tubule diameter in both the divisions. Seminiferous tubule diameter showed a significantly positive (P<0.01) correlation with seminiferous epithelial height in both the divisions.
Ejaculatory volume, semen color score, pH, mass motility score, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration were4.63±0.11mL, 1.06±0.06, 6.48±0.04, 2.06±0.06, 66.02±0.76% and 1023.27±30.90 million/mL respectively in Sahiwal and 2.60±0.09mL, 0.88±0.08, 6.67±0.04, 1.86±0.09, 49.72±2.70% and 854.27±28.53 million/mL respectively in Bahawalpur division. In both the divisions non-significant difference (P>0.05) in ejaculatory volume was recorded in all the seasons with maximum volume in spring in Sahiwal division but in humid summer in Bahawalpur division. Ejaculatory volume was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division compared with Bahawalpur division in all the seasons. In Sahiwal division significantly higher (P<0.05) semen color score was observed in autumn, whereas it was non-significantly higher in autumn in Bahawalpur division. Overall, it was found non-significantly higher (P>0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division during all the seasons. In Sahiwal division the significantly lowest (P<0.05) pH was observed in autumn. Significantly highest (P<0.05) pH was observed in winter. In Bahawalpur division pH was also lowest in autumn and highest in winter but the differences were non-significant. Overall pH was significantly lower (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division mass motility score was significantly higher (P<0.05) in autumn with lowest score in winter. In Bahawalpur division the non-significant effect of the season on mass motility was observed. It was non-significantly higher in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division
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significantly lowest (P<0.05) individual sperm motility was observed in winter and it was highest (P<0.05) in spring. In Bahawalpur division non-significant differences were observed among the seasons with maximum individual sperm motility in dry summer and minimum winter. It was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division significantly higher (P<0.05) sperm concentration was found in autumn with lowest value in winter. In Bahawalpur division there was non-significant influence of season. Overall sperm concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division. In both divisions ejaculatory volume showed non-significant correlation with all other semen parameters. Semen pH showed significantly negative correlation (P<0.01) with mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration. Mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration showed significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with each other.
Sperm head length, head breadth, head shape, mid-piece length, tail length and total sperm length were 7.60±0.01μm, 4.80±0.02μm, 1.59±0.01, 11.54±0.02μm, 43.62±0.42μm and 62.75±0.42μm respectively in Sahiwal division and 7.58±0.01μm, 4.74±0.02μm, 1.60±0.01, 11.64±0.02μm, 39.88±0.51μm and 59.10±0.50μm respectively in Bahawalpur division. Season had non-significant effect (P>0.05) on the sperm head length in both the divisions. It was also non-significantly longer (P>0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division. In both divisions significantly higher (P<0.05) value of sperm head breadth was found in autumn. Sperm head breadth was non-significantly higher (P>0.05) in Sahiwal division compared with Bahawalpur division in all the seasons. Sperm head shape value was significantly lower (P<0.05)in autumn than other seasons in Sahiwal division and almost similar results were obtained in Bahawalpur division. Overall it was non-significantly lower in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In both divisions the mid-piece length was significantly higher (P<0.05) in
Summary
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winter than spring and lowest in the spring. Overall mid-piece was significantly shorter (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division. In Sahiwal division sperm tail was significantly longest (P<0.05) in autumn. In Bahawalpur division it was significantly longer (P<0.05) in autumn and spring. Overall the sperm tail was significantly longer (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division. The pattern of seasonal and climatic influence on total sperm length was almost similar to that of sperm tail length. Similar correlation results were observed in both the divisions. Head shape and mid-piece length had significant negative correlation (P<0.01) with other parameters. Head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length had significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with each other.
In overall, body weight and testicular biometrical parameters were negatively correlated with ejaculatory volume and pH, while positively correlated with semen color, mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration. In overall, body weight and testicular biometrical parameters had negative correlation with sperm head shape and mid-piece length (with some exceptions in Sahiwal division) and the positive correlation with head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length in both the divisions, non-significantly in Sahiwal, whereas significantly(P<0.01) in Bahawalpur division. In overall, semen color, mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration had negative correlation with sperm head shape and mid-piece length, whereas correlation was positive with sperm head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length. In contrary, pH had positive correlation with sperm head shape and mid-piece length, whereas correlation was negative with other sperm parameters in both the divisions. In conclusion, the milder seasons are favorable for optimal performance of Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls and climate of Sahiwal division is more favorable than that of Bahawalpur division.
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In conclusion, testicular biometric / histomorphometric parameter values are better in autumn and spring than summer and winter seasons and in Sahiwal than Bahawalpur division. Likewise, superior quality semen is produced in autumn and spring than summer and winter seasons and in Sahiwal than Bahawalpur division. Autumn and spring seasons and climate of Sahiwal division have additive effect on sperm dimensions, except mid-piece length. Orchidometric parameters are positively correlated with semen quality. Diameter of seminiferous tubules is positively correlated with seminiferous epithelial height. Superior quality semen has a positive correlation with sperm head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length.
From the results of present study, it has been concluded that testicular biometry, histomorphometry, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa are influenced by the seasonal and climatic variation i.e. overall bull performance is influence by these variations. Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls perform better in autumn and spring than other seasons and in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. Therefore, it is clear that the seasonal and climatic conditions of the region / location should be considered for the establishment of new semen production units for the optimal performance of the Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls. Future studies are recommended on comparative fertility rates using the semen collected and cryopreserved from the bulls kept in different climatic zones. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2480-T] (1).
66.
Quality Enhancement Of Buffalo Milk Yoghurt By Using Glutathione Treated Transglutaminase Enzyme As A Gelatin Replacer
by H. M. Arslan Amin (2009-VA-486) | Dr. Saima Inayat | Dr. Muhammad Junaid | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Yoghurt is a fermented dairy product and intensively used in all over the world. It is very popular in sub-continental region due to its high consumption as compare to other regions of the world. Fermentation of milk is carried out by mixture of lactic acid bacteria. Synergistic effect of Streptococcus thermophillus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus is a key factor which determines the rate of fermentation process and quality of yoghurt. In traditionally made set yoghurt, protein gel is stabilized by weak non covalent interactions (hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic bonds). Addition of Transglutaminase enzyme (TGase) can provide opportunities to increase covalent bonding and cohesiveness which ultimately enhances the gel consistency with reduction of syneresis.
For the production of yogurt standardized buffalo milk of 5.5% fat and 9.5% SNF contents were used. Milk was pasteurized for 15 seconds at 72°C to kill the pathogenic bacteria and cooled to 42°C. After cooling the Glutathione treated Transglutaminase enzyme was added in the milk with different concentrations (1.25g/250ml, 2.50g/250ml, 3.75g/250ml and 5g/250ml) and cooled to 42°C. While the control sample was prepared without the addition of Glutathione treated Transglutaminase enzyme. After that each treatment was inoculated with standard yoghurt culture (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) at the rate of 2% at 42°C for 3-4 hours and each sample was stored at 4°C in a refrigerator for 28 days. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, acidity %, fat %, protein % and syneresis % were observed weekly till 4 weeks.
The quality comparison of prepared yoghurt was carried out by using Two Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique under Completely Randomized Design. Significant means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMR) Test with the help of SAS 9.1.
Results showed variations in pH, acidity %, fat%, protein %, snf% and syneresis % values due to the production of Yoghurt with Glutathione treated Transglutaminase in different percentages. pH in different treatments decreased from 4.71 – 4.61. Acidity % during storage period increased from 0.40 % to 0.43 %. Fat % also showed some variation during storage period decreased from 5.37% – 4.49 %. Protein % in different treatments increased from 4.10 % – 4.27 % and SNF % in different treatments increased from 9.81% – 10.00 % . Syneresis % in different treatments decreased from 5.17% - 3.48 %. Sensory evaluation was carried out by a panel of 06 semi trained people, using criteria of appearance, taste, color, flavor and whole acceptability on a 9 points hedonic scale. Color, taste, aroma, acidity, appearance and overall acceptability showed non-significant results as compared with controlled sample after 28 days.
Results of the present study showed that yoghurt prepared with Glutathione treated Transglutaminase enzyme reduced the syneresis and enhanced the nutritional aspects of yoghurt.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2483-T] (1).
67.
Bio-Conversion of Molasses to Phytase Through Solid State Fermentation With Aspergillus Niger
by Faseeha Nasim (2012-VA-633) | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Ms. Faiza Masood | Prof. Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: CD Corrupt. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2484-T] (1).
68.
Determination Of Heavy Metals In Beverages Sold By Roadside Vendors From Different Public Places Of Lahore
by Numan Shoukat (2009-VA-504) | Dr. Naureen Naeem | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Dr. Saima Inyat.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Food safety is serious issue now a days in Pakistan as many food borne diseases occur due to consumption of unsafe local beverages and soft drinks. Use of polluted water in locally produce beverages and juices without any treatment liable to cause diseases.
In summer beverages are commonly used to quench the thirst in Pakistan due to hot weather. Excessive use of such type of drinks cause different diseases like hypertension, gastrointestinal problem, liver and kidney failure, and also carcinogenic. So in this project, concentrations of various heavy metals including Lead, Cadmium and Iron were determined in local beverages (roadside vendors) from different public places of Lahore, Punjab Pakistan.
Total 200 samples of five different types of beverages were collected from ten different public places of Lahore. 50 samples were collected with the interval of 15 days. Sampling were repeated three times from four different road side vendors of same areas. The analyses will be carried out using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) with electro thermic atomization in graphite furnace for the determination of the total content of lead (Pb) iron (Fe) and cadmium (Cd). The concentration of the digested soft drink samples will be derived from the regression equation and the samples will analyzed in duplicates. Present study was conducted at the Department of Environmental Sciences, UVAS Lahore for the duration of four months.
The data thus obtained from this research was evaluated through descriptive statistics. And the results of concentration of lead, iron and cadmium are not significant and not according to Standards of Pakistan. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2542-T] (1).
69.
Enhancement Of Omega Fatty Acids In Margarine Through Chia (Salvia Hispanica L.) Oil
by Hafiza Anam Baig (2010-VA-355) | Dr. Muhammad Nadeem | Dr. Saima Inayat | Dr. Muhammad Hayat Jaspal.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The higher incidents of deaths from cardiovascular diseases have led to the identification
and modification of risk factors for atherogenesis; it is regarded as the number one reason of
deaths in developed and underdeveloped countries. Chia contains about 40% edible oil, with
fairly high content of unsaturated fatty acids, oil contains about 60% omega-3 fatty acids on
weight basis. Margarine will be prepared from palm oil, palm kernel oil, butter and chia oil
blends by varying the concentration from 5% to 20%.
Margarine was prepared by blending butter, palm oil and Chia seed oil in various
proportions. Market margarine (Blue Band) was used as a positive control. Butter, Palm oil and
Chia Seed oil was characterized for free fatty acids, moisture content, saponification value,
unsaponifiable matter, iodine value, refractive index. Solid fat index was determined at 0, 10,
20, 30 and 40˚C by the dilatometric method, melting point was determined by open capillary
tube technique. Colour, free fatty acids, iodine value, peroxide value, anisidine value,
conjugated dienes and trienes was determined. Fatty acids composition of margarines was
determined by the transformation into fatty acid methyl esters. Margarine was stored at 6±1oC,
for 2 months, iodine value, peroxide anisidine values, free fatty acids, conjugated dienes and
trienes was determined. Sensory evaluation was performed by a panel of ten trained panel of
judges, samples was evaluated for color, smell, taste and overall acceptability on a 9-point
Hedonic scale.
Peroxide value of 60 days old control and T4 (12% chia oil) were 7.06 and 12.10
(MeqO2/kg). After 60 days of storage period, peroxide value was in the order of T4> T3> T2>
T1> control. Free fatty acids increased with the storage period in all the treatments. They are
also increasing with the treatments having higher concentration of chia oil. At 60 day, control
Summary
68
and T4 are 0.16 and 0.19% respectively. Anisidine value trend is considerably accelerating
along the treatments as well as with the storage time. At 60 day, control and T4 is 24.42 and
44.78 respectively. Conjugated Dienes have the increasing trend throughout the treatments.
They also have higher values from 0 to 60 days of time period. At 6o day, the control and T4
are 2.47 and 3.34 respectively. Conjugated Trienes of all the samples increased throughout the
storage period of 60 days. At 60 day, the control and T4 are 2.60 and 3.28 respectively. Iodine
value is in the decreasing trend throughout the storage period and the treatments. They are in the
order of T0>T1>T2>T3>T4. Fat content of all the treatments and the control went on decreasing
throughout the storage period of 60 days. At 60 day, control and T4 were 68.61 and 90.91
respectively. The order of the fat content in all the treatments were T0>T1>T2>T3>T4. Moisture
content of all the treatments and the control went on decreasing throughout the storage period of
60 days. At 0 day, Moisture content of all the treatments were virtually the same. At 60 day,
control and T4 were 27.52 and 7.64 respectively. Salt content of all the treatments at the end of
the storage period were increased. At 60 day, control and T4 were 4.18 and 1.42 respectively.
The taste score of all the treatments along the treatments having different concentrations of
unsaturated fatty acids and also along with the storage period of time is decreased. The taste
score of the control and T4 were 8.06 and 6.90 respectively. The order of the taste score is in the
descending order of T0>T1>T2>T3>T4. Results of this evidenced that concentration of omega
fatty acids can be enhanced in margarine through chia oil with acceptable sensory
characteristics. Major changes in fatty acid composition were observed around C18:2 and C18:3
(omega 6 and 3). Concentration of trans fatty acids in control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 24.75%,
6.67%, 5.49%, 4.71% and 3.19%. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2578-T] (1).
70.
Effect Of Different Sources Of Selenium On Egg Production, Egg Quality And Egg Selenium Concentration In 2ND Phase Of Laying
by Farhat Abbas 92013-VA-891) | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Jibran Hussain.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Se is an essential element required for the human body. On the daily basis food consumed by human does not fulfil the requirement of Se for the body. Se cannot be directly consumed as it is harmful for the human body that’s why scientist are trying to produce Se enriched foods for human consumption. In this way eggs are the best medium through which consumable Se can be provided to the human by fortifying eggs when Se given to the birds in feed.
Different sources of Se supplementation in the diet may affect the egg shell quality, albumin height and selenium concentration in the eggs when given to ISA hi-sex white commercial layer.A total of 240 birds from ISA hi-sex fed with two Se sources and having three levels (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/kg) each i.e. organic Selenium Yeast (SY), inorganic Se as Sodium Selenite (SS) and combination of organic and inorganic sources of selenium (SY+SS) one control were used in present study. Daily egg production, egg weight and weekly feed efficiency was recorded. Egg shell thickness, egg shell weight, albumen height, yolk index and haugh unit were measured every week. Whole egg Se concentration was determined 2nd, 4th and 8th week of the experiment.
Data collected were analyzed through completely randomized design (CRD) under one ANOVA technique (Steel et al. 1997). Means were separated through Duncan’s Multiple Range test (Duncan’s, 1955) with the help of SAS 9.1. The results of the observed study showed that supplementation of organic Se in the layer hen’s diet improved the albumen height (mm), Haugh unit score and yolk index. In this experiment different sources and levels of Se did not show the statistically significant difference in the results of egg production, egg weight, egg shell weight and egg shell thickness. All the sources and levels of Se improved the whole egg Se concentration and the organic Se showed much better results in whole egg Se concentration as compared to other sources of Se. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2574-T] (1).
71.
Effect Of Inulin Present In Chicory Roots On The Diabetes
by Saeed Ahmad (2009-VA-642) | Dr. Sana Ullah Iqbal | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Saima Inayat.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Diabetes is metabolic disease in which there are high glucose levels over a long period of time. The principle symptoms of high glucose are expanded thirst, regular pee, and expanded craving. Diabetes is a disease that influences the way the body uses food from the blood. It is normally a hereditarily issue of digestion system, that is showed by the inability to tolerate carbohydrates and insulin inadequacy.
In 2014 around 387 million individuals have diabetes the whole way across the world and 90% of the cases were of Type 2 diabetes which is equivalent to 8.3% of the grown-up population. This proportion was equivalent for both ladies and men. From years 2012 to 2014, it is evaluated that 1.5 to 4.9 million deaths each year was because of DM. The danger of death is twice with diabetes. The normal number of individuals with diabetes is 592 million by 2035 by this rate. With more than 16 million individuals America have some type of this disease (DM). 700,000 new instances of DM are analyzed each year.
Diabetes is increasing at very high rate in Pakistan. There are nearly 7.1 million DM patients in Pakistan and it is also estimated that if DM continually develop at this rate then 11.4 million patients of diabetics will be there and Pakistan would rank 10th in the world in 2030. This study is designed due to this alarming rate of diabetes in our country. Inulin present in chicory roots may be used to optimize blood glucose level in diabetic patients.
Total 20 diabetic participants aged 30 to 40 years, present in Lahore, were selected for this study in two groups with 10 each participants. Chicory root powder was used as a source of inulin.
60
Chicory roots was purchased from the market. Then cleaned from dirt and then it was dried with the help of oven at temperature 55˚c.Then this dried roots were grinded with the help of grinder machine.
Two group were formed. One group was control group that used only allopathic medicines specifically for diabetes. Other group was inulin group that used chicory root powder. Inulin group used both chicory root powder and medicines 1st week of the study. This was done only to ensure no side effect of chicory root powder on the participants. Next week when there was no adverse effect then participants were advised to use half of the medicine along with the chicory root powder. Then after 13 days when glucose level of the participant was on the course then eliminated the medicines and told them to use only 10 grams of chicory root powder daily.
Glucose level of these patients was tested daily by the glucometer for two weeks. Then after every 5 to 7 days for 3 months. Then at the end of this period HBA1C test was carried at the hospital laboratory.
In this experimental trial, we investigated the effect chicory root supplementation especially inulin has on glucose level of type 2 diabetic patients. Our results showed that three months of chicory root supplementation significantly decreased blood glucose level. My study reveals that inulin as a fiber didn’t control the diabetes but have a little effect on the glucose intake in the blood due to its fibrous nature. Data showed that the inulin supplementation slightly reduce the glucose level in the blood. First week of the supplementation was along with medicines and data showed reduction in the glucose level of blood. At initial day the average random blood glucose level was 251.2 ± 60.1 mg/dl and after 7 days it was 220 ± 53.1 mg/dl and at the end of 90th day it was 195 ± 52.3 which shows that inulin has a reducing effect on the diabetes to some
61
extent. In this study we can conclude that inulin containing chicory roots has a positive effect on the reduction of glucose level of blood (p < 0.001). The patients that use 10 grams of chicory root powder constantly were able to lower their blood glucose level and HbA1c. But it cannot be used as a medicine replacement in diabetic patients because it does not control blood glucose level to the normal range.
Future Recommendations:
I recommend in future that effect of inulin on the diabetic patients should be checked in relation to amount of medicines given to the patients. Researchers should check that what happens when inulin is used with different amount of medicines in diabetic patients. And also what happens when different amount of inulin is given to diabetic patients along with same medicine. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2568-T] (1).
72.
Impact Of Different Protein Sources With Digestible Lysine, Methionine + Cysteine Ratios On Production Efficiency, Carcass Characteristics, Gut Development And Total Tract Protein Digestibility In Broilers
by Ghulam Mustafa (2009-VA-471) | Prof. Dr. Anujum Khalique | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mehmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Due to price volatility of highly digestible but expensive protein sources like SBM future poultry diets will be formulated by using cheap and less digestible protein sources including CM and SFM due to price volatility. Undigested protein in hind gut subjected to microbial fermentation, resulted into formation of nitrogenous products, which are not only harmful to birds, but also excreted in litter bedding and generate ammonia, nitrous acid and nitrous oxide, the latter is powerful greenhouse gas with an effect about 300 times that of carbon dioxide. The potential solution to this problem is supplementation of synthetic amino acids (nearly 99 % digestible) in low nutrient density (crude protein) formulated by using cheap and less digestible protein sources. Therefore, objectives of current experiment were to determine the impact of digestible Lys, Methionine + Cysteine (M + C) ratios from different protein sources on production efficiency, carcass characteristics, gut development and total tract digestibility of protein in broilers. In total, mixed sex Ross 308 day old broilers were randomly assigned to 9 dietary treatments with replication of 6 replicates per treatment and 8 birds in each replicate. 1) Control corn soy based diet, 2) Canola meal (CM) based high crude protein ( 21% during starter phase and 19% during grower phase) diet with ideal protein ratio (IPR), 3) CM based high protein diet with 0.05 supplemented ( M + C ), 4) CM based low protein (19% during starter phase and 17% during grower phase) diet with IPR, 5) CM based low protein diet with 0.05 supplemented ( M + C ), 6) Sunflower meal (SFM) based high protein diet with IPR, 7) SFM based high protein diet with 0.05% supplemented (M + C), 8) SFM based low protein diet with IPR and 9) SFM based low protein diet with 0.05 % supplemented (M + C). All diets were fed as mash form in two phases (Starter 1-21 days and Grower 22-42 days). Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Celite @ 2% were used an inert marker for digestibility
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
42
study. Average body weights, FCR, mortality rate were recorded from each replicate for the estimation of production efficiency factor. At 42 day, fresh excreta were collected from each replicate and 2 birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered for carcass and gut measurements. Crude protein and acid insoluble ash (AIA) in feed and excreta samples were determined. The results of the present study indicate that the protein sources showed non-significant difference on production efficiency and gut development, however, significant difference was observed on carcass characteristics and total tract digestibility. The birds fed higher CP level showed significant difference on production efficiency, carcass characteristics and total tract digestibility of protein. Amino acid supplementation showed significant difference on production efficiency, carcass characteristics, gut development and total tract digestibility of protein. In this study, CM and SFM showed poor performance regarding production efficiency, protein digestibility, gut development and carcass characteristics compared with SBM. However, the supplementation of Meth had improved the performance. It can be concluded that Meth supplementation may improve the overall performance in broilers fed poorly digestible protein source (CM and SFM).
Further research is needed to evaluate the different strategies to improve the digestibility of poorly digestible protein sources including guar meal. Threonine also has an important role in gut development, so there is a need to study the effects of supplementation of threonine above the recommended levels in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources. There is a need to evaluate the other protein sources that may replace SBM in broilers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2586-T] (1).
73.
Effect of Super Doses of Phytase from Two Different Sources on Growth Performance, Phosphorus Utilization and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers
by Faisal Mushtaq (2009-VA-369) | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Cereal grains contain almost two-third of the P that is present in phytate form. Phytate possesses anti-nutritive properties as it binds other nutrients like amino acids and carbohydrates. Birds are unable to use P bound with phytate complex. The phytate P is excreted into the environment causing pollution. To compensate requirements expensive inorganic P sources like DCP and rock phosphate are used in poultry diets, which ultimately increase the ration cost. Exogenous phytase is capable of degrading phytate into lower esters having less chelating capacity. Commercially phytase enzymes are being added in the poultry diets to hydrolyze the phytate P that can replace the expensive inorganic P addition. In the industry, phytase is being added in the poultry diets at 500 FTU/kg. Use of phytase at this rate still leaves some gap. Keeping this thing in view present study was planned to use the super dose of phytase from two different sources (Buttiauxella and E.coli) to minimize the anti-nutritive aspects of phytate and use the phytate P at maximum. For this purpose 35 day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of super dosing of phytate from two different origins on growth performance, phosphorus utilization and carcass characteristics of broilers. For this in total, 672 one-day old broiler chicks were randomly selected& assigned to 8 dietary treatments, each having 3 replicates of 28 birds. One group was reared on positive control diet formulated according to the Hubbard strain recommended guides with adequate P without any phytase addition. Second group was offered NC diet (deficient in Av.P). While other six diets were formulated with three levels (500, 1000, 1500 FTU/kg) of E.coli and Buttiauxella origin supplemented in NC diet. The FI, BWG and FCR were recorded at the end of each week. At the end of experiment n=3 birds per replicate were selected randomly, weighed and slaughtered to estimate plasma P, ileal digestibility of P, tibia ash, organ weight and dressing percentage. The data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA)
SUMMARY
41
technique in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and means were be compared through Duncan’s multiple range test (DMR) (Duncan 1955) by using SAS (version 9.1; SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC).
Results of the experiment revealed that FI, BWG and FCR was higher 48%, 11% and 64.5% respectively in phytase supplemented diet best treatment T8, when compared to the NC. Phytase supplementation had no effect on organ weights. Organ weight was higher in diet low in NPP. Phytase supplementation had no effect on gizzard weight even at higher doses. Similarly phytase supplementation had positive effects on bone mineralization. Phytase addition in the diets improved tibia ash, Ca and P% at all levels (P <0.01). Plasma P level was significantly increased at higher level of phytase. The AIDC of P was linearly increased by phytase supplementation. Considering the economics phytase supplemented diets at higher level 1500 FTU/kg were most economical when cost of feed calculated to attain 1kg of live weight.
From this experiment it can be concluded that phytase supplementation at higher dose than the standard ensures the maximum break down of phytate P and reduce its anti-nutritive aspects apart from the source of phytase used in the experiment. Dietary inclusion of phytase at super dose economically generates the bio-available P and reduces the P load in the environment improve growth performance, and bone mineralization.
To replace the highly expensive phosphorus sources super dose of phytase can be used instead of standard dose. It can replace the expensive source of inorganic P and economically can generate more profit. Optimum level of phytase in the diet need to be reevaluated to replace inorganic P to some extent, minimize the anti-nutritive aspects of phytate and reduce P load in the environment. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2607-T] (1).
74.
Protease Supplementation Influences Growth Performance, Gut Health And Ileal Digestibility Of Protein In Broilers Fed Low Protein Diets
by Shahzad Ahmad (2008-VA-240) | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Proteases are protein-digesting enzymes that are used to break down the proteins of various plant materials and proteinaceous anti-nutrients in plant protein feedstuffs. The use of exogenous proteases can help in the reduction of the protein contents of a given feed by improving the digestibility and availability of the protein thereby reducing the cost of feed contributed by the protein feedstuff. It will also help to reduce the nitrogen excretion by the poultry and will contribute to mitigate the climate change.
In the present study the protease from a bacillus lachniformis spp was supplemented to evaluate the effect of enzyme on protein digestibility, gut health and birds performance. For this three experimental diets with 21, 19 and 17 % CP (HP, MP and LP) with six treatments with and without exogenous protease were used in this trial to evaluate the effect of protease. Each treatment was replicated to 6 pens and 10 birds were allocated to each pen. Parameters studied regarding birds performance were feed intake, weight gain and FCR. All the growth performance parameters were recorded on weekly basis while the Ileal digestibility and gut health parameters were recorded at the 35th day of the trial. Data was analysed through completely randomized design (CRD) under factorial arrangement using ANOVA technique (Steel et al. 1997). Means were separated through Duncan’s Multiple Range test (Duncon’s, 1955) with the help of SAS 9.1.
The results of feed intake, weight gain and feed intake: gain on weekly basis showed inconsistent results, however the overall performance of the birds fed low protein diets supplemented with protease showed significant results. The gut health parameters showed the significant increase in villus height. The apparent Ileal digestibility of protein was significantly increased in the MP supplemented with protease enzyme.
36
CONCLUSION
Based upon the findings of this study it can be concluded that;
Supplementation of protease improves growth performance of the broilers however the results on weekly basis were inconsistent but overall growth performance data shows significant results.
Protease supplementation enhances the CP digestibility in 19 % diets compared to 21 % and 17 % CP diets.
The supplementation of protease enzyme improves the villus height and crypt depth: villus height in broilers.
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Future researchers can further evaluate the subsequent effects of the protease on growth performance and immune response in broilers.
In future the research can be conducted to determine the effect of protease on energy digestibility and immune response in broilers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2601-T] (1).
75.
Effect Of Post Pelleting Liquid Phytase Supplementation On Growth Performance And Phosphorous Utilization In Broilers
by Muhammad Balal Munawar (2014-VA-516) | Prof. Dr. Saima | Dr. Shafqat Nawaz Qaisrani | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry sector is one of the most developed and vibrant segment of agriculture sector in
Pakistan and is claimed to be among the largest industries of Pakistan with over more than 200
billion rupees investment and offering employment directly or indirectly to 1.5 million people. In
vegetable sources used in poultry rations, P is mostly present in phytate form. Phytate P is not
digested by poultry due to lack of endogenous phytase enzyme. So exogenous phytase are now
added in feed to release P from phytate. Phytase is mainly derived from fungi (Aspergilus niger)
and bacteria (Escherichi coli). Phytase starts work either at 3rd C (3-Phytase) or at 6thC (6-Phytase)
of phytate Phytase mostly used in pre pelleting powder form but it has some activity issues during
high pelleting temperature. Steam application is the most important factor that reduces enzyme
activity due high steam temperature and addition of moisture ultimately lead to enzyme inactivity.
Post pelleting liquid enzyme can be one solution to combat enzyme activity issue.
In total, 504 1-d-old chicks were procured from a commercial hatchery and randomly
assigned to six dietary treatments with Hubbard straight run n=84 chicks per treatment. Each
treatment was further divided into 3 replicates with 28 birds/replicate. One treatment was served
as positive control, while second was served as negative control with (0.30 and 0.26 %) P in starter
and grower respectively. Other four diets had two levels (500 and 750 FTU/kg) of each powder
and liquid enzyme. Liquid enzyme supplementation was done post pelleting. Pelleting temperature
was kept at 85o C.
Feed intake, body weight gain and FCR was recorded at the end of each week. At 35th day of
experiment, 3 birds per replicate were selected randomly, weighed and slaughtered. At the time of
slaughtering, blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes for the determination of plasma
SUMMARY
40
P.Ileal digesta from the slaughtered birds was collected for the determination of P digestibility.
The visceral organs and left tibia from the slaughtered birds were collected, organ weight was
recorded and tibias were ashed for determination of Calcium and P.
Data collected was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique under
Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and means were compared through DMR test by
using SAS 9.1 version (SAS 2001).
The conducted study showed 49.45%, 64.64%, and 8.64 % higher results in feed
intake, body weight gain and FCR when best group H compared with group A (NC). Liver
and heart weight increase in group A, however gizzard weight showed non significant
(p>0.05) results among all groups. Tibia ash, Phosphorous, calcium and plasma P showed
significant results (p<0.05) when all phytase supplemented diets compared with NC. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2631-T] (1).
76.
Conversion Of Pretreated Rice Husk Hydrolysates Into Ethanol By Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
by Jehanzaib (2014-VA-08) | Dr. Rahat Naseer | Miss Faiza Masood | Prof. Dr. Saima Naveed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Biodegradable wastes wereresidues of commercial crops.Agricultural wastes such as rice husk was utilized for biofuel production such as ethanol by breaking downinto its components using chemicals or enzymes. This was achievedthrough anaerobic digestion, distillation and fermentation for use as a resource of heat and fuel (bioethanol).Bioethanol meansan alternative to petrol which is produced from plants such as sugar cane or maize and rice husks.Agricultural wastes can be utilized for the biofuel, rice husk often pose.Acid and alkali pretreatment was enhanced the yield of ethanol from rice husk.Rice husk wastreated with alkali and acids to produce glucose. Glucose can be estimated byusing glucose oxidase method (GOD). Glucose was then converted into ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ethanol production was estimated by using spectrophotometer.The purposed project wasfocusing on bioethanol from the rice husk residues in which rice husk was pre-treated for the hydrolysis to produced maximum yield of sugar by selection of best pretreated method. And then sugars were converted into bioethanol by fermentation. Alkaline solutionswere remove lignin, while the acidic solutionswere remove hemicellulose. It was clearly showed in the graph.4.1 and 4.2 that best concentration of alkali 4% for the maximum yield of sugar was 50.4 mg/dl from the maximum 15g substrate of rice husk was used at 70˚C for 3hrs while in case of 4% acid treatment was also best for the maximum 42.6mg/dl sugar yield was obtainedat 70˚C for 3hrs.
According to statistical analysis and graphs 4.3 and 4.4 showed that maximum yieldi.e, 68.7 ml ethanolwas produced from the 15g rice husk when treated with 4%alkali,maximum temperature 35˚C with PH 6.0 and after 3days.While in case of 4%acid treatmentmaximum 63.7 ml ethanol was producedwhen maximum 15g rice husk was used at temperature 35˚C andPH with 6.0.after 3days.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2644-T] (1).
77.
Effect Of Encapsulated Yoghurt Starter Culture On Physico Chemical And Organoleptic Properties Of Yoghurt
by Aamir Shahzad (2008-VA-430) | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Dr. Naureen Naeem | Dr. Saima Inayat.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Yoghurt is a fermented milk product, which is produced by the bacterial fermentation of milk. It is a rich source of calcium, protein and vitamin B-complex. Lactose-intolerant people can eat yoghurt without any harm as lactose is converted into lactic acid by the bacterial culture. Yoghurt is more nutritive than milk and possesses better digestibility. The benefit of yoghurt depends upon the presence of beneficial viable bacterial culture in adequate number. The bacterial cultures are used in the fermentation process to metabolize the lactose, secondly the proteolysis of protein for improving bioavailability and thirdly lactic acid bacteria for production of some B-complex vitamins and vitamin K. Yoghurt cultures are responsible for the production of aromatic flavor compounds.
Purpose of this study was to prepare yoghurt using encapsulated starter culture and effect on physico-chemical and organoleptic properties of yoghurt. For this, harvested starter culture was encapsulated using sodium alginate solution. As per this study, yoghurt starter culture remains active at 2% concentration of sodium alginate used for encapsulation process.
Physico chemical and sensory attributes remains same as compared to yogurt made by non-encapsulated yoghurt starter culture.
Encapsulation technique protects cultures from any condition acidic pH of yoghurt or any other bacteriosins produced by microorganisms. As a result, CFU/ml increased in protected.
During storage the prepared yoghurt was evaluated for its sensory qualities. A panel of judges evaluated the yoghurt samples for appearance, taste, color and overall acceptability on 14-point hedonic scale. The sensory evaluation of the product at 0, 7, 14 and 21 day. There was significant effect of storage on sensory attributes of yoghurt made with encapsulated and non-encapsulated yoghurt starter culture. Yoghurts were evaluated for physico-chemical
………………………………………………………………………………………………..Summary
35
parameters (Fat, protein, total solid, acidity and pH ) during storage of 21 days with 7 days interval acidity contents was continuously increased and pH decreased while protein, fat and total solid values remains same all treatments.
Feature Recommendation:
Encapsulation can be used for different purposes like probiotic consumption.
By the use of immobilization technique we can repeatedly use encapsulated culture for many times in manufacturing of stirred yogurt. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2643-T] (1).
78.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Yeast Based Mannan Oligosaccharide (Actigen™) On Growth Perfomance, Carcass Characteristics, Blood Biochemistry And Immune Response Of Broilers
by Muhammad Waqas (2009-VA-131) | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud | Dr. Shahid Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The present study of 35 days duration was conducted at Poultry Research and Training
Centre (C-Block) Ravi Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore to evaluate
the effect of mannan oligosaccharide supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics,
blood biochemistry and immune response in broilers. For this, a total of 360 commercial
broiler chickens were purchased from local hatchery and randomly divided into four treatment
groups having six replicated of 15 birds each, according to completely randomized design. Treatment
consisted four levels of MOS (0g/kg, 0.2g/kg, 0.4g/kg and 0.6g/kg). Weekly data were collected
regarding growth performance. At the end of experiment, three birds from each replicate
were randomly selected, after halal slaughtering carcass parameters were recorded. To find out the
effect of MOS on blood biochemistry and antibody titer against ND and IB, 5 ml blood sample
was harvested in marked test tubes from jugular vein of each bird at the time of slaughtering.
Serum samples were harvested by centrifugation (1500RPM) method and were stored at -20oC for
measuring blood glucose and cholesterol levels. Same serum samples were utilized to determine
the ND and IB antibodies titers. Collected data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA technique
using PROC GLM in SAS software. Supplementation of MOS level 0.6g/kg in the diet
of broilers resulted in improved growth performance, carcass characteristic, blood biochemical
profile and immune response in broilers. With respect to growth performance, significantly
improved body weight, weight gain and FCR were recorded in birds fed with 0.6g/kg
MOS. Regarding production performance indices, significantly better production efficiency
factor, point spread and performance index were recorded in birds having 0.6g/kg inclusion
of MOS in their diet. In the same way, 0.6 g/kg MOS significantly higher dressing, breast,
thigh yield, liver, heart, gizzard and intestinal weight percentage were recorded in birds
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
36
having 0.6g/kg MOS in their diet. Regarding morphometric traits, significantly higher
keel length, shank length and intestinal length were recorded in birds supplemented 0.6g/kg
MOS in their diet. Significantly low glucose and cholesterol level were recorded in broilers
having 0.6g/kg MOS supplemented diet. Broilers fed MOS at 0.6/kg in their diet showed
better antibodies titers against ND and IB. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2678-T] (1).
79.
Effect Of Probiotic And Phytase On Histomorphometry Of Small Intestine And Cecal Tonsils In Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)
by Saman Alam (2014-VA-495) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zainab | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The morphology of small intestine is known to be altered by its nutritional condition. Intestinal bacteria play a significant role in the nutritional and protective functions of the host. The immunodefence mechanism of the cecal tonsil regulates the proliferation of microflora in the caecum. Probiotic and phytase as a growth promoter in the feed have a beneficial effect on histomorphometry of small intestine and cecal tonsils in Japanese quail.
Bacillus cereus and bacterial phytase may show positive effect on histomorphometric characteristics of small intestine and cecal tonsils in Japanese quail.
200-day old quail chicks were separated into four groups (n=5) with five replicates (n=10). Group-I was kept as control and fed with basal diet, Group-II was fed with BD + 0.1% Bacillus cereus. Group-III was fed with BD+ 0.01% bacterial phytase, Group IV was given BD+ 0.01% phytase + 0.1% probiotic. On 28th day, two birds from each replicate were slaughtered. The small intestine segments (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), cecal tonsils were removed. Specimens of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecal tonsils were washed with normal saline and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Small intestine segments and cecal tonsils were processed by H & E stain. Goblet cell was stained & count with Alcian blue-periodic Acid-Schiff. Slides were observed under light microscope provided with camera and linked with a computer for Histomorphometry.
Data thus collected was analyzed by ANOVA technique using SPSS. The means was further compared using Post Hoc test at P<0.05.
Weight of liver was significantly increased in probiotic group in comparison to control group. The combination of probiotic and phytase supplemented group showed increase in liver weight.
Summary
40
Weight of spleen was not affected with supplementation of probiotic and phytase individually and in combination. The weight of small intestine showed positive effect in combination group as compared to control and other treatment groups. The length of small intestine was increased in probiotic group as compared to other treatment groups and control. No significant result was observed in all experimental groups as compared to control group. In duodenum villus height and villus height: crypt depth and muscularis externa was increased in probiotic group in comparison to other experimental groups and control group. Intraepithelial lymphocytes were increased in duodenum in combination group as compared to treatment groups and control. No significant increase in villus width, muscularis mucosae and villus surface area in duodenum. In jejunum villus height and muscularis externa was increased in probiotic group in comparison to other treatment groups and control group. No significant differences were observed in villus width, crypt depth, surface area and muscularis mucosa in between the groups. In ilium villus height, muscularis mucosa thickness and muscularis externa thickness was enhanced in probiotic group as compared to other treated groups. In phytase supplemented group the villus width and intra epithelial lymphocytes were increased as compared to control and other treated groups. In cecal tonsils height and width of lymphatic nodules was enhanced in combination group in comparison to control and other treatment groups.
Dietary supplementation of probiotic and phytase may be useful in enhancing intestinal microarchitecture and immunomodulatory effect in Japanese quail. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2704-T] (1).
80.
Extraction Of Functional Polysaccharides From Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum) And Application As Edible Coating On Cheddar Cheese
by Muhammad Ali Sabir (2008-VA-433) | Dr. Muhammad Nadeem | Dr. Saima Inayat | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Cheddar cheese was collected from the market and coated with three different coatings. All the reagents used in this study were High Performance Liquid Chromatography grade and obtained from Sigma Aldrich, USA. Experiment were performed in completely randomized design. Cheddar cheese was ripened for 60-days for lipolysis and was analyzed at the interval of 30-days interval. Composition of cheese milk and cheese, peroxide value, Iodine value, free fatty acids and changes in fatty acids (short chain and unsaturated fatty acids) composition were determined.
Fat content of all the treatments and control went on decreasing throughout the storage period of 60-days. There was not-significant difference in the protein content of cheddar cheese coated with different coatings.Moisture contents of cheddar cheese coated with different coatings decreased with the decreased ripening period of the cheddar cheese (P>0.05). Free fatty acids increased in all the treatments during the entire ripening period from 0 day to 60 days, the concentration of free fatty acids in all the treatments at all the determination time points were not different from each other and control. There was also increase the peroxide value of control sample from 0 day to 60-day time period of cheese ripening. All the determination frequencies showed that peroxide value of control and experimental samples were not different.Iodine value decreased in control sample day 0 to day 60 continuously, the decline in iodine value of control and experimental samples was not different.Concentration of short-chain, medium-chain and long-chain fatty acid decreased during the ripening period of 60 days but the decline in all the treatments was non-significant.Anisidine value increased in control sample day 0 to day 60 continuously. There also increased the Anisidine value higher in all treatments and control (P>0.05).
These results suggest that galactomannas based coating can be used for the coating of cheddar cheese.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2701-T] (1).
81.
In Vitro Comparison of Buffer Temperature on Electrophysiological & Histological Indices of Ruminal Epithelium
by Muhammad Jawad Masood Khan (2014-VA-817) | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani | Dr. Khalid Abdul Majeed | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: CD corrupted. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2698-T] (1).
82.
Evaluation Of Multiple Heated Oil Consumption On Liver And Kidney Health In Male And Female Rats
by Sehar Ashraf (2014-VA-528) | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Reuse of oil during food making is practiced worldwide. This practice is established not only by roadside food stalls but also customary to food outlets, restaurants and hotels in big cities. The process of heating and reheating of dietary oil results in oxidation of oil and generation of free radicals and toxic compounds. These toxic compounds cause red patches and necrosis in liver and kidney, antioxidants decreases also.
The consumption of multiple heated oil may affect liver and kidney health in male and female rats. Eighteen male and eighteen female Wistar rats were taken and divided into groups. Group-I (negative control) fed chow diet and sub-divided into two groups, based upon gender, IA (negative control males) and IB (negative control females). Group-II was given chow diet mixed with 15% v/w single time heated oil and sub-divided into two groups based on gender i.e., IIA and IIB. Animals in sub-groups IIIA and IIIB were fed on chow diet mixed with 15% v/w multiple heated oil. Blood samples were collected at the end of four weeks of study. Hepatic (AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin) and renal (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid) functions, oxidants and antioxidants (in blood and (liver, kidney) tissues) parameters were studied. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA on SPSS. Differences between the groups were compared by the Tukey’s test. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Upon feeding of fried oil liver and kidney damage occurred due to oxidation of oil. But in our present study single time and multiple time heated oil consumption did not damage liver and kidney. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and liver catalase significantly higher values in oil feeding groups confirm that chow diet was energy deficient whereas oil supplementation enhance diet energy.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2723-T] (1).
83.
Evaluation Of Repeatedly Heated Oil Consumption On Anthropometric Characteristics And Lipid Profile In Male And Female Rats
by Aasma Bashir Ahmed | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Khalid Abdul Majeed | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Deep-fat frying of foods is the most common and quickest method in food preparation. Numerous chemical changes occur during heating process of oils, which promotes the production of different volatile and non-volatile compounds. These noxious compounds are absorbed in the food, and ultimately enter the systemic circulation after digestion and absorption. Effects of peroxidation of biological systems come with a number of pathological manifestations including incidence of oxidative stress, glucose intolerance and atherosclerosis.
Repeatedly heated cooking oil consumption has harmful effects on anthropometric characteristics, lipid profile in male and female rats.
Thirty six adult male and female Wistar rats were selected and divided into six groups having three groups of male rats and three groups of female rats. Group-I including IA (negative control males) and IB (negative control females) were fed chow diet. Group-II including IIA and IIB were given chow diet mixed with 15% v/w fresh oil. Animals in sub-groups IIIA and IIIB were fed on chow diet mixed with 15% v/w fried oil. Body weights were recorded weekly. Organs and blood samples were collected at the end of 28 days to assess organ weights, measure plasma glucose level and lipid profile.
Data was analyzed using SPSS software. Data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA. The group differences were compared by Tukey’s range test. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Body length of rats was not significantly affected by the feeding of single and multiple fried oil. Effects of treatment, gender and week are significant on body weights of rats. Effect of single and multiple fried oil feeding was significant on absolute weights of abdominal fat and
Summary
63
liver and non- significant on absolute weights of heart, kidney and testes. Treatment effect was non-significant on relative weights of abdominal fat, heart, kidneys and testes, whereas effect was significant only on relative weights of liver. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2724-T] (1).
84.
Efficacy Of Different Microbial Phytases On Growth Performance Carcass Characteristics And Mineral Retention In Broilers
by Muhammad Faisal Rafique (2014-VA-918) | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Saima | Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Cd Crupt Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2762-T] (1).
85.
Effects Of Digestible Lysine Levels On Production Efficiency, Protein Digestibility, Gut Health And Carcass Characteristics In Broilers Fed Different Protein Sources
by Muhammad Jhazaib Arslan (2014-VA-956) | Dr. Shafqat Nawaz Qaisrani | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In Pakistan, poultry is a vibrant part of agriculture. Nutritional and genetic improvements resulted in accelerated PEF in broilers. This improved broiler production efficiency requires greater amount of digestible nutrients like digestible amino acids. Feeding cost accounts for 70% of total cost and protein is the most expensive component of broilers ration. Future poultry rations will be formulated by using poorly digestible and cheaper protein sources such as SFM and CM due to price instability of highly digestible sources like SBM. The undigested protein in hind gut subjected to microbial fermentation, results in formation of nitrogenous products that are harmful to birds. The possible solution to this problem is supplementation of synthetic amino acids in low nutrient density (CP) diets formulated by using cheaper and poorly digestible protein sources. Therefore a study was designed with the objectives to determine the impact of dLys on production efficiency, TTP digestibility, gut health and carcass characteristics in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). An experiment with 624 Ross 308 1-d-old broilers was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementation of dLys may improve production efficiency, TTP digestibility, gut health and carcass characteristics of the broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). The interaction effects of the protein source (CM vs. SFM), CP levels (high vs. low) and dLys (high, medium and low) were tested in a factorial arrangement of 12 (2 × 2 × 3) dietary treatments and 1 control treatment. The supplementation of dLys positively influenced production efficiency (P <0.001). The birds fed diets containing 19% CP showed 8.53% greater TTP digestibility compared with those fed diets with 17% CP, however, VH was influenced by protein source (P<0.001) and CP level (P = 0.030), however, not influenced by dLys levels while CD was influenced by dLys levels (P = 0.023). The birds fed 1.16% dLys supplemented diet had a 9.6 and 7.5% greater dressed weight with giblets compared with those birds fed diets with 1.10 and 1.21% level of dLys. In conclusion, supplementation of dLys improves the broiler production efficiency fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). The negative effects of poorly digestible protein sources thus may be partially ameliorated by supplementation of dLys.
CONCLUSIONS
Supplementation of dLys above the recommended levels (1.16%) improves the production efficiency, TTP digestibility of protein, gut health and carcass characteristics in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). In conclusion, the efficiency of poorly digestible protein sources may be improved by supplementation of dLys at level of 1.16%.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2765-T] (1).
86.
Comparative Evaluation Of Effect Of Selenium Sources On Growth, Production And Reproduction In Different Varieties Of Indigenous Aseel Chicken
by Muhammad Waseem Zia (2012-VA-652) | Prof. Dr. Anjum khalique | Prof. Dr, Saima | Dr. Jibran Hussain.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Universally, domestic chickens are considered very important due to their better adaptability to the local climatic conditions. Among native poultry breeds of Pakistan, Aseel is a recognized native breed used mostly for backyard poultry production and is famous for its appreciable degree of resistance to various diseases as compared with commercial exotic poultry breeds. In many communities, native chickens are considered very important in breaking the vicious poverty cycle. This breed contains genes and alleles appropriate to their adaptation to the specific environment. On the basis of its characteristic of producing good quality meat, Aseel chicken can be used and further improved as a meat type bird. However, the main limitation in its propagation is its slower growth rate, poorer egg production, smaller egg size, lower fertility and hatchability.Selenium (Se) is an essential micro-mineral for poultry which exists in organic and inorganic forms. Organic Se is reported to be more bio-available which improves the growth performance, productive and reproductive potential of poultry resulting in better egg and meat production as well as the quality. Despite having considerable capabilities, inadequate research work has been so far conducted on Aseel that may be the main bottleneck towards increasing its overall production. In this study, there was a focus on the improvement of growth, productive and reproductive potential of Aseel; also for the development of functional poultry products (eggs and meat, enriched with Se). The present study was planned with the main objectives to investigate the influence of organic (Se-enriched yeast: SY) and inorganic (sodium selenite: SS) Se dietary supplements on growth performance, nutrient utilization, blood biochemical profile, slaughter characteristics, tissue Se concentration, rearing expenditures andmortality as well as the production traits including egg production, egg quality/geometry, hatching traits and egg Se concentration in four recognized varieties namely Lakha, Mushki, Peshaweri and Mianwaliof indigenous Aseel chicken. The study comprised two main experiments conducted at the Indigenous Chicken Genetic Resource Centre (ICGRC), Department of Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Ravi campus, Block-C, Pattoki with the objectives to explore theimpact of dietary Se addition, influence of varieties and their interaction on overall performance of Aseel chickens. For this purpose, in the first experiment, 240 three-week-aged birds (120 males and 120 females) were distributed in a randomized complete block design into four groups, 60/variety (30 males + 30 females). These birds of either sex were further subdivided into three treatment groups A, B and C according to the nature of diet (SY added, SS added and without Se added) with 10 birds/treatment and each treatment was replicated 10 times with one bird in each replicate. Data thus collected were subjected to analysis of variance techniques in a randomized complete block design and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range test. The studies regarding overall response to Se supplementation for growth performance depicted substantial influence. Dietary addition with SY increased the nutrient retention, feed conversion, body weight and decreased the mortality and rearing expenditures, especially in the males of Lakha variety. All body measurementswere improved in the birds received SY supplemented diet, the SY-fed males of Lakha exhibited better response compared to rest of the treatments.SY addition significantly increased the values of glucose, triglyceride, globulin, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in blood serum, while significantly decreased levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol, and thyroxine (T4) in the serum were observed in SY-fed birds, especially in the birds of Lakha and Peshaweri varieties. However, total protein and albumin values in the serumwere foundunaffected by Se supplementation. The significant variations in the slaughtering traits were observed; SY inclusion presented improved live final body weight, dressing weight, dressing percent, eviscerated weight, eviscerated percent and giblet weight. Selenium uptake by the chest and thigh muscles was also enhanced in the male birds of Lakha and Mushki varieties exposed to SY added diet. The rearing cost of the birds in SY-fedgroup was noticed lower than the cost recorded for those got SS supplemented or control diet. The males of Lakha in this regard presented the least rearing cost on receiving SY supplemented diet.
The second experiment was also conducted with the objectives to compare the influence of organic and inorganic Se inclusion, varieties and their interaction on productive performance, egg geometry/quality traits, reproductive performance and the egg Se contents in Aseel. For this purpose, 96 twenty-one-weeks old birds (84 females and 12 Males) from Lakha, Mushki, Peshaweri and Mianwali varieties of Aseel were selected and distributed under randomized complete block design into three groups, 24/variety (21 females + 3 males); further subdivided into three treatment groups, 7 females and 1 male in each treatment according to Se treatments (SY, SS and control) and each treatment was replicated 7 times with one bird in each replicate. Each bird was regarded as an experimental unit. The data thus collected were subjected to analysis of variance in a randomized complete block design and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range test. The results showed that the females of Mianwali variety fed with SY supplemented ration exhibited higher feed intake, enhanced body weight and gained sexual maturity earlier; furthermore, Mianwali variety exhibited better egg production, showed higher egg weight and egg mass. FCR/dozen eggs, FCR/kg egg mass were as observed to be higher in the females of Peshaweri variety. Egg Se concentration was higher in the SY supplemented group as compared with SS or control groups.Dietary Se supplementation significantly influenced the shape index, yolk index, Haugh Units and eggshell thickness. However, non-significant variations were observed in Haugh Units among the females of all varieties. Interaction results presented the significant differences in egg breadth, egg length, egg volume, egg weight, egg shape index, egg shell thickness, yolk index and Haugh Units in the females of all varieties; with significantly higher values in the females of Mianwali variety exposed to SY added ration.The reproductive performance pertaining to hatching traits depicted that the Se supplements, varieties and their interaction influenced the hatching traitssignificantly. The SY-fed females of Peshaweri presented the decreased dead germ percent, dead in shell percent and clear egg percent compared with the females got SS supplemented ration or unsupplemented control ration. Improved hatchability percent and the hatch of fertile percent were noticed in the females of SY supplemented group than those of SS or control groups and the greatest increase was recorded in the females of Peshaweri variety. Similarly, enhanced body weights by the newly hatched chicks of Peshaweri and Mianwali varieties were observed fed with SY supplemented ration and also in the interaction, significant results were recorded.
9.1 CONCLUSIONS
Based upon the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that all four varieties of indigenous Aseel responded positively to the dietary addition with SY supplements of Se regarding growth performance of Aseel, especially in the male birds of Lakha variety. SY supplementation also showed the better results regarding productive and reproductive performance, especiallyin the females of Mianwali and Peshaweri varieties with more promising results. Moreover, SY addition displayed the substantial results in shape of production of functional foods such as Se-enriched eggs and meat.
9.2 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In future, indigenous Aseel chicken raising programs should be given due emphasis while proceeding for poultry farming by using native breeds of poultry.
9.2.1 Recommendations for the farmers
Keeping in mind the results of this study, here are some recommendations for the poultry farmers.
1. Due to the large body size of Aseel and a good ability to show resistance against a variety of infectious diseases, many poultry farmers want to rear and use Aseel as a parent flock for further breeding but are hesitant to go for that because of its slow growth. Slow growth is due to its low feed nutrient utilization and consequently slow gain in body weight. Lower production performance is mainly due to its late sexual maturity, long pauses and short clutch size.In the current situation,the strategic inclusion of Se in the diets of Aseel, being the effective technology, can help the farmers overcome the problems of slow growth and low productive performance in Aseel by synchronizing and consequently bringing the Aseel birds into better growth and production. It can help the farmers to get the production of the Aseel birds, according to their need and situations.
2. In the current study, SY has been substantiated to improve the reproductive performance of Aseel, hence can be used further to elucidate the very old concern of lower fertility and hatchability in Aseel parent flock consequently improving progeny size.
3. Keeping in view the above, the Aseel can be used as a feasible option for the poultry business by enhancing its sluggish growth rate and lower production potential through Se supplementation as well as to lower fertility and hatchability through the supplementation of organic Se supplement (SY) in the diet. Ultimately, it will be remained supportive towards the revival of open- sided poultry farms that have become closed after the trend to establish the environmentally controlled sheds and are lying vacant from a long time.
9.2.2 Suggestions for the researchers
1. In the current study, the fixed levels ofSe supplements were used for supplementation, whereas future researchers can work on different levels of it.
2. Further trials may be planned to check the subsequent effects of different sources of Se supplements on the biochemical profile of meat and eggs; also the immune response in the chicks from hens reared on Se supplemented diets.
3. The evaluation of semen quality in Aseel males and the impact of artificial insemination in the hens by the semen received from Se treated males of Aseel can also be studied.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2780-T] (1).
87.
Comparative Morphological Study Of Gastrointestinal Organs Of Domestic And Wild Migratory Duck In Pakistan
by Muhammad Shuaib (2015-VA-1059) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Prof. Dr. Habib-Ur-Rehman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Reported literature provides limited information on histology and histomorphometry of its GIT organs and gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) of wild duck (Gadwall; Anas strepera). This study seeks to document histology and histomorphometric features of above-mentioned organs of Gadwall and compare them to those of the domestic duck.
Seven adult domestic and wild ducks were collected from local market and Chashma Barrage, Mianwali, respectively. After slaughtering, samples from esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard, pyloric tonsils, small intestine and cecal segments were collected. GIT and visceral organs length and weight were recorded respectively. All the samples were processed by paraffin embedding technique followed by H&E and Alcian blue-PAS staining techniques. The slides were observed under bright field microscope for measurements (LABOMED® USA). For esophagus, thicknesses of layers of its wall were recorded. For proventriculus and gizzard, histological description was considered. For small intestines, villus height, width and surface area, crypt depth, thickness of lamina propria, muscularis mucosae and tunica muscularis were recorded, and IELs and goblet cells were counted. For pyloric and cecal tonsils, height, width, number and distribution area of lymphatic nodules were recorded. Independent sample t-test was used to analyze the data (mean ± SEM). Differences was considered significant at p<0.05.
The results showed that in wild ducks live body weight was lower as compared to the domestic ducks. In wild ducks esophagus length was lower as compared to the domestic ducks. The relative weight of the esophagus was higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. The relative weights (filled and empty) of proventriculus, gizzard and small intestine were higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks.
Summary
43
In wild ducks large intestine length was higher as compared to the domestic ducks. In the wild ducks relative weights of spleen, pyloric tonsils and Bursa of Fabricius were higher as compared to the domestic ducks.
The results of histomorphometry of the different layers of esophagus showed that epithelium thickness was lower in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. While thickness of the lamina propria and muscularis mucosa were higher in the wild duck as compared to the domestic ducks. In the duodenum villus width, villus surface area and muscularis mucosa thickness were found lower in the wild ducks, as compared to the domestic ducks. In the jejunum thickness of lamina propria and tunica muscularis were higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. In wild ducks villus height, villus surface area, crypt depth and tunica muscularis thickness of ileum were higher as compared to the domestic ducks. In cecal and pyloric tonsils, length width and number of the lymphatic nodules were lower and higher respectively in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. In the wild ducks, intraepithelial lymphocytes count in duodenum was lower as compared to the domestic ducks. While the intraepithelial lymphocytes count in ileum was higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. In duodenum of wild ducks acidic, mixed goblet cell count and their total count was lower (p<0.05) as compared to the duodenum of domestic ducks.
In conclusion wild duck has slightly better developed immune and GIT organs than those of the domestic duck. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2791-T] (1).
88.
Influence Of Digestible Lysine Levels On Growth Performance, Gut Development And Ileal Digestibility Of Two Vegetable Protein Sources Fed To Broiler Birds
by Anjum Faiz (2014-VA-955) | Dr. Shafqat Nawaz Qaisrani | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The poultry sector is playing a substantial role in agriculture sector of Pakistan. The extensive
research in poultry has brought vital changes that accelerated growth and improved FCR. Poultry
diets are majorly formulated cost effective for the sustainable poultry industry. For this reason,
the main focus is on protein sources which, if maintained to an adequate level with the
requirement results in cost effective feeding. In the coming days, main focus of the nutritionists
would be on replacement of expensive sources of protein during feed formulation. For this
reason, their first choice may be the selection of poorly digestible protein sources such as CM
and SFM. These sources are cheaper as compare to the SBM which is imported hence increasing
the feed cost. The poorly digestible protein sources, furthermore, in hind gut may be subjected to
microbial fermentation, results in formation of nitrogenous products that are not only harmful to
birds, but also excreted into litter bedding and generate ammonia, nitrous acid and nitrous oxide,
the latter one is a powerful greenhouse gas with an effect about 300 times compared with carbon
dioxide. The potential solution to this problem is supplementation of synthetic amino acids in
low nutrient density (CP) diets formulated by using cheaper and poorly digestible protein
sources. For this reason, a study was designed with the objectives to determine the impact of
dLys, on growth performance, ileal digestibility of protein and gut development in broilers fed
poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). An experiment with 624 mixed sex 1-d-old
broilers (Ross 308) was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementation of dLys may
improves growth performance of the broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and
SFM). The interaction effects of the protein source (CM vs. SFM), CP levels (high vs. low) and
dLys (recommended vs. supplemented) were tested in a factorial arrangement of 12 (2 × 2 × 3)
dietary treatments and SBM as a control diet was used. The results indicate the birds fed diets
DISCUSSION
42
containing CM and SFM supplemented with dLys has significant effect on growth performance
in broilers. The results of the study showed that the FI, BWG and FCR for CM and SFM based
diets was different during starter and grower phases. The FI and BWG FCR was influenced by
CM and SFM based diets. The FI was not influenced by dLys levels during starter phase. The
BWG and FCR was improved with supplementation of dLys levels. During starter phase FI and
BWG was not influenced by CP levels, however, FCR was improved. The results of the grower
phase indicate that FI was significantly influenced by protein sources, CP levels, as well as, by
dLys levels. The BWG, similarly, was significantly influenced by protein sources, CP levels, and
dLys levels. The FCR during the grower phase was improved by increasing CP level. The FCR
was also improved when fed CM based diets. Supplementation of dLys significantly influenced
FI and BGW during grower phase. The FCR was also improved with the supplementation of
dLys levels. The results indicate that the birds fed dLys supplemented diets had significant effect
on ileal digestibility of protein. The results of the study showed that ileal digestibility for protein
was not influenced by CP levels. The present study resulted that some of the organs are
significantly influenced by dLys levels and CP levels, whereas, other are in influenced by protein
sources. Amino acid supplementation showed significant difference on ileal digestibility of
protein and gut development in broilers. The negative effect of poorly digestible lysine can be
compensated with the supplementation of synthetic amino acids including lysine.
CONCLUSIONS
Supplementation of dLys above the recommended levels improves the growth performance, ileal
digestibility of protein and gut development in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM
and SFM). In conclusion, the negative effects of poorly digestible protein sources in broilers may
be ameliorated by supplementation of dLys. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2776-T] (1).
89.
Effects Of Dietary Supplementation Of Drumstick Tree Leaf Powder On Anthropometric Parameters, Serum Lipid Profile And Thyroid Function Hormones In Rats Exposed To Thermal Stress
by Raja Majid Masoud (2015-VA-433) | Dr. Khalid Abdul Majeed | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Introduction: There are a number of stressors which adversely affects the normal homeostasis
of the body. One of them is thermal stress which has marked damaging effect on the normal
physiology of an individual. Drumstick tree is a versatile plant from Moringaceae family.
Drumstick tree is a best food plant but it also has a large potential as a medicinal plant . Due to
rich source of flavonoids, β-carotenes, vitamin A & D, DST is known as a best natural antioxidant.
The leaves of Drumstick tree contain phenolic compounds, which have
hypocholesterolemic and hypolipodemic properties. It also possess cardio protective, hepatoprotective
and renal protective activities due to its rich anti-oxidant potential.
Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that Drumstick tree leaf powder supplementation will
ameliorate the growth performance, serum lipid profile and thyroid function in rats exposed to
thermal stress
Methodology: Adult female Wistar rats (n= 24) were procured and housed in stainless steel
cages in the experimental animal shed of department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and
Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan. After acclimatization, rats were divided in to four groups
(One control and 3 DSTLP treated groups). Rats were exposed to high environmental
temperature(37±1°C) for one hour daily(12.00 Pm-1.00 Pm) throughout the experimental period
of 21 days for the induction of heat stress(Sinha. 2007). Anti-stress properties of Drumstick tree
leaf powder were examined by measuring biochemical parameters, i.e. anthropometry, serum
lipid profile, thyroid function hormones, serum cortisol, total protein, albumin and globulin
(Ohkawa et al. 1979). Analysis of all these parameters was carried out by using commercially
available kits provided by Human Diagnostics, Germany.
Summary
37
Results: Results from the present study revealed that Drumstick tree leaf powder
supplementation during thermal stress has a significant effect (P<0.05) on serum lipid profile,
total protein, albumin globulin, thyroid function hormones (T3 & T4) and cortisol. On the other
hand, Drumstick tree leaf powder demonstrated a non-significant effect (P>0.05) on
anthropometric parameters.
Statistical analysis: The data was analyzed by using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
using SPSS software. The group differences were compared by the Tukey’s Test. Differences
was considered significant at P < 0.05.
Conclusion: From this study, it was concluded that Drumstick tree leaf powder (MOLP) has a
potent antioxidant potential by lowering cholesterol, TG and LDL-cholesterol with marked
ameliorative effect on TP, albumin and globulin in heat stressed rats. Further studies are required
to explore the potential of other portions of this plant in heat stress. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2799-T] (1).
90.
Influence Of Chicory Root Powder And Zinc Sulfate On Growth Performance, Relative Visceral Weights, And Histomorphology Of Muscles And Bones In Broilers.
by Amber zafar(2015-VA-1054) | Dr.Saima ashraf | Dr. Saima ashraf.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Several feed additives are under investigation for improving the health and performance of broilers in this post-antibiotic era. Phytogenic feed additives like, chicory root powder (CRP)and minerals e.g. ZnSO4 has been extensively studied for this purpose in poultry. Literature indicated their positive influence on performance, mineralization of bone and muscle morphology in broiler. However, little is known regarding their utility in combination particularly with respect to their effect on performance. Therefore, present study was designed to report the individual and combined effects of CRP and ZnSO4 on performance, relative weights of viscera, histomorphometry of bones and muscles in broilers.
150 d-old broilerwerekept in environmentally controlled experimental sheds in, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, UVAS, Lahore. Ethical committee approved the whole procedure and proper techniques and protocols were used to handle the birds. The birds were randomly divided into six groups with five replicates (n=5) in each group. Broilerswere raised according to standard management protocol for 35 days. Group-CONT (control) received corn-based basal diet (BD), Group-2C (BD+2%CRP), Group-4C (BD+4%CRP), Group-Zn60 (ZnSO4 60mg/kg of diet), Group-2C+Zn60 (2%CRP+ZnSO4 60g/kg), Group-4C+Zn60 (4%CRP+ZnSO4 60m/kg).
During the trial, feed intake and mortality of the birds was measured on daily basis whereas body weights were taken on weekly basis. Weekly feed conversion efficiency was calculatedby dividing the feed intake by body weight. Footpads of the birds were observed for any dermatitis or inflammation. On day 35, two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered by exsanguination. Skin and viscera of birds were removedmanually. The carcass and the relative weight of visceral organswere measured. The left and right tibia of each bird was detached as drumstick. Right tibial bone was boiled for ten minutes and then cooled down at room temperature. Afterwards flesh on the drumsticks was removed andbone were allowed to air dry at room temperature. Samples of breast (Pectoralis major) and thigh (Biceps femoris) were collected for determination of pH, WHC and histomorphometery. For histological slide preparation breast muscle sample were processed by paraffin embedding technique and stained by Hematoxylin& Eosin. Histomorphometrywas done by using software (ProgRes®2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control Software).One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Group differences were compared by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Difference between groups was considered significant at P < 0.05.
The results revealed that at the end of the experimentgroup 4C+Zn60 had lesser (p<0.05) FI as compared to the other groups. All supplemented groups had increased (p<0.05) BW compared to that of CONT group. Moreover, a lower (p<0.05) FCR was observed in the 4C and 4C+Zn60 groups during 5th week. All the groups scored zero when observed for the footpad lesions and there was no difference in carcass weights of broilers in all the groups. All supplemented groups showed increased (p<0.05) weight of gizzard and thymus than that of the CONT group except group Zn60. Group 2C showed increased (p<0.05) weight of proventriculus compared to all of the groups. The relative weight of small intestine was increased in group 2C and 2C+Zn60. All supplemented groups showed increased (p<0.05) right tibial bone weight and length than that of the CONT group.Diaphyseal diameter, medullary canal diameter and thickness of bony wall were increased (p<0.05)in all supplemented groups except the Zn60 group. W/L index were higher (p<0.05) in all supplemented groups of CRP and ZnSO4 as compared to the CONT group. Cartilage thickness were also increased (p<0.05) in all supplemented groups as compared to the CONT group.The results revealed thatthe group 2Cand 4C showed increased (p<0.05) pH of breast and thigh muscles and increased(p<0.05) water-holding capacity and better meat quality as compared to the other groups. Histological analysis of pectoralis majormuscles revealed increased (p<0.05)muscle fascicle and fiber diameter and cross sectional area in all supplemented groups when compared to the CONT group.Results of muscle fascicles and fibers of the bicepsfemorismuscles showed increased(p<0.05) diameter as compared to the CONT group. There was no significant difference in cross section area of muscle fascicles and fibers of the bicepsfemorisof broilers.
Conclusion
Dietary supplementation of 2% and 4% CRP individually and in combination with 60mg ZnSO4 improved the performance, relative weight of gizzard, proventriculus, thymus and small intestine,meat quality and bone strength of the broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2779-T] (1).
91.
Determination Of Theobromine In Chocolates And Chocolate Cakes
by Zain Amin (2010-VA-383) | (Dr. Zubair Farooq) | (Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal) | (Dr. Saima Inayat).
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Chocolate is very famous food in the whole world especially among the children.
Theobromine is one of the main constituent of chocolate and its powders. It is a stimulant and its
excessive use causes toxicity or poisoning to the human beings. In Pakistan consumption of
chocolate especially by children is very high so chances of chocolate poisoning are also very
high. Therefore this study was planned to determine the theobromine levels in locally available
chocolates and chocolate cakes in Pakistan. The research was carried out in the laboratories of
the Department of FSHN, UVAS, Lahore under the controlled conditions.
Sixty samples (40 chocolates, 20 chocolate cakes) of chocolates and chocolate cakes
were collected through random sampling technique from locally available super stores and
bakeries of Lahore City. The determinations of theobromine in chocolate were carried out
through UV spectrophotometric method. Absorption peaks were checked at the 272.7nm
wavelength and calculated using Beer’s law. Total sample were 180 and they were analyzed in
triplicates.
Data were analyzed through the Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS 22.0. Mean values with
standard deviation in percentages of results were analyzed by descriptive analyses. To examine
the relationship among the variables of chocolates and chocolate cakes chi-square test was used.
Further to compare theobromine levels in the local and branded chocolates obtained from the
common and renowned bakeries of Lahore, independent “t” test was used.
Summary
49
The study concluded that local chocolates had more theobromine as compared to the
branded chocolates and common bakeries chocolate cakes less theobromine level than the
renowned bakeries chocolate cakes.
In the current study, mean values of theobromine ranged from 0.55 to 2.32 mg/g for
Haribo and Sonnet chocolate samples respectively. The percent safe level of various chocolate
samples showed that 45 % chocolates were at the safe level while 55 % unsafe. Similarly, mean
values of theobromine ranged from 0.58 to 2.27 mg/g for Sheraz Bakers chocolate cake and
Fresh Inn Baker chocolate brownie samples respectively. The percent safe level of various
chocolate cake samples showed that 80 % chocolate cakes were at the safe level while 20 %
unsafe. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2861-T] (1).
92.
Individual And Combined Effect Of Chicory Root Powder And Znso4 On Histology Of Intestine And Immune Organs In Broilers
by Mamoona Din (2015-VA-1085) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note:
Phytogenic feed additives are plant derivatives which act as natural growth promoters and play crucial role in development of poultry health and production. Mineral supplementation also alters the immune status and gastrointestinal health and thus improves the performance in broilers. Thus intestinal and immune morphology is known to be modulated by nutritional interventions. Chicory is such a natural herb which acts as a prebiotic and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) is a trace mineral which possesses antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties Chicory root powder (CRP) and ZnSO4 have previously been used as growth promoters; however their combined effect on histology of broilers has not yet been evaluated. The present study was designed to report the individual and combined effect of CRP and ZnSO4 on histomorphometry of intestine, immune organs and some blood parameters in broilers.
150 one-day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into six groups: CONT, 2C, 4C, Zn60, 2C+Zn60, 4C+Zn60) with five replicates (n=5). Group-I was served as control and fed only basal diet (CONT), Group-II (BD + 2% CRP), Group-III (BD+ 4% CRP), Group IV (BD+ 60mg/kg feed ZnSO4), Group-V (BD+2% CRP+60mg/kg ZnSO4) and Group-VI (BD+4%CRP+60mg/kg ZnSO4). Birds were immunized against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease.
On day 35, two randomly selected birds from each replicate were slaughtered. Blood was collected in falcon tubes and centrifuged at 3000rpm for 10 minutes to obtain serum and triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL and VLDL were measured in serum. Three segments of small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and caecum along with immune organs (cecal tonsils, thymus, spleen, bursa of fabricious) were excised and processed by paraffin embedding method and stained by H&E technique. Histological slides of intestine and immune organs were examined under light microscope (LABOMED® USA) for histomorphometric analysis. Data thus collected was analyzed by one-way ANOVA technique using SPSS. The means were compared using DMR test to measure significance at P<0.05.
The results revealed that the level of triglycerides, LDL, total cholesterol and VLDL decreased significantly in individual 2% CRP and combination group of 2%CRP+ZnSO4 while cholesterol and HDL remained non-significant in all treatment groups as compared to control group. The length and weight of small intestine increased in significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. The length of caecum increased in all treatment groups while weight of caecum was insignificant in all treatment groups as compared to control group. In duodenum, CD and MM decreased, VL/CD and ME increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups, while results of VL, VW, VSA, LP, EP were insignificant. In jejunum, VL, VL/CD, VSA and EP increased, CD decreased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. In ileum, VL/CD and EP increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. The goblet cell count increased significantly in all intestinal segments in 2%CRP+ZnSO4 group.
In caecal tonsils number, area and length of lymphatic nodules increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. In thymus length of thymic lobules increased in 2% CRP and 4% CRP groups while width and area increased significantly in 4% CRP group. In spleen length and width of white pulp increased significantly in 2% CRP group. In bursa length, width and area of lymphatic nodules increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups, while thickness of mucosal folds was not affected significantly in all treatment groups.
Dietary supplementation of chicory root powder and ZnSO4 may be useful in enhancing intestinal and immune organs microarchitecture and some blood parameters in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2866-T] (1).
93.
Effect Of Feed Form And Particle Size Of Corn On Growth Performance, Protein Digestibility And Gut Health Of Broiler
by Shahzada Muhammad Zeshan Haider (2014-VA-919) | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The presented study was conducted at control house of Department of Poultry Production, C-block, UVAS Ravi Campus. In total 480, day-old Hubbard Classic broiler chicks were procured from local hatchery, weighed at 1st day and randomly distributed to eight treatment groups in such a way that there were six replicates in each group and each replicate had 10 chicks. Eight isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental diets were formulated. Half birds were offered crumble form of feed in whole life while half birds were offered crumble form in starter phase and pellet form in finisher phase. Four levels (<1, 1-1.5, 1.5-2 and 2-2.5mm) of corn particle size were used in each form of feed.Body weight and feed consumptionwere recorded weekly in order to calculate feed conversion ratio.Data collected were analyzed by ANOVA using factorial arrangement under CRD. Experimental means were compared using DMR test.
Birds fed diet having higher particle size (2-2.5mm) of corn had lower feed consumption, greater body weight gain and improved FCR compared to those fed smaller particle size during starter, finisher and overall phase. Further, birds fed pelleted feed had lower feed consumption, greater weight gain and improved FCR than those fed crumble form of feed.Further, different particle size of corn resulted in non-significant effect on villus height and crypt depth. Feed form also had non-significant influence on villus height and crypt depth of duodenum.Birds fed diet having higher particle size (2-2.5mm) of corn had higher apparent ileal digestibilityof protein than those fed smaller particle size. Feed form had non-significant effect on apparent ileal digestibilityof protein.
It can be concluded from the results that birds fed pelleted diet containing coarse particle size had improved growth performance and protein digestibility without adverse effect on gut health of broiler.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2879-T] (1).
94.
Studies On Growth Performance And Total Tract Protein Digestibility In As Influenced By Different Dietary Inclusion Levels Of White, Par Boiled And Brown Rice Broken In Broilers
by Omar Javed (2007-VA-154) | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Saima.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Poultry sector is playing substantial role in agriculture sector of Pakistan. In the present era extensive research in poultry sector has brought vital changes which are accelerating growth and lowering feed conversion ratio. Nutritional improvements in the poultry dietsare improving the growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Poultry diets are majorly formulated cost effective for the sustainability of poultry industry and its consumers. For this reason, the main focus is on using nutritionally rich and locally available raw feed ingredients in broiler diets. Cereal grain are main energy sources used in broiler diets and among cereal grains maize is being used as a major energy source in broiler diets, but its availability, price fluctuations, incidence of mycotoxins are the major concerns and hence, a suitable alternate energy source is required. Rice broken may serve as the substitute, but, a little data is available about the efficacy of different types of rice broken at different dietary inclusion levels regarding growth performance and total tract protein digestibility studies. Therefore a study was designed with the objectives to determine the impact of different types of rice broken (white, parboiled and brown) at different dietary inclusion levels (10%, 30% and 50%) in replacement with maize on broiler growth performance and total tract digestibility of protein. An experiment with 1-d-old 600 Cobb-500 broilers was conducted to test the hypothesis that rice broken from different sources may successfully substitute maize in broiler diets. The effects of the energy sources (white broken rice, parboiled broken rice and brown broken rice) and dietary inclusion levels(10%, 30% and 50%) were tested by using one way ANOVA under Completely Randomized Design and red maize as a control diet was used. The broilers fed different energy sources had significant variation in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Better body weight gain and feed conversion ratio was observed in control group followed by white broken rice and lower body weight gain and highest feed conversion ratio was observed in birds fed brown rice broken in diets, similarly total tract digestibility of protein was observed higher in birds fed 50 % maize (control group) and birds fed white rice in diets up to 30% inclusion level and lower total tract digestibility of protein was observed in birds fed brown rice broken in diets. The results of the study showed that red maize is the most beneficial energy source used in broiler diets and white rice broken could be used as good alternative energy source as compared to other types of rice broken i.e. parboiled and brown.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, white rice broken can easily substitute maize up to 30% dietary inclusion level in broiler but other types of rice broken i.e. parboiled and brown give comparatively good results in terms of growth performance and total tract protein digestibility up to 10% dietary inclusion level in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2878-T] (1).
95.
Effect Of Β-Galacto-Oligosaccharides Supplementation On Gut Morphology, Mucosal Immune Complex And Growth Performance In Broilers Reared Under Thermal Stress
by Saima Ashraf (2008-VA-756) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Poultry industry has undergone substantial expansion during last few decades. Tremendous development in the fields of genetics, nutrition and management has helped the producer to maximize the feed efficiency, and in turn, the economic gains. Nevertheless, with an increase in performance, sensitivity of the bird also increased tremendously particularly towards the thermal stressors. Therefore, the nutrition and health care of the poultry, particularly broiler, became more demanding. In order to promote the gut or general health of broiler during the heat or cold exposure, antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) were routinely practiced. Their usefulness in the poultry practice was seldom questioned but the development of antibiotic-resistant superbugs and antibiotic residues in the meat prompted a serious public concern leading to ban on AGPs in animal diet by the European Commission in 2006. Exclusion of AGPs from the diet led to serious health problems in broiler and within two years of this ban the consumption of therapeutic antibiotic reached the same level as that of the AGPs before ban. Therefore, it was realized that simple ban on the AGPs will not resolve this issues unless new feeding and managemental strategies are devised to maintain or raise the performance of broiler. As an alternative to AGPs many agents have been experimentally evaluated in poultry and livestock like prebiotics, probiotics and organic acids. Use of prebiotics in poultry showed variable degree of success with considerable data suggesting their positive influence during stressful situations like crowding, poor management and temperature extremes etc. which are invariably a part and parcel of commercial broiler production. Keeping in view the importance of seeking AGP alternatives, current study was planned to evaluate the effects of novel β- galacto-oligosaccharides (β-GOS) on various histo-physiological parameters of thermally-stressed broiler.
Summary
145
In experiment I, 125 day-old broilers were randomly divided into five treatment groups (N=25) with five replicates (n=5) in each group. Till d-21, all the groups were raised under standard management. From d-22, four groups received cyclic heat stress (35°C for 8hrs/day) and control (TNZ) group received 26.7°C till 35th day. TNZ and heat-stressed (HSCT) group received corn-based basal diet (CBBD) whereas three remaining groups i.e. HS+0.1%β-GOS, HS+0.2%β-GOS and HS+0.5%β-GOS received CBBD supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5% β-GOS respectively for 35 days. All groups received primary and booster vaccines against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV). The zootechnichal parameters included daily feed consumption (FC), body weight (BW) and feed efficiency (FE). Later two parameters were calculated on weekly basis. At the end of trial, 10 birds per group i.e. 2/replicate were killed to collect blood, viscera, small intestine, bursa and cecal tonsils for determination of serum hormones, relative weights of viscera (RWO) and histomorphometry, respectively. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and subjected to post hoc Duncan’s multiple range (DMR) test (P < 0.05). Exposure to the HS reduced (P < 0.05) all the zootechnichal parameters, RW of liver, bursa of Fabricius and small intestine, serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), villus surface area (VSA), height (VH), width (VW), crypt depth (CD) and intraepithelial lymphocyte count (IELs) in small intestine compared to TNZ group. The serum cortisol and count of acidic mucin containing goblet cells (AGCs) increased (P < 0.05) in jejunum while they decreased (P < 0.05) in ileum of HSCT group compared with TNZ. Improvement (P< 0.05) in the FE of the 0.5% β-GOS supplemented heat-stressed birds was comparable to TNZ group. Furthermore, supplementation of 0.5% β-GOS improved (P< 0.05) serum T3 and T4 and 0.2% β-GOS reduced (P< 0.05) serum cortisol without achieving their pre-HS levels. All the dietary inclusions of β-GOS improved (P< 0.05) histomorphometry
Summary
146
of small intestine including VH, CD and VSA compared to HSCT group. The 0.5% β-GOS improved (P< 0.05) these parameters beyond TNZ. Intestinal IEL count improved (P< 0.05) with 0.1% β-GOS supplementation without achieving the pre-HS levels. Count of jejunal and ileal AGCs reduced (P< 0.05) with 0.2 and 0.5% β-GOS supplementation compared with HSCT. Neither HS nor supplementation affected the morphometry of the bursa of Fabricius and cecal tonsils.
In experiment II, 125 day-old broilers were randomly divided into five treatment groups (N=25) with five replicates (n=5) in each group. Till d-21, all the groups were raised under standard management. From d-22, four groups received cyclic cold stress (15°C±2°C for 8hrs/day) and control (TNZ) group received 26.7°C till 35th day. TNZ and cold-stressed (COLD) group received corn-based basal diet (CBBD) whereas three remaining groups CS+0.1%β-GOS, CS+0.2%β-GOS and CS+0.5%β-GOS received CBBD supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5% β-GOS, respectively for 35 days. All groups received primary and booster vaccines against NDV and IBDV. The zootechnichal parameters included daily FC, BW and FE. Later two parameters were calculated on weekly basis. At the end of trial, 10 birds per group (2/replicate) were killed to collect blood, viscera, small intestine, bursa and cecal tonsils for determination of serum hormones, RWO and histomorphometry, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and subjected to DMR test (P<0.05). Exposure to cold stress increased (P<0.05) the FC, serum T3 and cortisol and reduced (P<0.05) BW and performance compared with TNZ group. Moreover, COLD group was also presented with increased (P<0.05) RW of liver and heart, decreased (P<0.05) RW of ceca compared with TNZ group. The VSA of small intestine and IEL count in duodenum and jejunum reduced (P<0.05), whereas, AGCs count increased (P<0.05) due to the exposure to cold stress. The RWs of immune organs and their histomorphometry was not
Summary
147
affected during cold stress when compared with TNZ group. Dietary inclusion of 0.5% β-GOS achieved the pre-cold stress levels of FCR. Supplementation of 0.2% and 0.5% β-GOS reversed (P< 0.05) the hormonal changes of cortisol and T3, respectively when compared with COLD group. All the dietary inclusions of β-GOS improved (P<0.05) morphometric parameters in duodenum. The 0.5% β-GOS-induced-improvement (P<0.05) in these parameters was beyond the values observed for TNZ group. In ileum, 0.2% β-GOS supplementation resulted in most distinct (P<0.05) increase of VH, VW and VSA which was comparable to that observed for TNZ group. The jejunal morphometric parameters also improved (P<0.05) with the β-GOS supplementation, but the pre-cold stress values were not attained. The IEL count increased (P<0.05) in the duodenum and decreased (P<0.05) in the jejunum and ileum of all the β-GOS supplemented groups. The AGCs count increased (P<0.05) in duodenum and jejunum of 0.1% and 0.2% β-GOS-supplemented groups whereas the count of AGCs in ileum remained unaffected in all the β-GOS supplemented groups compared to the TNZ group. Morphometry of the bursa or cecal tonsils was not influenced by the supplementation of β-GOS.
In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 0.5% β-GOS helped to improve the growth performance in thermally-stressed broilers owing to its positive influence on intestinal morphometry and the dynamics of cortisol and thyroid hormones. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2850-T] (1).
